《国际贸易理论与实务(张素芳 第2版)》chapter 3 tariff and non-tariff barriers

Common NTBs— 5. Anticompetitive measures
Single-channel for imports Compulsory national service
Common NTBs— 6. Miscellaneous measures
Countervailing duties
1. 2. 3. ① ② ③ Three categories of subsidies: Prohibited (red light subsidies) Actionable (yellow subsidies) Non-actionable (green subsidies) assistance for research activities assistance to disadvantaged regions assistance to promote adaptation of existing facilities to new environmental requirements imposed by laws/regulations
Advance payment requirements Multiple exchange rates Restrictive official foreign exchange allocation Prohibition of foreign exchange allocation Bank authorization Surrender requirement(外汇上缴要求）
Common NTBs— 2.Price control measures
Administrative pricing Variable charges Anti-dumping or counter-vailing measures
Common NTBs— 3.Para-tariff measures
Customs surcharges Additional taxes and charges Internal taxes and charges levied on imports Decreed customs valuation
Common NTBs— 4.Finance control measure
Countervailing duties
Subsidy: 1. A financial contribution including direct transfer of funds (e.g.. loans, grants) , potential direct transfer of funds of liabilities (e.g.. loan guarantees); 2. By a government or any public organization within the territory of a member. 3. Confers a benefit
Duties for nations entitled to mostfavored-nation treatment (MFN) p76, p166
General duties
General duties are non-MFN tariffs, which are applied without MFN agreement.
Duties under general system of preference (GSP) P73
GSP program is based on 3 principals:
Generalized: to all goods of LDC countries Non-discriminatory: to all LDC countries Non-reciprocal: LDCs needn’t give same treatment in
Alternative methods: Non-market economies:
Non-tariff barriers (NTB) P88
The UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) designed a classification on NTBs during the early 1980s. Seven major categories:
Anti-dumping duties p78
According to ADP Agreement:
Determination of normal value (NV) General rule: when Foreign market P less than
sold in ordinary course of trade(eg.cost)
Anti-dumping duties p78
Dumping is a situation of international price discrimination where the price of a product when sold in the importing country is less than the price of that product in the market of the exporting country. Under Article 6 of GATT 1994:Measures canbetaken if WTO member can confirm: a) That dumping is occuring b) That the domestic industry producing the like product is suffering marterial injury or threat of material injury, and c) That there is a causal link between the two.
Forms of import duties
3. According to special purposes:-p77 1. Countervailing duties 2. Anti-dumping duties
Countervailing duties p77
A countervailing duties is a customs levy designed to offset the effect of government payments and other extraordinary economic benefits, generally refers to “subsidies”, granted to a foreign producers or exporters which distort competition in international trade.
---Refer to P88
Common NTBs– 1.Quantity control
measures

Non-automatic licence Quota (quantitative restrictions) Absolute quota Tariff rate quota Quantitative safeguard measures Prohibition Voluntary export restraints (VERs) P90
1. According to standard of different tariff rates 1. Preferential duties (eg. Within Commonwealth members; EU-ACP countries) 2. Duties under general system of preference (GSP) 3. Duties for nations entitled to mostfavored-nation treatment (MFN) 4. General duties

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Learning objectives
To learn about tariffs and its classifications To learn some of the non-tariff barriers To understand export promotion measures and reasons for export control
Forms of import duties
1. 2. 3. 4. 2. According to method of collection specific duty; ad valorem duty; Mixed or compound duty; Alternative duties.
Forms of import duties
return
GSP program coverage:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Country eligibility criteria Product eligibility criteria Competitive need criteria Graduation policy Rules of origin—P74

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美国总统奥巴马11日决定，对从中国进口的所有小轿车和轻型卡车轮胎实施 为期三年的惩罚性关税。 白宫发言人罗伯特· 吉布斯说，对从中国进口轮胎实施的惩罚性关税税率 第一年为35%，第二年为30%，第三年为25%。 此前，美国国际贸易委员会建议对中国产轮胎征收为期三年的惩罚性关税， 幅度分别为55%、45%和35%。
Seven major categories of NTB:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Quantity control measures Price control measures Para-tariff measures Finance control measure Anti-competitive measures Miscellaneous measures
Chapter 3 Tariffs and Non-tariff Barriers
巴西外贸委员会6日宣布，从即日起采取一系列措 施限制进口，以保护本国工业。这些措施包括提高 7种制成品的进口关税，以及对一批进口产品实施 反倾销制裁，中国成最大受害者。 分析人士指出，巴西政府此次采取的贸易保护措施， 显然把中国产品作为主要针对目标。在提高关税的 7种产品中，有5中进口自中国，包括瓷砖（从15 ％提高至35％）、自行车（从20％升至35％）、 分体式空调（从18％提至35％）等。 --source:/11/10/ 7DBFDT1H00253B0H.html
Tariffs Barriers
Definition: A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.
Tariff may be levied on commodities leaving an area (export duties) or commodities entering an area (import duties).