医学英语写作与翻译-Part 3-引言的内容与写作

Part 3.
引言的内容与写作
例 3：Read the following example introduction and familiarize yourself
with the layout:
①Although physical exercise has become an important part of standard therapy for patients who have had acute myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery, its role after heart transplantation has not been well defined. 1,2② Patients undergoing heart transplantation, like those undergoing coronaryartery bypass surgery, are affected by preoperative inactivity and postoperative deconditioning and can potentially benefit from exercise rehabilitation.
Part 3.
引言的内容与写作
⑦Although blood transfusion can be life saving, it can also be a lifethreatening intervention. ⑧Physicians use blood transfusion on a daily basis. ⑨Increased awareness of the risks of this procedure is needed, because management of patient-tailored transfusion could reduce the risk of TRALI. ⑩Such an individualised approach is now possible as insight into TRALI risk factors evolves. 11Furthermore, proper reporting of TRALI could prevent recurrence. 12In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis, incidence, risk factors, and clinical picture of TRALI. 13We also outline existing strategies to mitigate the syndrome, and the remaining clinical challenges ahead. [Sentences 7 to 11: Introduction to the information that is unknown; Sentences 12-13: Introduction to the research purpose (question)]
Part 3. 引言的内容与写作
Example 1 例Introduction 4：引言 Helicobacter pylori is considered to be the main aetiological agent of the most common 幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)被认为是成人慢性胃炎中最普遍的 B型胃炎的主要病因。B型胃炎病 form of chronic gastritis in the adult population--type B gastritis. Type B gastritis is 变部位一般在胃窦和幽门；而 A型胃炎是典型的自身免疫性胃炎，主要发生于胃底。现 localized in the antrum and pylorus, whereas type A gastritis, the classic autoimmune 已发现， Hp 阳性的慢性胃窦炎与十二指肠溃疡有密切关系，并能引起胃萎缩，后者系 gastritis, mainly occurs in the fundus. H pylori positive chronic gastritis of the antrum 胃癌前兆。 has been found to be closely related to duodenal ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy, a precursor of gastric cancer. 环境因素如社会经济和教育状况，似乎与 Hp感染的传播程度相关。拉丁美洲人和黑人 Environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and educational state, seem to affect the 的感染率始终高于白人。感染与教育水平呈负相关。 prevalence of H pylori infection. Infection is consistently higher in Hispanic and black people 在人口密集的社区中， Hp的感染率和家庭成员间的 Hp感染率高于普通人群。这可能 than in white people and is inversely related to educational level. 是由于同一家庭中成员之间出现复发或再感染。此外，虽然大多数证据支持因拓殖而 The prevalence of H pylori infection is higher in close communities and in members of 导致人与人之间的传播主要发生于儿童时期，但目前对于 Hp的传播途径尚不清楚。在 family groups than in the general population. This may be due to relapses or reinfections 自然条件下，传播可以通过口一口或粪一口途径，但没有明确证据显示哪种途径是主 between members of the same family. Furthermore, the route of transmission of H pylori 要途径。而且，两种途径在其它因素作用下可能相互关联。 remains unknown, although most of the evidence supports person to person transmission 对Hp 感染在家庭内传播的研究，大多针对有症状儿童的父母和兄弟姐妹，而不是普通 with colonization occurring primarily in childhood. Under natural circumstances transmission could be by the oral or faecal-oral routes, but no strong evidence Dionysos exists to support either route 人群。为了避免这种可能出现的选择性偏差，我们研究了 人的部分群体，以评 as the primary one, and both may be relevant depending on other factors. 估父母感染 Hp 的儿童感染率是否高于父母未感染家庭的儿童。 Most studies of transmission of H pylori infection within families have been conducted on parents and siblings of children referred for symptoms and not on the general population. Click here the English version To avoid this potential selection bias, for we studied part of the population of the Dionysos cohort study to assess whether children of H pylori infected parents had a higher infection rate than those from families with uninfected parents.
Part 3.
