鸭绿江口及东港近海降水与旱涝分析英文

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大学专业英语阅读教程(给水排水与环境工程)单词总结

122、amendment修正案改正改善
123、compusory必须的义务的
124、disinfection消毒
125、lead铅石墨铅笔芯
126、conveyance运输输水运输工具
127、stipulate规定保证
128、interim暂时的间歇的/中间时期暂定
129、promulgate颁布发布传播
224、trihalomethane三卤甲烷
225、oxidize氧化
226、flexibility弹性适应性
227、feedline进料管线
228、feeder进料器投加设备
229、coagulant混凝剂
230、pollutant污染物质
231、land－runoff地表径流
232、eutrophic富营养的
138、dichloroethylene二氯乙烯
139、dichloroethane二氯乙烷
140、trichloroethane三氯乙烷
141、trichloroethylene三氯乙烯
142、vinyl乙烯基
143、vinyl chloride氯乙烯
144、aeration曝气通风
145、packed tower aeration填料塔通风（吹脱）
21、physical works实际构筑物
22、meterologist气象学者
23、hydrologist水文学者
24、hail（下）冰雹
25、sleet冰雪、雨加雪
26、snowpack积雪场
27、thaw解冻
28、discard丢弃、放弃
29、environmental环境的、周围的
30、marketable时宜销售的

水利专业词汇updated

港珠澳大桥专业词汇（水利模型试验，水文专业，按中文拼音排序）比尺: Scale边滩side shoal糙率coefficient of roughness汊点方程：Junction equation潮差：Tide range潮汐河流tidal river冲刷scour冲刷系数coefficient of scouring床沙: Bed material定量分析Quantitative analysis单位流程：Unit flow path定床: Fixed bed定量模式：Quantitative model动床: Movable bed多年平均流量: Mean annual discharge多通道流速场测速仪：Multi-channel velocity field measuring system发展态势：Development trend分流比: Diversion ratio辐射校正：Radiometric correction概化：Generalization光电流速仪: Photoelectric current meter光栅式: Grating type过水断面discharge section河槽river channel河槽宽度channel width河床river bed河床比降gradient of river bed河床宽度bed width河滩flood land洪水调查flood survey洪水频率flood frequency 恢复饱和系数: Coefficient of saturation recovery集水面积runoff area几何相似: Geometric similarity径流: Runoff径流runoff可比性: Comparability空间分异: Spatial differentiation枯水期dry season定性分析：Qualitative analysis离散求解：Dispersed method solving量水堰: Measuring weir流冰ice drift流场: Flow field流速场: Velocity field流速分量：Flow velocity component流态：Flow pattern流体示踪粒子: Fluid tracing particle流域catchment basin落潮：Ebb tide/ falling tide模型沙: Model sand纳潮：Prism泥沙模型: Sediment model泥沙模型: Sediment transport桥墩（或台）局部冲刷local scour near pier 桥上一般冲刷general scour under bridge 曲线网格: Curve grid容重: Bulk density山潮比: The ratio of runoff and tide设计洪水频率designed flood frequency 设计流量designed discharge设计流速designed flow velocity设计水位design water lever深泓线: Talweg湿周weffed perimeter矢量化: Vectorization水动力: Hydrodynamic水力半径hydraulic radius水力计算hydraulic computation水面比降water surface slope水沙输移: Water and sediment transport水砂过程：Flow and sediment process水砂条件：Water and sand conditions水头water head水位water level水位仪：Water level meter水位壅高: Back up water level水文测验hydrological survey水文计算hydrological computation膨润土: Bentonite滩槽: Swale通航水位navigable water level图像识别技术: Image recognition technology 推移质: Bed load推移质bed material load紊动: Turbulent motion显格式：Explicit scheme行近流速approach velocity形态：Morphology絮凝沉降: Flocculating settling悬沙: Suspended sediment悬沙量级: Suspended sediment magnitude悬移质suspended load遥感流场：Remote sensing flow field隐格式：Implicit scheme影像数据: Image data 壅水backwater淤积silting粘性泥沙:Cohesive sediment粘性系数: Viscosity coefficient涨潮：Rising tide主槽main channel追赶法: Pursuit method自然演变冲刷natural scour阻力比降: Frictional resistance slope 最高（或最低）水位maximum(minimum)water level报批稿：Manuscript version for approval送审稿：Draft version for examination报备稿：Submittal version for record。

水利水文术语表中英对照

水圈 hydrosphere水体 water body水科学 water science水文学 hydrology陆地水文学 land hydrology应用水文学 applied hydrology工程水文学 engineering hydrology水汽 water vapour水文要素 hydrologic elements积雪 snow cover终雪 latest snow融雪 snowmelt冰雹 hail截留 interception填洼 depression detention地面滞留 surface detention陆面蒸发 evaporation of land水面蒸发 evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发 evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾） transpiration蒸发能力 evaporation capability下渗（入渗） infiltration 稳渗 steady infiltration下渗能力 infiltration capability 河川径流 river runoff降雨径流 rainfall runoff暴雨径流 storm runoff融雪径流 snowmelt runoff枯季径流 dry season runoff基流 base flow阴塞高压 blocking high低空急流 low－level jet低涡 vortex反气旋（高压） anticyclone气旋（低压） cyclone热带气旋 tropic cyclone热带低压 tropic depression热带风暴 tropic storm强热带风暴 severe tropic storm气团 air mass锋（锋面） front气象 meteorology气候区划 climatic regionalization 气候带 climatic zone小气候 microclimate副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone比湿 specific humidity蒲福风级 Beaufort wind scale霜点 frost point霜冻 frostbite无霜期 frost－free period流域 watershed (basin)闭合流域 enclosed basin不闭合流域 non－enclosed basin闭流区（流区） bling drainage area分水线（分水岭） divide流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics河道复流（河道再生） resurgence常年河 perennial stream间歇河 intermittent stream悬河（地上河） elevated stream夺流河（断头河） captured river盈水河 gaining stream亏水河 losing stream暴洪河流 flashy stream 界河 boundary river废河道（古河道） dead river凹岸 concave bank凸岸 convex bank岸壁 land wall水边线（岸线） water line堤防 levee河长 river length河弯 river bend弯曲率 tortuosity航道 navigable channel河段 reach潜洲 submerged bar水利学 hydraulics明渠水力学 open channel hydraulics 水静力学 hydrostatics水动力学 hydrodynamics明渠水流 open channel flow恒定流 steady flow非恒定流 unsteady flow均匀流（等速流） uniform flow非均匀流（变速流） non－uniform flow急流 supercritical flow缓流 subcritical flow异重流 density current临界流 critical flow临界水深 critical depth临界流速 critical velocity临界流量 critical discharge水头 head位置水头（位能） elevation head 低强水头（压能） pressure head 流速水头（动能） velocity head 雷诺数 Reymold number韦伯数 Weber number水力因素 hydraulic factor湿周 wetted perimeter水力半径 hydraulic radius宽深比 width－depth ratio落差 fall驻波 standing wave移动波 translation wave河流动力学 river dynamics山洪侵蚀 torrential erosion 流域产沙量 watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体 total dissolved solids离子含量 ion concentration离子总量 total ion concentration离子流量 ion discharge矿化度 mineral content盐度 salinity碱度 alkalinity酸度 acidity电导率 electric conductivity混浊度（浊度） turbidity总需氧量 total oxygen demand溶解氧 dissolved oxygen需氧量 oxygen demand生化需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量 chemical oxygen demand硬度 hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度） non－carbonate hardness浮冰 floating ice锚冰 anchor ice封冻期 freeze－up period封冻（封河） freeze－up平封 flat freeze－up立封 upright freeze－up冰盖 ice cover连底冻 grounded ice cover冰丘 ice mound封冻冰缘 ice edge of freeze－up清沟 lead初生清沟 primary lead再生清沟 secondary lead冰花路毡 sludge road felt冰上覆雪 snow cover over ice冰脊 ice ridge冰缝 crack悬冰 suspended ice cover冰堆 ice pack冰塞 ice jam冰上结冰 aufeis解冻期 break－up period冰变色 color change of ice cover冰上有水 accumulation of melt water 月中天 lunar transit 引潮力 tidal generation force天文潮 astronomic tide气象潮 metorologic tide潮汐周期 tidal cycle半日潮 semidiurnal tide全日潮 diurnal tide混合潮 mixed tide大潮 spring tide小潮 neap tide中潮 moderate tide太阴月 lunar day潮期 duration of tide涨潮历时 duration of tidal rise 落潮历时 duration of tidal fall 潮流 tidal current涨潮流 flood tidal current落潮流 ebb tidal current憩流 slack tide潮流速 tidal velocity往复流 reversing current旋转流 rotary current潮流期 duration of tidal current涨潮流历时 duration of flood current地下水流速 velocity of groundwater flow 地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图 water－table contour map含水层 aquifer含水岩系 water－content rock series含水岩组 water－content rock formation 含水岩性 water－content rock property 含水介质 water－hearing medium均匀介质 homogeneous medium非均匀介质 inhomogeneous medium含水层边界 aquifer boundary透水边界 permeable boundary隔水边界 confining boundary弱透水边界 acquitted boundary透水层 permeable bed隔水层 confining bed弱透水层 acquitter水文地质参数 hydrogeological parameters 渗透系数 permeability coefficient 导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数 storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity 压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度 water－holding capacity土壤水分常数 soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数 absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数 wilting coefficient田间持水量 field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture 最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法 zero flux plane method潜水 phreatic water降水入渗补给 precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给 surface water recharge凝结水补给 condensation recharge侧向补给 lateral recharge越流补给 leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发 phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量 phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位 phreatic water level潜水埋深 buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer流湖 endorheic lake淡水湖 fresh lake咸水湖 salt lake盐湖 saline lake季节性湖泊 seasonal lake富营养湖泊 eutrophic lake 贫营养湖泊 poornutrient lake湖流 lake current梯度流 gradient current漂流 current of friction湖泊波漾（假湖） lake seiche湖泊增减水 lake wind denivellation湖泊率 lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期 lake residence period湖盆 lake basin湖面高程 elevation of water level in lake 岛屿率 insulosity湖泊分层 lake layering正温层 direct thermal stratification逆温层 inverse thermal stratification 湖泊形态参数 morphometric parameter of lake高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽） main level mire 中位沼泽（中营养沼泽） medium level mire 沼泽水量平衡 water balance of mire沼泽水 mire water沼泽蒸发 mire evaporation沼泽径流 mire runoff沼泽表面流 surface flow of mire沼泽表层流 surface layer flow of mire 沼泽含水性 moisture property of mire沼泽持水性 water retention of mire沼泽透水性 perviousness of mire沼泽率 mire ratio冰川 glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川） mountain glacier 谷冰川 valley glacier宽尾冰川 broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川 cirque glacier悬冰川 hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川） penetrating glacier 冰原 ice field冰川平衡线 equilibrium line of glacier 委托观测 entrust gauging水文仪器 hydrologic instrument直读仪器 direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument 遥测仪器 remote telemetry unit固态存贮器 solid storage计数器 counter记录器 recorder显示器 display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位 equivalent stage水文测站 hydrometric station基本站 basic station辅助站 auxiliary station专用站 special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station基准水文站 bench mark hydrologic station 水文气象站 hydrometeorology station巡测站 tour gauging station水文站 gauging station雨量站网 rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网 stage gauging network泥沙站网 sediment gauging network水质站网 water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network站网规划 hydrologic network planning水文分区 hydrologic regionalization站网布设 network layout容许最稀站网 minimum network设站年限 station required age基面 datum临时水准点 temporary benchmark测验断面 measuring cross－section基本水尺断面 basic gauge cross－section 流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道 hydrometric cableway悬索缆道 suspended cableway悬杆缆道 suspended rod cableway机动缆道 motorized cableway手动缆道 hand－operating cableway循环索 loop cable起重索 suspension cable水文缆车 hydrometric cable car吊船过河索 cableway for anchoring boat 缆道测验仪 cableway measuring device 水文测船 hydrometric boat水文测桥 hydrometric bridge桥测车 gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器 raingauge承水器 raingauge receiver量杯 measuring glass渠积雨量器 accumulative raingauge雨量计 rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计 siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计 long－term rainfall recorder 遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线 snow gauge雨雪量计 rain and snow recorder蒸发量 evaporation蒸发量观测 evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation遮挡率 screen ratio蒸发器 evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿） small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器 floating evaporation pan蒸发计 evaporimeter遇测蒸发计 telemetering evaporimeter 钩形水尺 hook gauge最高水位水尺 crest stage gauge校核水尺 check gauge基本水尺断面 basic gauge辅助水尺断面 auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面 slope gauge临时水尺 temporary gauge水位计 stage gauge自记水位计 stage recorder浮子式水位计 float－type stage recorder 压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计 ultrasonic stage recorder 遥测水位计 telemetering stage recorder 接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计 telecontrol stage recorder 自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井 stilling well测得水深 measured depth有效水深 effective depth相对水深 relative depth断面平均水深 mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正 air line correction湿绳改正 wet line correction测点流速 velocity measurement测速垂线 surface velocity水面流速 velocity at a point测点流速 maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速 mean velocity at a vertical 部分平均流速 mean velocity at a segment 断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速 point velocity coefficient中泓流速 surface velocity coefficient流速分布 velocity distribution流速梯度 velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流 downstream flow逆流 upstream flow流速脉动 velocity pulsation中泓流速 midstream流向测量 flow－direction measurement体积法 cubature流速仪 current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪 cup－type current－meter 旋桨式流速仪 propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪 electric wave current－meter 超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪 Doppler current－meter参证流速仪 reference current－meter流量计 flow meter文杜里水流计 Venturi flow meter毕托管 Pitot tube流速仪检定 current－meter calibration 检定槽 calibration tank检定车 calibration carriage水面浮标 surface float小浮标 small float双浮标 double float浮杆 float－rod堰顶高程 elevation of weir crest堰顶水头 weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度 gate opening行近河槽 approach channel行近流速 approach velocity堰流 weir flow流态 flow regime自由流 free flow淹没流 submerged flow半淹没流 half－submerged flow孔流 sluice flow射流 jet flow 淹没比 submergence ratio淹没系数 submergence coefficient流速系数 velocity coefficient流量系数 discharge coefficient稀释法测流 dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂 tracer标准溶液 standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比 dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法 sampling method坑测法 pit method沙波法 dune tracking method床沙测验 bed material measurement照相法 photographic method打印法 stamp pad method床沙采样器 bed material sampler悬移质采样器 suspended sediment sampler 瞬时式采样器 instantaneous sampler积时式采样器 time－integrating sampler 瓶式采样器 bottled sampler皮囊式采样器 collapsible sample泵式采样器 pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器 bed load sampler网式采样器 basket－type sampler吸管 pipet光电颗分仪 photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计） hydrometer泥沙沉降 sediment settling沉降速度 settling velocity 平均沉速 mean settling velocity絮凝 flocculation反凝剂 defloeculant粒径 particle diameter中数粒径 median particle diameter平均粒径 mean particle diameter等容粒径 nominal diameter投影粒径 projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径 sieve diameter沉降粒径 settling diameter粒径组 fraction of particle size颗粒级配 grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线 grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution 垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in avertical对照断面 check cross－section控制断面 control cross－section消减断面 attenuation cross－section水样保存 water－sample preservation检出率 detected ratio超标率 over－limit ratio痕迹量 trace未检出 nonreadout回收率 recovery ratio溶解气体采样器 dissolved gases sampler 冰情观测 ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号 ice code冰情图 ice－regime charta初冰日期 first－ice date封冰日期 freeze－up date解冻日期 break－up date终冰日期 end ice date 封冻历时 freeze－up duration水浸冰厚 thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽 open－water width冰流量 ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method有效潮差 significant tidal range负波高 negative wave height水库水文测验 hygrometry of reservoir入库水量 reservoir inflow出库水量 reservoir outflow水库供水 reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir 水库渗漏量 reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率 rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位 stage behind dam库区水位 stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法 method of topographic survey断面法 method of cross－section survey 淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲 sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology代表流域 representative basin实验流域 experimental basin相似流域 similar basin径流实验研究 experimental research in runoff径流场 runoff plot人工降雨装置 artificial rainfall device 蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation蒸发池 evaporation tank土壤蒸发器 soil evaporator蒸散器 evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器 evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪 lysimeter地下水均衡场 groundwater balance plot 合理性检查 rational examination电算整编 processing by computer水文年鉴 water year－book测站考证 station examination站年 station year极值 extreme value加权平均法 weighted mean method断流水位 stage of zero flow河干 river of zero flow水文过程线 hydrograph水文综合过程线 synthetic hydrograph等值线 isopleth分布曲线 distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value径流总量 total runoff径流模数 runoff modulus径流系数 runoff coefficient洪峰 flood peak洪水流量 peak discharge洪水总量 flood volume输沙模数 modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系 stage－discharge relation 连时序法 chronological method绳套曲线 loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法 tidal factor relation method 定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method 合轴相关法 coaxial correlation method 一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系 single－valued processing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长 extension of relation curve 流率表 rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation 单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法 hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法 hydrograph method of index sediment concentration真值 true value测量值（实测值） measured value最或然值 most probable value绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error插机误差（偶然误差） random error允许误差 permissible error伪误差（粗差） spurious方差 variance标准差 standard deviation相对标准差 relative standard deviation 离差（偏差） deviation闭合差 closure error平差 adjustment精密度 precision准确度 correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error分布式数据库 distributed type data base 集中式数据库 concentrated type data base 网络式数据库 network type data base层次数据库 laminarization data base层次数据模型 laminarization data model 网状数据模型 network data model数据量 data bulk 结点 node水文数据库 hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报 hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报 tidal prediction旱情预报 soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期 forecast lead time超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting作业预报 operational forecasting预报方案 forecast scheme评定标准 accuracy standard方案合格率 qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数 deterministic coefficient汛 seasonal flood伏汛 summer flood汛期 flood season防汛 flood defence报汛站 flood－reporting station报汛站网 flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station 汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network 洪水警报 flood warning点雨量 point rainfall面雨量 areal rainfall泰森多边形 Thiessen polygon等雨量线法 isohyetal method产流 runoff yield蓄满产流 runoff yield at natural storage 超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration 产流面积 area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流） direct runoff地面流（坡面流） surface flow of mire 壤中流 prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量 antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量 soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve初损 initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流 overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration地下汇流 groundwater flow concentration 汇流曲线 flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线 basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve 地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间 basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时 peak time lag流域滞时 basin time lag等流滞时 isochrone单位线 unit hydrograph经验单位线 empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线 synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线 slope unit hydrograph河网单位线 river network unit hydrograph S－曲线 S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线 recession curve水文模型 hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型 scale model比拟模型 analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型 distributed model集总式模型 lumped model线性水温模型 linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型 time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构 model structure模型参数 model parameter模型误差 model error模型率定 model calibration模型检验 model verification水文模拟 hydrologic simulation遥测终端机 telemetry terminal meter中继机 relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统 self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统 mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率 probability of word error接受率 receiving probability设计站 design station设计流域 design watershed 代表站 representative station参证站 bench－mark station典型年（代表年） typicyear水文系列 hydrologic series同步系列 synchronous series系列代表性 series representativeness柱状图 histogram诺谟图 monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation 水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算 hydraulic calculation for tidal reach样本容量 sample size随机变量 random variable随机系列 random series累计频率（频率） cumulative frequency 经验频率 empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve 皮尔逊分布 Pearson distribution对数正态分布 log normal distribution频率分析 frequency analysis随机模拟 stochastic simulation时间序列 time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项 trend term周期项 cycle term随机项 stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析） harmonic analysis 潜分析 spectrum analysis回归分析（相关分析） regression analysis 相关系数 correlation coefficient自回归分析 autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水 design flood溢洪道设计洪水 spillway design flood分期设计洪水 stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period校核洪水 check flood实测洪水 observed flood调查洪水 investigated flood古洪水 paleoflood坝址洪水 dam－site flood入库洪水 reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年分配 annual distribution of runoff 径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期 high－water period平水期 normal－water period枯水期（枯季） low－flow period丰水年 wet year平水年（中水年） normal year枯水年 dry year特枯水年 extraordinary dry year连续丰水年 continuous wet years连续枯水年 continuous dry years水文年鉴 water year设计雨型 design storm pattern暴雨路径 storm track暴雨时程分配 time distribution of storm 暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线 storm parametric isoline map点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient定点定面关系fixed point－fixed area relationship可能最大露点 probable maximum dew point 暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正 watershed shape correction 水汽改正 moisture correction入流障碍改正 inflow obstacle correction 综合改正 synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法 isopercental method可能最大洪水 probable maximum flood涝 surface water logging渍 subsurface waterlogging排涝 surface waterlogging control排渍 subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划 waterlogging control planning 排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量 design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage 水荒 water famine水资源评价 water resources assessment 水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价 water quantity assessment水质评价 water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment 水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount地下水资源量groundwater resources amount可利用量 utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield可供水量 available water supply径流调节 runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪 reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply 水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节 reregulating reservoir水库群调节 multi－reservoir regulation 径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法） chronological series method概率法（数理统计法） probability method 随机模拟法 stochastic simulation method 调节周期 regulating period目标函数 objective function约束方程 constraint equation状态变量 state variable决策变量 decision variable数学规划 mathematic programming线性规划 linear programming非线性规划 nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir 水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度 multi－reservoir scheduling 水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast 抽水蓄能 pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境 water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统 aquatic ecosystem 化学径流 chemical runoff环境用水 environmental water环境水文学 environmental hydrology环境水力学 environmental hydraulics环境水化学 environmental hydrochemistry 地下水超量开采 groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌） artificial recharge 地下水降落漏斗 groundwater depression cone化学水污染 chemical water pollution无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances 有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances 有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染 thermal pollution生物水污染 water pollution by organism 富营养化 eutrophication次生水污染 secondary water pollution地下水污染 groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物 pollutant污染物迁移 transport of pollutant机械迁移 physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源 artificial pollution source 天然污染源 natural pollution source污染源调查 investigation of pollution sources污染源控制 pollution source control水质参数 water quality parameters水质模型 water quality model水温模型 water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality 水环境效益 water environmental effect 水污染环境效应 environmental effect of water pollution水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划 water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control 水源保护区protection zone of water source蒸发 evaporation水位 stage流速 velocity流量 discharge含沙量 sediment concentration输沙率 sediment discharge水温模型 water temperature冰凌 ice run水质 water quality下垫面 underlying surface水文情势 hydrologic regime水文效应 hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环） hydrologic cycle水量平衡 water balance热量平衡 heat balance盐量平衡 salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport水汽输送通量 atmospheric water vapour flux降雨面积 rainfall area降雨分布 rainfall distribution暴雨洪水 storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯） ice flood冰雪洪水 ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水 rain and snowmelt flood山洪 flash flood溃坝洪水 dam－break flood 大气环流 atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather风暴潮 storm surge风暴中心 storm center西风槽 westerly trough东风波 easterly wave低压槽 trough高压脊 ridge副热带高压 subtropic high温带 extratropic zone寒带 frigid zone季风 monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains阵雨 showery rain地形雨 aerographic rain热带气旋雨 rainfall in tropic cyclone 卫星云图 satellite cloud picture气压（大气压强） atmospheric pressure 海平面气压 sea－level pressure湿球温度 wet－bulb temperature水汽压 vapour pressure饱和水汽压 saturation vapour pressure 绝对湿度 absolute humidity相对湿度 relative humidity饱和差 saturation deficit流域长度 basin length流域平均高程 basin elevation mean流域平均宽度 basin width mean流域平均坡度 basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率 growth ratio of drainage area流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin 水系（河系） hydrographic net人工河网 artificial drainage network河网密度 drainage density明渠 open channel headwaters冲沟 gully溪流 brook分支 fork串沟 bifurcation channel外流河 exoreic river陆河 endothecia river减河 relief channel控制河段 control reach顺流河段 straight reach弯曲河段 bent reach扩散河段 expanding reach收缩河段 converging reach游荡河段 wandering reach感潮河段 tidal reach裁弯河段 channel cutoff稳定河槽 stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽） unstable channel 主槽 main channel单式河槽 single channel复式河槽 compound channel河道横断面 river cross－section河道纵断面 river longitudinal profile 断面特性 cross－section characteristics 河床形态 channel morphology浅滩 thoal急潭 cataract河漫滩 flood plain江心湖 channel island有效水头 effective head水头损失 head loss沿程水头损失 frictional head loss局部水头损失 local head loss能面比降 energy slope水面比降 surface slope摩阻比降 friction slope附加比降（加速比降） add slope河道比降（河床比降） channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface倒比降 inverse slope总水头线 total head line水面线 water surface profile糙率 roughness 才系数 Chezy coefficient才公式 Chezy formula曼宁公式 Manning formula输水因数（输水率） conveyance factor水跃 hydraulic jump水舌 nappe回水曲线（壅水曲线） hackwater curve弗汝德数 Froude number悬移质 suspended load推移质 bed load床沙 bed material床沙质 bed material load冲泻质 wash load河流泥沙运动 sediment transport in river 泥沙起动 incipient motion of sediment 起动流速 competent velocity造床流址 dominant discharge泥沙密度 density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hypereoncentration of sediment 泥石流 debris flow水流挟沙能力。

