托福写作笔记
托福综合写作——综合写作如何记笔记
外教一对一托福综合写作——综合写作如何记笔记由于综合写作时间只有20分钟，这就要求考生在浏览阅读材料和倾听听力材料时就迅速记录并理解两个材料的主要观点和相应细节。
因此考生平时做训练的时候就要重视限时记笔记，这样写作的时候就会胸有成竹，而不会无从下手了。
很多同学在第一次浏览综合写作阅读材料的时候，没有记笔记的习惯。
因为他们认为听完听力后还会看到阅读材料，如果到时忘记或者疏忽了阅读材料的部分理由、细节，听完听力再看也来得及。
但是高老师这里强烈建议各位同学在第一次看阅读材料就开始记笔记。
第一次看阅读材料时就记笔记有两个好处，第一是帮助你充分理解阅读材料原文意思。
我们刚才提到阅读和听力材料的观点和支撑观点的三个具体原因都是针尖对锋芒的，你如果在浏览阅读材料时就充分理解文章意思的话，对你随后理解听力材料是有巨大帮助的。
其次，同学们在看阅读材料时就记笔记可以有效帮助你记忆阅读原文意思。
当你开始回答问题，你写阅读部分的三个主要原因和相应细节时就不必或者只用花很少的时间再去看阅读原文了，把更多的时间留出来对比听力和阅读材料的不同之处，总结听力材料的主要原因、细节以及组织语言上。
托福综合写作的阅读材料和听力材料的句型结构都已简单句为主，大家在记笔记时应根据材料意思记录每句话的关键主语，谓语或宾语，经过5次左右的限时练习，大多数同学都可以通过这一方法记录一套比较完整的笔记。
值得一提的是，同学们在记笔记时，即便有部分关键细节没有记下来也往往并不影响你回忆材料意思。
因为你的记忆力毕竟不是金鱼的记忆力，不可能看过、听过材料后立刻就忘记刚刚说了什么!当你答题时，通过查阅、理解所记笔记的上下文，基本上可以完整复述阅读和听力材料的主要意思和关键细节。
下面高老师用一道例题展示记录笔记的方法。
例题：Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture. Being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. (TPO 12)阅读材料Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject.笔记：Jane Austen, not know what she looked like, professionally painted, portrait of a girl, no titled, good reasons to believe is herFirst, in 1882, several decades after Austen's death, Austen's family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austen's family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen.笔记：First, after Austen's death, her family gave permission, portrait as illustration of letters, family endorsed.Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra's sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austen's face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of外教一对一an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, andoverall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait.笔记：Secondly, face of portrait, resembles Cassandra's sketch, sketch carries details Austen's face, details similar portrait, eyebrow, nose like the portraitThird, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when Jane Austen was the age of the girl in the painting.笔记：Thirdly, painting unsigned, painted when Austen was teenager, style likes to Ozias Humphrey, wealth Austen able to hire，popular when she was girl.听力材料Professor:The evidence linking this portrait to Jane Austen is not at all convincing. Sure, the painting has long been somewhat loosely connected to Austen's extended family and their descendents, but this hardly proves it's a portrait of Jane Austen as a teenager. The reading's arguments that the portrait is of Austen are questionable at best.笔记：Not convincing，hard proveFirst, when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of her letters, Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years. So the family members who asserted that the painting was Jane had never actually seen her themselves. They couldn't have known for certain if the portrait was of Austen or not.笔记：When authorized, Austen died 70 years, family members who authorize never seen.Second, the portrait could very well be that of a relative of Austen's, a fact that would explain the resemblance between its subject and that of Cassandra's sketch. The extended Austen family was very large and many of Jane Austen's female cousins were teenagers in the relevant period or had children who were teenagers. And some of these teenage girls could have resembled Jane Austen. In fact, many experts believe that the true subject of the portrait was one of those relatives, Marianne Kempian, who was a distant niece of Austen's.笔记：Could be the relative of Austen, why similar to the sketch, big family with many teenagers similar to AustenThird, the painting has been attributed to Humphrey only because of the style. But other evidence points to a later date.A stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the blank canvas, you know the actual piece of cloth on which the picture was painted, was sold by a man named William Legg. Record showed that William Legg did not sell canvases in London when Jane Austen was a teenager. He only started selling canvases when she was 27 years old. So it looks like the canvas was used for the painting at a time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.外教一对一笔记：Humphrey only because of style, stamp, blanket canvas indicates sold by William leg, didn't sell canvas when Austen was teenager, when he begin to sell, Austen is already adult.我们通过组织阅读和听力的笔记，就可以完整阅读和听力的材料主要观点，支撑各自观点的三个原因和相应细节。
《十天搞定托福作文》笔记
《十天搞定托福作文》笔记(来自taisha /thread-1093010-1-1.html)首先在前面说一句，为什么要把准备托福作文的笔记发在GRE作文版：1、很多考G的朋友没有考过T，反而忽略了很多基础的东西。
2、本人考过G，5天后考T，直至前天仍然觉得这本书上如下内容的可操作性很强，遂与各位分享。
3、支持Dincyfeng版主的年度大帖。
4、攒人品。
陈述完毕，有兴趣的浏览一下即可~献给calmvalianceyy~增加过渡段：A1好。
A1好，而且A2好。
（这个“而且”，可以用科技发展啊技术进步啊之类的扩充）A2好。
14条万能理由：与事物有关：效率、方便、经济、耐久、安全、空间。
与人有关：健康、乐趣、成就、性格、情感、交流、经验、他人。
理由的安排也要有逻辑顺序首段要雕琢，要表现！1、排比反问：Have you ever been to the West Lake in Hangzhou City? Have you ever walked along the Long Corridor in the Summer Palace? Have you ever seen the red fallen leaves on the Fragrance Hill?If you have never had such experiences, you would never know how much fun outdoor activities could bring you.2、背景知识式：With the development of science and technology, more and more companies (including international companies and small companies) are founded, but there are not enough people to take these positions. So a large number of working opportunities are provided to people who are still teenager students. In some countries, some people think if teenagers do a job while they are still studying in school, it may have a bad impact on their grade. Others consider that teenagers should have jobs while they are still students. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter. Because teenagers can learn amount of useful experience through working and they think through the job they will acquire some knowledge of how to get a good relationship with others.3、定义式：Technology refers to skills, knowledge, and techniques that human beings use in their daily life and work. As everybody may find, technology develops day by day. How does the development of technology affect our life? Many people hold the opinion that it is due to the development of technology that human beings have access to the comfortable modern life. On the other hand, a number of people are always aware of all kinds of destructive influence of the technological development on us. As far as I am concerned, the development of technology does far more good than harm to people’s happiness.正文部分每段安排：1~3行主题句4~8行细节论述1~2行主题再现。
TOEFL作文模板(课堂笔记)