引言的内容与写作
➋引言写作的细节
Part 3.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
引言的内容与写作
➌ 引言写作实例 例1. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: a clinical review (Cited from Lancet, 2013; 382:984-94) Introduction ①Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), defined as the onset of respiratory distress after blood transfusion, has long been regarded as a rare complication of transfusion medicine.1 ②However, in the past decade, perspective has changed. ③Development of an international consensus definition has aided TRALI research, yielding a higher incidence in specific patient populations than previously acknowledged.2,3 ④Patients suffering from a clinical disorder such as sepsis are increasingly recognised as being at risk for development of TRALI.4 ⑤Thereby, from a diagnosis by exclusion, TRALI has become the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality.2,3,5,6 ⑥ However, the syndrome is still under diagnosed and under-reported in some countries.7–9 [Sentences 1 to 6: Introduction to the information that is known]
Part 3.
引言的内容与写作
例2： 腺病毒表达载体对骨髓间充质干细胞分化能力的影响 [引自：南方医科大学学报, 2008;28(7):1132:1136] 利用干细胞可以诱导分化出进行组织工程研究的多种种子细胞。骨髓间充质 干细胞(MSC)具有多向分化潜能，在不同环境及诱导剂作用下，可分化为成 骨细胞、成软骨细胞、肌腱细胞、脂肪细胞、神经细胞、内皮细胞等多种细 胞[1-5]；与胚胎十细胞(ES)相比，MSC具有取材方便、自身移植无免疫排斥反 应、无医学伦理道德争议等优势，因此，MSC将来可能成为一种更具应用前 景的干细胞。认识MSC分化为组织工程研究所需种子细胞的分子机制，探索 有效的体外诱导分化方法具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。为了研究参与调 控MSC分化为种子细胞的相关因子的作用机制，需要通过增强或沉默该因子 的表达来鉴定其生物学功能。利用脂质体介导基因表达载体转染细胞是一种 常用的基因转导方法，但目前尚无合适的脂质体可以有效地将基因表达载体 导入MSC。腺病毒表达载体是进行基因功能研究和基因治疗研究的有利工具 [6,7]。腺病毒可以有效感染MSC，而腺病毒感染本身是否对MSC分化能力有影 响不清楚。为了了解腺病毒感染对MSC分化能力的影响，本研究拟检测MSC感 染腺病毒载体前和感染后不同时间保持分化的能力。
引言的内容与写作
⑦ Because a certain amount of improvement in exercise capacity is expected after surgery, it is unclear how much of these reported gains in physical-work capacity reflects the effects of exercise training as compared with the natural course of postoperative recovery. ⑧ Therefore, we undertook a randomized, prospective study to assess the effect of exercise training provided in a cardiac-rehabilitation program on measurements of physical-work capacity and activities of daily living among patients who had undergone heart transplantation.
① present the nature and scope of the present study (in the present tense)
② giving background information on the present study (in the present tense)
To be continued
医学英语写作与翻译
Medical English writing and translation
Part 3. 引言的内容与写作
H.Y.Wang
Copyright is preserved, any duplication is forbidden
Part 3.
引言的内容与写作
➊引言写作步骤（漏斗式：funnel model, 由4步组成）
Part 3.
引言的内容与写作
③ The denervated donor heart has altered physiologic responses to exercise that can impair exercise tolerance. 3,5 ④The question of whether the transplanted hear can tolerate the physiologic stress of exercise training after transplantation, coupled with the possibility that exercise might precipitate acute rejection of the transplant, may underlie the historical reluctance to prescribe exercise training after transplantation. ⑤However, the denervated heart has been shown to respond appropriately to exercise. 5-7 ⑥ Moreover, several nonrandomized studies have suggested that exercise training increases the capacity for physical work after heart transplantation.8-10
⑦ specifying the nature and scope of the present study (in the present tense) ⑧ stating the purpose of the present study and the method of the investigation (in the past tense)
③④⑤⑥ giving background information on the present study of the rationale with carefully chosen reference (in the present tense)
To be continued
Part 3.