阅读economist必备单词6

Rather than making sensible and eminently doable reforms in pricing and water conservation, China is focusing on increasing supplies. 中国将焦点放在增加水供应上，而不是做出理智的、可实施的水价改革和水源保留。
阅读Economist文章：Water
All dried up
Northern China is running out of water, but the government’s remedies are potentially disastrous
disparity n. 不一致
water scarcity 水不足
imperil v. 使处于危险; 危害
China is neglecting its urban water infrastructure (sewerage, pipes and water-treatment plants), leading to more waste. 中国忽视城市用水基础设施（如排水设施、管道和水治理工厂），造成了更多的污染。
hydraulic adj. 水力的, 水压的
mind-boggling 令人极为惊讶的
Three Gorges dam 三峡大坝
South-North Water Diversion Project 南水北调引水工程hydrologic adj. 水文的
desalinate v. 除去...中的盐分
catchment n. 排水; 流域; 集水量
The Yellow River is often called the cradle of Chinese civilisation。黄河常被称为中华文明的摇篮。

Lake Taihu, a large, shallow and eutrophic aquatic ecosystem in China serves as sink

Lake Taihu,a large,shallow and eutrophic aquatic ecosystem in China serves as a sink for chromophoric dissolved organic matterYongqiang Zhou a ,b ,Yunlin Zhang a ,⁎,Kun Shi a ,Cheng Niu a ,b ,Xiaohan Liu a ,b ,Hongtao Duan aaTaihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station,State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment,Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,73East Beijing Road,Nanjing 210008,China bUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,Chinaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 19June 2014Accepted 3March 2015Available online 11April 2015Communicated by Noel UrbanIndex words:Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)Excitation –emission matrices (EEMs)Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)CDOM and DOC removal ratesPhotochemical reactions and microbial activity often result in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)being lost to downstream cycles.The role of a speci ﬁc lake ecosystem serving as a sink for CDOM was elucidated in Lake Taihu,China.The lake was divided into CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions based on principal component analysis (PCA)results.The spatial distribution of molecular size (M ),spectral slope ratio (S R )and humi ﬁcation index (HIX)of CDOM suggested that CDOM in Lake Taihu was mainly from exogenous sources.Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)identi ﬁed four components,including a microbially humic-like component (C1),two protein-like components (C2and C3)and a terrestrial humic-like component (C4).Strong conservative mixing behaviors of C4and C1were observed in the lake,and River Yincun is likely responsible for high CDOM concentration in Zhushan pared with C2,C3seemed to be more independent of the terrestrial humic-like CDOM.HIX decreased and S R increased signi ﬁcantly from the CDOM-enriched region to the CDOM-depleted region (t -test,p b 0.0001),indicating CDOM properties might have changed signi ﬁcantly during lake water translocation processes.Mean CDOM absorption coef ﬁcient a (350),dissolved organic carbon (DOC)and summed ﬂuorescence intensity of the four components in the CDOM-enriched region were signi ﬁcantly higher than in the CDOM-depleted region (t -test,p b 0.0001),indicating that a large quantity of CDOM might have been lost during eastward and southward ﬂow in Lake Taihu.The estimated CDOM and DOC loss rates in Lake Taihu were 10.59×109m 3m −1yr −1and 16.91×103t yr −1,respectively.©2015International Association for Great Lakes Research.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.IntroductionIn inland aquatic ecosystems and coastal environments,exogenous chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM),mainly derived from dissolution of soil organic matter or anthropogenic input by upstream rivers,may dominate the CDOM pool (Coble,2007;Hosen et al.,2014;Stedmon and Markager,2005a ).In large,shallow and highly eutrophic lakes,however,CDOM is also released internally from in situ phyto-plankton and macrophyte decomposition (Zhang et al.,2009)or from the lakebed,associated with wind-induced sediment resuspension (Stedmon and Markager,2005a ),which complicates identifying the source of CDOM.The degradation processes of CDOM are mainly characterized by microbial degradation and photobleaching (Stedmon et al.,2011).Previous studies suggested that both microbial activities and photo-chemical processes could alter CDOM and decrease its biological avail-ability for downstream export (Bushaw et al.,1996;Jafféet al.,2013;Ogawa et al.,2001;Raymond and Bauer,2001;Stedmon et al.,2011).For example,photooxidation favors the formation of bioavailablecompounds,promoting the bioavailability of CDOM to both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms (Pisani et al.,2011;Zhang et al.,2013a ).Therefore,upstream CDOM might have been degraded before entering lake ecosystems,and the lability of CDOM might correspond-ingly decrease during lake water translocation processes (Hood et al.,2009;Raymond and Bauer,2001).In lakes with relatively long retention times,the lakes themselves serve as natural bio-reactors for CDOM degradation before upstream-derived CDOM is discharged downstream.Shallow lakes,often referred to as wetlands,display strong water puri ﬁcation and nutrient removal capabilities (Ma et al.,2012;Ren et al.,2013;Wu et al.,2011).CDOM dynamics in inland lakes has been well documented (Toming et al.,2013;Zhang et al.,2010);however,the role of the lake ecosystems themselves in CDOM degradation remains unknown for lakes with relatively long retention time.Further-more,organic matter ﬂuxes into bacteria can be routinely quanti ﬁed along with several other ﬂux pathways,including the grazing food chain and sinking ﬂux in marine CDOM studies (Azam,1998).However,consideration of CDOM loss ﬂux in inland aquatic ecosystems is still lacking (Molot and Dillon,1997;Humborg et al.,2004).CDOM is mainly composed of aromatics,carbohydrates,humic and fulvic substances,and proteinaceous material (Loh et al.,2004;Zhang et al.,2010),and it is dif ﬁcult to trace the changes of CDOM compositionJournal of Great Lakes Research 41(2015)597–606⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+862586882198;fax:+862557714759.E-mail address:ylzhang@ (Y.Zhang)./10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.0270380-1330/©2015International Association for Great Lakes Research.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rightsreserved.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Great Lakes Researchj o u r n a l h o me pa g e :ww w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /j gl rand concentration using regular chemical measurements.CDOM absorption andﬂuorescence,however,provide an opportunity to rapidly and sensitively evaluate CDOM variability(Coble et al.,1990).CDOM excitation–emission matrices(EEMs)coupled with parallel factor (PARAFAC)analysis has been widely applied to trace the dynamics of different CDOM fractions in various aquatic systems(Stedmon et al., 2003;Yamashita et al.,2008).Due to its high sensitivity and time-saving data acquisition(Holbrook et al.,2006),CDOMﬂuorescence sometimes serves as proxy for the chemically broader dissolved organic matter(DOM)pool(McKnight et al.,2001;Murphy et al.,2008).Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China,located in the Yangtze River Delta with an area of2338.1km2(Qin et al.,2007).The lake basin has an area of36,900km2,and the lake supplies drinking water for a population of~10million living within the watershed(Qin et al.,2010).Lake Taihu is a typical shallow(depth~1.9m)and eutro-phic lake,with its northern and northwestern regions dominated by phytoplankton and the southeastern part distinguished by large areas of macrophytes.Multi-year(2007–2014)mean annual surface runoff to and outﬂow from the lake were104.0×108and90.9×108m3, respectively.The high spatial heterogeneity of the lake was thought to be a result of economic boom in the lake basin over the last3decades (Qin et al.,2007;Zhu et al.,2013).The northern and northwestern sub-basins of Lake Taihu are distinguished by highly urbanized towns with high population density while southwestern tributaries are characterized by mountain forests and farmlands(Yao et al.,2011). There are172rivers or channels connecting to Lake Taihu(Qin et al., 2007),and most inﬂow rivers are distributed mainly in western and northwestern parts of the watershed;water then passes eastward and southward before and discharging into the East China Sea via the Taipu River(Fig.1).Lake Taihu serves as a repository for sewage from nearby urban households as well as industrial and agricultural activities (Qin et al.,2010).Due to high nutrient loading of the lake water,algal (Microcystis spp.)blooms occur throughout the summer and have a relatively large coverage,especially in northern and northwestern bays of the lake(Zhu et al.,2013).High concentration of CDOM in Lake Taihu,especially in northern and northwestern regions of the lake,is produced by both terrestrial riverine input and in situ phytoplankton degradation.High CDOM loading in Lake Taihu poses a threat to water quality and safety within the lake basin.As a large and shallow lake with a water retention time of~309d(Zhang et al.,2014),both the microbial metabolism and strong photooxidation in Lake Taihu may result in the degradation of young,fresh CDOM,leaving refractory CDOM for downstream transport (Ogawa et al.,2001).Therefore,accurately interpreting the processes that govern composition,structure and transformation of CDOM in inland freshwater lake ecosystems is crucial for lake management and protection.The main objectives of this study were to(1)evaluate the role of the Lake Taihu ecosystem itself as a CDOM sink for downstream discharge using absorption andﬂuorescence spectroscopy,and(2)further estimate the CDOM loss rate in the lake.Material and methodsSample collectionEleven cruises were conducted in Lake Taihu on Oct.6–17,2008, and146water samples were collected,including47sites from three quadrats(Fig.1).The quadrats were set to validate the data quality and spatial continuity of different CDOM-related parameters.Cruises were also launched in February,May,August and November of2011; February,May and November of2012;February,May and August of 2013;and February and May of2014for subsequent estimation of CDOM loss rate in Lake Taihu.Spatial distribution of sampling sites (32sites evenly distributed in the lake)in2011to2014was same as described in Zhang et al.(2011).Surface(0–0.5m)water samples were collected using5L acid-cleaned plastic bottles,and all samples were held on ice while in theﬁeld.The collected water samples were subsequently delivered to the laboratory,ﬁltered and immediately stored at−20°C.All samples wereﬁltered within2days,and all measurements were completed within2weeks.Inﬂow runoff and outﬂow runoff of Lake Taihu in October2008were 2.96×108m3(multi-year mean monthly inﬂow runoff in October is 8.08×108m3)and10.05×108m3,respectively,and the time period was characterized as a typical dry season with longer retention time compared to the rest of the year.Furthermore,the sampling cruise con-ducted in October2008had a much higher spatial resolution compared to the aforementioned sampling cruises.Thus,the samplingcruiseFig.1.Locations of sampling sites in Lake Taihu and the sampling sites were divided into two major groups according to subsequent PCA results:CDOM-enriched region and CDOM-depleted region of Lake Taihu.598Y.Zhou et al./Journal of Great Lakes Research41(2015)597–606conducted in October 2008served as an example of our investigation of Lake Taihu as a sink for CDOM.Absorption measurementWater samples were ﬁrst ﬁltered through pre-combusted 47mm diameter Whatman GF/F ﬁlters with 0.7μm porosity then through pre-rinsed 25mm diameter Millipore membrane cellulose ﬁlters with 0.22μm porosity.All samples were then collected with pre-combusted glass bottles (550°C for 6h).CDOM absorption spectra ranged from 200to 800nm and were measured with a Shimadzu UV-2450PC UV –vis recording spectrophotometer with matching 5cm quartz li-Q water was used as reference.Absorbance measurements at each wavelength were baseline corrected by subtracting the absorbance at 700nm.Absorption coef ﬁcients were subsequently calculated using the following equation:a λðÞ¼2:303ÂD λðÞ=rð1Þwhere a (λ),D (λ)and r are absorption coef ﬁcients,with absorbance ofCDOM at wavelength λand path length (in m)of the quartz cell.CDOM concentration was expressed as a (350)in this study.Speci ﬁc UV absorbance of CDOM (SUVA)is de ﬁned as absorbance at 254nm normalized by DOC concentration,i.e.D (254)/DOC (Gaberell et al.,2003;Weishaar et al.,2003).CDOM spectral slope (S )was obtained by nonlinear ﬁt over the 280–500nm wavelength range using the following equation (Stedmon and Markager,2001):a λðÞ¼a λ0ðÞÂeS λ0−λðÞ½þk ð2Þwhere a (λ)and a (λ0)are absorption coef ﬁcient at wavelength λand 440nm;and S and k are spectral slope and background parameter estimated,respectively.Spectral slopes ratio (S R )was de ﬁned as the ratio of S over wavelengths of 275–295to 350–400nm,i.e.S 275–295/S 350–400(Helms et al.,2008).Speci ﬁcally,S R b 1and S R N 1indicated CDOM of probably exogenous and endogenous sources,respectively,and solar exposure (photobleaching)can result in an increase of S R of CDOM samples (Helms et al.,2008).The relative molecular size of humic solute molecules (M )was calculated as the ratio of absorption coef ﬁcients at wavelength 250to 365nm,i.e.a (250)/a (365).Molecular weight of CDOM decreases as the ratio increases (Zhang et al.,2011).Fluorescence EEM measurementFluorescence EEMs of CDOM were measured using a Hitachi F-7000ﬂuorescence spectrometer (Hitachi High-Technologies,Japan)with a 700V xenon lamp and a scanning speed of 2400nm min −1.The scanning ranges for excitation and emission were 200–450and 250–600nm,respectively.The EEMs were obtained with excitation and emission intervals of 5and 1nm,respectively.The bandpass widths for excitation and emission were both set as 5nm.Water Raman scatter peaks were eliminated by subtracting the Milli-Q water blanks of the EEMs spectrum.The calibration of excitation spectra for instrumental response was operated using Rhodamine-B as a standard for quantum counter with single-side frosted red ﬁlter in the excitation scan mode.Emission spectra were corrected using a diffuser in the synchronous scan mode.The EEMs were obtained internally using the Fluorescence Solutions 2.1software for further calibrations.Fluorescence intensity was subsequently corrected into quinine sulfate units (QSU),with 1QSU exhibiting the maximum ﬂuorescence intensity of 0.01mg L −1quinine in 1mol L −1H 2SO 4at the excitation wavelength (nm)/emission wavelength (nm)=350/450(Zhang et al.,2011).Rayleigh scatter effects were eliminated by replacing the EEM triangle regions of emission wavelength ≤excitation wavelength +15nm,and at emission wavelength ≥2×excitation wavelength −20nm,with zeros (Zhang et al.,2010).Inner-ﬁlter effect of the EEMs was eliminated by multiplying the EEMs with absorbance correction factor based on the assumption that the path length of absorption is one-half the cuvette length (McKnight et al.,2001):F cor ¼F obs Â10A Ex þA