作文语法（一）开篇1.写作多用大词,35个A large/ great/ huge/ certain peopleTremendous/ consideration/ infinite/ incomputable/ inestimable2.用who引导定语从句增长句子3.实词多变Believe/ hold/ insist/ maintain/ argue/ assert/ propose1)同意转换2）意念转移3）语法结构转换Good/ splendid/ outstanding/ excellent/ A-levelNew comer/ green hand/ novicesHigh-achieve student/ student with high abilities/student at top of the class4.结构多变This view/ idea/ viewpoint/ standpoint/ that claim…1)some who…定语从句hold the idea that…同位语claim2)some, holding this idea that…,claim…插入语3)Holding this idea that…状语开头some claim that….（二）主题思想不同意70%agree+30%disagree 题目观点的写在背景70%中同意70%disagree+30%agree 题目反义写成70%背景中使用实副词（三）名词化处理1.If you carefully compare these two teaching methods, you will find the former one issuperior.→the carefully comparison will discover…2.Because children can’t distinguish the right from the wrong, they can’t make sound decision.→the inability to distinguish the right from the wrong prevents children from making sound…Can not→inabilityMay→possibilityNeed→necessityShould→responsibility/ obligation3.when the old worker sees that he is going to retire, he begin to worried about his future→theprospect of the retirement stimulates the old worker’s anxiety of his future.（四）使动动词的改写En~ enrich enlarge enable ensure encourage endanger enslave entitle empower~en widen broaden darken deepen cheapen weaken lengthen heighten strengthen frighten Make me admire him→heighten my admiration~ize industrialize commercialize capitalize modernize democratize sensitize realize~fy purify simplify beautifyDive force render stimulate prevent allow permitmake you have few opportunities →prejudge you opportunities to do…（五）独立主格absolutely phrase谓语动词→非谓语动词Do/ does/did/will/be→doingHave/has done→having doneBe doing→doingBe to do→to doAm/is/are/was/were→beingHave/has been→having being（1）主语开头句：写10个非主语开头句（2）同位语开头句：写一个N. be n. and do n.=N. who be n. do n.(建议不写)N. , n. , do n.N. , n. do n.（3）补语开头句：写2个Other professionals like doctors and teachers, different from pop stars, create the true value of society。
Xeikmm托福写作专项 阅读和作文笔记
生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。
－－泰戈尔阅读部分笔记12——14题是多选，算分的只有三篇文章主题：1、title2、single-focusmulti-focus 1、make a summery 多选题（六选三）2、the topic of a paragraph细节：general statements and details考察：1、认知：Given / Not Given2、辨析：True / False词汇：辨析1、认知：3%——5%2、推断态度： WhyHow结构：以句子为中心的考试Sentence-level paragraph-level passage-levelCampus lifeAcademic issueIntroduction Back groundTopicBody Sub-topicAnalysisEvidenceConclusion：Topic report中心文章——中文笔记——中文复述|英文——英文笔记|英文——英文笔记——英文复述讲义P4：1st Organisms expend energy Budgeting2nd Organisms allocate energy genetic package( BG ) difference = growth and reproduction3rd OPP：= r 多 g少P：= r少 g 多4th D ∈OPP5th opp invade new areas displaced by p6th opp short-lived population affected by bad weather7th p e.g. oak trees精读：消除阅读障碍泛读：快速：有疑问地读广泛阅读注意：表达习惯和语序五种基本句型：1、主系表2、主谓3、主谓宾4、主谓双宾5、主谓宾+宾补差异在于非主干部分括号匹配 conj.( —— )( r-pron. —— )非——简s——基本| |层次化句子结构去掉非主干部分比较句：比较主体：是必须一致的，要有可比性比较点比较结果It + be + 强调成分 + that ……（讲义P11） who ……e.g. It is obvious that Jerry is lovely. It is obviously that Jerry is lovely. 强调句不强调动词和形容词1、快速笔记完成题目2、解决生词精度句子3、划分意群，模糊理解4、归纳层次，总结要点写作部分笔记黄金规则 Best structureBest sentenceBest wordsBest possible练习句型变换和扩充，每周两个练习独立写作，每周两篇加强阅读和听力训练1、单数可数名词不能单独存在2、并列关系的错误3、Number + 复数 Amount + 不可数1、多个句子表达同一个意思2、扩充句子（文章里多于25字的句子至少有3句）3、对句子进行各种变化1、功能：陈述句、疑问句（少于5句）、感叹句和祈使句句子分类2、简单句、复合句、复杂句和复合复杂句2、主动句和被动句句子的变化方式：1、开头的变化（名词、不定式、介词词组、分词）见白色讲义第四页2、结尾的变化3、长短句的变化4、主被动句的变化5、各种句式的变化英汉语的区别：1、逻辑性：英语逻辑性比汉语逻辑性更强2、表达方式：汉语曲折委婉，英语明确、直接3、文化的影响如何准备托福写作：1、良好的语法知识2、词汇3、文体4、良好的阅读习惯5、良好的听力水平6、高超的语言衔接手段7、多种表达手段综合运用能力8、记笔记的能力写作原则：1、写作文体2、完整结构3、明确观点4、精彩纷呈5、重视形式6、通顺连贯7、扬长避短题库分析：题材分类（见讲义）题型分类：1、观点选择类2、比较对比类3、自主定义类审题确定题材：1、确定题目的类别（题材、题型）2、确定切入点，寻找绝对词汇和其他带有限定性含义的词语only / never / best / anything / always / entire / no / forever 3、确定立论 / 驳论 / 自定义及论证模式驳论文的写法：1、驳论点 1、先承认对方观点的某些合理性2、驳论据 2、再列举实例或理由证明对方观点的逻辑漏洞或片面性3、驳论证 3、再/ 或阐述按照对方观点会有什么样的恶劣后果4、先确定对方观点所持的理由5、再证明对方观点理由的片面性或虚假性6、还可以再提出自己的论据证明自己观点的合理性7、请看举例注意：表达不能过于绝对化简略提纲1、论点2、理由支持反对论点的确定，什么样的是好的？1、符合基本社会规X2、自己有把握比较擅长的3、容易展开的（分）论点不能脱离实际生活道德不能过于低下，也不能过于高尚论点不能触及政治敏感点（分）论点不能涉及XX争端如何论证分论点——例子 / 细节 / 原因的重要性每个论点都要有理由每个理由都要有例子每个例子都要有细节寻找理由的方法：1、有什么条件可以这样？2、如果这样会有何好处 / 坏处？3、如果不这样会有何好处 / 坏处？4、如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？5、如果不能这样，人们必须怎么办？理由不能太具体，否则不容易展开各理由的关系1、必须是并列关系2、排列顺序由段落长短来决定（思维训练见白色讲义P1、2、3）文章结构（五段式）1、主体2、开头3、结尾文体框架：1、1+ 1支持面的理由两点充分论述2、2 + 1（两种） a. 支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面的缺点一到两点简略论述b. 支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述3、2 – 1（两种） a. 支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面优点一到两点简略论述b. 支持面的优点两点充分论述+支持面的缺点一到两点简略论述4、折中方案 a. 在不同阶段b. 在不同年龄c. 在不同的人群d. 为不同的目的文章内容比例：正面2段落数、字数、理由的个数反面1人称：1、论证说理部分尽量使用第三人称2、涉及个人情况时使用第一人称3、表达个人观点时使用地一人称4、尽量使用复数形式的第三人称，避免he / she 的出现5、不要使用第二人称开头1：背景+论题+各方观点（和理由）+作者论点和理由具体方式：1、背景+论题+反方观点+（反方理由）+（过渡）+（正方观点）+作者论点+作者理由2、论题+反方观点+（反方理由）+（过渡）+（正方观点）+作者论点+作者理由3、反方观点+（反方理由）+（过渡）+（正方观点）+作者论点+作者理由4、背景+论题+作者论点+作者理由5、作者论点+作者理由怎么写背景：1、提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象（紧扣论题）作为背景2、从远到近，、由小到大，谈论紧扣论题的社会现象或社会观点作为背景开头2：事例+论题+各方观点（和理由）+作者观点和理由1、媒体（电视、电台、报纸、杂志和网络）的报道2、朋友、邻居、同事的故事3、官方 / 权威数据、调查、研究结果开头3：问题+论题+各方观点（和理由）+作者论点和理由1、把背景用问题方式提出2、连续提问+煽情式提问开头4：引语+论题+各方观点（和理由）+作者论点和理由主题句：1、必须是陈述句2、必须表明观点3、提出建议 / 解决问题 / 深化意义（需要宽广知识面和过硬功底我们一定要明白我们在写作中的主要任务是用英语表达我们的思想段落的实现：1、例证法：题出论点——列举事例（——分析事例——得出结论——）重述论点2、因果法：提出论点——提出条件——分析原因——得出结果——重述论点3、比较对照法：（整体 / 分项比较）4、分类法 / 并列法5、框架结构示意图、总论点6、定义法：e.g. Parents are the best teachers.①使用连接词和短语（表并列 / 转折 / 递进 / 因果 / 比较 / 对照 / 举例）②使用代词③使用语意粘连举例：1、例子的引出2、举例之后（告诉他俺还有好多例子没举呢）3、真的还是假的4、国内的还是国外的5、名人还是普通人6、多例还是一例（每个分论点都要有一例）7、举例中的人名、地名引用：引用还是不引用 / 引用的好处与缺点如何引用（直接还是间接）引用的出处引用什么何时引用——随时引用的数量≤3个具体人名、地名等数字：1、只有年份可以用阿拉伯数字2、常用句型（表示但是的副词：however nonetheless neverthelessnotwithstanding）综合写作学习要点：听力材料要点的确定文章结构的确定转述语意的技巧如何确定要点——黄金规则五1、主题句2、被重复的语意（同词根、同词意、同义词、反义词）3、原因和结果4、被解释的词汇5、带有倾向性的名词、形容词、副词和动词等6、被强调的语意（最高级、比较级）绝对词汇、特殊符号（如引号等）7、问题和答案8、重要例子9、比较、对比和比喻10、表示转折的词汇后面的语义注意：历史事实不可能被反驳，而听力要反驳阅读，所以不可能反驳带有叙述性质的文字。
托福综合写作笔记法
托福综合写作笔记法阅读笔记：用中文记下主题，用中文记的好处在于可以最大程度避免照搬阅读中出现的词汇和句子，因为这样分数会很低。
总结材料中几个支持性的细节或例子，并用简单英语记录。
重要细节名词一定要记录下来，并且准确拼写，同时还要标出序号，用于听力。
做到边念，边记，边预测。
经验证明，一般阅读默念，既可以非常好的认识阅读材料的结构和主要支持细节，又可以很好提醒自己一些关键性词汇的发音，以便在听力时大大降低听觉压力。
听力笔记：首先判断听力材料的主题，用中文最简单的方式记录下来。
因为在听力时，你基本没有时间用英文记录，而且使用英语记录会有另一个问题，就是由于这些简短的记录，会使意义模糊不清，而且碰到不会写的词会影响心情。
一些重要的细节性名词，在听力和阅读材料中都会出现。
阅读时要准确记录，这样听力时用箭头直接指代，非常省时。
好笔记的标准：在听完或读完，可以根据自己的笔记把刚才听到或读到的材料复述出来。
