工商导论t

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工商导论知识点总结

工商导论知识点总结一、商业和商业活动商业是指商品的买卖活动，包括商品的生产、流通和消费。

商业活动是社会经济活动中极为重要的一环，它不仅影响到商品市场的运行，而且直接关系到国民经济的发展和社会的稳定。

商业活动包括了商品的生产、分配、流通、交换和消费。

1.商业活动的基本概念商业活动是指以谋取利润为目标的商品买卖、物资流通和服务的经济活动。

它是商品经济的组成部分，是国民经济的重要组成部分，是社会分工体系的重要组成部分。

2.商业的种类商业的种类包括了零售业、批发业、服务业、流通业等。

零售业是指商品直接销售给最终消费者的活动。

批发业是指商品从生产者处购入，然后再经过贸易商的分销渠道销售给零售商或最终消费者的活动。

服务业是指满足人们日常生活和生产需要的商品和服务的生产者和销售者。

流通业是指商品从生产者处到最终消费者手中的分配过程。

3.商业活动的特点商业活动具有生产性、流通性、聚集性和风险性等特点。

生产性是指商业活动是商品生产和消费之间的桥梁，促进了商品的生产和交易。

流通性是指商业活动有利于商品的分配和交换。

聚集性是指商业活动促进了商业企业和商业中心的形成和发展。

风险性是指商业活动存在着市场波动、价格波动、供应波动等风险。

二、工商企业工商企业是指以盈利为目的，依法设立，有独立法人资格，具有生产、经营等特征的经济组织。

工商企业具有以下特点：盈利性、独立法人资格和自主经营管理权。

1.工商企业的种类工商企业的种类包括了工业企业、商业企业、服务企业和农村企业等。

工业企业是指生产商品的经济组织，主要包括了制造业企业和采矿业企业。

商业企业是指经营商品买卖、物资流通和服务的经济组织，主要包括了零售企业和批发企业。

服务企业是指以生产、供应和销售服务为主要经济活动的经济组织，主要包括了交通运输、住宿餐饮、金融保险等服务业企业。

农村企业是指农村地区从事的以盈利为目的的经济组织，主要包括了农民专业合作社、农民合作社和农民家庭经济组织。

fundamentals of business 《工商导论》说课稿.doc

fundamentals of business 《工商导论》说课稿尊敬的各位专家，大家好！我的抽签号是8号，申报的职称是教授。

我今天进行说课的课程是fundamentals of business 《工商导论》，以下我将从课程定位与学情分析，教学目标，重点难点，教学方法，教学准备与时间分配，教学程序，考核评价，教学反思八个方面进行说课，请各位专家批评指正。

1. 首先，课程定位与目标《工商导论》是英语专业（商务英语方向）专业选修课。

该专业的培养目标是旨在培养既具备扎实的语言基础，又具有商务领域基础知识和基本技能的复合型人才。

《工商导论》是一门全英文授课的商务类课程，在学生从语言学习过渡到商务知识学习的过程中起着重要的桥梁作用。

本课程的先修课程为《商务交际英语》，后续课程为国际贸易、工商管理和市场营销方向的专业选修课课程群。

该课程开设在第5学期，教学对象是英语专业（商务英语方向）三年级学生。

学生在一年级和二年级基础阶段进行了大量的语言技能训练，在通用英语听说读写译方面达到了中级以上水平，到高年级阶段，将接受商务知识的学习。

《工商导论》作为商务知识概论课程，对激发学生兴趣，引导学生进一步探索学习具有重要作用。

基于以上学情分析和课程在整个培养方案中的作用，本课程的教学目标便非常明确了。

按照语言与商务知识复合型人才的培养目标，《工商导论》以英语为授课语言，全面、系统、概要地介绍了市场经济体制下工商企业运作各方面的知识。

因此，该课程的教学目标也主要围绕语言和商务知识两个方面展开，同时在教学环节中融入能力培养。

具体要求是：在语言方面，要求学生掌握相关商务领域的专业术语表达，理解并能够用英语口头和书面探讨商务领域相关问题；对商务知识的教学要求是了解工商企业运作各方面的相关概念和基本原理，但不要求深入钻研；在能力方面的目标是培养学生的思辨能力、自主学习能力以及在实际商务环境中运用商务英语的能力。

2. 教学内容该课程使用的教材是对外经贸大学陈准明教授主编的《工商导论》第二版。

工商导论ppt

If you are going to buy a new mobil phone......you may feel puzzled,wuich one I am going to chooseHere comes your first choiceCore concept of Huawei •First:make everyeffert to creat long-term value forclient as the core concept •Second:take the customers as the centerTarget market •the target marketof Huawei is simple :rich people's communication and care .•It mainly focus on customer's demand.business environment1:familiar with what Chinese people want2:abundant manpower resources3:large domestic marketThese are advantages of Huawei. Then wo turn to its weakness1:unfamiliar with international market. 2:lack of core technologyMIWhy Millet Phone is so popular???Business environment:HUNGER MARKETING!!!Now you see......•because Mi Phone focus on young peoplen who are still wage-earning class•how about the business environment of MI Phone???•when facing the drastic smart phone market,MP has won many people's love by price being lower than those similiar configuration,which is the key.So when you can afford an Iphone •what on earth dose itappeal to you ???•Price is not aelement apparently.What does it accout if you are possesed with an iphone?•Some people may think "I'm well-off","I'm in fashion""I'm enjoying the most advanced phone in the world" and so on.•Obviously ,iphone stand for perfection ,fashion ,and technology.•ipone focus on everything for mobilphone including apperance,function ,service,and humanization.Pursuing perfection is the core concept of iphone.postive business environment •some people arecrazy aboutiphone.They evenspare no effort to buyone,It's uncrediblelypopular among thepeople.target marketing•most iphone users are white coller.on the one hand ,these people have enough wage to pay.on the other hand,they are crazy about new thing.And iphone is regarded as the newest thing,•Now ,if you are going to buy a phone.What will you choose?•OK ,I have no money ,Forget it!•That's all.thank you!。