Em2ð3Þwhere F obs and F cor denote ﬂuorescence intensity of EEMs before and after calibration,respectively;and A Ex and A Em represent corrected absorbance at corresponding excitation and emission wavelengths,respectively.PARAFAC modelingCorrelated post-inner-ﬁlter effect EEMs were further calibrated by deleting excitation wavelengths at 200–225nm and emission wave-lengths at 250–299and 550–600nm to eliminate unreliable instrument measurements.A total of 146EEMs were modeled with PARAFAC using the DOMFluor Toolbox version 1.7(Stedmon and Bro,2008)in MATLAB 2012a software.Calculation of ﬂuorescence indexTo characterize CDOM properties in Lake Taihu and make a compar-ison with previous works conducted in other aquatic ecosystems,three ﬂuorescence indices,including FI 255,FI 310and FI 370,were used in this study.FI 255,a humi ﬁcation index (HIX)that indicates the aromaticity degree of CDOM (Zsolnay et al.,1999),is de ﬁned as the ratio of integral ﬂuorescence intensity at wavelengths 435–480to 300–345nm,both excited at 255nm.FI 310,a biological index (BIX)that denotes autochthonous biological intensity (Huguet et al.,2009),is de ﬁned as the ratio of ﬂuorescence intensity at 380and 430nm,both excited at 310nm.FI 370is de ﬁned as a ratio of ﬂuorescence intensity at 470and 520nm,both excited at 370nm,and has a value of ~1.4for terrestrially derived CDOM and a value of ~1.9for microbially derived endogenous fulvic acids,respectively (Cory and McKnight,2005).Measurements of other parametersWater samples were ﬁltered through pre-combusted 0.7μm porosity Whatman GF/F ﬁlters for DOC concentration analyses.DOC samples were subsequently analyzed by combustion on a Shimadzu TOC-VCPN analyzer at high temperature (~680°C).Samples for chlorophyll a (Chl-a )were collected on Whatman GF/F ﬁlters and extracted with ethanol (90%)at 80°C.Samples were then analyzed using a Shimadzu UV –vis spectrophotometer at 750and 665nm before and after acidi ﬁed with a few drops of HCl (1mol L −1)(Zhang et al.,2011).Principal component analysisA reduced dataset that explained the majority of raw variable details was generated by principal component analysis (PCA)and helped interpret the dataset without a priori knowledge (Scrimshaw and Lester,2001).PCA in this study was conducted to divide the lake into CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions based on 11CDOM-related parameters,including a (350),DOC,S ,S R ,M ,C1,C2,C3,C4,FI 370and HIX,and was performed according to the following procedures.(1)The raw data were local maxima normalized as:x Ãi j ¼x i j −x j min ðÞ.x j max ðÞ−x j min ðÞ ð4Þwhere x ij was the raw data of the j th index and i th sampling site;and x j (max)and x j (min)denoted the maximum and minimum,respectively,of the j th index.599Y.Zhou et al./Journal of Great Lakes Research 41(2015)597–606The correlation matrix R was obtained based on the normalized matrix x ij⁎and the condition:r i j¼Xnk¼1x ki−x iðÞx k j−x j=nσiσj:ð5Þ(2)According to eigenequation|R−λi|=0,the eigenvaluesλi wereobtained and sorted in descending order.The corresponding orthogonal eigenvectors u i(i.e.the principal axes)could also be obtained simultaneously.The calculated contribution rate and the accumulative contribution rate could be expressed as:c i¼λi X ni¼1λið6ÞC i¼Xmj¼1λj.Xni¼1λi:ð7ÞThe principal components were expressed as:PC i¼Xmj¼1Xni¼1u i j x i j:ð8ÞThe cumulative contribution explained by the principal compo-nents evaluated must be greater than70%.PCA in this study was done using MATLAB2012a software.Estimation of CDOM loss rate in Lake TaihuBased on PCA results,we sectioned the lake into CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions(Fig.1).We used monthly mean a(350) in CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions sampled during cruises in October2008;February,May,August and November2011;February, May and November2012;February,May and August2013;and February and May2014together with corresponding monthly mean inﬂow and outﬂow runoff of Lake Taihu to derive mean annual CDOM loss rate in Lake Taihu.Annual mean DOC loss rate was estimated based on mean DOC concentration of seven sampling cruises l in the lake from2008to2014.Statistical analysesStatistical analyses(mean value,standard deviation,linear regres-sion,t-test)were performed using R-studio0.97.551software.Correla-tion plots and spatial distribution of different CDOM-related parameters were performed using MATLAB2012a software.Spatial distribution of sampling sites was conducted using ArcGIS10.1software.Results with p b0.05in this study were reported as signiﬁcant during linear regres-sion and t-test analyses.ResultsPARAFAC and PCA resultsPARAFAC split all EEM datasets into two groups,each of which was subsequently run stepwise from three to seven components.Output parameters in PARAFAC,including sum of squares of residuals and explained variation of the model,suggested that a four-component model explained more than99%of the total EEM variables.The four components were well-validated and highly overlapped for excitation and emission spectra estimated by the split-half validation procedure (Fig.2).The four identiﬁed components included a phytoplankton degradation(microbial)humic-like component(C1),two protein-like components(C2and C3)and a terrestrial humic-like component(C4) (Table1).C1exhibited two excitation maxima at wavelengths240 and310nm,both corresponding to a single emission maximum at 400nm,similar to the humic-like components M and N deﬁned by Coble(1996)and Coble et al.(1998).Previous research suggested that C1ﬂuorescence might be microbial degradation products of phyto-plankton residues(Zhang et al.,2010)and has been detected in the open ocean(Coble,1996;Coble et al.,1998)and mesocosm microbial degradation experiments(Stedmon and Markager,2005b;Zhang et al.,2009).Components C2and C3displayed similar excitation and emission spectra with endogenous,protein-likeﬂuorophores(Coble et al.,1998;Kowalczuk et al.,2009;Yamashita et al.,2008).C2demon-strated a tryptophan-like excitation and emission spectra,while C3 had EEM properties similar to tyrosine-like substance.C4had similar excitation and emission characteristics as the terrestrial humic-like peak A(ultraviolet region)and C(visible region)(Coble,1996;Coble et al.,1998).Theﬁrst two components(PC1and PC2)identiﬁed by PCA explain 70.1%and11.3%of the total variance,respectively,suggestingthatFig.2.Four components were identiﬁed by PARAFAC model and were well validated by split-half validation procedure.The spectral properties of the four components and the split-half validation results were given.Highly overlapped excitation(left)and emission(right)spectra were estimated,with green and red lines representing two independent halves of EEMs dataset and black lines stand for the complete one.600Y.Zhou et al./Journal of Great Lakes Research41(2015)597–606only these two components are required to describe the vast majority of CDOM properties (Fig.3).The two principal components could be interpreted as a CDOM concentration and composition pro ﬁle superimposed on intensity gradients of different CDOM related param-eters (Næs and Oug,1997).Dot color in Fig.3suggested that the ﬁrst axis might act as gradient indicator for CDOM abundance.A highly signi ﬁcant,positive correlation was found between PC1and a (350)(p b 0.0001,see Fig.3).Signi ﬁcant correlations were found between PC2and M (p b 0.0001,see Fig.3),indicating that PC2was likely superimposed with different CDOM compositional variables.Based on PC1and PC2loadings of different water samples,two distinct lake regions including CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions could be divided correspondingly (Figs.1,3).Notable EEM spectral differences were recorded between samples taken from CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions.CDOM for samples collected from CDOM-depleted regions were largely lost compared with samples in CDOM-enriched regions (Fig.4).CDOM optical behaviors in CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions Values of a (350)from all sampling sites ranged from 1.71to 5.03m −1and had a mean (mean ±standard deviation)of 3.23±0.92m −1.Mean a (350)of the CDOM-enriched region was signi ﬁcantly higher than from the CDOM-depleted region (Table 2).A signi ﬁcant positive linear correlation was found between latitude and a (350)(p b 0.0001),and the majority of high a (350)were distributed at latitudes higher than 31.3°N (Fig.5).DOC concentration ranged from 2.19to 8.70mg L −1with a mean 4.67±1.48mg L −1,with signi ﬁcantly higher DOC concentration in the CDOM-enriched region than in the CDOM-depleted region (Table 2).Signi ﬁcantly higher values of S ,S R and M were found in the CDOM-depleted region than in the CDOM-enriched region of Lake Taihu (Table 2;Fig.5).S R ranged from 1.10to 1.76with mean of 1.31±0.16,with relatively high S R recorded in regions with low a (350).Similar results were also reported in a previous study conducted in Lake Taihu (Zhang et al.,2011).Table 1Excitation (λex.(nm)),(with other excitation maxima in brackets)/emission (λem.(nm))maxima of four stable components identi ﬁed by PARAFAC model and a comparison with similar components previously identi ﬁed in other aquatic ponent λex.λem.Coble (1996)a ,Coble et al.(1998)b Other studies Description,potential source C1240(310)400Peak M:290–310/370–420C2:235(290)/397c Microbial humic-likePeak N:280/370C3:295/398dPhytoplankton degradation C2230(285)346Peak T:λex.225–230(275)C4:≤225(285)/344c Autochthonous protein-like λem.340–350C7:280/344eTryptophan-likeC3225(275)320Peak B:λex.225–230(275)C3:≤225(275)/322c Autochthonous protein-like λem.305–310C8:275/304eTyrosine-likeC4255(345)471Peak A:230–260/380–460C1:255(350)/471c Terrestrial humic-like Peak C:320–360/420–480C3:270(360)/478fSoil organic matterSuperscripts denote reference citations:aCoble (1996).bCoble et al.(1998).cZhang et al.(2010).dStedmon and Markager (2005a).eStedmon and Markager (2005b).fStedmon et al.(2003).Fig.3.Two major groups,CDOM-enriched group and CDOM-depleted group were divided according to PC1and PC2scores (upper panel).Circles'color denotes individual maxima normalized a (350)in the upper panel.Correlation between a (350)and PC1(lower left panel),correlation between the relative molecular size of CDOM (M )and PC2(lower right panel).Close and open dots in all three panels indicate samples taken from CDOM enriched and depleted region of the lake,respectively,dots'color denote S R in both lower two panels.601Y.Zhou et al./Journal of Great Lakes Research 41(2015)597–606Fluorescence EEMs in CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regions Meanﬂuorescence intensities of the four components(C1,C2,C3 and C4)identiﬁed at all sampling sites were5.41±2.12,10.13±3.53,7.93±1.51and2.50±1.00QSU,respectively.The summed ﬂuorescence intensity of the four identiﬁed components was higher in the CDOM-enriched region than in the CDOM-depleted region(Figs.4, 5).This was consistent with spatial distribution of a(350)and DOC, further conﬁrming that a large portion of CDOM was lost during lake waterﬂow eastward and southward.High relative contribution percentage of humic-like components to the summedﬂuorescence intensity of the four identiﬁed components(RC humic-like)was found in the northern part of the lake.By comparison,mean RC humic-like in the CDOM-enriched region was signiﬁcantly higher than in the CDOM-depleted region(t-test,p b0.0001).The terrestrial humic-like component C4followed a conservative mixing behavior with high loadings recorded in northern half of the lake,especially in northwestern Zhushan Bay(Fig.5,also see Yao et al. (2011)).Thisﬁnding has important implications for allochthonous CDOM source tracing in Lake Taihu and indicates that River Yincun is likely responsible for high humic-like CDOM loading in the bay.A similar distribution pattern with high loadings found in northern half of the lake and conservative mixing behavior was also recorded for the microbial humic-like component C1.However,C1loading maxima were found in Meiliang Bay,Gonghu Bay and in southwestern parts of the lake other than Zhushan Bay.Mean Chl-a in the CDOM-enriched region was signiﬁcantly higher than in the CDOM-depleted region (t-test,p b0.0001),similar to C1results(Table2).The high standard deviation of Chl-a in the southwestern region of the lake(74.12μg L−1)could be explained by the few Chl-a maxima recorded in the lake region due to dispersed distribution of algal bloom remnants.No signiﬁcant correlation was found between C1and Chl-a if all data were used during linearﬁtting,but excluding outliers with Chl-a concentration higher than100μg L−1resulted in a signiﬁcant correlation(r2=0.254,n= 134,p b0.0001).For tryptophan-like C2,high concentration was found in the north-ern half of the lake,especially Meiliang Bay.High C2concentrations in these regions might originate from microbial degradation of algal substrates.During the sampling period,prevailing wind direction was still dominated by the southeast monsoon,which favored the accumu-lation of algal scum in these lake regions(Zhu et al.,2013).The locations of a few C2maxima in southwestern area of the lake were in accordance with C1maxima in this lake region(aforementioned),further suggested the potential humiﬁcation effects in this lake region.Unlike C2,high tyrosine-like C3loadings were found in Meiliang Bay,Gonghu Bay and the southwestern part of the lake,indicating different formation mechanisms between tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like fractions of CDOM.The appearance of a few C3loading maxima in the southwestern region of the lake suggested a tyrosine-like substrate for humiﬁcation processes in the region.Correlations found between C1and C2and between C1and C3(p b0.0001,see Fig.6)further support the potential protein-like substrates for humiﬁcation processes in the lake.Fluorescence indices and SUVA in CDOM-enriched and CDOM-depleted regionsThe spatial variations of the threeﬂuorescence indices(Fig.5)show that FI255(HIX),FI310(BIX)and FI370within all sampling sitesranged Fig.4.CDOM EEMs of sample taken from(a)CDOM-enriched region(inﬂow river mouth of Yincun)and(b)CDOM-depleted region(lake outlet,near the Eastern Taihu Bay).Table2Mean CDOM related parameters in CDOM enriched and depleted regions and signiﬁcance level of difference between parameters using t-test in these two lake regions in Lake Taihu for cruise conducted in October,2008.Parameter (Unit)a(350)(m−1)DOC(mg L−1)M(Arbitrary)S(μm−1)S R(Arbitrary)BIX(Arbitrary)HIX(Arbitrary)FI370(Arbitrary)Enriched 3.85±0.67 5.59±1.257.40±0.7321.11±1.17 1.21±0.10 1.01±0.02 1.29±0.26 1.85±0.05 Depleted 2.42±0.41 3.48±0.727.91±1.0122.80±1.23 1.44±0.110.97±0.060.75±0.13 1.77±0.06 p b0.0001b0.0001b0.005b0.0001b0.0001b0.001b0.0001b0.0001Parameter (unit)SUVA(L mg−1m−1)C1(QSU)C2(QSU)C3(QSU)C4(QSU)C1/C4(Arbitrary)C2/C4(Arbitrary)C3/C4(Arbitrary)Enriched8.43±1.737.05±1.2712.33±2.298.22±1.14 3.26±0.65 2.17±0.18 3.83±0.48 2.66±0.79 Depleted9.10±1.79 3.31±0.557.31±2.757.56±1.82 1.52±0.18 2.18±0.25 4.80±1.67 4.09±1.09 p b0.05b0.0001b0.0001b0.05b0.0001N0.05b0.0001b0.0001 602Y.Zhou et al./Journal of Great Lakes Research41(2015)597–606。