实例演练：A reason for the worldwide use of English language is its use throughout the Commonwealth, which includes a quarter of the world's people in one-sixth of the world's land area. All of forty-nine member states have at some time been under British rule. In some of them English is the first language; others, with several different languages of their own, find English the most convenient means of communication except for small-scale business. Today the Commonwealth is a loose association of independent sovereign states, nearly all of them members of the United Nations, scattered among the continents and their adjacent islands. British rule stillcontinue in a few groups of islands, all but one of them too small in population to beindependent states but preferring to continue the British connection rather than toattach themselves to any neighboring states. The only one with more than 30000 people is Hong Kong with nearly six million. It cannot become independent because it's mainland section part of China, but had been held by British on a ninety-nine yearlease which expired in 1997.The transformation of the British Empire into a " Commonwealth" of independent nations began, in part, in 1867 with the establishment of Canada as a fully self- governing country, still associated with Britain. Australia and New Zealand followed.With all these, full power was transferred, with agreement on both sides, to the representative institution of people mostly descended from emigrants from Britain, though part of Canada was French.The new Commonwealth began in 1947, when India and Pakistan became fully independent. India's membership of the Commonwealth was not affected by its decision three years later to become a republic. All the major colonial territories, inAsia, Africa and the Caribbean, had become independent within twenty years. (294 words)参考笔记：Co (缩写Commonwealth 段子第一句就说这个词)1/4人 1/6土（对第一句后半句的分句用数字和汉字精炼记下）49国英管（出现数字要特别记录，因为小细节容易忘又容易考）松散联合独立国（几个词翻译上面那句话）人少不独立英管（三个中文词翻译整句话）HK 6m （million)回归不独立（两个词把硕大句子简化）改革1867 CA独立（三个词串起来就是：英联邦改革，1867年开始，那年加拿大独立。
托福写作小笔记
verb反对oppose, object遏制curb, restraint(n.)限制stifle, confine, limit, restrict，circumscribe监督monitor, supervise获得acquire, gain, obtain丢弃abandon, discard反映demonstrate, reflect, illustrate, imply许多plenty of, plentiful, a host of, multiple, ample, considerable 威胁pose a threat to剥夺deprive of归咎于be attribute to, result from, derive from, stem from满足cater for, accommodate接触be exposed to/exposure to传递pass down to参加participate in认为contend, consider忽视lose sight of/ignore/neglect夸大sensationalize诱惑be tempted to干涉disrupt, interfere with谈及when it comes to重视give priority实施enforce, implement以免for fear that害怕be fearful of仍然remain丰富enrich解决（问题）address, resolve, tackle尽力去做endeavor toAdj.重要的:important, critical, essential, significant 严重的:severe, serious受欢迎prevailing, prevalent富有的affluent, wealthy贫穷的impoverished, needy必要的necessary, indispensable, imperative无助的needless不足的insufficient, inadequate, scarce深远的（影响）profound, far-reaching influence 不可能be unlikely to方式way, means, approach, measure空运air freight/transport航空业the aviation industry种族歧视racial stereotyping and discrimination败笔eyesore过度依赖excessive reliance对有坏的影响have an adverse impact on, exert negative influence on概念notion, conception…的载体be the vehicle of受到…的威胁under the threat of处于…的边缘be on the verge/brink/margin of众所周知的it is generally accepted that/it is universally acknowledged that 明显的联系clear link…是未知的it remains unknown使…离开remove sb. from促使某人做prompt sb. to do有偏见的人people with prejudice/biased views有害结果detrimental effect/ harmful consequence惊人的速度/发展很快astounding pace即时信息up-to-date以…告终end up doing/with倾向于one's tendency to do /be prone to一…就…hardly(scarcely)…when(before)在…考虑范围外be kept out of贵重的礼物lavish gift根本原因root cause有必要去做have the need to do不愿意去做be reluctant/unwilling to do 被…占据sb is occupied with感到有压力under increasing number利大于弊do more harm than good直接影响direct impact高度重视be highly valued有关环保：尾气tail gas温室气体greenhouse gas排放emit密集种植intense farming全球变暖global-warming环境破坏environmental degradation废气exhaust fumes低技术含量low-skilled电子汽车electric vehicles/automobiles提升效率:enhance one's efficiency城市化urbanization/urban sprawl环境污染:environmental contamination动植物wildlife濒临灭绝的extinct, endangered植物flora食物链food web/chain破坏destroy, damage, undermine, demolish(毁坏)森林采伐deforestation短缺shortage恶化worsen/exacerbate降低生活质量compromise/degrade the quality of life 损害harm, impair维护环境sustain the environment可持续发展sustainable development花几十年的时间降解take decades to degrade做实验conduct/perform research糟糕的环境dire state转基因食品genetically modified food转基因技术genetic modification教育：家境不好的学生students from lesser well-off backgrounds 免费上大学free university education给好的起点give sb. a flying start提高自信心boost sb's confidence前途远大a promising future/prospect学习成绩academic performance/level of attainment分班grouping students主要课程core subject课外活动extra-curricular activities随着年龄的增长with age同样的机会have the equal access to, enjoy equal right to 竞争激烈highly competitive应对压力cope with stress保持一个健康的心态maintain a healthy state of mind身心健康physical and mental fitness/health高等教育tertiary education高职位升迁top-level promotion文凭qualification自学do self-study平衡工作和学习achieve life and work balance找工作hunt a job换工作shift job/job hopping经济、科技：收支平衡even高消量high sales资金fund流行消费品popular consumer goods大众传媒mass media商业广告commercials变得越来越受欢迎gain growing popularity 给生活添色彩add spice to life拥有一席之地deserve a place in高科技发明high-tech innovation打破常规:break the mold促进创新encourage creativity被应用于be applied in社会经济环境social and economic context 商业化commercialization商业机会business opportunity经济下滑economic slowdown经济萧条economic recession/depression裁员cut overheads/ downsize the workforce失业率高升soaring/climbing unemployment rate面对激励的竞争be confronted with fierce/stiff competition雇佣recruit堵车traffic jam/congestion通勤者commuter上下班时间commuting time文化：强大力量mighty power高层建筑high-rise buildings文化认同appreciation/recognition of their cultural identity文化上审美观各异perception of beauty differs from culture to culture 历史文物historical relics历史重要性historical importance跨越国界transcend national boundaries成就感a sense of accomplishment旅游景点tourist spots/attractions幸福感well-being解决问题address保持联系maintain contact with官方语言official language历史文化遗产historical and cultural heritage/relics/legacy , heritage sites 促进跨文化交流promote cross-cultural communication赶时尚follow fashion过时behind the time摒弃传统reject tradition传统的conventional传统价值观traditional values有争议的问题be an issue of controversial…存在争议sth be in dispute有责任去做feel obliged /have the obligation to do共识common belief社会、犯罪：罪行crime, criminal acts死刑capital punishment, death penalty罪犯criminal, offender立法enact laws, legislation遵守/违背(法律)abide, obey, observe/ violate超过，大于A outweigh/outnumber B社会团结social cohesion捣蛋的小孩disruptive children暴力倾向act aggressively/up严厉惩罚stiff punishment看电视时间screen time保护视力protect eyesight年青一代young generation不健康的材料indecent information/content/materialsindecent=violet or pornographic青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency老人the elder/elderly. elder/senior citizen，elders 寿命life span/expectancy老龄化ageing population法定退休年龄statutory retirement age医疗服务healthcare人口过多over-population弱势群体disadvantaged population享有权利enjoy/embrace/harbor rights。
小宝老师新托福写作笔记