工商导论unit1

2) Forms of Business Ownership
• • Legal Classification Economic types Based Classification
Starting a Small Business
2) Forms of Business Ownership
Legal Classification
financial resources and skills
fund, maintain, and expand its operation responsible manner, business ethics
laws and government regulations,
Contents
Unit 1 & 12
3. The People and Activities of Business
all activities concerned with obtaining money and using it effectively
The Organization of This Book
Figure 1.1
• Sole Proprietorship 独资企业 • Partnership 合伙企业 • Corporation 公司
Economic types Based Classification
• • • • • • • State-owned Enterprises 国有企业 Collectively-owned Enterprises 集体所有制企业 Private Enterprises 私营企业 Corporate Enterprises (Joint-equity Enterprises) 股份制企业 Joint Venture 联营企业 Foreign-funded Enterprises 外商投资企业 Joint-equity cooperative Enterprises 股份合作企业

工商导论课程设计

工商导论课程设计一、教学目标本课程的目标是让学生掌握工商导论的基本概念、理论和实践，培养学生对工商管理的兴趣和热情，提高学生分析和解决工商管理问题的能力。

具体来说，知识目标包括：1.理解工商管理的定义、历史和发展趋势。

2.掌握企业结构、战略管理、市场营销、财务管理等方面的基本概念和理论。

3.了解我国工商管理的法律法规和政策环境。

技能目标包括：1.培养学生运用工商管理理论分析和解决实际问题的能力。

2.训练学生进行团队合作、沟通表达和领导力的能力。

3.培养学生独立思考、创新和持续学习的能力。

情感态度价值观目标包括：1.培养学生对工商管理的热情和兴趣，提高学生从事工商管理工作的意愿。

2.培养学生具有良好的职业道德，树立正确的价值观。

3.培养学生具有社会责任感和企业公民意识。

二、教学内容本课程的教学内容主要包括以下几个部分：1.工商管理概述：介绍工商管理的定义、历史和发展趋势，理解企业结构及其运作方式。

2.战略管理：学习企业战略规划、战略实施和战略评估等方面的理论，培养学生运用战略管理理论分析和解决实际问题的能力。

3.市场营销：掌握市场营销的基本概念、策略和手段，了解市场、市场分析和市场推广等方面的知识。

4.财务管理：学习财务管理的基本原理、方法和技巧，包括投资决策、融资决策和财务分析等内容。

5.企业伦理与社会责任：探讨企业伦理问题，强调企业履行社会责任的重要性。

三、教学方法为了提高教学效果，本课程将采用多种教学方法，包括：1.讲授法：教师通过讲解、阐述工商管理的基本概念、理论和实践，帮助学生建立系统的知识体系。

2.案例分析法：引导学生分析实际案例，提高学生运用工商管理理论分析和解决实际问题的能力。

3.小组讨论法：学生进行小组讨论，培养学生的团队合作和沟通能力。

4.实验法：通过模拟实验，让学生亲身参与工商管理实践，提高学生的实践能力。

四、教学资源为了支持本课程的教学，我们将准备以下教学资源：1.教材：选用国内权威、经典的工商管理教材，为学生提供系统的理论知识。

工商导论第二版第五章ppt

Copyright © 2003CboypyTrhieghMt c©G2ra0w07-HbyillXCiaoomppinagniZesh,aInngc. All rights reserved
1-‹#› The Functions of Marketing
4. Transportation 运输
Arranging appropriate vehicles such as truck, train or containers to move the products from the suppliers to the customers.
3.
收集分析数据，为某一商品或服务确定市场或市场
细分，回答诸如潜在顾客的人数和位置、他们的购买力
和购买习惯，以及恰当的促销方法等一些问题。
FMIorwrceGingrn/aMwLcaHGnirglaulw/aIgrHwe iCilnlollege
Copyright © 2003CboypyTrhieghMt c©G2ra0w07-HbyillXCiaoomppinagniZesh,aInngc. All rights reserved
1- ‹#›
Providing Value and Satisfaction Consumers buy products that offer the best
value to meet their needs and wants Value and Benefits Value compares a product’s benefits with its
Fundamentals of Business
Chapter ２
Marketing : An Overview

工商导论

1- 7
Types of products
Classification for consumer products: 1. Convenience: Packaging is important to sell the product. Consumers will accept a substitute. Marketers focus on intense distribution, time utility. Convenience products can be categorized into staple (milk), impulse (not intended prior to shopping trip). Common examples are newspapers, magazines, fast food, soft drinks, cigarettes, etc. 2. Shopping: Consumers expend considerable effort planning and making purchase decisions. Consumers are not particularly brand loyal. Need producer intermediary cooperation, high margins, less outlets than convenience goods. Use of sales personnel, communication of competitive advantage, branding, advertising, customer service etc. Typical examples are clothes, automobiles, furniture and appliances.2003Copyright © 2007 by Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reserved McGraw Hill/Irwin Irwin/McGraw Hill Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Foreign Language College

