lecture seven amplification

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Lecture Five

Ancient Chinese Education最早的学校教育•据古籍文献记载，古代中国早在四千多年前的虞舜时代就已经出现学校教育。

在河南安阳出土的三千多年前的商代甲骨文中，多处出现「学」字，就是当时进行教育活动的证明。

西周时期，学校教育已形成制度。

随后历经春秋战国五百年动荡，官学瓦解，私学兴起，出现了古代最伟大的教育家孔子和百家争鸣的学术繁荣。

Development of Ancient Education•Spring and Autumn Period–Confucius’private school:•3000 disciples;•72 virtuous and talented students•Han Dynasty Education–Great Academy or “Taixue”（太学）Development of ancient education •From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Ming andQing Dynasties•The Guozijian (国子监): Imperial Academy orImperial College–Song Dynasty•Shuyuan(书院): private educationalorganizationDevelopment of Ancient Education •Shang Xiang (上庠: shàng xiáng), was a schoolfounded in the Yu Shun 虞舜era in China. Shun (舜, 2257 BCE–2208 BCE), the Emperor of theKingdom of Yu 虞, or 有虞Youyu, founded twoschools. One was Shang Xiang (shang 上,means up, high), and the other one was XiaXiang 下庠, xia 下means down, low. ShangXiang was a place to educate noble youth.Teachers at Shang Xiang were generally erudite 博学的, elder and noble persons.Development of Ancient Education •Confucius’educational ideas:–“Education should be for all, irrespective of theirsocial status.”（有教无类）–“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing,and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）–“Confused is one who learns without pondering;endangered is one who ponder without learning.”(学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆)–Extrapolation（推论）: if I hold up one corner and astudent cannot come back to me with the other three,I do not go on with the lesson. (举一隅不以三反，则不复也)Taixue （太学）•Taixue (太学) which literally means Greatest Study or Learning was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient China between the Han Dynasty and Sui Dynasty. It was replaced by the Guozijian（国子监）. The first nationwide government school system in China was established in 3 CE under Emperor Ping of Han（汉平帝）, with the Taixue located in the capital of Chang'an and local schools established in the provinces and in the main cities of the smaller counties.Taixue （太学）•Taixue taught Confucianism and Chinese literature among other things for the high level civil service, although a civil service system based upon examination rather than recommendation was not introduced until the Sui and not perfected until the Song Dynasty (960–1279).汉代学制结构Guozijian（国子监）•The Guozijian (国子监), the School of the Sons of State sometimes called the Imperial Central School, Imperial Academy or Imperial College was the national central institute of learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui. It was the highest institute of learning in China's traditional educational system.唐代学制结构Guozijian（国子监）•Guozijian were located in the national capital of each dynasty --Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Nanjing. In Ming there were two capitals; thus there were two Guozijian, one in Nanjing and one in Beijing. The Guozijian, located in the Guozijian Street(or Chengxian street) in the Eater District, Beijing, the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties (although most of its buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty) was the last Guozijian in China and is an important national cultural asset.北京国子监Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•The Shūyuàn (书院), usually known in English as Academies or Academies of Classical Learning, were a type of school in ancient China. Unlike national academy and district schools, shuyuan were usually private establishments built away from cities or towns, providing a quiet environment where scholars could engage in studies and contemplation without restrictions and worldly distractions.Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•Shuyuan as a modern term•In the late Qing dynasty, schools teaching Western science and technology were established. Many such schools were called Shuyuan in Chinese. Despite the common name, these shuyuan are quite modern in concept and are quite different from traditional academies of classical learning.Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•Notable Academies•In discussing the shuyuan, it is common to speak of the "Four Great Academies" (四大书院) of ancient China.Usually the "Four Great Academies" refers to the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song. However,sources give a number of different lists, sometimesexpanded to Six or Eight Great Academies. Only oneacademy, the Yuelu Academy, appears in all lists. Each school went up or down the list in different periods.White Deer Grotto Academy had long been anoutstanding academy. As for the impact on the politics of China, Donglin Academy in the Ming Dynasty isespecially notable.The Four Great Academies •Also known as the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song or the Four Northern Song Academies.–Songyang Academy–Yingtianfu Academy–Yuelu Academy–White Deer Grotto Academy•白鹿洞书院为宋代四大书院之首。