地理专业英语考研复试词汇

physical geography自然地理hydroaraphy水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地economic geography 经济地理geology 地理学geology 地理peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie(大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖absolute agedetermination 绝对年代测ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地acid value 酸值acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidite 酸性岩acidigneous rock 酸性火成岩acid rain 酸雨acid rocks 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土accumulation of humus腐殖质蓄积accumulation of organicmatter 有机质堆积accumulative coast 堆积海岸accumulative relief 堆积地形accumulatedtemperature 积温accompaniment element伴生元素acaustobiolite非可燃性生物岩accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accelerated weathering加速风化abyss 深渊abyssal 深海的abyssal facies 深海相abyssal sediment 深海沉积物abyssal zone 深海带abundance of isotopes 同位素的丰度abundance of the elements 元素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素的相对丰度abundant rainfall 过量降雨absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute zero 绝对零度daily amount 日总量daily mean 日平均值daily range 日较差daily variation 日变化dal soil 泥炭土damp air 湿空气dampness 湿度dark brow forest soil 暗棕壤dark brown soil 暗棕钙土dark colored soil 暗色土dark coniferous forest阴针叶林dark forest soil 暗色森林土dark humus soil 暗色腐殖质土debris 岩屑debris cone 倒石锥debris creep 岩屑蠕动debris flow 泥石流decay product 衰变产物decayed rock 风化岩石deciduous forest 落叶林deciduous forestclimate 落叶林气decision region 判别区域decomposition 分解decrease 减少deep drilling 深钻deep earthquake zone 深震带deep erosion 强侵蚀deep fault 深断裂deep focus eathquake 深源地震deep fold 基底褶皱deep fracture 深断裂deep gley soil 深位潜育土壤deep karst 深喀斯特deep karst channel 天然井deep sea deep subsoilwater 深层土壤水deep weathering 深部风化deep well 深井deflation 风蚀deflation basin 风蚀盆地deflation furrows 风蚀沟deflation valley 风蚀谷deflection 偏转deflection angle 偏角deforestation 滥伐deformation of river bed 河床变动degenerated soil 退化土壤degeneration 退化deglaciation 冰川减退酌degleyfication 脱潜育化paddy 水稻paddy soil 水稻土pahoehoe lava 绳状熔岩paleobotany 古植物学paleoceanography 古海洋paleocene 古新世paleoclimate 古气候paleoclimatology 古气候学paleocoastline 古海岸线paleoecology 古生态学paleoenvironment 古环境paleogene 早第三纪paleogeography 古地理学paleokarst 古喀斯特paleomagnetic method 古地磁法paleomagnetism 古地磁学paleontological facies古生物相paleontology 古生物学paleopalynology 古孢粉学paleopedology 古土壤学paleophytic era 古植物代paleophytology 古植物学paleosalinity 古盐度paleoshore line 古海岸线paleoshore linevariation 古海岸线变化paleozoology 古动物学paleudalf 残存湿淋溶土palimpsest relief 变余地形palsa 穹形泥炭丘paludal forest 沼泽林paludification 泥炭形成过程pan horizon 硬盘层pancake ice 饼状冰panclimax 泛演替顶极pangaea 泛大陆parabolic dunes 新月形沙丘parabraunerde 次生棕壤paraclase 断层裂缝paragonite 钠云母parallel flow 平行流parallel fold 平行褶皱parallel unconformity假整合parallelism 平行性parasitic crater 寄生火口parasitic volcano 寄生火山parent element 母元素parent material 母质parent rock 母岩park forest 森林公园pass 隘口passage 通道sand 沙sand dune 沙丘sand grains 砂粒sand hill 砂丘sand ridges 沙脊sand storm 沙暴sandbergerite 锌铜矿sandstone 砂岩sandstone soil 砂岩土sandy clay 砂质粘土sandy clay loam 砂质粘壤土sandy desert soils 砂质漠境土sandy loam 砂壤sandy muck 砂质腐泥土sandy soil 砂土satellite 卫星saturation point 饱和点sausage structure 香肠构造schematic profile 示意剖面schist 结晶片岩schist forming process片理schistose structure 层状结构schistosity 片理location--locate 地点North Pole 北极South Pole 南极Antarctic 南极的Arctic 北极的global 全球的the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋Oceanica 大洋洲continent 大陆height 高度hemisphere 半球equator 赤道horizon 地平线tropical 热带的subtropical 亚热带的altitude 海拔latitude 纬度longitude 经度day length 白昼长度environmentalconservation 环境保护ecological balance 生态平衡global warming 全球变暖existence—exist 存在 extinction—extinct 灭绝environmental issues 环境问题global warming 全球变暖greenhouse effect 温室效应soil erosion--erode 水土流失、侵蚀acid rain 酸雨climate change 气候变化 deforestation 滥砍滥伐air contamination 空气污染air pollution 空气污染 confluent 汇合的avalanche 雪崩continental drift 大陆漂移学说sediment 沉淀物, 沉积物frigid寒带的frost heaving冻胀现象absolute age 绝对年龄absolute agedetermination 绝对年代测定absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology绝对地质年代学innate 先天的, 天生的scenic 风景优美的spectacle 奇观, 景象jungle 丛林shrub 灌木丛plateau 高地, 高原scenery 景色landscape 风景, 山水画;地形;前景iceberg 冰山;冷冰冰的人glacier 冰河deglaciation 冰川的消失peak 山顶range 山脉watercourse 水道, 河道cosmography 宇宙志geology 地质学, 地质概况meadow 草地, 牧场oasis (沙漠中的)绿洲savanna 热带大草原tundra 苔原, 冻土地带compass 罗盘meridian 子午线;正午parallel 纬线longitude 经度, 经线latitude 纬度equator 赤道zenith 顶点, 顶峰, 天顶gulf 海湾cliff 悬崖, 绝壁sandbank沙洲, 沙丘tempest 暴风雨seaquake海震, 海啸estuary 入海口torrent 急流, 洪流tributary 支流;支流的 canal 运河massif群山, 高地crevice 裂缝plateau 高原coastland 沿海岸地区hemisphere 半球moist湿润的, 多雨的ebb 退潮;衰落;潮退, 衰退terrestrial 陆地endemic 地方性的subterranean 地下的cavern 大山洞, 大洞穴Antarctic 南极的, 南极地带的Antarctica 南极洲contour 轮廓, 外形;海岸线lowland 低地, 苏格兰低地;低地的avigation 航海salinity 盐分, 盐度elevation 高地;正面图;海拔ormation 形成, 构成geothermic 地热的tropic (天球的)回归线;热带temperate 温和的eruption 爆发outburst(火山, 感情等)爆发, 喷出squirt 喷出magma (有机物或矿物的)稀糊, 岩浆fault 产生断层;断裂crust 地壳layer 层;阶层lithosphere 岩石圈atmosphere n.大气圈, 大气atmospheric pressuren.气压atmospheric motionn.大气运动basin n.盆地Biosphere n.生物圈coastline n.海岸线cold current n.寒流cold front n.冷锋cold wave n.寒潮combustion n.燃烧crystal shape n.晶体cold current n.寒流cold front n.冷锋cold wave n.寒潮current n.水流;气流cut-off n.截断cyclone n.气旋cyclonic adj.气旋的continental drift n.大陆飘移continental shelf n.大陆架convergence n.辐合delta n.三角洲delta plain n.三角洲平原depression n.低气压depression belt n.低压带earth revolution n.地球公转earth rotation n.地球自转evaporation n.蒸发fohn winds n.焚风front n.锋frontal surface n.锋面frontal rain n.锋面雨frost n.霜冻frozen soil n.冻土geological processesn.地质作用geological disastern.地质灾害geological time n.地质时期global warming n.全球变暖greenhouse effect n.温室效应Ice sheet n.（地）大冰原；冰盾；冰盖land n.土地land and ocean changesn.海陆变迁land degradation anddesertification n.土地退化和沙漠化lithosphere n.（地）岩石圈, 地壳metamorphic rock n.变质岩metamorphism n.变质作用mud-rock flow n.泥石流ocean current n.洋流ocean ridges n.洋脊photosynthesis n.光合作用phreatic water n.潜水；地下水physical factors n.自然因素ozone n.臭氧ozonosphere n.臭氧层plate n.板块plate tectonic theoryn.板块构造学说plate tectonics n.板块构造pressure-gradient force n.压力梯度力prevailing wind n.盛行风rainforest n.热带雨林pressure gradient n.气压梯度pressure low n.低（气）压pressure high n.高（气）压sea-level n.海平面sediment rock n.沉积岩sedimentary deposit n.沉积物sedimentation n.沉积作用rotation n.旋转;旋转一周rotation cycle n.自周期soil erosion n.水土流失soil profile n.土壤剖面solar radiation n.太阳辐射solar system n.太阳系solid shape n.固态subtropical high n.副热带高压sub-tropical highs n.亚热带高气压stratosphere n.平流层；同温层temperate zone n.温带tropic n.回归线Tropic of Cancer n.北回归线Tropic of Capricornn.南回归线tropic zone n.热带Tibet Plateau n.青藏高原troposphere n.对流层underlying surfacen.下垫面warm current n.暖流warm front n.暖锋water circulationn.水循环water source n.水资源water vapor n.水蒸汽weathering n.风化作用。