商务英语《工商导论》课程

商务英语《工商导论》课程English:The course of "Introduction to Business" aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles of business operations. It covers various topics including the nature of business, types of businesses, business environments, business ethics, and social responsibility. Students will also be exposed to the basic functional areas of business such as management, marketing, finance, and operations. Through this course, students will develop critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and decision-making skills that are essential for success in the business world. Additionally, students will also gain insight into the global business environment and the impact of technology on modern business practices.中文翻译:《工商导论》课程旨在向学生全面介绍商业运作的基本概念和原则。

《工商导论》课程教学大纲

《工商导论》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息开课单位：翻译学院商务英语系课程名称：工商导论课程编号：224007英文名称：Fundamentals of Business课程类型：专业任选课（请按我校教学计划安排表中的课程类型进行规范填写，即填写公共基础课、学科基础课、专业基础课、专业方向限选课、专业任选课、公共选修课等）总学时：36 理论学时：24 实验学时：12学分：2开设专业：商务英语专业先修课程：商务知识导读二、课程任务目标（一）课程任务（本项编写要求：写明该课程的性质和任务）本课程是一门商务英语专业任选课程，也是商务英语专业学生学习和掌握市场经济与工商管理知识的基础课程。

本课程的任务是使学生可以对市场经济及现代工商企业的运作有一个总体的印象，并熟悉企业环境、经营管理、金融财务、法律保险等方面的英语词汇和用语。

本课程对市场经济及工商管理的描述与国际上的通行定义为基础，但尽量结合中国实际。

在讨论和分析案例时，也尽量使用于中国相关的题目和素材，以帮助学生掌握中国融入全球经济时在工商管理方面所需的基本概念和相关英语知识，为下一步学习更微观、更具体的课程打下基础。

（二）课程目标（本项编写要求：写明学生在知识和能力方面应达到的目标要求）在学完本课程之后，学生能够：1. 对市场经济及现代工商企业的运作有一个总体的印象；2. 并熟悉企业环境、经营管理、金融财务、法律保险等方面的英语词汇和用语；3.根据所学的定义及相关知识进行案例分析；4.锻炼学生的汉英翻译能力及社会实践能力。

三、教学内容和要求（一）理论教学的内容及要求（本项编写要求：以基本内容为主线，对各知识点分按“了解”、“理解”、“掌握”三个层次提出要求，并说明教学重点及难点）Chapter 1 Setting Up a Business1. 通过学习应了解各种企业的不同经营形式及其特点；2. 掌握相关的商业术语和词汇，并做到能灵活运用；3. 将所学知识带入案例进行分析和比较，联系实际找出最佳解决方案。

工商导论论文

谈谈对工商管理学院各专业的认识经过一学期对工商导论的学习和自己课外的涉猎，我对管理学，市场营销学，人力资源管理和物流管理有了初步的认识。

也是在不断的与一些人的交流当中，我对这些学科有了更多的体会和认识。

肖伯纳有言，“倘若你有一种思想，我也有一种思想，而我们彼此交流这些思想，那么，我们每个人将各有两种思想。

”在对各专业认识的写作当中，也是一种不断发散思维的学习。

管理学马克思在《资本论》中关于“总体工人”的论述中，对脑力劳动（包括科技人员和管理者的劳动）给予了充分的肯定，认为这些都是创造价值的劳动。

而事实也告诉我们，科学技术、管理等这些智力性因素作为现代生产力系统新增的因素，对社会资源的配置起着越来越大的作用，对社会各方面的改革也越来越深刻。

社会分工是商品经济产生的必备条件。

就我而言，越来越细、越来越明确的社会分工是发达、繁荣的商品经济的必备条件。

社会的分工，资源的配置需要管理者，需要管理者的决策。

所以管理者，管理是推动社会发展的一股强大的力量。

管理可以引申为决策。

诺贝尔经济学奖得主赫伯特·亚历山大·西蒙曾经说过，“管理就是决策。

”管理所要做的就是分配好资源，分配好工作让下面的人更好地去执行。

一个正确的决策可以让一个人取得辉煌的成就，可以让一个企业更具竞争力，但是如果管理错误，决策错误，那可能比贪污还可怕。

管理很多时候是跟定位联系在一起的。

因此就有了战略管理一词。

一个企业往往需要有更长远的眼光，更精密的部署才能在市场中立于不败之地。

这就需要定位，这就需要有战略。

红罐的王老吉把价格普遍定在3.5－4.5元之间，公司把市场定位在高端消费人群，就是一种定位，一种战略；先从沿海发达城市开发市场，再深入内地，就是一种定位，一种战略；品种单一，也是一种定位，一种战略。