小宝老师新托福写作笔记写作目标：25 scores达到目标的方法：A.题型的归纳——1、综合性写作：Reading+ Listening+ Writing（Write aboutthe RELATION of reading and listening）2、独立性写作：185个作文题库，强调个性化的内容和个性化的语言B．更高级的语言与更高级的逻辑等（GRE&GMAT）New TOEFL考试的精髓——RELATION1、Writing& Reading RELATION：logic（逻辑重于语言）；2、Writing& Oral EnglishA. Oral English: Reading+ Listening+ Speaking→Writing: Reading+ Listening+ Writing→Reading+ Listening+ Writing（省略）+ SpeakingB.口语的前两题“独立性口语”经常借鉴独立性写作的185个作文题库里面的题目Overall information about writing：1. Test Procedure: A. the last section（听力先热身，可以借鉴Reading）B. typing requiredC.显示器位置RELATIONSHIP between reading and listening:1.Support---A.对应型支持；B.补充型支持2.Oppose---立刻完全“取非”，结论与论述理由全部“取非”★Listening→Reading（一定要从Listening入手）独立性写作(Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience)独立性写作题型分析：1.表态类题目——A.分析单一事物的利弊；B.分析两个事物/两种观点的利弊；a.常规b.隐藏——存在比较级与最高级的陈述2.对比选择类题目：A or B3.列举类题目——A.给出结论，列写理由；B.先选择，再列举理由；C.描写事物的特征；中英文思维的差异英文的思维：1、关键句要放在段首（置先原则）；2、重于逻辑logic；Soccer is a difficult sport. A player must be able to run steadily without rest. Some times a player must hit the ball with his or her head. Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others. They must put up with aching feet and score muscles.It is apparent that soccer is a difficult sport. First and foremost A player must be able to run steadily without rest. Furthermore, some times a player must hit the ball with his or her head.In addition, Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others. Last but not least, they must put up with aching feet and score muscles.用词的多样性——全局变量I think---I support, I assume, I maintain, I insist, I conceive, to my knowledge, in my eyes, from thepersonal perspective;Important---influential, profound, crucial, essential, vital, significant, play a key role;Show---reflect, confirm, reveal, convey, imply, indicate, demonstrate, illustrate;More and more---A growing trend involves, __________ be on the rise, people in increasing numbers, A growing number;Most---the vast majority of, universally, commonly, generally, widely, the considerable proportion Of;句子的生动性：Without art, a society can survive but can never thrive.（★押韵修辞）句子的变化性引例：The horses were grazing peacefully on the farm.They were unaware of the approaching hunter.(1)Grazing peacefully on the farm, the horses were unaware of the approaching hunter.(2)The horses were grazing peacefully on the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter.(3)As the horses grazed peacefully on the farm, they were unaware of the approachinghunter.独立性写作八大论证功能段落1、对比观点的引出段When it refers to (TOPIC), people opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue. The overwhelming majority would support that (主流观点); Others, however, take the negative attitude.2、个人观点的引出段A. From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.B. To choose A or B is something of a dilemma, to the public, because they are alwaysconfused by the seemingly good qualities of A but neglect the genuinely profound aspects of B.3、原因概述功能段落Among countless factors which directly or indirectly influence __________, there are several conspicuous factors as follows.4、原因列举功能段落A. At the risk of sounding too simplistic, my main proposition can be summarized in onesaying that _________.B. Another equally essential factor why I advocate __________relates to __________.C. Beyond all these obvious reason mentioned above, however, lies a deeper one__________.5、利弊分析功能段落However, __________ serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the inferiorities of__________ coexist its superiorities.6、例证功能段落引出History is replaced with evidence to demonstrate this point, a case in point has an association with SB in the realm of __________.7、趋势影响分析功能段落Undoubtedly,__________ will give rise to a multitude of positive/negative effects _________ in the foreseeable future.8、结论From what I have discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that __________.托福写作必备四大类论证句型归纳一、表达某个事物重要、必要1.否定词+比较级---Nothing be adj(er) than to doe.x. Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有什么比接受教育更加重要的了。
B站vince的托福写作笔记
TOFEL independent writingQuestion 1: agree/ disagreeQuestion 2: multiple choicesQuestion 3：preferenceQuestion 4：senarioTHE STRUCTURE:Key elements :Five paragraphs / words count 450+/ a logical cohesive, idiomatic arrangement Template:The beginningHook: today’s young generation is expected to follow plenty of rules to the extent of being polite to rude people, which may mislead others to generate the idea that the modern world has too strict and rigid rules on young adults.Transition：however, such a statements suffers from both logic and factual fallacies.Points:as far as the development of societies, environmental impact and social stability are concerned,//引入下方需要讲述的三个原因I strongly hold that these rules are by no means too strict.Point1+reasoningPoint 1: first it is necessary for the young to follow rules with the development of societies.Reasoning: it is not only a good individual behavior but also demonstration of social convention.Point2+exemplificationMoreover, there are//用于举例子rules we young people have to rule to ensure the welfare of the whole society.The government has launched great compagins on preserving(保护) our environment, and especially the young have to follow the rules of throwing out garbage in After the last month, the whole city has举例子..Point3+concession欲扬先抑Last but not least, some people claim that strict rules might kill young people’s creativity.引出对手的观点However, without rule, the society we live in will be unstable or in a chaotic state.Imaging , if………举粒子反驳The endAnalysis and brainstormingReservoir of high-level pointsPrompt analysis and responseIdea generation and examplePractice: government should invest more in education than infrastructure to improve the society?Agree disagree :one side 一边倒的写文章，只推荐一个但是引用的道理不可以一边倒，要从很多方面多家思索。
超详细完整版托福写作笔记，提升托福写作成绩
超详细完整版托福写作笔记，提升托福写作成绩很多考托党为了快速提升托福写作成绩，买了一堆一堆的书，做了一本一本的笔记.......当你累的不堪重负，冲出书海的时候，成绩却还是不尽人意。
为什么?因为你没有一份真正完整!真正干货的托福写作笔记 !今天就把这份压箱底的货都拿出来了，还不滚粗来店铺!托福写作笔记:托福写作概述托福考试写作分为两个部分：综合写作和独立写作1.The Integrated Writing Task：Reading, Listeningand Writing(150-225 words, 20 minutes)2.The Independent writing Task:(300 words, 30 minutes)托福写作笔记:英汉两种语言的区别1、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。
2、英汉句子结构的特点。
英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。
英语中常用复合句;汉语则常用短句，简单句。
3、英语多变化，汉语多重复。
4、英语被动句多。
汉语中主动句多。
托福写作笔记:中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误1. Nowadays, collegestudent should learn competition and cooperation.2. The problem that is created bycomputers attract(draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give riseto) much attention.3. In present-day society, there are agreat many young people go abroad.4. In my opinion, I think that smokingshould be banned in public places.5. The computer can not instead thepivotal role played byteachers in education.6. Some people welcome raising pets,others hold different opinions.7. In large cities ofChinahas manyfast food shops.8. At college, we should learn as muchknowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.9. Some students are interested inplay computer games.10. You really have two down sons.