大学语言学考试基本题型和大纲要点

I.第一单元

A定义

1Design features of language.

The features that define our human languages can be called design features, including arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement.

2. Functions of language

Informative, Interpersonal（maintain social relations）, Performative, Emotive, Phatic communion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能

3.Main branches of linguistics

Phonetics: the description, classification and transcription of speech sounds语音学

Phonology: the study of speech sounds of a language as a system音系学

Morphology: the internal structures of words形态学

Syntax: the internal structures of sentences.句法学

Semantics: the study of meaning as encoded in language.语义学

Pragmatics: the study of language use, meaning in context.语用学

B 填空

1 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2 Langue vs parole (Saussure)

C 翻译terms

D topic Qs

1 Important distinction in linguistics

Descriptive (native speakers) vs prescriptive （rules for correct uses of language）studies Synchronic (used at a particular point) vs diachronic studies (changes over time)

Langue vs parole (Saussure)--Langue (language) is the language system: social, essential, stable; Parole (speech) is the actual use of the language system: individual,

accidental, unstable

Competence vs performance--Competence is the underlying knowledge about one’s language; Performance is the actual use of that knowledge in language use

situations.

Syntagmatic （组合关系）vs paradiamatic relations（聚合关系）

Modern linguistics

第二课

QUESTIIONS

1Phonetics (divisions; speech organs;)

The three branches of phonetics

Articulatory phonetics: the study of sound production

Acoustic phonetics: the study of sound transmission between interlocutors

Auditory phonetics: the study of sound perception

Speech organs

Lungs肺

trachea (wind pipe)气管

vocal folds (cords)声带:

glottis声门: apart (voiceless: /p/), close together (voiced: /b/), totally closed (glottal stop: /?/ tongue tip舌尖

tongue blade舌叶

tongue front舌前

tongue back舌后

tongue root舌跟

epiglottis会厌

hard palate硬颚

soft palate (velum)软颚

uvula小舌

teeth 牙

teeth ridge (alveolar ridge) 齿龈

lips (labium)唇

nose鼻

l arynx喉

ph arynx咽

vocal tract声道

2 Consonants and vowels (How are they defined or described?)

Consonants: when there is an obstruction of the air stream in the production of a sound

1)Manners of articulation:stop/fricative…2) Places of articulation/ bilabial, dental,

alveolar…3) V oicing: voiced vs voiceless or unvoiced 4) Nasal vs oral: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ vs other consonants 5) Lateral vs central: /l/

V owels is produced without obstruction of air in the pronunciation of vowels

1) The part of the tongue that is raised: front /i:/, central /ə/, back / ɑ/

2) The height of the tongue: high, mid, low; closed /i:/, half closed /e/, half open /ε/, open /a/

3) The degree of lip rounding: rounded /u:/, unrounded /i:/

4) Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs glidings: /a/, /au/

5) Long vs short vowels or tense vs lax vowels: /i:/, /I/

3 distinctive features（*）

a phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of features -- t phonological; binary; articulatorily and acoustically based features.

DEFINITION

IPA international phonetic alphabet

manner and place of articulation发音部位和发音方法stop (plosive)爆破音nasal 鼻音fricative摩擦音affricate破擦音bilabial唇音labio-dental唇齿音alveolar