企业的定位，战略管理起着至关重要的作用，是企业的指南针。

在越来越来激烈的市场，一个有战略的企业才能走得远。

管理要以人为本。

对新东方而言，一套健全的员工激励机制是新东方成功必不可少的保障。

工商导论

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四.店面设计与要求
1.门面设计门面大方、整洁，突出品牌，给客户一个好印象
2.店内设计 (1)店堂门面提供休息，接待员可以推荐护理类型，销售员可以定时推荐商品，以及进行收银
(2)护理间设计多人护理间可同时护理多人，价格实惠，针对大众
单人护理间
提供给vip,服务升级，环境优雅，可以有很好的休息
6.热情对待客户，客户有要求应及时满足，客户提出建议应与领导沟通 7.收集vip客户，vip可积分，积分可供兑换商品或护理肌肤，也可以享受 vip单人护理房间 8.每天需清点货物，对产品的销售量进行总结，并找出热销产品，及时进行补货 9.年底进行评选优秀员工，给予奖励，并组织员工进行聚餐 10.定时选取员工进行新的护理技术学习，增强店面实力
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二.管理计划
1.我们招聘店长一名，店内特助一名，销售员一名，体验师三名，接待一名，收银员一名 2.员工每日8:00准时上岗，做开业准备，到8:30做每日例会为昨日的销售护理的营业额总结，并对员工进行激励教育，当9:10员工进行每日早操时间，改善员工身体体质，9:30正式营业，晚19:00进行闭业 3.店内工作人员统一制服，佩戴工牌 4.对迟到、早退，进行资金处罚，如果有重要事情应及时请假 5.每人每月有三日休假日，不可连休，休假应与同事交接
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三.资金计划
1.选取市区租赁店面，每月1500-4000元∕月，进行半年租 2.进行店面装修，以及购买设施 3.预算体验期间的产品花销和宣传花销 4.留有可流动资金，用来进货，以及其他用途 5.对工作人员的每月工资预算：店长 1500元+提成体验师 1000元+提成销售人员 1000元+提成店内特助 1300元收银员 1200元接待员 1000元体验师和销售人员提成在自己的营业额下的 8%，店长在营业总额的提成的5%，在营业额连续增长时，可对员工资重新预算