托福写作笔记:托福写作25分必备的50个意群词汇1、持某观点：claim ( contend reckon share the belief that )2、支持某观点：advocate (maintain vote for side with be in favor of )3、反对某观点：contradict (criticize be against cast doubts on )4、合理的：justified ( sensible feasible convincing hold water bear much analysis)5、好处：advantage (benefit, merit, positive side)6、弊端：disadvantage( defect, demerit, negative side)7、肯定：undoubtedly (indeed undeniably there is no denying that)8、不确定：be likely to ( potentially presumably)9、重要的：essential (significant, vital, crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable)10、有益的：beneficial (conducive instrumental )11、有害的：detrimental (harmful virulent)12、有争议的：controversial (disputable, contentious)13、普遍的：widespread ( prevalent, universal)14、显著地：considerably (significantly, remarkably, dramatically, tremendously, substantially)15、明显的：evident (apparent, manifest)16、增强：enhance (strengthen intensify)17、减少：decline (descend, collapse, relieve)18、大约：approximately(nearly, around, estimated, roughly)19、趋势：trend(tendency, inclination)20、预见：predict (expect, project)21、带来：bring about (result in, lead to)22、引起：create (spark ; yield;; give rise to)23、建立：establish (found, institute)24、要求：call for (request，demand)25、去除：eliminate(remove, eradicate)26、探讨：explore (examine, identify)27、描绘：depict (portray, illustrate)28、后果：consequence( aftermath; outcome)29、足够：adequate (enough; sufficient)30、解决:tackle ( resolve, address)31、意识:awareness(consciousness)32、控制:curb ( regulate, censor)33、解释：account for ( be responsible for)34、投资：finance (invest in, subsidize)35、缓解：relieve ( ease, alleviate)36、压力：stress ( pressure, strain)37、和谐：harmony ( concordance)38、继承：inherit (hand down)39、培养：cultivate (train, foster)40、促进：promote ( contribute to, upgrade)41、适应：adapt to (adjust to, acclimate to)42、提供：provide (render, afford)43、替代：replace (substitute, take the place of)44、保护：preserve (protect)45、证据：evidence (proof)46、赢得：gain (acquire, attain)47、国外的：foreign( alien, exotic)48、灾难：disaster (misfortune, catastrophe)49、发展：advance (progress)50、倾向于：tend to ( be inclined to , be apt to)托福写作笔记:实用加分句子托福写作常用“十大句式”一、否定句1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should betaught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。
托福写作笔记
托福写作笔记（戴云老师）表示非常：extraordinary, unusually, uncommonly, shockingly, astonishingly, impressively, largely, noticeably, enormously, notably, remarkably, tremendously, considerably, extremely, dramatically, strikingly, extraordinary.表示学习：acquire, obtain, gain, accumulate, develop, increase.只要是动宾结构就可以转换成这四种形式：to do sth= doing sth= the doing of sth= sth doing越来越多的：a growing number(amount) of, an increasing number of, in growing numbers, the number of… is increasing.表示不好：unwise，inappropriate, improper, terrible, harmful, brings negative influences, brings disadvantages, do harm to.表示尽全力：do one’s best, make every effort, be fully devoted to, contribute oneself to, put all one’s heart into, heart and soul.表示影响，也可用来表示其它因果关系：A influence B, the influence of A on B is… A have considerably influence on B.表示有助于：do good to, be helpful to, contribute to, influence positively, bring advantage to, be beneficial to.表示我认为：I feel/think/claim/believe/deem/maintain/reckon/argue that…In my opinion, from my perspective, from my point of view, for my part, as for I am concerned; I hold the opinion /belief/position/standpoint/idea that… My view point is that…A对B很重要的12种表达方式：1.A is important to B.2.A plays an important part/role in B.3.A is of great importance /significance to B.4.B can’t live/develop/grow/survive/ without A5.A means a lot to B.6.The importance of A to B 【can never be exaggerated/ignored/denied/doubted】. 前面可以做各种名词性替换，如Her beauty can ……7.A is essential/significant/crucial/critical/vital/indispensable to B.8.A is everything to B.9.A is fundamental/basic/elementary/rudimentary/ underlying to B.10.A matters/counts to B11.Nothing is more important than A to B.12.Nothing is the match of A to B.题库机经考题分类社会生活类70% 校园生活类30%预测类10% 事实类30%↑影响类60%↓比较对比类20% 观点选择类80% 自主定义类0%1.比较对比类（去日本还是去美国好？）：给出两个观点或一个观点的两方面，要求进行比较论述，并给出个人观点。
托福 写作 个人笔记总结
一、利弊分析I agree with this statement/proposal/belief/stance because it brings/incurs multiple benefits.E.g. 俞敏洪适合做男朋友<1>有上进心enterprising 永不言败unyielding spirit80后男人所缺少的rarely seen in the generation after 80s<2>踏实down-to-earth 稳重steady and calm不花心faithful 浮躁restless<3>长相普通ordinary looking 安全感sense of securityEg2. Teachers should be paid as much as doctors, layers, or business leaders.假设题目情况发生，就此推导下去<1>提高积极性Increase teacher’s enthusiasm and devotion<2>吸引更多人才Appeal to more brilliant talent to join teaching二、拆分1、举出抽象和宽泛概念在生活中的具体表现，把对象拆出来举例E.g. Movies and television have more negative effect than positive ones on young people’s behavior.电视电影中的暴力镜头太多，造成青少年犯罪，枪击案，校园暴力violence scenes , juvenile delinquency , shooting spree , bulling at school电视电影中的色情内容太多，造成未成年性行为，少女妈妈pornography , underage sexual behavior , teen mom电视电影中宣传流行文化，造成青少年过度追求个性表达，叛逆pop culture , pursue individually without restriction , become rebellious2、背后的原因拆出来，按照因果展开，举例E.g. Do you aggress or disagree with the following statement? It is easy for more people now than in the past to get an education.科技发展，互联网的普及使学校的渠道变多，远程监狱，国外大学的公开课Widespread of the Internet, distance learning , open university政府重视教育，颁布新政策，1977年恢复高考，九年制义务教育Put emphasis on education, put new polices in place , resume college entrance exam , 9-year compulsory education人权解放，人人有受教育的机会，现在女性和黑人都有受教育权，奥巴马Human emancipation, enjoy the same education opportunity, women and African Americans三、让步写法I disagree with the statement, though there is an element of truth in it.I disagree with the statement, though there is a considerable truth.Admittedly…However, to say that … is overstatement/exaggeration.It is, however, inappropriate to assert that…It is, however, arbitrary to say that…E.g. Do you aggress or disagree with the following statement? People should always tell the truth in all their relationship.I disagree although the statement has considerable truth.Admittedly, telling the truth plays an essential role in maintaining personal relationship. However, to say that people should always tell the truth in all their relationship is overstatement.四、逻辑批判1、反驳原因反驳因果关系（先承认因果中的合理性，原因推不出结果，结果可能是别的原因,也是一种让步写法）Eg1.Modern technology helps people to keep up with old friends even if they are not in the same city or country.Admittedly, it is true that when we move to a new city or country, some of old friends would be lost due to lack of communication. But it doesn’t follow that people should not move to a new country or city, because a new environment brings multiple benefits, better education, career, new friends.Eg2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is a waste of time and money because customers already know what they want.In many case, consumers are not aware of their needs. 