Lecture 4 Amplification & Omission 增减法

• 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。
• Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.
• 国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。
• evaporation • fault-finding • loftiness • Necessity
• Foreigners get degrees from Chinese colleges. • 一批外国人获得一些中国大学的学位。 • In spite of difficulties, he succeeded in finishing his task. • 尽管困难重重，他成功地完成了任务。 • Bodies of dead Japanese devils were lying all round. • 他周围躺着全是日本鬼子的尸体。
• According to scientists，it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
• 根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。
• The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
• 译文：他们都希望把下一代美国人训练得忠于祖国，尽职尽责。 • 分析：将loyalty翻译成动词，增加名词 “祖国” ，意义明确；将duty译成“尽职尽责”是地道的汉语表达。
• Sino-British links have multiplied—political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.

细胞生物学课件英文版-基因和染色体分析

PCR is used in forensic analysis
VNTRs: Variable Number Tandem Repeats
STRs: short tandem repeats •4 to 40 repeats in various positions (loci)
“DNA fingerprint”
– Conserves energy
• Don’t make what you don’t need!
• Multicellular
– Allows specialization of cell types
– Allows growth and development
• How do we know that
Fig 10-23, 10-24
How can we change DNA information?
Make site specific changes
Transform into a strain that has no
DNA repair
Fig 10-34
Reporter Genes
Fig 10-29
organism • Mechanisms to determine the sequence of DNA • Ways to alter and change DNA sequences • Ways to put DNA back into organisms
• And if we can do all that: use stem cells to alter/repair damage
• What are some of the specialized proteins produced in these cell types?

英汉翻译 chapter 6 amplification

Examples
• I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. • 以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。 • The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.” • 老头儿说：“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。”
Adding the background word (1)
• In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”.
• 四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打Байду номын сангаас出去；到了七月，美国“乓” 的一声把球打了回来。
Adding adj. & adv. (2)
• It must have been surprising to see a little girl working at a high table, surrounded by maps and all kinds of instruments. • 看到一个女孩趴在堆满地图和仪器的高桌上聚精会神地工作时，谁都会感到惊讶。
Examples (3)
• 班门弄斧 • show off one’s proficiency with axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter • 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮 • The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang the master mind.

Lecture Seven 形容词

• 常用系动词常用系动词:
• 表判断或状态的：be look seem sound 表判断或状态的： smell taste feel appear • 表变化的：become turn get grow go 表变化的： come
•表语形容词 •通常只作表语的形容词有：通常只作表语的形容词有：
强调形容词强调形容词: 起强调作用形容词
He was a total stranger to me. 他对我来说完全是个陌生人。他对我来说完全是个陌生人。完全是个陌生人 That’s sheer nonsense. 这纯粹是胡说八道。纯粹是胡说八道。是胡说八道
合成形容词合成形容词: 形容词
常接形容词做宾补的词 make / Keep/ Leave/ find/feel/consider/think ( it) +adj E.g.: make me happy / make the room dirty keep the desk tidy leave the door open I consider him honest. He thinks it unnecessary to learn English.
让学生到黑板写出合成形容词
the day-to-day administration state-of-the-art technology
practice
1.This is a dress which was made by hand. hand-made This is a _________ dress. 2. It is a walk which takes just 7 minutes. seven-minute It is just a ___________ walk. 3. I like the house which was painted brown. brown-painted I like the ___________ house. 4. Can you see the star which is shining brightly? brightly-shining Can you see the _____________ star. 5. This is a cake which is made carefully. carefully-made This is a ____________ cake.