工商导论考试必备完整版

Key words1.Business:Goal-directed behavior aimed at getting and usingproductive resources to buy,make,trade,and sell goods and services that can be sold at a profit.2.Productive resources:The four crucial ingredients-land,labor,capital,enterprise-that are needed to profit from business.3.Operating costs:The cost of acquiring and using the four productiveresources to make and sell goods and services.4.Product:Any kind of good or service that other people value andwant to buy.5.V alue:How much utility a product gives customers;that is,how well itsatisfies their desires or needs.6.Price:A way of measuring the value of a product by how muchcustomers are willing to pay for it.7.Business model:A company's plan of action to use resources to createa product that will give it a competitive advantage.petitive advantage:A company's ability to offer customers aproduct that has more value to them than similar products offered by other companies.9.Sales revenue:The amount of money or income that a companygenerates from the sale of the product.10.Profit:The total amount of money left over after operating costs havebeen deducted from sales revenues.11.Capital:Profit that is keptin a company and invested in its business.12.Wealth:The sum total of the resources,assets,riches,and materialpossessions owned by people and groups in society.13.Franchising:A business practice whereby investors are allowed topurchase the right to own and perate a business using a company's name and business model.14.Nonprofit organization:An organization that is not in business tomake profit but to provide value to the people and groups it serves. 15.Business system:The combination of commerce，occupations,andorganizations that result in the production and distribution of goods and services people value.16.Business commerce:The process by which people produce andexchange valuable goods and services that fulfill their wants and needs.17.Trade:The exchange of products through the use of money.18.Barter:The exchange of one product for another product.19.Diminishing marginal utility:The principle that the value peoplereceive from an additional unit of a product declines as they obtain more of the product.w of demand:The principle that states as the price of a productrises，consumers will buy less of it，and as the price of it falls，consumers will buy more of it.w of supply:The principle that states that as the price of a productrises，producers will supply more of it，and that as the price of it falls，producers will supply less of it.22.Marginal curve:23.Market：Buyers and sellers for a particular product.24.Industry:A group of companies that make similar products andcompete for the same customers.25.Profitability:A measurement of how well a company is making useof its resources relative to its competitors.26.Premium price:The higher price a seller is able to charge versuswhat its competitors can charge.27.Specialization:The process by which people become more skilledand productive when they perform a narrowly defined range of tasks specific to an occupation or job.28.Business occupation:The acquired set of specialized skills thatenable a person to create valuable goods and service that can be traded at a profit.29.Invisible hand:The principle that the pursuit of self-interest in themarketplace naturally leads to the improved well-being of society in general.30.Monopoly:A situation in which one company controls the supply of aproduct and can charge an artificially high price for it.31.Human capital:A people's stock of knowledge，skills，experience，judgement，personality，and abilities.32.Transaction costs:The costs of bargaining，negotiating，monitoring，and regulating exchanges between people in business.33.Teamwork:A phenomenon that occurs when people pool their skillsto create more valuable products than they could create alone.34.Business organization:A tool that empowers people to shape andcontrol the behavior of other people to produce goods and services. anizational structure:The framework of task and authorityrelationships that coordinates people so they work towards a common goal.36.Functional activities:The task-specific operations needed to convertresources into finished goods and services sold to customers.37.V alue chain:The coordinated series or sequence of functionalactivities necessary to transform resources into the products customers want to buy.38.Primary functions:Functions directly responsible for utilizing scarceresources most efficiently and effectively to create goods and services.39.Secondary functions:Functions not directly responsible for gettingproducts to customers but whose activities contribute to the efficiencyand effectiveness of other functions.40.Entrepreneur:A person ready to supply the enterprise—energy，boldness，courage，spirit，expertise—necessary to start and grow a business.41.Entrepreneurship:42.First mover advantage:The competitive advantage gained by beingfirst to develop a new product or process.43.Intrapreneurship:Entrepeneurial activity that tasks place inside of an established company.44.V enture capitalists:45.Intrinsic motivation:46.Extrinsic motivation:47.Delegate:Giving up decision-making authority to other people.48.Agency problem:The problem that arises because of the separationof the ownership and control of a business.It occurs when the firm's owner delegates authority to managers.49.Stock options:The right to buy a stock at a certain price and tobenefit from increases in the stock's value in the future by selling it.50.Board of directors:Experienced business executives from inside andoutside of a company who are elected by a company's shareholders to act as their representatives.51.Chief executive officer(CEO):A company's top manager.The CEO isresponsible for overseeing the operations of the company and ensuring its capital is used to create the most profit possible.52.Top managers:Employees who are responsible for developing acompany's business model and who，along with the CEO，are ultimately responsible for its success or failure.53.Middle managers:Employees in charge of a company's variousfunctions and who are responsible for using the company's functional rescources productively to increase its profitability.54.First-line managers:Employees at the base of the managerialhierarchy.They are often called supervisors.55.Efficiency:A cost-focused measure of how productively a company'sresources are being used to produce goods and services.56.Effectiveness:A revenue-focused measure of how competitive thefirm's business model is.57.Planning:A process that managers use to select the best businessmodel and goals for their company.anizing:A process managers use to create a company'sorganizational structure.anizational culture:The set of values，norms，and beliefs sharedby members of an organization that determine how well they work together to further the company's goals.60.Leading:The ability to develop a plan and motivate others to pursueit.61.Cross-functional team:A group of people from the differentfunctions who work together on a particular project.62.Controlling:The process of evaluating whether or not a company isachieving its goals and taking action if it is not.63.Benchmarking:The practice of comparing a business's strengths andweaknesses to those of its competitors.64.Role:The set of tasks a person is expected to perform because of theposition he or she holds in an organization.65.Mentor:A person who provides advice，guidance，and technicalknowledge to other people（mentees）in order to help them advance their careers.66.Multinational companies:Companies that operate and trade in manydifferent countries around the world.ernment:The political system chosen to create and manage theset of laws，rules，and regulations that control the actions of people and companies that operate in a society.68.Representative democracy:A form of government in which citizensperiodically elect individuals to represent their interests.69.Totalitarian government:A form of government in which a personor group of people attempt to exercise absolute control over all forms of business activity.70.Free-trade agreement:Joint decisions by countries to reduce oreliminate trade barriers that impede the flow of products between nations.71.Quotas:Restrictions on the amount of a good or services than can beimported into a country.72.Trade barriers:73.General Agreement on T ariffs and Trade (GA TT):An internationaltreaty between nations following WWII，dramatically fueling free trade.74.Free trade area:A group of countries that agree to promote the freeflow of goods and services between them.75.Global environment:The set of forces surrounding a company thatdetermine its ability to obtain productive resources -land，labor，capital，and enterprise.76.Specific forces:Forces in the global environment that directlyincrease or decrease a company's sales revenues or operating costs，and thus its profitability.77.Suppliers:The individuals and companies that provide a companywith the resources that it needs to produce goods and services.78.Global outsourcing:The process of purchasing inputs fromthroughout the world to take advantage of differences in the costs and quality of resources.79.Distributors:Firms that link the companies that make products withthe customers who buy them.80.Intermediary:A company such as a merchant，broker，or wholesalerthat buys the products of one company and sells them to another. 81.Market share:The total percentage of a product a company sells in aparticular market.82.Political-economic forces:Changes that occur in the form of acounttry's social and political systems.83.Free-market economy:Economic system in which the production ofgoods and services is left in the hands of private enterprise.mand economy:Economic system in which the quantity andprice of goods and services that a country produces is planned by the government.85.Mixed economy:Economic system in which certain goods andservices are produced by private enterprise and others are provided via centralized government planning.86.V alues:General standards and guiding principles that people in asociety use to determine which kinds of behaviors are right or wrong.87.Norms:Unwritten codes of conduct that prescribe how people in aparticular culture should act in certain situations.88.National culture:The particular set of economic，political，and socialvalues and norms that exist in a particular country.89.Demographic forces:Changes in the characteristics of a country'spopulation，such as its age，gender，ethnic origin，race，and sexual orientation.90.Legal forces:Changes in a country's laws and regulations that oftenoccur because of changes in the political and ethical attitudes within a society.91.Global network:A set of task and reporting relationships amongmanagers，functions，and operating units around the world.92.Productivity:Measures how efficiently a company is using itsresources to make a product.93.Quality:A function of how well a product performs when it is put touse and is measured by such things as durability and reliability，and customer satisfaction.94.Innovation:A function of a company's ability to develop new andimproved products that better satisfy customers' needs.95.Responsiveness to customers:A measure of a company's ability toanticipate changing customer needs,resolve problems customers have with a product,and provide fast after-sales service.96.Expatriate managers:Domestic managers who work for theircompanies abroad.97.Host-country nationals:Natives of a foreign country hired to managea multinational's divisions there.98.Third-country nationals:Managers who are neither native to thecountry the multinational is headquartered in nor the foreign country in which it operates.99.Exporting:Selling domestically produced goods and services tocustomers in countries abroad.100.Licensing:Contracting with companies in other countries in order to give them the right to use a company's brand name and business model.101.Joint venture:An alliance in which companies from different countries agree to pool their skills and resources to make and distribute a product together.102.Wholly owned subsidiaries:Business units established in countries abroad to manufacture and distribute a multinational's products.rmation:A set of data，facts，numbers，and words that has been organized in such a way that it provides its users with knowledge.104.Knowledge:What a person perceives，recognizes，identifies，or discovers from analyzing data and information.105.Learning:An increase in the store or stock of people's expertise or knowledge.rmation technology:The many different kinds of computerand communications hardware and software and skills of their designers，programmers，managers，and technicians who create and manage it.anizational learning:Managing information and knowledge to achieve a better fit between a company's business model and the forces in its environment.rmation overload:A situation in which managers have to process so much information it actually reduces their understanding of a situation.109.Real-time information:Infomation that is constantly updated. 