地理专业词汇英语翻译（U-Z）_地理专业英语词汇

u shaped valley u形谷ubiquists 随遇植物udalf 湿淋溶土udershrub 小灌木udert 湿变性土udoll 湿软土udometer 雨量器udult 湿老成土ulexite 钠硼解石ullmannite 锑硫镍矿ulmic acid 棕腐酸ulmin 棕腐质ultimate form 终地形ultimate plain 终平原ultimate wilting point 极限凋萎点ultisol 老成土ultra microchemistry 超微量化学ultrabasic rock 超基性岩ultraclay 超粘土ultrafiltration 超滤ultrafine dust 超细粉末ultramafic rock 超基性岩ultrametamorphism 超变质ultramicrofossil 微化石ultramicroscope 超显微镜ultraplankton 超微浮游生物ultraviolet image 紫外影像ultraviolet microscope 紫外线显微镜ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射ultraviolet spectroscopy 紫外线光谱学ultraviolet spectrum 紫外线光谱umbraquult 暗色潮老成土umbrept 暗始成土umbric epipedon 暗色表层unavialable water 无效水uncomformity 不整合unconditioned reflex 非条件反射unconformity 不整合unconformity spring 不整合泉unconscious selection 无意识的选择uncontaminated soil 未污染土壤undefined structure 无定型结构under soil 心土underclay 底粘土undercurrent 暗流undercut slope 暗掘坡underdevelopment 显影不足underdrainage 地下排水underexposure 曝光不足underflow 潜流underground flow 地下水流underground part 地下部underground resources 地下资源underground river 地下河underground water 潜水undergrowth 林下植物underlying bed 下伏层underrun 潜流undershrub 小灌木丛undersize 筛下产品underthrust 俯冲断层underwater acoustics 水中声学underwater camera 水下照相机underwater television 水下电视undifferentiated alluvium 均匀冲积物undisturbed sample 原状试样undulant fever 布鲁菌病undulating land 波状土地undulation 波动undulation of the geoid 大地水准面起伏undulatory movements 波形运动uneven settlement 不均匀沉降unfilled porosity 非饱和孔隙度unfixed soil 非固定土壤ungulates 有蹄类unhumified organic matter 未腐解有机物质uniaxial volcano 单轴火山uniform development 均匀发育uniform flow 等速流uniform motion 匀速运动uniform profile 均质剖面uniformitarianism 均变说uniformity coefficient 均匀性系数unirrigated soil 非灌溉土壤unit area 单位面积unit cell 单位晶格unit of enzyme 酶单位unit value of symbol 地图符号价值单位unit weight 单位重量unity 整体universal theodolite 万能经纬仪universal time 世界时universal transverse mercator projection 通用横墨卡托投影universe 宇宙unpaired electron 不成对电子unproductive soil 不毛之土壤unsaturated rock 不饱和岩unsaturated soil 不饱和土壤unsaturated solution 不饱和溶液unstable channel 不稳定河槽unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡unstable isotope 不稳定同位素unstable stratification 不稳定层结unsymmetrical fold 不对称褶皱unweathered mineral soil 未风化矿质土壤updraft 向上气流upheaval 隆起uphill sloping profile 升坡剖面upland 高地upland moor 高位沼泽upland savanna 高地热带琉林uplide motion 上滑运动upper air observation 高空气象观测upper atmosphere 高层大气upper clouds 高云upper crust 上地壳upper culmination 上中天upper layer clouds 上层云upper mantle 上地幔upper pool 上水池upper pool elevation 上游水位upper trade 高空信风upper wind observation 高空风测upright fold 直立褶皱uprise of salts 盐分上升uprooting 挖除伐根upslope fog 上坡雾upstream deposits 上游沉积物upstream facing of weir 堰的上游护面upthrow fault 上投断层upthrow side 上投侧upthrust fault 上投断层upward evolution of relief 地形的隆起演化upward movement of water 水分上升运动upwarping 向上挠曲uraninite 沥青铀矿uranite 铀云母uranium 铀uranium deposit 铀矿床uranium mine 铀矿uranium ore 铀矿uranocircite 钡铀云母uranophane 硅钙铀矿uranopilite 铀钙矿uranothorite 铀钍矿uranyl compound 铀酰化合物urban agglomeration 城市群urban ecological system 城市生态系统urban environment 城市环境urban function 城市功能urban information system 城市信息系统urban morphology 城市形态urban photogrammetry 城市摄影测量urban planning 城市规划urban planning information system 城市规划信息系统urban remote sensing 城市遥感urban sewage 城市污水urban size 城市规模urbanization 城市化urea 尿素usefull mineral 有用矿物ustalf 干淋溶土ustert 干变性土ustoll 干软土ustox 干氧化土ustult 干老成土uvala 坞洼uvanite 钒铀矿vacant field 空地vacant lattice site 未填满晶格结点vaccin 菌苗vacuum frame 抽气晒版机vadose water 渗廉valence 原子价valence crystal 价晶格valence electron 价电子valency 原子价valent state 价态valentinite 锑华valley 谷valley bog 河地沼泽valley bottom 谷底valley breeze 谷风valley fill 河谷填积valley fog 谷雾valley glacier 谷冰川valley in valley 谷中谷valley pattern 河谷型valley slope 河谷坡降valley water divide 河谷分水界valuation 评价value 值value class 数值等级vanadite 钒铅锌矿vanadium 钒vanadium pollution 钒污染vapor pressure deficit 饱和差vaporous water 气态水variability 变异性variability index 变化指数variable 变量variable standardization 变量标准化variable wind 转向风variance 方差variance analysis 方差分析variant of association 变异群落variation 变异variation diagram 变化图variation of latitude 纬度变化variegated sandstone 杂色砂岩variegation 彩斑variety 变种variogram 变量图variolite 球颗玄武岩variometer 升降速度表varve clay 纹泥varved clay 带状粘土vascular plant 维管植物vauclusian spring 龙潭vector analysis 向量分析vegetable garden 菜园vegetable remains 植物残余vegetal reign 植物界vegetation 植被vegetation coverage map 植被覆盖度图vegetation deterioration 植被破坏vegetation form 植被型vegetation index 植被指数vegetation maps 植被图vegetation parameter 植被参数vegetation regionalization 植被区划vegetation resources 植被资源vegetation succession 植被演替vegetation type 植被型vegetation type map 植被类型图vegetation zone 植被带vegetative hybrid 无性杂种vegetative propagation 营养繁殖vegetative season 生长期vegetative shoot 营养枝veil 灰雾vein rock 脉石veinlet 细脉velocity 速度velocity head 临水头velocity measurement 速度测定velocity meter 速度测量器测速计velocity of propagation 传播速度veneer 复面层veneer rock 覆盖层ventilated psychrometer 通风干湿表verification 检验verification scheme 检查简图verisimilitude 逼真性vermiculite 蛭石vermudoll 填土动物穴湿软土vermuth step 蒿草原vernacular name 土名vernadskite 水铜矾vernalization 春化处理vernalization stage 春化阶段vernier 游标vernier microscope 游标显微镜vernier reading 游标读数vernier theodolite 游标经纬仪vertebrate palaeontology 脊椎动物古生物学vertebrates 脊椎动物vertic cambisols 变性始成土vertic chernozems 变性黑土vertic luvisols 变性淋溶土vertical 垂线vertical aerial photography 垂直航空摄影vertical angle 竖角vertical circle 竖直度盘vertical displacement 竖直位移vertical distribution 竖直分布vertical exaggeration 垂直夸张vertical fault 垂直断层vertical fold 直立褶皱vertical ground visibility 垂直地面可见度vertical hill shading 直照晕渲法vertical line 垂线vertical parallax 上下视差vertical photography 竖直摄影vertical plane 竖直平面vertical position 竖直位置vertical scale 垂直比例尺vertical section 垂直剖面vertical seismograph 垂直震仪vertical stratification 垂直成层结构vertical surface 竖面vertical temperature gradient 温度垂直梯度vertical thread 竖直丝vertical velocity curve 临垂直分布曲线vertical visibility 垂直视距vertical wind shear 风的垂直切变vertically distributed agriculture 立体农业vertigo 眩晕vertisols 变性土very large scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路vesicular structure 多孔状构造vetch 巢菜viability 生活力vibrating screen 振动筛vibration spectrum 振动光谱vicariad 替代种vicarism 替代性video amplifier 视频放大器video camera digitizer 电视摄像数字化仪video data 可视数据video disk 电视唱片video file 可见文件video frequency 视频video information system 视频信息系统video monitor 可视监视器video signal 视频信号vidicon 光导摄像管viewfinder 取景器viewing 观察viewing angle 视场角vignetting 渐晕village 自然村vinyl 乙烯基vinyl alochol 乙烯醇vinyl chloride 乙烯基氯vinylon 维尼纶violent earthquake 大地震virgation 分岐virgin forest 原始林virgin land 处女地virgin soil 生荒地virtual image 虚象virtual memory 虚拟存储器virtual model 虚模型virtual temperature 虚温virus disease 病毒疾病virus infection 病毒感染viscosity 粘度viscous consistence 粘滞结持visibility 可见度visibility curve 可见度曲线visibility meter 可见度测定器可见度测定计visible cloud image 可见光云图visible horizon 视地平visible radiation 可见光visible region 可贝区vision 视力vision angle 视角visual acuity 视敏度visual balance of elements on a map 地图表示因素的低visual field 视野visual interpretation 目视判读visual line 视线visual observation 目力观察visual range 可视距离visual remote sensing 可见光遥感visual sense 视觉visualization 目测vital capacity 生存能力vitality 生活力vitrain 镜煤vitrandept 碎屑火山灰始成土vitreous lustre 玻璃光泽vitric andosols 玻璃质暗色土vitric tuff 玻璃凝灰岩vitriol spring 硫酸盐泉vivianite 蓝铁矿void 孔隙void ratio 孔隙比volatilization 蒸发volcanic action 火山活动volcanic ash 火山灰volcanic ash soil 火山灰土volcanic block 火山块volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩volcanic chain 火山脉volcanic clay 火山粘土volcanic cone 火山锥volcanic conglomerate 火山砾岩volcanic cycle 火山轮回volcanic detritus 火山岩屑volcanic detritus soil 火山岩屑土volcanic dome 火山穹丘volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic earthquake 火山地震volcanic ejecta 火山喷出物volcanic explosion 火山爆发volcanic front 火山前沿volcanic gases 火山气体volcanic hazard 火山灾害volcanic islands 火山岛volcanic lake 火山湖volcanic landscape 火山景观volcanic mountains 火山volcanic mud 火山泥volcanic mudflow 火山泥溜volcanic plateau 熔岩高原volcanic plug 火山栓volcanic product 火山喷出物volcanic rent 火山裂缝口volcanic rock 火山岩volcanic row 火山列volcanic rumbling 火山地震声volcanic sand 火山沙volcanic soil 火山土壤volcanic spine 火山碑volcanic thunderstorm 火山雷雨volcanic tremor 火山脉动volcanic tuff 凝灰岩volcanic vent 火山口volcanic zone 火山带volcanism 火山酌volcano 火山volcano tectonic depression 火山沉陷地volcanogenic soil 火山土volubile plant 缠绕植物volume 体积volume of flood flow 洪水量volume of reservoir 水库容积volume of runoff 径量volume shrinkage 容积收缩volume weight 容重volumetric coefficient 容积系数volumetric flowmeter 体积量计volumetric method of measuring discharge 容积法测流volumetric procedure 容量法vomiting 呕吐vortex 涡旋vortex chain 卡曼涡voyage 航海wacke 玄土wad 锰土wadi 干谷walking 步行wall map 挂图wall rock alteration 围岩蚀变walnut mountain forest 胡桃山林wandering fan 徘徊扇wandering river 游荡性河流waning development 凹坡发育warm air mass 暖气团warm current 暖流warm front 暖锋warm high 暖高压warm sector 暖区warm temperate zone 暖温带warm tongue 暖气舌warm trough 暖槽warm wave 热浪warning coloration 警戒色warp 淤积物warp clay 淤积粘土washed off soil 淋洗土壤washed out soil 淋洗土壤washing 洗涤washing bottle 洗瓶washing water 洗水waste 岩屑waste disposal 废物处理waste gas 废气waste heat 废热waste land 荒地waste lye 废液waste oil 废油waste paper 废纸waste pile 废石堆waste product 废产物waste rubber 废橡胶waste water 废水waste water treatment 废水处理water 水water absorbing capacity 吸水能力water absorption 吸水water and soil reservation information system 水土保持信息系统water balance 水分平衡water bearing bed 含水层water bearing formation 含水层water bird 水禽water bloom 湖靛water body 水团water bottle 采水器取水器water budget 水分平衡water capacity 容水量water clouds 水云water conductivity 水分传导度water consumption 水分耗损water content 含水量water content of snow 雪含水量water control 水分控制water control pivot 水利枢纽water course 水道water culture 溶液培养water cycle 水循环water delivery 供水water dispersion halo 水分散晕water divide 分水岭water droplets in clouds 云水滴water economy 水利water edge 水边;水边线water equivalent 水当量water equivalent of snow 雪的水当量water equivalent of snow cover 积雪水当量water erosion 水蚀water evaporimeter 水蒸发器water extract 水提取物water gage 水尺water gall 水蚀穴water gap 峡谷water hemisphere 水半球water holding capacity 持水量water intake 进水口water leaf 水叶water level 水位water level amplitude 水位变幅water level fluctuations 水位波动water level recorder 水位计water line 水位线water management 水管理water mass 水团water microorganism 水微生物water migration 水迁移water migration coefficient of element 元素的水迁移系数water molecule 水分子water of crystallization 结晶水water of infiltration 渗入水water parting divide 分水界water percolating capacity 水分渗透能力water perocolation 渗水water plane 水面water plants 水生植物water pollution map 水污染地图water power plant 水电站water quality 水质water quality monitoring 水质监测water regime 水分状况water regime of soil 土壤的水分状况water relationship 水分状况water representation 水系表示法water requirement 需水量water reservoir 贮水池water resources 水资源water resources management 水资源管理water retaining capacity 保水能力water retention 保水water saturation 含水饱和度water self purification 水体自净酌water solubility 水溶性water sprout 徒长枝water stage measurement 水位测定water storage 蓄水water stream 水流water supply 给水water surface 水面water surface slope 水面坡度water table 地下水位water table contour 地下水位等高线water temperature 水温water tight structure 不透水结构water vapor 水汽water vapor cloud image 水汽态云图water vein 水脉water year 水文年;水年water yield 硫总出水量watercourse 水道waterfall 瀑布waterfall erosion 瀑布侵蚀watering 灌溉waterlining 波状水线waterlogged soil 渍水土壤watershed 分水岭watershed area 分水岭地区watershed line 地形线waterspout 海龙卷waterstable aggregate 水稳性团聚体waterway 水道wave analyzer 波形分析器wave band 波段wave base 波浪酌的限界深度wave crest 波锋wave current 波流wave cut notch 浪蚀龛wave cut plain 浪蚀平原wave cut platgorm 浪蚀台wave cut terrace 海蚀阶地wave cyclone 波动性气旋wave deformation 波的变形wave diffraction 波浪绕射wave erosion 浪蚀wave height 波高wave length 波长wave mark 波痕wave of translation 移动波wave particle duality 波粒二象性wave path 波道wave reflection 波反射wave refraction 波折射;波浪折射wave sand body 浪成沙体wave velocity 波速wavemeter 波长计waves 波waxing development 上升发展weak acid 弱酸weak earthquake 弱震weak rock 软弱岩石weak structure 脆弱结构weakened profile 弱发育剖面weakly leached brown soil 轻度淋溶棕壤weather 天气weather analysis 天气分析weather analysis and forecasting 天气分析和预报weather chart 气象图weather conditions 气象条件weather divide 天气区划分weather doppler radar 天气多普勒雷达weather forecast 天气预报weather information 气象情报weather map 天气图weather map analysis 天气图分析weather message 天气报告weather radar 气象雷达weather satellite 气象卫星weather station 气象站weather surve 气象服务weather system 天气系统weathered pebble 风化砾weathered zone 风化带weathering 风化weathering agent 风化因子weathering crust 风化壳weathering residues 风化残留物weathering sequence 风化系列weathering solutions 风化溶液wedge of high pressure 高压楔wedging thin 尘灭weed 杂草weed control 除草weed killer 除草剂weeding 除草weight 权weight coefficient 权系数weight function 权函数weight method 称重法weight of observation 观测权weight unit 单位权weighted mean 加权平均值weighted product 加权积weighted sum 加权和weighting bottle 称瓶weir 堰welded tuff 熔结凝灰岩well 井well curb 井口护井圈well drilling 凿井well function 井函数west point 毋westerlies 偏午westerly wind 偏午wet adiabat 湿绝热线wet adiabatic change 湿绝热变化wet adiabatic lapse rate 湿绝热递减率wet adiabatic process 湿绝热过程wet analysis 湿法分析wet bulb temperature 湿球温度wet bulb thermometer 湿球温度表wet meadow soil 湿草甸土wet sample 湿试样wet soil 渍水土壤wet solonchak 湿盐土wet year 多水年wetted area 受潮面积wetting front 湿润锋wheat 小麦wheat cultivation 小麦栽培wheat yield estimation 小麦估产whirler 旋转涂膜机whirlpool 旋涡whirlwind 涡旋风white clay 高岭土white light 白光white mica 白云母whitecap 白浪whole pipette 全量吸移管whooping cough 百日咳whorl 轮生wichtisite 玻基粗粒玄武岩wide angle camera 宽角射影机wide angle lens 宽角物镜wide bandpass filter 宽带滤光片width of the channel 渠宽willow stand 柳林wilting 凋萎wilting coefficient 萎蔫系数wilting point 凋萎点wilting range 凋萎含水量范围wind 风wind blown soil 风积土wind break forest 防风林wind carving 风蚀wind current 风海流wind damage 风害wind direction 风向wind direction meter 风向测定器wind divide 风向界线wind drift 飞砂wind driven current 吹流风海流wind driven waves 强制波wind effected phenomena 风力效应现象wind erosion 风蚀wind erosion pillar 蕈状石wind finding radar 测风雷达wind force 风力wind forest strip 防护林带wind load 风压负载wind measurement 风速测定法wind path 风程wind pollination 风媒wind resistance 抗风性wind ripples 风成波痕wind rose 风向图wind rotation 风向转变wind sack 风向袋wind shear 风切变wind shift 风向转变wind speed 风速wind system 风系wind tunnel 风洞wind vane 风向标wind velocity vector 风速向量wind zone 风带windbreak 风障windfall 风倒木windpressure 风压windstorm 大风windward 迎风面windward bank 向风岸windward coast 向风海岸windward slope 向风面wine soil 葡萄园土winter dormancy 冬眠winter flood 冬季洪水winter half year 冬半年winter hardiness 耐寒性winter solstice 冬至wintering 越冬woadwaxen brake 染料木丛林wolframite 黑钨矿wollastonite 硅灰石wombat 袋熊wood 木材wood cutting area 伐区wood peat 木质泥炭woodcutter's encephalitis 春季森林脑炎woody mire 木本沼泽woody plant 示word length 字长work sheet 编绘原图workable 可耕的workable soil 适耕土壤worker 职蚁working aperture 有效孔径working capacity 劳动能力working map 工棕图world aeronautical chart 世界航空图world atlas 世界地图集world map 世界地图world map series 世界图组world refernece system 世界参考系统worm's eye view 仰视图wrench fault 横推断层x xy 平面x axis 横轴x ray x射线x ray absorption spectrum x射线吸收谱x ray camera 伦琴室x ray crystallography x射线结晶学x ray diffraction x射线衍射x ray fluorescence analysis x射线荧光分析x ray image x射线照片x ray pattern x射线图样x ray photography x射线照相x ray refractive index x射线折射指数x ray spectrometer x射线分光计x ray spectroscopic analysis 伦琴射线光谱分析x ray spectroscopy x射线光谱学x ray tube x射线管x rays x射线xanthic ferralsols 黄色铁铝土xanthic pigment 黄色色素xanthophyll 叶黄素xanthosis 黄病xenolith 捕虏岩xenomorphic 他形的xenon 氙xenothermal deposit 浅成高温矿床xeralf 干热淋溶土xerert 季节性干旱变性土xerography 静电复印xeroll 干热软土xeromorphism 旱生形态xerophilous plant 旱生植物xerophilous plants 喜旱植物xerophils 适旱植物xerophyte 旱生植物xerophytic vegetation 旱生植被xeropsamment 季节性干旱砂新成土xerosere 旱生演替系列xerosols 干旱土xerothermic plant 干热植物xerult 干热老成土xylem 木质部y axis y轴y coordinate 纵坐标y plane xy 平面year of publication 出版年代yearly ring 生长轮yeast 酵母yellow aphids 黄蚜yellow brown soil 黄棕壤yellow brown soils 黄棕色土壤yellow fever 黄热病yellow fever virus 黄热病病毒yellow filter 黄滤光镜yellow podzolic soils 灰化黄壤yellow sand 黄沙yellow soil 黄壤yellowing 黄化yelow mud 黄泥yermosols 漠境土yew grove 紫杉林yield factors 产量因素yield forecast 单产预报yield index 产量指标yield model 产量模型yield of grass 产草量yield programming 产量程序设计yielding 收获量yielding capacity 生产量young forest 幼龄林young mountains 幼年山young platform 幼年性台地young stage 幼年期young topography 幼年地形young valley 幼年谷ytterbium 镱yttrium 钇yttrocrasite 钛钇钍矿zechstein 镁灰岩zenith 天顶zenith distance 天顶距zenith photography 天顶摄影zenith point 天顶点zenithal rains 天顶季雨zeolite 沸石zeolite facies 沸石相zeolitization 沸石化zero correlation 零相关zero direction 零方向zero indicator 零点指示器zero position 零位zeta potential 动电位zinc 锌zinc blende 闪锌矿zinc pollution 锌污染zincaluminite 锌茂zinnwaldite 铁锂云母zircon 锆土zirconium 锆zirconium deposit 锆矿床zirkelite 钛锆钍矿zodiacal light 黄道光zoisite 帘石zonal aberration 区域像差zonal circulation 纬向环流zonal distribution 显域分布zonal flow 纬向气流zonal index of circulation 纬向指数zonal soil profile 分带土壤剖面zonal soils 显域土zonal structure 带状构造zonal swamp 地带性沼泽zonation 分带zone 带zone of dissipation 消融区zone of faulting 断层带zone of fracture 破裂带zone of mathematical climate 数理气候带zone of percolation 渗漏带zone of saturation 饱和带zone plate 波带片zone time 区时zoning of primary halos 原生晕分带zoobenthos 水底动物zoochores 动物传布zoochory 动物传布zoocoenose 动物群落zoogeographic region 动物地理区zoogeography 动物地理学zoolith 动物岩zoology 动物学zoom stereoscope 可变焦距立体镜zoophilous plant 动物媒植物zooplankton 浮游动物zootope 动物生境zwitter ion 两性离子zygospore 接合孢子zygote 合子zymology 酶学。