拆分举例children, adults, old people.Even if consumers do know what they want, it doesn’t mean that advertisements are useless. Advertisements can influence consumers to buy certain product over others or encourage them to buy products more than they have planned.2、分别承认两个分句的合理性，反驳其中不合理的地方3、人物拆分(1)age①Children teenagerSensitive, subtle emotion, rebellious, disruptive, obedient②AdultsStressed, strained, under pressure, financial concern, interpersonal relationship, family commitment, healthy issue③Old peopleRetirement, rest of days, a wide range of healthy problem, special care(2)career①StudentAcquire, knowledge/experience, broaden horizon, communication skills problem-solving strategy, critical and creative thinking, prepare for career②BusinessmanSeek profit, credibility, charity, social responsibility③sportsmanIdol, role, model, reputation④ScientistInnovation, research and development, energy, alternative energy, medicine⑤ActorEntertainment, ethics, idol⑥WriterInspire, criticize, authority(3)disadvantage people①WomenRight to education, vote, feminism movement②AfricanCivil rights movement③The poor/disableLive standard/cost, charity, donation今昔对比(1)science & technologyThe widespread useThe presence/emergence of the internet(2)policy & authorityPut lots of emphasis onAttach paramount importanceThat has taken priorityGive priority toPut a premium on9-year compulsory education resume NEE in 1977(3)social progressFoodPure rawContaminatedMedicineVaccineH1N1 swine / bird flu(5)environmentVarious pollution(6)peopleSimple & naïveLess trickySophisticated开头写法1、世界大趋势现象陈述As communication technology leaps forward, an increasingly number of devices such as cell phone and email have emerged as daily necessities. People often turn to these electronic appliances whenever they are in need.As globalization accelerates, chances are that the exchange of scientific discoveries, such as H1N1 vaccine, solar energy, and even unclear technology, between different countries will grow steadily.Step. 找到题干的核心话题，指到核心话题的上位类别，然后among which balabala模板表达好的Which is well received as a whole.坏的However, this growing/new trend has aroused deep concerns among our society/scholars/academia.引起反响has received a huge response from the publicCreate much of a stirCause a sensationHas caused/triggered quite a stirCreate much of a stirCause a sensationGlobalizationIndustrializationScience and technologyEconomic integrationEconomic recession模板As science and technology grows rapidly, many new inventions have entered our daily life, among which computer games may be one of the most representative.With the rapid advance in science and technology, an increasing number of inventions appear and change our lifestyle, among which the invention of television may be one of then most obvious. Many people, if not most, are strong believers in the claim that such a machine is detrimental to interpersonal relationship. In fact, I can not agree with them.2、小事件A couple of weeks ago, the minute I turned on the local TV news, a shocking headline started to grabbed my attention immediately, it is a story/coverage/report about…I can’t help wondering why such a thing of this nature happened and finally I reached my conclusion that it is the…人们游行反对Against the backdrop of economic recession and soaring unemployment rate, thousands of angry people rally on the Wall Street holding signs and flags to protest/demonstrate before the greedy Wall Street bankers and financiers.枪击案A young armed boy rushed into an elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut, gunning down dozens of innocent people including teachers and students.自杀Just a few weeks ago, a bright young Chinese girl, a Harvard graduate with a great prospect ahead, committed suicide in her apartment due to mounting pressure both on her studies and career.莫言获奖By the end of 2012, a breaking news had swept across China and whole world that Mo Yan, a Chinese short story writer, is awarded the Nobel Prize in literature for his work.3、讲故事Last week I chatted on the phone with a high school friend of mine, who is currently living in U.S. about computer games. He mentioned that two mouths age, as he memorized so clearly, a 19-year-old boy robbed a middle-school student since he had no money for Counter Strike game. Obviously, events alike are taking place almost every day the world over. In my eyes, playing computer games is not beneficial to youngpeople.模板Last week I chatted online with a high school friend of mine, who is currently studying abroad, about…He mentioned that, as he memorized quite clearly, …Obviously, events/scenes/stories alike are taking place almost every second the world all over.Every weekend, when I came back from university sharing my parents with wonderful college life such as inspiring philosophy lectures and competing fiercely in baseball game, my dad would often make such a comment. “Son, I do envy your life back at the college.I wish I could join you there.” Undeniably, my generation enjoys more chances to receivea decent education than my parents.4、调查显示In contemporary society, according to recent survey that is conducted by a reputable international agency, an increasing number of people go to cinema and watch various movies, which has become a common occurrence. As to which genres of movie are worth watching, the answers vary from people to people. In my eyes, the entertaining and light-hearted ones are always my first choice.模板In contemporary society, according to recent survey conducted by a credible international, the number of … has reached the peak/fallen to the new depths during the past two decades.中间段论证1、因果In the first place, the increase in juvenile delinquency is the result of the rising divorce rate. With the decline of moral standards, a host of couples separate when they quarrel with each other. When they decide to separate, an overwhelming majority of them do not take into account the presence on their children. Children who are not properly taken care of feel that they have been abandoned by their parents and the whole society. Consequently, the minors are easily led astray by evildoers who will most likely to commit crimes by themselves.表示原因Since + sentenceDue to + noun phraseOwing to + noun phrase 归咎于Thanks to + noun phrase 归因于Be to blame e.g. Loud music might not be to blame just yet, according to the study.Is the culprit of e.g. Pizza is the biggest culprit of salt for teens according to data from the National Center Healthy Statistics.表示目的Therebye.g. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the X, thereby exposing its inside to reveal materials that balabala表示结果ThereforeHabitual exercise reduces stress, prevents weight gain and improves academic performance; therefore, exercise should be made a part of any school curriculum.So thatAs consequence/resultFor the sake ofe.g. Many elderly people prefer to live the countryside for the sake of their healthy.e.g. For the sake of our health, we should aim for a healthy diet and a healthy weight.By virtue ofe.g. She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talente.g. The CEO has power by virtue of keeping the rules in the company.模板（利弊分析）First of all, X apparently brings visible benefits/advantages. For instance, balabala. If we can make sure X, then our lift will be made more convenient.Besides/In addition, X can also contribute to/lead to balabala, which is balabala. Since X can play a significant role in promoting balabala, it certainly make it easier to balabala Lastly/Furthermore, X can be the regarded as an integral/crucial part of balabala. Due to balabala, X will eventually bring about balabala, thus solving the problem such as balabala.