110.Chief information officer (CIO):The top manager of a company's IT function.111.Transaction processing systems:An IT system designed to collect，record，and manipulate the data related to a company's day-to-day business operations.112.Knowledge management systems:An IT system that analyzes the information collected from the TP system but filters and analyzes it to make it more useful to managers.113.Best practices:The set of skill-based competencies that allow a particular function to perform at its optimal level.114.IT consultants:Expert employees who use their knowledge and learning to solve their customers' IT problems.115.Expert system:An advanced IT system that can reason through a company's information，diagnose problems，and suggest solutions. 116.Artificial intelligence:An IT system that reasons and learns like a human being.117.Enterprise resource planning systems:Multimodule applications software packages that coordinate all of a company's functional activities.118.E-commerce:Trade that takes place between companies，and between companies and individual customers via the Internet（or other IT system）.119.B2B marketplace:An industry-specific trading platform set up to connect buyers and sellers using the Internet.120.Intranet:A company's internet system of computers and Web sites accessible only by its employees.121.Legacy system:The hardware and software components of a company's IT system at any one point in time.122.Router:Hardware and software that electronically transfers data between networks to its intended destination，such as a specific Web page or computer.123.Ethernet:A local area communication technology that transmits information between computers at speeds of between 10 and 100 million MBPs using coaxial or fiber optic cable.124.Broadband technology:A type of communications hardware that allows for the rapid transmission of vast amounts of information. 125.Wi-Fi:A type of Ethernet technology that allows computer users to access the Internet wirelessly.126.Best-of-breed solution:The highest-performing IT hardware or software application currently available for managing a particular information processing or multimedia task.127.Industry standard:A predominant type of technology used in an industry.Other technologies must be compatible with the industry standard in order to be widely adopted.128.Firewall:Software that gives a company's PCs safe access to the Internet but that blocks computers from outside the firm from gaining access to the company's intranet.129.Hackers:People who seek to invade a company's databases and steal the information for malicious or illegal reasons.puter virus:Software code deliberately written to harm hardware and Software and corrupt files and databases.131.Marketing:An organizational function and a set of processes for creating，communicating，and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.132.Customer needs:Consumer needs that can be satisfied by thequalities or features of a good or service.133.Product development:The set of technical，scientific，and engineering processes involved in creating new or improved products to better satisfy customer needs.134.Sales:The development and use of techniques to inform customers about the value of a company's products in order to persuade them to buy them.135.Customer relationship management:The process of tracking the demand and satisfaction of customers in an effort to develop products they will want to buy on an ongoing basis.136.Business vision (mission):A brief statement of a company's business model that tells stakeholders why the firm is in business，how it intends to satisfy customer needs，and why it will satisfy their needs better than its competitors.137.Product life cycle:The typical sequence of changes in demand fora product that occur over time.138.Marketing research:The systematic search for information that uncovers met and unmet customer needs，the different needs of different customer groups，and whether or not a product's marketing mix appeals to customers.139.Focus group:A group of people brought together to share their thoughts and feelings about a particular product and why it may ormay not meet their needs.140.Leading customers:Companies that improvise their own solutions to business problems because no products currently exist that can do so.141.Leading providers:People or Companies that believe their new products will better satisfy customer needs even though they have no sure proof of this.142.Reverse engineering:The process of examining the products of one's competitors in depth in order to figure out what makes them successful.143.Customer groups:Groups of people who have a similar need fora particular product because the product satisfies several differentkinds of needs.144.Market segment:A group of customers the firm targets based on their need for its products.145.Product differentiation:The process of setting a product apart from its competitors by designing and marketing it to better satisfy customers' needs.146.Marketing mix:The combination of a product's qualities and features，its price，the way it is promoted and sold，and the places at which it is sold.147.Marketing message:A product-related message the firm'smarketing department sends to customers about how and why a product will better satisfy their needs.148.Product branding:Using a unique name，design,symbol，or other element to differentiate a product from its competitors.149.Brand name:The specific name，sign，or symbol a company uses to distinguish and legally protect the identify of its products.150.Brand loyalty:The tendency of customers to consistently purchase a particular product over time because they believe it can best satisify their needs.151.Product positioning:The process of customizing or tailoring a product to specific market segment.152.Target price:The price a typically customer will be willing to pay for a product with a particular set of qualities and features.153.Promotion:The way in which a company advertises，announces，publicizes，and pushes its products.154.Promotional mix:The combination of advertising，sales promotions，public relations，and personal selling used to reach and persuade customers to buy a product.155.Advertising:The paid，nonpersonal promotion of a company's goods and services using mass media to influence consumers.156.Sales promotion:Nonpersonal，persuasive efforts designed to boost a company's sales immediately.157.Public relations:The practice of conveying messages to the public through the media to influence people's opinions about the company and its products.158.Personal selling:Direc，,face-to-face communication by salespeople with existing and potential customers to promote a company's products.159.Place:The distribution and sales channels used to get both a product and its marketing message to the customer.160.Distribution:The selection of the distribution channels to reach and deliver products to customers most efficiently and effectively. 161.Distribution channel:The specific method a company uses to sell and deliver its products to customers.162.Downstream value chain:All of the activities related to managing a product from the time it is made to the time it is delivered and used by customers.163.Licensed distributors or dealers:Independent companies that buy the rights to distribute，sell，and service a company's products within a specific geographical area.164.Exclusive dealerships:Distributors that are licensed to stock and sell only one brand of a product.165.Wholesalers:An intermediary or broker that buys products from manufacturers and then resells them to other Companies，such asretailers，which in turn distribute them to the final customer.166.Final customer:The person who actually uses or consumes a product.167.Retailers:Intermediaries who sell other companies' products to the final customer.168.Direct distribution:Distribution channels used to deliver and sell products directly to the final customer.169.Distribution mix:The combination of channels a company selects to place,promote,sell,and deliver its products to customers.plex products:Products with qualities and characteristics that make them difficult for customers to evaluate.171.Technical selling:Selling that requires a company's sales representatives to impart detailed technical information to their customers.172.Missionary selling:Selling that occurs when a salesperson educates customers，builds goodwill，and performs promotional activities to encourage them to purchase a product at a later data. 173.Agent:A，person，or intermediary，acting on behalf of final customers.174.Creative selling:Selling that requires salespeople to combine their technical knowledge and personal selling experience to craft creative and unique ways to better meet the needs of their customers.175.Trade selling:Selling done through intermediaries，such as wholesalers and retailers，which manage the sale of a company's products to other Companies.176.Retail selling:Selling to the final customer-the person who buys a product for his or her own use.177.Telemarketing:A sales method used to contact prospective customers exclusively by phone.178.Buyer’s remorse:A phenomenon that occurs when a customer believes he or she made a poor purchasing choice.179.Customer relationship management system:An IT-based knowledge management system designed to track a company's customers--what they are buying,and how their demands are changing.Concepts✓What are the difference between trade and barter? P10The difference between trade and barter is that trade involves the exchange of products using money whereas barter does not.When people barter,they enchange one product directly for another.✓Describe the law of demand P13The principle that states as the price of a product rises，consumers will buy less of it，and as the price of it falls，consumers will buy more of it. ✓Describe the law of supply P13The principle that states that as the price of a product rises，producers will supply more of it，and that as the price of it falls，producers will supply less of it.✓How is the market price determined? P13In economics，the laws of supply and demand operate together to determine the price at which products will be sold in a market.It is important to realize that the price of all products are determined at the margin--the point at which the supply of the product just meets demand for it.✓How does profit differ from profitability? p14Profit is simply the total or absolute monetary difference between sales revenues and operating costs；Profitability measures how well a company is making use of its capital by investing in resources that create goods and services that generate profits.✓What are the three main components making up the business system?3)business as an organization1)business as commerce2)business as an occupation✓What are the four main productive factors for a company? land, labor, capital, enterprise✓What common mistakes entrepreneurs may make? P63 First，entrepreneurs frequently overestimate their ability to create newproducts customers desire and are willing to pay a high price for；Second，they underestimate how difficult it is to actually reach prospective customers and get them to try their products--even when they are excellent.The importance of marketing and advertising--and its high cost--is often not given enough weight in a new company's business model.Third，entrepreneurs may not realize how much ready cash is needed to see a small business through its critical，initial“birth”period，which can sometimes take up to two years。