水利水文术语表中英对照

.水圈 hydrosphere 稳渗 steady infiltration下渗能力水体 water body infiltration capability河川径流 river runoff 水科学 water science降雨径流 rainfall runoff 水文学 hydrology暴雨径流 land hydrology storm runoff 陆地水文学融雪径流snowmelt runoff 应用水文学 applied hydrology枯季径流 engineering hydrology dry season runoff 工程水文学基流 base flow 水汽 water vapour阴塞高压 hydrologic elements blocking high 水文要素低空急流low－level jet 积雪 snow cover低涡 vortex终雪 latest snow反气旋（高压）融雪 snowmelt anticyclone气旋（低压） hailcyclone 冰雹热带气旋 tropic cyclone 截留 interception热带低压填洼 depression detention tropic depression热带风暴地面滞留 surface detention tropic storm强热带风暴 severe tropic storm 陆面蒸发 evaporation of land 气团 evaporation of water surface 水面蒸发 air mass锋（锋面） front 土壤蒸发 evaporation from soil气象 transpiration 散发（植物蒸腾） meteorology气候区划蒸发能力 evaporation capability climaticregionalizationclimatic zone下渗（入渗） infiltration气候带..小气候 microclimate界河 boundary river废河道（古河道） dead river 副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone凹岸 concave bank 比湿 specific humidity凸岸 Beaufort wind scale convex bank 蒲福风级岸壁霜点 frost point land wall水边线（岸线） water line 霜冻 frostbite堤防－free period levee 无霜期 frost河长 river length 流域watershed (basin)河弯 river bend 闭合流域 enclosed basin弯曲率 tortuosity 不闭合流域 non－enclosed basin航道 bling drainage area navigable channel 闭流区（流区）河段分水线（分水岭） dividereach潜洲特几流域何征 basin submerged bar geometric水利学 hydraulicscharacteristics明渠水力学 resurgence open channel hydraulics 河道复流（河道再生）水静力学 perennial stream hydrostatics 常年河水动力学hydrodynamics 间歇河 intermittent stream明渠水流悬河（地上河） elevated stream open channel flow恒定流 steady flow 夺流河（断头河） captured river非恒定流盈水河 gaining stream unsteady flow均匀流（等速流） losing stream uniform flow 亏水河uniform flow － flashy stream暴洪河流 non非均匀流（变速流）..急流 supercritical flow 流域产沙量 watershed sediment yield 溶解性总固体缓流 subcritical flow total dissolved solids离子含量 ion concentration 异重流 density current离子总量 total ion concentration 临界流 critical flow离子流量 critical depth ion discharge 临界水深矿化度临界流速critical velocity mineral content盐度临界流量 critical discharge salinity碱度水头 headalkalinity酸度位置水头（位能） elevation head acidity电导率低强水头（压能） pressure head electric conductivity混浊度（浊度） turbidity velocity head 流速水头（动能）总需氧量total oxygen demand 雷诺数 Reymold number溶解氧 Weber number 韦伯数 dissolved oxygen需氧量 hydraulic factor oxygen demand水力因素生化需氧量湿周 biochemical oxygen demand wetted perimeter滑雪需氧量 hydraulic radius 水力半径 chemical oxygen demand 硬度 width宽深比－ hardnessdepth ratio非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度） fall落差 non－carbonatehardness驻波 standing wave浮冰移动波 translation wave floating ice锚冰 anchor iceriver dynamics 河流动力学up period－ torrential erosion山洪侵蚀 freeze封冻期..封冻（封河） freeze－up 引潮力 tidal generation force天文潮－up astronomic tide 平封 flat freeze气象潮 metorologic tide 立封 upright freeze－up潮汐周期 tidal cycle 冰盖 ice cover半日潮 grounded ice cover semidiurnal tide 连底冻全日潮冰丘ice mounddiurnal tide混合潮up mixed tide 封冻冰缘 ice edge of freeze－大潮 spring tide 清沟 lead小潮 primary lead neap tide 初生清沟中潮 moderate tide 再生清沟 secondary lead太阴月 lunar day 冰花路毡 sludge road felt潮期 snow cover over ice duration of tide冰上覆雪涨潮历时冰脊 ice ridge duration of tidal rise落潮历时 duration of tidal fall 冰缝 crack潮流 suspended ice cover tidal current悬冰涨潮流 ice pack flood tidal current 冰堆落潮流 ebb tidal current 冰塞 ice jam憩流冰上结冰 aufeisslack tide潮流速 tidal velocity up period－解冻期 break往复流 reversing current 冰变色 color change of ice cover旋转流 accumulation of melt water 冰上有水 rotary currentduration of tidal current月中天 lunar transit潮流期..涨潮流历时 duration of flood current 导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity 地下水流速 velocity of groundwater flow贮水系数 storativity地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）水位传导系数（水力扩散系数） hydraulic gradient of groundwater coefficient of water table conductivity －table contour 地下水等水位线图 water压力传导系数 mapcoefficient of pressure conductivity aquifer含水层持水度 water－含水岩系 water－content rock series holdingcapacity土壤水分常数－content rock formation soil moisture constants 含水岩组 water土壤吸湿系数含水岩性 water－content rock propertyabsorption coefficient ofsoil moisturehearing medium 含水介质 water－凋萎系数 wilting coefficient 均匀介质 homogeneous medium田间持水量 field capacity 非均匀介质 inhomogeneous medium毛管断裂含水量 aquifer boundary 含水层边界moisture content at capillary rupture 透水边界 permeable boundary最大水分吸水量 confining boundary 隔水边界maximum molecular moisture content 弱透水边界 acquitted boundary零通量面法透水层 permeable bed zero flux plane method潜水 phreatic water隔水层 confining bed降水入渗补给 acquitter弱透水层 precipitation recharge降水水文地质参数 hydrogeological parameters 入渗补给系数coefficient ofprecipitation recharge渗透系数 permeability coefficient..地表水补给 surface water recharge 贫营养湖泊 poornutrient lake 湖流 lake current 凝结水补给 condensation recharge梯度流 gradient current 侧向补给 lateral recharge漂流 current of friction 越流补给 leakage recharge湖泊波漾（假湖） lake seiche 数 irrigation recharge 补灌溉给系湖泊增减水 lake wind denivellation coefficient of groundwater 湖泊率潜水蒸发 phreatic water evaporation lake ratio湖泊补给系数 recharge coefficient depth 深蒸潜水发临界度critical of oflakephreatic water evaporation湖泊换水周期 lake residence period phreatic water overflow to 潜水溢出量湖盆surfacelake basin湖面高程 elevation of 潜水位 phreatic water levelwater level in lake岛屿率 buried depth of phreatic water insulosity 潜水埋深湖泊分层levellake layering正温层潜度thickness direct thermal stratification of phreatic 厚水含水层逆温层water aquifer inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数 morphometric parameter of endorheic lake 流湖lakefresh lake 淡水湖高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽） salt lake 咸水湖 main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽） saline lake盐湖 medium level mire沼泽水量平衡 seasonal lake 季节性湖泊 water balance of miremire watereutrophic lake富营养湖泊沼泽水..沼泽蒸发 mire evaporation 遥测仪器 remote telemetry unit固态存贮器 solid storage 沼泽径流 mire runoff计数器 surface flow of mire counter 沼泽表面流记录器沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire recorder显示器 moisture property of mire 沼泽含水性 display unit平均无故障工作时间沼泽持水性 water retention of miremean time between failures 沼泽透水性 perviousness of mire 相应水位沼泽率 mire ratio equivalent stage水文测站 glacier冰川 hydrometric station基本站 basic station 山地冰川（山岳冰川） mountain glacier辅助站 auxiliary station valley glacier 谷冰川专用站tail glacier broad－ special station宽尾冰川水文试验站 cirque glacier 冰斗冰川hydraulicexperimentalstation悬冰川 hanging glacier基准水文站 bench mark hydrologic glacier （山麓冰川）贯通冰川penetrating station水文气象站 hydrometeorology station ice field冰原巡测站 equilibrium line of glacier 冰川平衡线 tour gauging station水文站委托观测 gauging station entrust gauging雨量站网 hydrologic instrument 水文仪器 rain gauging network 水面蒸发站网 direct直读仪器－reading instrumentwater surface evaporation network 器记自仪recording －automatic stage gauging networkinstrument水位站网..泥沙站网 sediment gauging network temporary measuring cross －section水文缆道水质站网 water quality network hydrometric cableway 悬索缆道 suspended cableway 地下水观测井网悬杆缆道groundwater voservation well network suspended rod cableway机动缆道站网规划 hydrologic network planning motorized cableway手动缆道 hand水文分区 hydrologic regionalization －operating cableway循环索站网布设 network layout loop cable起重索 suspension cable 容许最稀站网 minimum network水文缆车 station required age hydrometric cable car 设站年限吊船过河索 datumcableway for anchoring boat 基面缆道测验仪临时水准点 temporary benchmark cableway measuring device水文测船section hydrometric boat 测验断面 measuring cross－水文测桥 hydrometric bridge －基本水尺断面 basic gauge crosssection桥测车 gauging vehicle on bridge 流速仪测流断面水文巡测车－section meter measuring crosscurrent－tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry crossfloat 面流标浮测断measuring －雨量器sectionraingauge承水器面尺水降比断－crossslope measuring raingauge receiver 量杯 measuring glasssection渠积雨量器 accumulative raingauge 辅助水尺断面雨量计－secondary gauging crosssection rainfall recordersiphon rainfall recorder临时测流断面虹吸式雨量计..翻斗式雨量计钩形水尺 hook gauge最高水位水尺 crest stage gauge tipping－bucket rainfall recorder校核水尺 check gauge －term rainfall recorder 长期雨量计 long基本水尺断面telemetering 测雨量计 rainfall basic gauge 遥辅助水尺断面 auxiliary gauge recorder比降水尺断面monitoring slope gauge precipitation测雨雷达－临时水尺radartemporary gauge水位计 stage gauge 雪量线 snow gauge自记水位计 rain and snow recorder stage recorder雨雪量计浮子式水位计 float－蒸发量 evaporationtype stage recorder压力蒸发量观测 evaporation observation 式水位计 pressure－type stagerecorder蒸发量折算系数超声波水位计 ultrasonic stage recorder reduction coefficient of evaporation遥测水位计 telemetering stage recorder screen ratio 遮挡率接触试水位 evaporation pan蒸发器计 contact－type stagerecorder小型蒸发器（蒸发皿） small evaporation远传水位计 telecontrol stage recorder pan自记水位计台型蒸发器601E－ stage recorderinstallation evaporation pan of type E601 －静水井 stilling well 漂浮蒸发器 floating evaporation pan测得水深 measured depth evaporimeter蒸发计 effective depth遇测蒸发计 telemetering evaporimeter有效水深..相对水深 relative depthdistribution水面流速分布 surface mean depth at a cross断面平均水深－velocitycoefficientsection顺流 downstream flow 干绳改正 air line correction逆流 upstream flow湿绳改正 wet line correction流速脉动 velocity pulsation velocity measurement 测点流速中泓流速 midstream测速垂线 surface velocity流向测量 flow水面流速 velocity at a point －direction measurement体积法 cubature 测点流速 maximum point velocity流速仪measuring － current－meter 速大最测点流 velocity转子式流速仪verticalrotating－element current－meter velocity 垂线平均流速 mean at a vertical旋杯式流速仪 cup－type current－meter 部分平均流速 mean velocity at a segment旋桨式流速仪velocity －速crosssection propeller－type current－流平断面均meterdistribution电波流速仪浮标流速 point velocity coefficient electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪 surface velocity coefficient 中泓流速ultrasonic profile current velocity distribution －meter 流速分布多普勒流速仪 Doppler current velocity gradient流速梯度－meter参证流速仪vertical 分速流垂线布 reference currentvelocity －meter流量计distributionflow meterVenturi flow meter流面断cross 布分速section －velocity文杜里水流计..毕托管 Pitot tube淹没比 submergence ratio淹没系数 submergence coefficient current－meter calibration 流速仪检定流速系数 calibration tank velocity coefficient 检定槽流量系数检定车 calibration carriage discharge coefficient 稀释法测流 dilution method for discharge 水面浮标 surface float measurement small float 小浮标示踪剂双浮标 double floattracer标准溶液浮杆 float－rodstandard solution背景浓度堰顶高程 elevation of weir crest backgroundconcentrationsolutionweir head 堰顶水头稀释比 dilution ratio水工建筑物测流推移质flow measurement by hydraulic structure 输沙率测验 bedload dischargemeasurement闸门开启高度 gate opening器策法 sampling method approach channel 行近河槽坑测法approach velocity 行近流速 pit method沙波法 weir flow 堰流 dune tracking method床沙测验 bed material measurement flow regime 流态照相法自由流free flow photographic method打印法淹没流 stamp pad method submerged flow床沙采样器submerged flow － bed material sampler half半淹没流悬移质采样器 sluice flow 孔流 suspended sediment samplerinstantaneous samplerjet flow射流瞬时式采样器..积时式采样器 time－integrating sampler 平均沉速 mean settling velocity絮凝 flocculation 瓶式采样器 bottled sampler反凝剂 collapsible sample defloeculant 皮囊式采样器粒径泵式采样器 pumping samplerparticle diameter中数粒径adjustable pressure median particle diameter 调压式采样器平均粒径 mean particle diameter sampler等容粒径 nominal diameter 同位素测沙仪投影粒径concentrationprojected diameterradioisotope sediment三轴平均粒径 meter triaxial mean particlediameter 光电测沙仪几何平均粒径concentration photoelectric sedimentgeometric mean particle diameter meter筛析粒径振动式测沙仪 sieve diameter沉降粒径 settling diameter concentration vibrational sediment meter粒径组推移质采样器 bed load sampler fraction of particle size 颗粒级配网式采样器 basket grain－size distribution －typesampler颗粒级配曲线 grain－吸管 pipetsize distributioncurve photoelectric particle size 光电颗分仪单样颗粒级配meterindex sample grain hydrometer 比重计（密度计）－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配泥沙沉降 sediment settlinga沉降速度in distribution size settling velocity－grainmean..vertical封冻历时 freeze－up duration水浸冰厚 thickness of immersed ice －section 对照断面 check cross敲露水面宽 open控制断面 control cross－section －water width冰流量 attenuation cross－section ice discharge 消减断面等深点流速改正法水样保存 water－sample preservationrevised isobath－velocity method 检出率 detected ratio流速过程线改正法－超标率 overlimit ratiorevised velocity－hydrograph method 痕迹量 trace有效潮差 nonreadout significant tidal range 未检出负波高回收率recovery rationegative wave height水库水文测验溶解气体采样器 dissolved gases sampler hygrometry of reservoir入库水量冰情观测 iceregime observation reservoir inflow －出库水量固定点冰厚测址 reservoir outflow水库供水fixed－ reservoir water supply point ice thickness measurement水库弃水visual observation of ice 测情冰目surplus water released frome reservoir regime水库渗漏量冰情符号 reservoir seepage volume ice code水库蓄水regime charta － ice冰情图变量 variation of reservoir storage－ first初冰日期ice date水库蓄水变率－ freeze封冰日期 rate of reservoir storage up date change解冻日期－ breakup datestage behind damend ice date终冰日期坝上水位..库区水位 stage in reservoir region runoff径流场sedimentation runoff plot测量 reservoir 水库淤积人工降雨装置surveyartificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究淤水库积量 reservoir sedimentationexperimental research in evaporation volume蒸发池 evaporation tank 地形法 method of topographic survey 土壤蒸发器section survey soil evaporator 断面法 method of cross－蒸散器淤积形 evapotranspirometerreservoir morphology of 态农田蒸发器depositionevaporator for agriculturalland淤积三角洲 sedimentation delta蒸渗仪reservoir lysimeterof 度淤积物密 dry density地下水均衡场depositiongroundwater balance plot合理性检查调查 rational examination hydrologic 文溶岩地区水电算整编 processing by computer investigation in karst areas 水文年鉴 water year－surface 面集地实际表水积actual book测站考证 station examination colleting area站年 station year 水文实验研究极值 extreme valueexperimental research in hydrology加权平均法 weighted mean method representative basin 代表流域断流水位 stage of zero flow experimental basin 实验流域河干similar basin相似流域 river of zero flowhydrograph径流实验研究 experimental research in水文过程线..