Amplification（增词法）

Amplification（增词法）One of Translation Techniques Commonly Used---- AmplificationIt’s well known to us that as far as CET-4 & 6 are concerned, translation is an important and necessary part, but many students usually do a very poor job in this part. The shared problem that always puzzles them is that even though they have a very large vocabulary and know the Chinese meaning of each English word, but they cannot translate an English sentence or paragraph accurately. The main reason is that they lack English-Chinese translation skills and techniques. Today I’d like to introduce one of the commonly-used translation techniques, that is amplification. Then, what is amplification. Before we define it, let’s look at the following example.e.g. There are three chief effects of electric currents: the magnetic, heating and chemical.电流有三种主要效应，即磁效应，热效应和化学效应。

翻译增词法(amplification)

增词可分为三类：语义性增补，语义性增补，修辞性增补。
语义性增补（semantic amplification）
为了使语义明确，畅达通顺，符合汉语的习惯，翻译中常常根据意义的需要增加动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴词、概括词，以及表示名词的负数、动词时态等方面的词。
1.Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
码丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
2。When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我醒来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。
毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（增加了三个形容词，形象描绘了他想象中的欢乐场景，使表达更加生动）
2。The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒向河岸，洒向树林。（增补形容词）
英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。
Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $ 5. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将被处以五美圆罚款。（增补any person后省略的leaving litter about instead of这一部分。）

翻译-lecture汉译英常用技巧(二)

2017/1/2
Southwest University
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School of Foreign Languages
2. 增补非人称的或强势句中的it it可以指天气、时间，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中的许多表达方法，翻译成英语时需要增补it。如： • 三点钟了。 It is three o’clock now. • 我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that. 3. 增补做宾语的代词或先行宾语it • 汉语里只要从上下文能看清楚，宾语常常可以省略，但英语中凡是及物动词都得有宾语，因此要增补宾语。如： • 我真的认为学好英语很重要。 I do think it important to learn English well. • 把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。 After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.
School of Foreign Languages
• 3. 原文中表示范畴的词： • 汉语中的名词，如任务、工作、情况、状态、问题、制度、事业、局面等通常具有具体的含义，应当照常翻译，但如果用来表示范畴，失去具体含义，可以省略不翻译。如： • 在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。 Under the leadership of the Party, the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation. • 前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。 “Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not produce cadres.

英汉翻译7翻译中的增词与减词

（九）增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词
• 1) In April, there was the "Ping" heard around the world. In July, the Ping "ponged." • 四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去。七月里，美国“乓"的把球打了回来。 • 2) The weather was warm and sultry and everyone seemed to be on edge. • 天气闷热，所有的人都好象热锅上的蚂蚁，坐立不安。 • 3) His Hitler's discourse, says Speider, "became lost in fantastic digressions." • 斯派达尔后来说，希特勒的“谈话越说越远，越说越离谱，最后不知说到哪里去了。 • 4) The two crashes──boy and chair──brought George racing up from the basement. • 孩子和椅子先后倒地的声响使乔治飞快地从地下室跑上来。
• D. after the concrete nouns • 1) The development of Chinese industry remains one of the priorities of the government. • 发展中国工业仍然是政府的首要课题之一。 • 2) Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer. • 基辛格觉得罗杰斯在挑刺儿，但律师出身的尼克松却支持他同行的挑刺儿。

增词法和减词法

End of the class!
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
冠词：
1．她不把他当阿公，而当作亲爹。 She considered him not a father-in-law but a father. 2．我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of the problem before it can be properly solved.
增加概括性的词语
1. 结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。 The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. 2.也许您忘记了７月份的购货帐还没有结算。 Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet been settled.
3．村里的男女老少都喜欢那个小超市买东西。 Men and women, old and young in the village, all liked shopping in that small supermarket. 4．我妈妈来了，我得回去了。 My mother has arrived, so I have to leave now. 5．送君千里，终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.
4．我们响应了祖国的号召。
We responded motherland.