《工商导论》教学大纲

《工商导论》教学大纲课程名称工商导论（Fundamentals of Business）课程编码学时与学分68/4考核方式考试先修课程商务英语适用学科专业商务英语教学目的以英语为授课语言，全面、系统、概要地介绍市场经济体制下工商企业的运作，让学生对市场经济既现代工商企业的运作用一个总体印象，并熟悉同期业环境、经营管理、金融财务、法律保险等方面有关的英语词汇和用语，为下一步学习更微观、更具体的课程打下基础。

1．商务知识：了解在中国融入全球经济时，在工商管理方面所需的基本概念和相关的英语知识。

2．词汇：商务英语词汇具有比较强的专业性，要求学生在一学期的学习中有管理、营销、金融、财务、贸易、法律和保险等方面1000左右的专业词汇积累，以及商务常见的缩略语，机构名称等。

3．听力与口语：能够流利地在一般性的商务活动中进行交流，能流利地进行商务方面的口头陈述和报告，并能对相关案例做讨论，；4．写作：能看懂和起草商务单据、文件、信函和报告；5．阅读：能够阅读原版的经贸书刊。

基本教学内容与学时安排本课程授课17周，每周课4学时。

具体教学内容安排如下：1－5周：市场营销的基本知识，主要包括营销组合的4P’s（Product, Price, Place and Promotion）；6－7周：以小组为单位做一个营销计划书；8－9周：管理的基本概念和企业文化；10周：组织结构设计；11－12周：人力资源管理的基本内容，一个模拟招聘的小组活动；13－14周：组织中的激励和领导基本理论及策略；15周：观看教学电影Wall Street，并组织讨论电影中设计的管理问题；16－17周：国际商务，包括国际贸易的基本政策、概念和策略，国际商务文化交流。