水文综合过程线 synthetic hydrograph computation for a single tide水位流量关系 single－valued processing 等值线 isoplethof stage－分布曲线 distribution curvedischarge relation关系曲线延长征特值 hydrologic characteristic extension of relation curve 水文流率表 rating tablevalue单断沙径流总量 total runoff 关系 index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation 径流模数 runoff modulus单断沙关系曲线径流系数 runoff coefficient 法 index and cross－section 洪峰 flood peakaerage sediment concentrationrelation curve method洪水流量 peak discharge水位单洪水总量 flood volume断沙比关系曲线法 stage versusratio of index and 输沙模数 modulus of sediment runoff cross －section averagesediment －水位流量关系 stagedischarge relation concentrationrelation curvemethodchronological method 连时序法单断沙比过程线法绳套曲线 loopcurvehydrograph method ofindex discharge and crosshydrograph －section average 法线过量流程sediment concentration ratiomethod单样过程线法潮汐要素法 tidal factor relation method hydrograph method of indexsediment concentration 定潮汐要素法真值constant tidal factor relation method true value测量值（实测值） coaxial correlation method 合轴相关法 measuredvaluemost probable value法流潮一推of method discharge最或然值..绝对误差 absolute error 结点 node水文数据库 hydrologic data base 相对误差 relative error水文基本数据库 hydrologic 插机误差（偶然误差） random error basicdatabase允许误差 permissible error湖泊水文预报 spurious hydrologic firecasting of 伪误差（粗差）lake方差 variance施工水文预报标准差 standard deviationhydrologic forecasting for construction 相对标准差 relativestandard deviationperiod离差（偏差） deviation潮汐预报 tidal prediction闭合差 closure error旱情预报 soil moisture forecasting 平差 adjustment地下水动态预报精密度 precisiongroundwater regime forecasting correctness准确度预见期差误） forecast lead time measuring 型（误抽垂线样差M超长期水文预报 vertical sampling errorextendedlong－ distributed type data base 分布式数据库termhydrologicforecastingconcentrated 集中式数据库data type base作业预报网络式数据库 operational forecasting network type data base预报方案层次数据库 laminarization data base forecast scheme 评定标准层次数据模型 accuracy standardlaminarization data model方案合格率网状数据模型 network data model qualified ratio ofschemedeterministic coefficientdata bulk数据量确定性系数..汛 seasonal flood 产流面积 area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）伏汛 summer flood direct runoff地面流（坡面流） surface flow of mire 汛期 flood season壤中流 flood defenceprompt subsurface flow 防汛前期影响雨量reporting station antecedent rainfall flood报汛站－土壤缺水量报汛站网 flook－reporting network soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）常年水情站infiltration capability curve perennial hydrologic reporting station初损 initial losses汛期水情站后损（后渗）continuing losses hydrologic reporting stationinflood坡面汇流season overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）辅助水清站网river network flow concentration auxiliary hydrologic reporting network地下汇流洪水警报 flood warning groundwater flow concentration 汇流曲线 point rainfall flow concentration curve 点雨量流域汇流曲线 basin flow concentration 面雨量 areal rainfallcurve 泰森多边形 Thiessen polygon坡面汇流曲线等雨量线法 isohyetal methodoverland flow concentration curve 产流 runoff yield河网汇流曲线蓄满产流natural yield runoff at storageriver network flow concentration curve 超渗in yield runoff 流产excess ofinfiltration地下汇流曲线..groundwater flow concentration curve hydrophysical model比尺模型 scale model 流域汇流时间 basin flow concentration比拟模型 analogue modeltime水文数 peak time lag 洪峰滞时学模型 hydrologic mathematic modelbasin time lag 流域滞时水等流滞时 isochrone 文概念模型physically－basedhydrologic mathematic model unit hydrograph单位线水文数学物理模型经验单位线 empiricat unit hydrograph deterministic hydrologic modelsynthetic unit hydrograph 综合单位线确瞬定性水文unit 线instantaneous 模型 stochastic hydrologic 时单位modelhydrograph分散式模型 distributed model 地貌瞬时单位线集总式模型instantaneousunitlumped modelgeomorphologic线性水温模型hydrographlinear hydrologic model非线性水文坡地单位线 slope unit hydrograph 模型 nonlinearhydrologicmodelhydrograph network 河网单位线 river unit时不变水文模型－曲线S S curve－time－unit dimensionless 位单次无因线invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型 time－variant hydrologic hydrographmodel退水曲线 recession curve流域水文数学模型水文模型 hydrologic modelwatershed水文物理模型（水文实体模型）of model mathematic hydrologic..模型结构 model structure 代表站 representative station参证站 bench model parameter －mark station 模型参数典型年（代表年）模型误差 model error typicyear水文系列 hydrologic series 模型率定 model calibration同步系列 model verification synchronous series模型检验系列代表性水文模拟 hydrologic simulation series representativeness柱状图遥测终端机 telemetry terminal meter histogram诺谟图 relay meter 中继机 monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）前置通信控制机computation of sediment runoff preset communication controller水库回水计算自报式系统 self－reporting systemcomputation of reservoir backwater 统answerback polling－系答查询－应式水库淤积计算systemcomputation of reservoir sedimentation 混合式系统 mix system 水库下游河道冲刷计算时分制遥测系统computation ofdegradationbelow－timedivision telemetry systemreservoir频分制遥测系统溃坝洪水计算 evaluation of dam break division telemetry system frequency－floodprobability of word error 误码率感潮河段水力计算 receiving probability 接受率 hydraulic calculationfor tidal reach 设计站 design stationsample sizedesign watershed设计流域样本容量..随机变量 random variable analysis设计供水 design flood随机系列 random series溢洪道设计洪水 spillway design flood 累计频率（频率） cumulativefrequency分期设计洪水 stage design flood 经验频率 empirical frequency 施工设计洪水频率曲线）文频水文率分布曲线（水design flood for construction period hydrologic frequency distribution curve 校核洪水 check flood 皮尔逊分布 Pearson distribution实测洪水 observed flood 对数正态分布 log normal distribution 调查洪水 frequency analysis investigated flood 频率分析古洪水随机模拟 stochastic simulation paleoflood坝址洪水时间序列 time seriesdam－site flood入库洪水 reservoir inflow flood 水随机文分析hydrologic stochastic分项调查法 analysisitem－趋势项 trend term by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法 cycle term 周期项rainfall－随机项 stochastictermrunoff model method蒸发差值法 evaporation 调和分析（谐波分析） harmonic analysisdifferencemethod潜分析 spectrum analysis径流年分配 annual distribution of analysis regression 回归分析（相关分析）runoff径流多年变化 multiyear 相关系数 correlation coefficientvariation ofrunoff自回归分析 autoregression analysiswater period归回逐步stepwise 析分－regressionhigh丰水期..平水期 normal－water period correction流域形状改正flow period watershed shape correction 枯水期（枯季） low－水汽改正丰水年 wet yearmoisture correction入流障碍改正 inflow obstacle correction 平水年（中水年） normal year综合改正 dry yearsynthetic correction 枯水年暴雨幅合分量特枯水年 extraordinarydry yearconvergence component of stormcontinuous wet years 连续丰水年地连续枯水年 continuous dry years 形增强因子 topographic increasingfactor水文年鉴 water year等百分数法 design storm pattern isopercental method 设计雨型可能最大洪水 storm trackprobable maximum flood 暴雨路径涝 time distribution of storm surface water logging 暴雨时程分配渍of subsurfacewaterlogging distribution 分暴雨地区布special排涝stormsurface waterlogging control排渍暴雨参数等值线 storm parametric isoline subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划mapwaterlogging control planning排涝标点面换算系数准 standard for waterloggingcontrol－area conversion coefficient point排定点定面关系涝计算computation of waterloggingcontrol －fixed pointfixed area relationship设计排涝流量可能最大露点 probable maximum dew pointdesign discharge for surface drainage暴雨正改置移storm transposition..设计排渍流量 design drainage discharge yield可供水量of subsurface waterlogging control available water supply径流调节设计排涝水位 runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目design water level for surface drainage 标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive 水荒 water famine utilizationwater resources assessment 水资源评价水库调洪 reservoir flood routing 水资源基础评价水库供水调节water resources basic assessmentreservoir regulation for water supply water quantityassessment 水量评价水电站径流调节 water quality assessment 水质评价runoffregulationof地表水资源评价 hydropowerregulationsurface water resources assessment水库反调节水资源评价指标 reregulating reservoir水库群调节indexes of water resources assessment multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算water of total 量源水资总 amountcomputation of runoff regulation resources时历法（长系列操作法） chronological resources water surface 量资表地水源series methodamount概率法（数理统计法）groundwater resources probability method 量源水下地资随机模拟法 stochastic simulation method amount调节周期可利用量 utilizable waterregulating periodobjective function水下地量采开可 availablegroundwater 目标函数..约束方程 constraint equation 化学径流 chemical runoff环境用水 environmental water 状态变量 state variable环境水文学 decision variable environmental hydrology 决策变量环境水力学数学规划 mathematic programming environmentalhydraulics环境水化学线性规划 linear programming environmentalhydrochemistry地下水超量开采 groundwater overdraft 非线性规划 nonlinear programming人工补给（人工回灌） artificial recharge 水库防洪调度地下水降落漏斗flood control scheduling of reservoir groundwaterdepressionconereservoir time 度库水实时调 real－化学水污染schedulingchemical water pollution无机物水污染 multi水库群调度－reservoir schedulingwater pollution by inorganic substances 水库预报调度有机物水污染reservoir scheduling based on forecastwater pollution by organic substances pumped storage抽水蓄能有毒物质水污染and water of 调水沙度schedulingwater pollution by toxic substances sediment放射性水污染水环境 water environment radioactive waterpollution水环境要素（水环境基质）热污染water environment elements thermal pollution生物水污染水环境背景值（水环境本底值） water pollution by organism富营养化water environmental background value eutrophicationsecondary water pollutionaquatic ecosystem水生态系统次生水污染..地下水污染 groundwater pollution 水环境效益 waterenvironmental effect水污染环境效应 environmental effect of 水污染常规分析指标waterpollutionwater analysis for index of routine水环境pollution 保护 water environmentalprotection水污染遥感监测水质规划remote－sensing monitoring of water water quality planning河流水质规划pollution river water qualityplanningpollutant污染物水污染物迁移 transport of pollutant 库水质规划 reservoirwater qualityplanning机械迁移 physical transport水污染综合防治规划 planning physicochemical 移学－物理化迁 of comprehensive water pollution control transport水源保护区 protection zone artificial pollution source 人为污染源of watersource天然污染源 natural pollution source蒸发污染源调查 investigation of pollution evaporation水位sourcesstage流速污染源控制 velocity pollution source control流量 water quality parameters 水质参数 discharge含沙量水质模型 water quality model sediment concentration 输沙率 water temperature model 水温模型 sediment discharge水温模型水质生物评价 water temperatureice runbiologic assessment of water quality冰凌..水质 water quality 大气环流 atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统下垫面 underlying surfaceplanetary scale weather system hydrologic regime 水文情势天气尺度天气系统水文效应 hydrologic effectsynoptic scale weather system 水文循环（水循环） hydrologic cycle中小尺度天气系统水量平衡 water balancemeso and micro－ heat balance scale weather 热量平衡风暴潮盐量平衡 salt balance storm surge风暴中心 storm center 大气水汽含量西风槽atmospheric water vapour content westerly trough东风波 easterly wave 大气水汽输送低压槽 trough atmospheric water vapour transport高压脊 ridge水汽输送通量 atmospheric water vapour副热带高压fluxsubtropic high温带降雨面积 extratropic zone rainfall area寒带 rainfall distribution 降雨分布 frigid zone季风 storm flood 暴雨洪水 monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains ice flood 冰凌洪水（凌讯）阵雨 ice冰雪洪水－ showery rain snow melt flood地形雨雨雪混合洪水 rain and snowmelt flood aerographic rain 热带气旋雨山洪 flash floodrainfall in tropic cyclonesatellite cloud picture－ dam溃坝洪水break flood卫星云图..气压（大气压强） atmospheric pressure headwaters冲沟 gully sea－level pressure 海平面气压溪流bulb temperature brook 湿球温度 wet－分支 fork水汽压 vapour pressure串沟 saturation vapour pressure bifurcation channel 饱和水汽压外流河绝对湿度 absolute humidity exoreic river陆河 relative humidity endothecia river 相对湿度减河 relief channel 饱和差 saturation deficit控制河段 basin lengthcontrol reach 流域长度顺流河段 straight reach 流域平均高程basin elevation mean弯曲河段 bent reach 流域平均宽度 basin width mean扩散河段 basin slope mean expanding reach 流域平均坡度收缩河段converging reach 流域不对称系数游荡河段coefficient of basin nonsymmetric wandering reach 感潮河段 tidal reach growth ratio of drainage 流域面积增长率裁弯河段areachannel cutoff稳定河槽流域自然地理特征 stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽）physiographic characteristics of basin unstable channel主槽水系（河系） main channel hydrographic net单式河槽人工河网 artificial drainage network single channel 复式河槽河网密度 drainage density compound channelsection－ open channel明渠 river cross河道横断面..河道纵断面 river longitudinal profile 才系数 Chezy coefficient 才公式 Chezy formula cross－section characteristics 断面特性曼宁公式 Manning formulachannel morphology 河床形态输水因数（输水率） thoal conveyance factor 浅滩水跃急潭 cataract hydraulic jump水舌 nappe河漫滩 flood plain回水曲线（壅水曲线） channel island 江心湖 hackwater curve弗汝德数 Froude number 有效水头 effective head悬移质 suspended load head loss水头损失推移质 frictional head loss bed load 沿程水头损失床沙局部水头损失 bed material local head loss床沙质 bed material load energy slope 能面比降冲泻质 surfaceslope 水面比降 wash load河流泥沙运动 sediment 摩阻比降 friction slope transport inriver泥沙起动附加比降（加速比降） incipient motion of sediment add slope起动流速 competent velocity channel slope 河道比降（河床比降）造床流址 dominant discharge water slope transverse 比面水横降of泥沙密度surfacedensity of sediment高含沙水流倒比降 inverse slopeflow 总水头线with hypereoncentration total head line of sediment泥石流水面线 water surface profile debris flowroughness糙率水流挟沙能力..sediment transport capacity of flow 冰花 frazil slush岸冰 border ice河床演变 fluvial process初生岸冰 scarinitial border ice 冲刷固定岸冰淤积 sedimentation fixed border ice冲击岸冰 agglomerated border ice 沙量平衡 sediment balance再生岸冰 sediment transport 泥沙输移 regenerative border ice 残余岸冰泥沙输移比 sediment delivery ratio residual border ice 雪冰flow river sediment slush ice 浆河现象 clogging of。

澳大利亚洪涝灾害英语作文

澳大利亚洪涝灾害英语作文English:Australia has been recently facing devastating floods, causing widespread destruction and displacement of communities across several states. The floods have been attributed to intense rainfall and severe weather conditions, exacerbated by climate change. Thousands of homes have been inundated, infrastructure damaged, and agricultural lands submerged, leading to significant economic losses. Rescue operations have been underway to evacuate stranded individuals and provide relief to affected areas. The impact on wildlife and ecosystems has also been profound, with many species facing threats to their survival. The government has declared the floods a national emergency, mobilizing resources for rescue, recovery, and rebuilding efforts. However, the long-term challenges of rebuilding infrastructure, supporting affected communities, and mitigating future flood risks remain daunting. Urgent action is needed to address the underlying factors contributing to such extreme weather events and to strengthen resilience against future disasters.Translated content:澳大利亚最近遭遇了毁灭性的洪水，导致数个州的社区普遍遭受破坏和人员流离失所。