模板（实事）In terms of balabala, X does make its presence. For example, balabalaWhat’s more, X also applies to the situation like balabala where balabalaFinally, if it’s balabala that we’re discussing/considering, X still make a difference. For example, balabala2、比较（1）对比①和别的东西比提出论点：我认为举例论证：在XX事件中，证明了我的观点，要有细节举出反例：在XX事件中，我不赞同的观点是错误的，要有细节得出结论：所以嘛，我认为的东西是对的Model. Compared with B, I prefer A, because balabala. For example, B is balabala(怎么怎么不好). By contrast , A is balabala(怎么怎么好). Therefore , my conclusion is that A is more advisable/recommendable.E.g. Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.Answer. The educational experience in a museum is quite different to that of reading or studying. In a museum, since we can see various items on display, learning experiences are direct and thrilling. For instance, reading books about dinosaurs might seem boring, but seeing the huge skeleton of terrifying dinosaur in person is an exciting experiences, which may provide us with a vivid impression.②自我对比提出论点：我认为XX很好举例论证：XX怎么怎么好举出反例：没有XX怎么怎么不好得出结论：所以XX很好E.g. Playing sports teaches people more lessons about the life.Answer. The most obviously important characteristic of playing sport is team work. It is hard for us to imagine the situation without teamwork in any match, such as foot ball game. Things can be totally different with the spirit of teamwork because each player will make full use of their advantages and achieve final triumph. The best example is the game between Argentina Team and Germany in the quarter final in South Africa World Cup in 2010. On Argentina side, the boasts Lionel Messi, a soccer genius, while in German’s formation, no one was particularly outstanding or bore an equal fame as Messi. However, the final outcome was 4-0, a whopping victory for Germany. This story has proven how essential collaborative teamwork mean.Model Sentence. We can not imagine the situation with X.Things would be completely different without X in our live.Otherwise, we would have trouble in balabala.Without X, it would be a completely different situation.In/by contractIn the contraryBy comparisonInsteadRatherAdversely e.g. I think everyone has something from their past that they're worried might adversely affect how they raise their childrenWhileHoweverNeverthelessYetButOtherwise e.g. Otherwise you will get the rest of days to regretting you decision.e.g. The weather won’t get any better. On the contrary, we’re in for a hurricane.e.g. Contrary on all the expert’s expectations, then American economy took a nosedive.e.g. It should be noted that not all school kids love to study. Instead, they love to explorethe world around them, paying little attention to their academic work.e.g. Many American tourists go to Africa these days to see wildlife in its natural environment rather than in cages or cement pools.e.g. Instead of making further requests, pessimistic customers tend to lodge complaints.e.g. Those recent graduate are not going to take a gap year. Rather, they will attend college soon.e.g. Many experts claim that the recent global warming is not something that we should be concerned about; rather, it just reflects a natural course of planetary events.（2）类比SimilarlyLikewiseBy the same tokenAs with balabalaThe same is turn of balabalaThe same also applies to balabala.e.g. Japanese students are struggling with language barrier on a daily basis. The same is true of Chinese ones.e.g. Some people have little power to do good, and likewise have little strengthen to resist evil.三、列举This point is best illustrated with the example of balbalaThis point can be confirmed by the case ofThis point can be confirmed by the case ofX is a case in point X 是一个恰当的例子e.g. Paper books have the costs of paper, printing and transportation while digital books completely dispense with these costs. The paper book version of Harry Potter sells for 60 yuans, about 10 dollars, while reader can download its PDF version to their iPads or Kindles for nearly half of the price.e.g. During their vacations, high school student work in supermarkets, or restaurants. For instance, I worked as a cashier in a local Wall-Mart during the summer vacation of my freshman year.。
托福写作笔记
托福写作笔记一. 开头结尾常用句型［多写连接词先写三个分论点，然后再展开别边想边写］［描述背景句型］1. Recently, … has become the focus of the society.2. ….has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.3. Nowadays there is a growing concern for…4. Nowadays it is common to hear/ see…5….has become a common occurrence in our daily life.6. Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of.7. It is only during the last/ past few years that people have become generally aware that…8. There is an old/ popular saying/ proverb which says/ goes…9. In recent years, there is a general tendency…10. Nowadays… has become a problem we have to face.[主旨句型］1.支持反对：1) I agree with…/ that2)I disagree with…/that…3)I am in favour of the idea of v-ing/ the idea that…4) I do not hold with v-ing/ the idea that…5) I go along with…2. 观点陈述： 1) In my opinion/ in my view…2) I firmly believe that…3) It is evident that…4) There is no doubt/ question that…5) Personally, I think that…6) I contend(主张） that …7) As far as I am concerned/ From my point of view,…8) No one can deny that[结尾］1.From what has been discussed/ mentioned above, we may conclude that…2.Therefore, it is not difficult to draw / come to the conclusion that…3.From all the reasons/ consideration above, it is evident/ clear/ obvious that…4.Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that…5.Give the reasons/ consideration I have just outlined / discussed / presented, I strongly recommend that…6. It is clear, therefore, that…7. All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that…8. From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that…二. 主体段展开[Topic sentence+Explanation+ Example(一个例子展开的多，多个例子叙述少 + Concluding sentence]［段内逻辑］1. Cause and Effect1)因为+从句 : because （语气最强，表示必然的英国关系）since （表示无需加以说明的原因或事实的陈述）as （原因预期较弱，常指一般的因果关系）As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.for （推测的理由）I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me.for the reason that （Riding is my favourite for the reason that it doesn’t lead to air pollution )2)因为＋名词／动名词：because ofdue to/ owing to (A part of the energy is wasted in machines due to friction) on account of (We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather)tanks to (Tanks to your help, we were successful) 多亏as a result of (As a result of the flood, thousands of people lost their homes)因此：therefore, thus , hence, accordingly3)结果： as a result, in consequence, consequently导致: cause(vt. cause sth.. usually sth. bad, +n/ing)lead to (usually unpleasant, +n,/ing)result in (+n./ing)bring about (+n./ing)give rise to (+n./ing)A 导致 B(导致坏的事情）: A be responsible for BA be to blame forB (be to sth 表被动）4)目的: to , in order to/ so as to, in order that, with the purpose of, thereby5)证明因果关系： A depends / relies on BA is determined by BA is highly related to BA is connected to B6)反驳因果关系： A has nothing to do with BA has little / no effect on BThere is no relation between A and B2.并列First/Second/ThirdIn the first placeTo start/begin withAlso…/ As wellFor one thing… For another..On the one hand…/ On the other hand…Lastly/ finally3.递进The primary reason/principal factor/main concern is …Moreover/ what’s more/ FurthermoreApart from/ Aside from / BesidesIn addition/ AdditionallyPlus4.比较与对比WhileWhereasBy/in contrastOn the contraryRather thanInstead/ instead ofConversely补充内容： more+形容词／名词＋than ：与其说。