教学教材教师自编讲义主要参考书目陈准民编著，《工商导论》(Introduction to Business),高等教育出版社。

Charles Mitchell, International Business Culture, World Trade Press.Jean M. Hiltrop, Sheila Udall,Negotiation, Prentice Hall.Warren J. Keegan, Global Marketing Management, Prentice-Hall International, Inc.Jeffrey Edmund Curry, International Marketing,上海外语教育出版社。

工商导论英文作文

工商导论英文作文Business Introduction。

Business is all about making money and providing goods and services to people. It's a tough world out there, and you've got to be smart and quick to survive. You need to know your market and your customers, and you need to be ready to adapt to changes at any moment.Competition。

Competition is fierce in the business world. There are always other companies trying to do what you do, andthey're always trying to do it better, faster, and cheaper. You've got to stay on top of your game if you want to stay in the game.Risk。

There's always a risk in business. You could invest alot of money into a new venture and end up losing it all. You've got to be willing to take risks if you want to succeed, but you've also got to be smart about it. Calculated risks are the name of the game.Innovation。

工商导论（第2版）课后习题答案

工商导论（第2版）课后习题答案Chapter 1 Setting Up a Business1.In which field will you set up your business?With the development of the science and technology, many traditional goods have been displaced by electrical apparatus. Almostly we do anything by using electricity, such as electric cookers, cellphones, computers and air conditioners. We strongly realize it when there’s something wrong with electricity. So I want to set up my business ,building a supermarket, in the field of electrical appliance and electronic goods.2.Will your business be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation ?My business will be a sole proprietorship. The advantages of sole proprietorships are many fold. The following are their major appeals. First of all, it’s simple to establish. Just pay a small fee, get the necessary state and local licenses or permits.Secondly, it’s more freer in decision-making. As a sole proprietor ,I can make my own decisions on business policies and operations, such as the type of goods or services I want to offer at the price I feel appropriate. Thirdly, it’s easy to keep operational and finan cial secrecy. I don’t have to report to shareholders or board directors.Fourthly, it’s less tax burden. The tax rates for sole proprietors are often only half of those for corporations.Last but not least, it’s exclusive use of profits.if I work hard and make a small fortune, I can take all the profits and don’t have to share them with anyone else.Chapter 2 Marketing: An Overview1.How would your business offer advantages overcompetitive firms? The advantages of my business are many fold. The following are the major appeals.a.Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. Theelectrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good.b.Some promotional activities .We can offer some kinds of free giftswhen consumers buy my goods. If they consume a certain amount of money, they can register for membership cards.c.Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free ofcharge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.Does your business have factors which could make your revenue lower or expenses higher than what you expect?a.Low reputation of a new brand. My business as a new comer to thisfield lacks high reputation and brand effect, there are not many consumers at first.b.Some copycat electronic goods of cheeper price and poor quality inother competitive firms. These goods will attract consumers a lot at very low price at first,my business will be in a poor situation which makes my revenue lower .Chapter 3 Products and Pricing1.How is the products you plan to offer is different from those offered by your competitors?a. Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality andreasonable price. The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good.b.Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.How will the pricing of your products be determined compared with those of competitive products?First, marketing research .Collecting and analyzing the price of competitive products to i dentify consumers’purchasing power and buying abilities. Then decide the price that the customers can accept. Also we can set the price the same as those of competitive products, besides we will offer some little gifts free of charge to attract more customers.。

工商管理专业导论

工商管理专业导论
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第一节工商行政
广义的工商管理既包括“工商行政管理”,也包括 “工商企业管理”。工商行政管理:政府经济部门对所辖的工业企业、商业企业、金融企业、农业企业、服务企业、交通运输企业、建筑企业、邮电通信企业等各种企业组织的宏观指导、政策调控与行政监管。工商企业管理：企业经营管理者对上述企业具体的计划、指挥、领导、组织、协调、控制等经营管理活动。
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工商管理专业导论
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子公司和分公司
子公司是指受控于集团公司或母公司，团公司或母公司，但在法律上独立的法人企业。（挂靠机构）企业。（挂靠机构）。（挂靠机构分公司是母公司的分支机构或附属机构。支机构或附属机构。
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两者最大区别在于：是否在法律上和经济上具有独立性。前者有，后者无。
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※“企业”的来源与演化： “企业”一词的用法最初源自日语。意思是：从事生产、流通或服务活动的独立核算经济单位。----- 《辞海》在２０世纪后期，其含义不再限于商业或营利性组织，这种用法目前主要来自对英文“ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ”一词的翻译。
较常见的用法是指各种独立的、营利性的组织（可以是法人，也可以不是）；另一种用法与组织接近，可以用来泛指公司、学校、社会团体乃至政府机构等，这一种用法主要出现在信息技术应用领域的一些专有名词中。
2011-11-25
工商管理专业导论
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股份有限公司把全部资本划分为等额股份，通过发行股票筹集资本的公司。股东一旦认购股票，就不能向公司退股，但可以通过证券市场转让其股票。优势：经过批准，它可以向社会大规模地筹集资金，使某些需要大量资本的企业在短期内得以成立，有利于资本的市场化和公众化。当股东认为企业经营不善时，会抛售股票，这成为对公司经理人员的强大外部约束力量。但股份有限公司的创办和歇业程序复杂，公司所有权和管理权的分离带来两者协调上的困难，同时由于公司要向外披露经营状况，商业秘密难于保守。这种组织形式比较适合大中型企业。