翻译常用之八大技amplification

* I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore, Lambing Time) 我原以为这不过是表示亲昵,但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定羊羔是不是自己生的。 (Attention: tense in English needs to be added by adverbs to show different time in Chinese.) The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. * To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation. 为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终导致通货膨胀。（Attention: for logic purpose of the sentence; to show relationship between the elements of the sentence.) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.

增译法Amplification

第三讲增译法(Amplification)例1.You got a prejudice all right----against a race that’s black.That’s why I called you white racist that night.But when you deal with a black person,I don’t feel any bad vices.你这个人确有偏见。

你(结构性增补)对整个(语义性增补)黑人种族抱有偏见(结构性)。

那天晚上，我说你是个白人种族主义者，道理就在这里。

但是当你跟一个具体的(语义性)黑人打交道时，我倒不(修辞性增补)觉得你有什么恶意。

例2.其实地上本来没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。

Actually the earth had no roads to begin with,but when many men pass one way,a road is made.增译法定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些在修辞上，语法结构上，语义上或语气上必不可少的词语。

一.翻译省略成分引起的增译(一)翻译为避免重复而出现的省略成分的增译例1.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀数学使人周密，科学使人深刻。

例2.She makes a good teacher，as she has a good student.她原先是个好学生，现在是个好教师。

(二)翻译由于英语语法规则而出现的省略成分时的增译We suggest that the test(should)be done by12o’clock.我们建议这项实验应在12点之前完成。

二.语义修辞上需要的增译1.增加动词例1.He seized the chance for peace between them.他抓住了实现他们和解的机会。

英汉翻译3. Aamplification增词法PPT教学课件

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6． Amplification by supplying words of explanation
▪ 27）Le Monde, the B.B.C., the New York Times, the entire Arab press,all quote Heikal at length.
▪ 28）I am in charge of the depot, only I. People will hold me responsible but not you .
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1. Amplification by supplying adjectives and adverbs
▪ 14）Transition
▪ 15）Development
▪ 16）Processing
▪ 17）Preparation
▪ 18）Tension
▪ 19）Backwardness
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▪ 20）“According to Dr. John,” he said, “the patient’s life is still in danger.
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▪ 10）I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
▪ 11）The United States, England and France
▪ 34）耳朵是用来听声音的2/10
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3. Amplifying by adding necessary connectives

英汉互译4-amplification

英汉互译4-amplificationUnit 4 AmplificationAmplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning or subtract any meaning from the original. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.I. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation1.1. Adding Words Omitted in the Original"If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?"“既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷？既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气？”Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。

翻译第四、五章

第四章词类转译与词义调整一、词类的转译Conversion（一）名词转译为动词A) 一些习语中的主体名词可以转成动词，如：1. We wouldn’t have any idea when the boy was born.2. I will not only forgive your infidelity to me but will do you all the service I can.3. As the man leaned over, the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like face.B)由动词派生出来的名词可转译成动词1. The government called for the establishment of more schools.2. There has been a tremendous expansion of kindergartens in both towns and villages.3. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.C) 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词1. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.2. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of America’s most serious social problems.3. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.D) 由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词1. His father is a non-smoker, but he is a chain-smoker.2. I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I.3. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.（二）介词转译成动词1. He went to the shop for a bottle of wine.2. At noon, she came home for lunch.3. He came to my home for help.4. He came to me with a luggage.6. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. （三）形容词可以转译成动词1. It was a very informative meeting.2. The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.3. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves. （四）连词转译成动词1. Eight and seven is fifteen.2. They will return in 60 days or two months.3. Winter is the fourth and last season in a year.4. The distance is four kilometers or 2.4856 miles.（五）副词转译成动词1. Our holiday is three weeks away.2. When will your mother be back?3. The boy told me that his father was out.4. That day he was up before sunrise.Translate the following sentences:1. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.2. He was a regular visitor.3. He showed with his eyes that he heard, but made no sign of assent or dissent.4. We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town.5. The successful fishermen of that day were already in.英语中好多由名词派生出来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。