托福作文笔记整理
托福写作圣经：1.写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚；（就是解释）2.习作考试不基于考试的真实身份；（可以作假，真情实感没有任何意义）3.写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平（unique, critical ideas mean nothing）4.写作考试不测试考生的真实想法；5.写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译；6.写作考试不同于平时写作；7.写作内容和语言同等重要；8.观点的层次比观点的数目更重要；9.逻辑错误比语法错误更严重;10.跑题就完蛋（finish egg）.“T he longer, the better.”------黄金规则Use best structure and sentenceSentence:“我认为…………….”I feel/think/hold/claim/believe/deem/maintain/reckon/argue/assume that………….In my opinionFrom my point of viewFrom my perspective/angleAs far as I am concernedI hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea thatMy viewpoint/belief/opinion is that………As I see/view/perceive/ the problem/question/issue/case/discussion/argument/controversy…….托福作文不需要标题段落格式：缩行式，空行式教材推荐：俞敏洪：《托福词根》张洪伟，戴云《托福词汇10000》张道真，《实用英语语法》戴云，《托福语法精要》张洪伟，戴云《新托福写作词汇小伴侣》句子训练方法1.多种方法表达同一句意e.g A 对B很重要1) A is important to B2) A plays an important role/part in B3) A is of great /amazing/enormous importance /significance to B4) B cannot live/develop/grow/survive/without A5) A means a lot /a great deal/ much to B6) The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated/denied/ignored/doubted7) A is essential/significant/crucial/critical/vital/indispensable to B8) A is everything/the whole world to B9) A is fundamental/ basic/elementary/rudimentary/underlying to B10) A matters/counts to B11) Nothing is more important to B than A12) A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper/water is to fish/the heart is to a human(A is to B what C is to D)2.扩充句子将一个句子进行扩充，增加至15字，25字，35字，尽量使用不同的语法结构，如同位语，插入语，非谓语结构，多种从句，并列结构等。
托福综合写作如何记笔记
托福综合写作如何记笔记托福综合写作是托福考试题中的难点题型，满分托福综合写作范文需要同学们多多练习，掌握一些托福综合写作笔记技巧。
有时大家在做托福综合写作时感觉记忆不足，因此在托福综合写作中记笔记显得尤为重要。
下面小编给大家带来托福综合写作如何记笔记。
托福综合写作如何记笔记托福写作记笔记是综合写作最基本也是最重要的技能，阅读和听力的内容都要记录，尤其是讲座的内容。
而尽管阅读材料隐去后还会再次出现，但是笔者还是建议在阅读的时候尽量将主要东西记下来。
记录的速度取决于考生对于单词简写或速记符号的熟练程度，考生可以参考一些相关书籍和网站资料对于这些符号的介绍，然后结合自己的习惯选择最适合自己的记忆符号。
然后配合书本上的练习，用两个星期左右的时间，完善和熟练自己的速记能力和归纳能力。
在这段时间里，考生要将重心集中在记录的内容是否准确，概括性是否全面的练习上，而在此过程中考生自身的“短期记忆力”也会由于这样的高强度训练得到很大的提高。
专家建议，一份成功的托福综合写作听力笔记应该是这样的：发现所听材料的隐含结构，找出观点的构架以及演讲者是如何在这些构架的基础上构建自己的讲座的。
为了避免在托福综合写作听力过程中记笔记会影响对讲座内容的把握，考生应当遵循以下几个原则：一是“三七原则”，即听占70%，记占30%，记下自己认为对写作有帮助的要点;二是一定要用缩写或者符号，没必要写完整的句子。
托福独立写作时间分配托福写作考试部分限时50分钟，其中托福独立写作时间共30分钟。
托福独立任务写作有 30 分钟的作答时间。
考试屏幕左侧给出的论述题目，右侧输入内容，要求至少300词，若大家提前答完同时通过检查无误以后，可以交卷。
那么30分钟写作时间如何分配呢?建议花5 分钟时间快速在草稿纸上确定作文的观点、理由和例子，以及整个作文的框架。
留 20 分钟左右的时间完成整个作文的初稿。
剩下的5 分钟时间用来调整作文中不合适的内容，检查错别字等等。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
政府投资类（资源分配类）3.3
The goverment(university)should spend more money on A than B
解题思路：
支持段1：A的重要性。（所以需要花钱）
支持段2：A的重要性。 （所以需要花钱）
支持段3：A的重要性。（所以需要花钱）
八、主体段落的写法
支持段的基本结构：主题句+解释+（例子+细节）+结论
主题句：凡是与主题无关的都叫跑题，要练习，100词能不能说清楚。
段落里面的核心观点、前置与段首、陈述句、宽窄合适。
（不要套模板句子凑字，那叫无效字数，无意义）
例子：首先，看电视能够拓展知识。
其次，自己出去旅游更省钱。
由于托福作文题目都是可争论性的话题，所以选A选B,同意或者反对都无所谓，只要能自圆其说就可以。观点也不需要思想深度，更不需要创新。
结论：永远写好写的，自己会写的。要告别中式作文。
三、题型分类（二个大类+七个专题）
七个专题是包含在二个大类里的。
四、解题思路
五、文章结构
开头、结尾必须独立成段（一定要有结尾）
独立写作流程：
一、构思（2分钟）想好再动笔
读题（比较关系的词、绝对词）
题型分类，配合解题思路。（拒绝胡思乱想）
文章结构（几段）
论证结构（方法）
开头
主体段落（两种样式）
支持段：
主题句+解释+（例子+细节）+结论
让步段
主题句+（例子+细节）+反驳
结尾
检查2分钟
二、关于独立写作的观点
According to a report issued by China Economic and Financila Research Center (CEFRC), the rate of unemployment soars from a normal value of 3%to a horrible number, around 10%, when the financial crisis happens.
名人例：积累
用于创造力、成功话题的名人：
亨利福特 史蒂夫乔布斯 沃尔特迪士尼 扎克伯格 比尔盖茨
用于黑人成功话题的名人：用于今昔对比、男女对比。
奥巴马 赖斯
用于女人成功话题的名人：
默克尔 希拉里
生平简介：20词 创造贡献：50-60词 社会评价：20词
普通人：自己编
主体段落A+ A+
主体段落A+ A+ B-
让步论证：论证内容中出现不利于自己选取的方面
让步论证（一定要写5段）
开头A 主体段落A+ A+ A-/B+（反驳） 结尾A
让步的精髓：让一小步（有点小毛病，但是很好解决的，所以选）
七、开头的写法
开头段写法非常多，可以写的很个性。
例子：家长应该限制小孩看电视
避免离题信息出现的方法：
Among a diversity of TV contents, there are a lot of educative and informative TV programs, such as Discovery, National Geography and Daily News,which mostly are supplement to students' in-class education. Knowledge from educational TV programs also help students do well in examinations.For example, a student who loves watching National Geography may learn the causes of greenhouse effect and global warming in details.I am quite sure that he can easily pass the geography examination and win awards from teachers. In this case, parents should not limit children's time on TV programs which benefit students academically.
看人家怎么不重复。
There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution has been progressively serious. Whether public transportation should be made free is ender fierce discussion. I believe the plan should be implemented.
题目：These people tread their birds,cats,other animals as
pets are an integral part of the modern life. However,people are heving differing opinions about whether it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them.I believe such a relationship brings benefits to people in various ways despite some potential harms.
全文4段或5段，建议5段，避免用词重复、啰嗦。
字数、时间分配150字，每段10分钟
中间如果写三段：每段100字，每段7分钟
结尾30词 2分钟
审题2分钟
检查2分钟
论证结构
绝对论证：所有的内容指向一个方向
开头A 主体段落A+ A+ A+ 结尾A
举例：真假不所谓，托福作文不考查真实性。
自己和别人，中国与外国。
一例与多例（如果举一个例子不够，相同类型的例子继续举，是扩展字数的好办法）
物（东西）、事（人）、数（根据一个机构调查，得出结论）、例
找素材的方法：维基百科
事例：（用名人还是普通人取决于话题的大小）
由于托福作文的话题较小，所以在事例的应用上我们更倾向于使用普通人。在托福作文中， 涉及到创造力、成功、创新等话题往往多用名人例。
开头段总论点必须明确。
必须掌握保底的写法：
1、笼统背景（重要性、影响、潮流趋势）选择哪个，切题（与题干有关系就行）
Importance:
...play a essencial role in...
...be considered to be impoetant means to
Influnce:(时态自己选 have has had )
In this case, government is responsible to carry out effective policies, like to increase government's expenditure, to create more job opportunities in the whole society, and to cut down the negative impact of the economic disorder.
4 物、事、数例搭配使段落变长
5 以上方法结合起来
例子：是否需要政府解决问题
解释+数例法（2个）+细节+结论
china Economic and Financial Resesrch CENTER()cefrc
Unemployment is sometimes a nation-wide or even world-wide problem.It largely depends on the economic situation and government policies.
...have a widespread/positively/negative impact on
Prevalence:
There is a general trend that...
2、论题（同义改写题目放进下面的模板中）
同义词、同根词、全新表达方式改写
However, people have differing opinion about whether...
或者让步段：B也需要花钱。+（钱花在了哪里）+但是这些钱可以有其他机构（比如慈善机构，基金会，企业、个人等出）建议写让步段好些。
四、薪水类
出题方式：都是一个主项加小项，搭配出题。主项永远都是高薪低薪，小项高薪离家远，低薪离家近；高薪易失去，假期短，和亲人相处时间短。低薪反之。
In contrast, a person's individual willingness and ability seems useless and it is barely possible for him to remedy the social disease.
九、结尾
结尾要重述主题。
解释：
1.解释的适用范围：
在任何情况下都可以解释，尤其在以下两种情况下，必须用解释。