澳大利亚洪涝灾害英语作文

澳大利亚洪涝灾害英语作文Australia, a land of diverse landscapes and extreme weather conditions, has recently experienced a devastating flood disaster that has left a profound impact on the country's environment, economy, and society. The floods, which occurred in the southern and eastern regions of the country, were caused by a combination of heavy rainfall, melting snow, and high tides. The resulting deluge overwhelmed riverbanks and low-lying areas, leading to widespread flooding and significant damage.The environmental impact of the floods was devastating. Entire ecosystems were disrupted as floodwaters inundated forests, wetlands, and riverine habitats. Wildlife was displaced, and some species may have even faced extinction. The floods also contaminated water sources with sediment and debris, posing a threat to aquatic life and drinking water supplies.Economically, the floods caused billions of dollars in damage. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, andbuildings was severely compromised, and many businesses and industries were forced to shut down. Farms and agriculturalland were inundated, leading to losses in crop production and livelihoods. The tourism industry, which is asignificant contributor to Australia's GDP, was also hit hard as flood-damaged areas became inaccessible to visitors. Socially, the floods had profound consequences. Thousands of people were evacuated from their homes, and many were left without basic necessities such as food, water, and shelter. The psychological toll of the disaster was also significant, as individuals and communities grappled with the loss of property, livelihoods, and loved ones. The recovery process will be long and arduous, requiring significant resources and community support.In conclusion, the flooding disasters in Australia have had a profound impact on the country's environment, economy, and society. They have demonstrated the need for better preparedness, resilience, and response mechanisms tomitigate the impact of future disasters. It is only through collective effort and cooperation that we can build a more resilient and sustainable Australia.**澳大利亚洪涝灾害的影响**澳大利亚，这片拥有多样景观和极端天气的土地，近期经历了一场毁灭性的洪涝灾害，给国家的环境、经济和社会带来了深远的影响。

鸭绿江英语作文

鸭绿江英语作文Nestled in the heart of Northeast China, the Yalu River stands as a testament to the rich history and unique natural beauty of this region. Flowing through the border between China and North Korea, this river has witnessed centuries of historical events, from wars and treaties to peace and prosperity. Its name, "Yalu," which means "beautiful river" in Chinese, aptly reflects its scenic charm.The Yalu River is not just a geographical feature; it's a symbol of cultural exchange and cooperation. For centuries, the river has been a vital trade route, connecting the people and cultures of both countries. Its banks have been the scene of numerous exchanges, including cultural, economic, and political dialogues. The river's strategic location has also played a crucial role in military strategies and border security.The natural beauty of the Yalu River is truly breathtaking. Its clear waters flow gracefully through lush green valleys, creating a serene and peaceful atmosphere. The river's banks are lined with willows and otherindigenous trees, providing a habitat for a diverse range of wildlife. In spring, the banks are covered with a carpet of colorful flowers, while in autumn, the leaves turn a brilliant gold, offering a spectacular view.The Yalu River also plays a crucial role in the local economy. Fishing and tourism are two of the main industries in the area, and the river's rich biodiversity and scenic landscapes attract thousands of visitors each year. The river's resources are also used for agriculture and irrigation, supporting the livelihoods of many families in the region.Despite its significance, the Yalu River has also faced its challenges. Pollution and environmental degradation have been a concern in recent years, threatening theriver's ecological balance and affecting the lives of those who depend on it. However, efforts are being made to protect and restore the river's health, including cleanup operations and eco-friendly development projects.The Yalu River is not just a river; it's a symbol of unity, cooperation, and peace. It represents the shared history and future of China and North Korea, and it remainsa vital part of the region's identity and heritage. As we look towards the future, it's important to remember theYalu River's role in shaping our history and to continue protecting it for future generations.**鸭绿江之美与意义**位于中国东北心脏的鸭绿江，见证了这片土地丰富的历史和独特的自然美景。

航海英语专业词汇10【海上气象报告与气象导航】

航海英语专业词汇10【海上气象报告与气象导航】adverse a.反向的，反对的，不利的，逆的aneroid ①a.无液的②n.无液气压计anticyclonic a.高气压的associate ①v.联合，结合，缔合②n.合伙人，同事，伙伴③n.工程公司，联合事务④v.副学士（专科学校毕业生的学位），（学会的）准会员，副理事⑤a.次要的，副的boisterous a.大风大浪的，狂风暴雨的，恶劣天气的，波浪翻滚的building ①n.建筑物，大厦，大楼，楼宇②n.建筑，建设，施工bulletin ①n.通报，公报，布告，报告②n.新闻简报，期刊③n.航务公告cancel ①v.撤销，取消，删去，解除②v.消去，通约（数学）cape n.海角，角，岬chandlery n.船用物料店，杂货店circulate ①v.通用，流通，流传，环流②v.使循环，使环流③v.传播（消息等），发行（货币）climate ①n.气候②n.一般趋势clockwise a.顺时针转动的，顺时针方向，顺时针的，右转的cloudiness n.混浊，云量，云度（度）col ①n.（两个反气旋之间的）低压带，鞍形②n.山峡，峡路，山隘，山口commence v.开始convection n.传递，对流convective a.传送的，对流的convey ①v.传送，递交，运送，转运②v.通知，传达③v.转让cool ①a.冷静的，沉着的，冷的②v.阴凉，冷却cumulonimbus 雷雨云，积雨云（拉丁语）data n.（单数datum）数据，资料deal ①n..v分配，分发，给予②n.v.处理，从事，涉及③n.措施，政策④n.协议，交易⑤n.大量，多⑥n.（松或枞）木板，板材deepen ①v.增加深度，变深②v.（港口，河道等）挖深，疏浚③v.（气旋）加深departure ①n.出发，开航，出港，始航②n.偏转，偏移③n.航迹推算起点，起程点④n.东西距，经度差⑤n.横距（测量）drove ①（drive的过去式）②n.（石工的）平凿③v.使平，凿平④n.漂网渔船⑤n.畜群during prep.在……期间earthquake n.地震eastward ①n.向东②a.东方的③a.向东的ebb ①n.低潮，落潮，退潮②n.落潮流③v.衰退encounter ①v.不期而遇，遭遇②v.会遇，遇到，碰见③v.冲突，遭到fair ①a.公正的，公平的②a.光顺的，平顺的③a.相当的，中等的④a.（风、潮水）顺的，（文稿等）清晰的，（天气）无雨的⑤n.交易会，展销会，博览会，集市⑥v.使校平，使光顺⑦v.使船在泊位中摆正位置floe n.大片浮冰flood ①n.v.浸没，浸水②n.v.（船舱）进水，灌溉，充水，灌水③v.发洪水，泛滥，涨潮，满溢④n.大潮涌frozen ①v.电脑停帧，停格，冻结帧②a.严寒的，结冰的③冰冻的（批注）gale n.蒲氏八级风，大风（风速34～40kn）generally ad.一般地，通常，一般gentle a.和缓的，温和的graphic a.图解的gust ①n.阵风，阵雨②n.阵发的事物gustiness n.阵发性hail ①n.冰雹，雹②v.下雹③v.呼唤，招呼④n.船籍港hemisphere ①n.领域，范围②n.（地球或天球的）半球hurricane n.西印度群岛、墨西哥湾等地产生的热带低气压，飓风，蒲氏十二级风inclement ①a.险恶的，寒冷的，有狂风暴雨的（天气）②a.（风）凛冽的③n.严寒的，冷酷的，严酷的instrument ①n.仪器，仪表，器械，器具②n.乐器③n.工具，手段④n.证券，契约，文件，证书⑤n.海事声明intensify v.加强，强化，增强，加剧interpret ①v.解释，说明②v.判断，解译，判读③v.翻译introduction ①n.导言，序言，引言，前言，绪论②n.入门，介绍③n.传入，引进，采用，推广inversely ①ad.相反，反之②ad.相反地language ①n.语言②n.术语，代码legal a.法律上的，正当的，法律的，法定的letter ①n.字母，文字，符号②n.书信，信③n.许可证，证书④n.无线电报level ①n.水准，水平，等级，液位，能级，高程②n.水平面，水位，电平③v.整平，找平，垫平④v.平舱local a.本地的，局部的，地方的，当地的merge ①n.消失，吞没，沉没②v.吸收，吞并③v.（企业等）合并，兼并，联营，归并④v.（河流、道路）汇合microbarograph n.测微气压计，微压表national a.国家的，国有的，国民的，民族的northern a.北向的，北方的，北的no rthward ①ad.向北，北部，北端②a.向北的paragraph n.（文章、规则的）节，段，条，款per ①prep.按，凭②prep.每一，每③prep.由，经④prep.根据precautionary a.预防的precipitation ①n.降雨量，降水，降雨②n.猛落③n.沉淀物④n.淀析作用，沉淀作用precision n.准确度，精度prepare ①v.预备，准备②v.作出，制定③v.制备，配制probability n.或然率，可能性，概率，几率quite ad.完全，简直，很，颇rainfall ①n.降雨②n.雨量recurve n.反弯，折回relatively ad.相对地，比较地report ①n.报告，汇报，记录②n.报导，报表③v.通报，通知④v.发表respect ①n.v.尊重，尊敬②v.重视，遵守③n.着眼点，方面，关系rime ①n.白霜，雾凇，树挂②v.扩孔（扩大帆布绳眼圈）③n.梯级scatter ①n.散开，散布，分散②n.散射，撒播③n.耗散，铺撒showery a.阵雨的slant ①a.倾斜的，歪的②v.（断层）倾向，倾斜③n.一阵顺风snow ①n.雪花，积雪，雪②v.下雪③v.被雪覆盖，被雪封④n.雪花干扰（图像上出现的雪花形干扰）⑤n.二桅帆船solar ①a.太阳的②a.日光的spiral ①n.螺旋形的，螺纹的，螺线的②n.螺线，螺旋，螺壳，卷③n.使成螺旋形，盘旋squall ①n.暴风，飑（常夹有雨雪）②v.骚动，动荡③v.起风暴，刮飑squally ①a.有狂风暴雨的，急风的②a.形势险恶的，不平静的，动荡的summarize ①v.概述，总结②v.摘要，简述swell ①n.海涌，涌浪，长浪，涌②v.肿大，膨胀，隆起③v.增长，增大，增加synoptic a.（天气图）摘要的，大纲性的，概要的temperate a.（气候）温和的，温带的，适度的terrain ①n.地区，地段②n.地形，地势，自然环境③n.（知识、学术）领域④n.（行动）范围，场所topographic a.地形的tropical a.酷热的，热带的tsunami n.地震海浪，海啸usually ad.通常，平常，一般violent ①a.由于暴力的，强烈的，强暴的，剧烈的②a.猖獗的wintry a.寒冷的，冬天的adverse weather 不良的气候，不利天气aneroid barometer 无液式气压表，空盒气压表，膜盒气压计atmospheric temperature 大气温度，常温bad weather 恶劣天气，坏天气cancel out 抵消，销账clear weather 晴天coast pilot ①沿海船舶引航员②沿海航路指南，沿海航路志dry air 干空气fair weather 好天，晴天flood current 涨潮流freezing level 冻结高度（大气层达到0℃气温的高度）freezing rain 冻雨（气象用语）heavy rain 暴雨，大雨heavy squall 烈飑high latitude 高纬度immediate vicinity 相邻地区，邻近地区，紧邻local wind 地方性风，局部风low latitude 低纬度low swell 低涌（道氏涌级一至二级）map analysis （天气）图分析moderate gale 疾风，蒲氏七级风northern hemisphere 北半球partly cloudy 少云plain language ①（通信）明语，明码②普通语言，普通文字position report 船位报告，位置报告precision instrument 校验用仪表，精密仪器pressure center 气压中心，压力中心primary source 第一手来源，原始来源reversing current （周期性）往复潮流river mouth 河口rudder adjustment 舵角调整shift in 移入ship chandlery 船具业，船舶供应业ship's heading 船首向，航向solar system 太阳系southern hemisphere 南半球squall line 飑线strong gale 烈风，蒲氏九级风（风速41～47kn）take readings 读取读数tidal wave 海啸海浪，风暴潮，潮汐波tropical cyclone 热带气旋tropical wave 热带波，东风波（随东信风向西移动的低压，常伴有浓云和大雨）up speed 加速vapor pressure 蒸汽压力vertical motion 垂直运动，垂直移动wall cloud 墙状云warm front 暖锋weather adjustment ①气温调节②（自动舵）天气调整装置weather bulletin 天气公报，气象通报weather bureau 气象局weather forecast 气象预报，天气预报weather station 气象台，气象站whole gale 狂风，十级风（蒲氏十级风的旧名）wind force ①风力②风负荷national weather service （美国）国家气象局point of origin ①（坐标）原点②起运点，发货点③发货地with respect to 关于CEN|Centaurus 半人马星座DEG|Degree ①等级②程度③次，度（幂）EAST|Eastern Australian Standard Time 东澳大利亚标准时ELY|Easterly ①东向的，东的②东风③偏东FM|Fan Mark 扇形标志HVY|Heavy 大功率的，重型的KMS|Kilometers per Second 千米/秒KTS|Knots 海里/小时，节MAP|Marine Autotraverse Positioner 船迹推算仪MBS|Machinery and Boilers Are Classed by British Standard 按英国标准定级的机械设备和锅炉NE|Natural Exhaust 自然排风NM|Nautical Mile 海里NW|Navigable Waters 可航水域OF|Ocean Freight 海运运费，远洋运价，远洋货运OWING|Owing to 由于PT|Pacific Time 太平洋时间SE|Safety Equipment 安全设备SEAS|Self-embedment Anchoring System 自埋入抛锚系统STOP|Search Terminal Option 搜索终端取舍THE|Technical Help to Exporters （英国标准协会）对出口商的技术帮助TO|Technical Orders 技术条令TV|Tank Vessel 油船，油轮UP|Ultra-portable 超便携式，超轻型的WIND|Weather Information Network and Display 天气情报接收网。

丹东鸭绿江导游词英语

丹东鸭绿江导游词英语A Tour of Yalu River in Dandong - Exploring the Historical and Scenic Charm of China's Border RiverWelcome to Dandong, a beautiful city renowned as the gateway to China's northwestern neighbor, North Korea. Dandong embraces the mighty Yalu River, which is more than 600 kilometers long and serves as a crucial waterway between the two countries. Today, we will embark on an inspiring journey by exploring the landmarks and attractions along the Yalu River and learn more about the history, culture, and beauty of this unique region.Our first stop is the Yalu River Broken Bridge, which is located in the downtown area of Dandong. Here, we can witness the remains of the original railway bridge that connected China and North Korea before it was destroyed during the Korean War. The Broken Bridge has now become a symbol of peace and hope, reminding us of the significance of peace and security in the world.Moving on, we will board a boat to cruise along the Yalu River and enjoy the stunning scenery on both sides of the riverbank. On the Chinese side, we will admire the picturesque view of the Phoenix Mountain range, which is an iconic natural landscape in Dandong. Meanwhile, we can also catch a glimpse of the North Korean land across the river, and witness the peculiar contrast between the two countries.Next, we will visit the Hushan Great Wall, which is located on the eastern side of the Yalu River. This ancient structure was built in the Ming Dynasty to protect the border between China and Korea.Standing on the wall, we can have a full view of the Yalu River and the lush forests on both sides, which is truly magnificent.Finally, we will visit the Dandong Port and watch how cross-border trade has been conducted between China and North Korea. We will also learn about the challenges and opportunities facing Sino-Korean relations, which have been shaped by politics, history, and geography.In conclusion, the Yalu River in Dandong is a fascinating and unique destination that offers a glimpse into the complexities and contradictions of modern China and North Korea. Through our journey along the river, we can appreciate the beauty of nature, the resilience of humanity, and the power of history. Thank you for joining us, and we hope to see you again in Dandongsoon!Exploring the Cultural and Culinary Delights of Chengdu, the Capital of Sichuan ProvinceWelcome to Chengdu, the vibrant and bustling capital of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. With a history dating back to the 4th century BC, Chengdu has earned its reputation as the cultural and culinary capital of the region, and today we will take a tour of the city to explore its many attractions and delights.Our first stop is the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, which is home to more than 80 giant pandas. Here, we can observe these adorable animals in their natural habitat and learn about the efforts being made to conserve this endangered species. We can also visit the Giant Panda Museum to gain a deeper understanding of the biology and ecology of panda bears.Next, we will visit the Wenshu Monastery, which is one of the most famous Buddhist temples in China. This ancient temple, built during the Tang Dynasty, is renowned for its beautiful architecture, serene surroundings, and intricate artwork. Here, we can participate in traditional Buddhist rituals, such as lighting incense and spinning prayer wheels, to experience the spiritual atmosphere of the temple.After a morning of sightseeing, it's time to indulge in some of the city's famed cuisine. Chengdu is renowned for its spicy Sichuan cuisine, so we will head to a local restaurant to try some of the most popular dishes, such as kung pao chicken, spicy hot pot, and mapo tofu. We can also taste the famous local snack, dan dan noodles, which is a spicy and savory noodle dish that's popular amongst locals and visitors alike.In the afternoon, we will visit the Jinli Ancient Street, which is a vibrant pedestrian street that offers a glimpse into the region's rich history and culture. Here, we can explore the traditional wooden houses, admire the beautiful lanterns, and enjoy the lively street performances. We can also shop for local souvenirs, such as silk cloth, calligraphy, and tea sets.Finally, we will end our tour at the Huan Huaxi Park, which is a beautiful park located in the heart of the city. Here, we can relax and unwind amidst the tranquil surroundings, go for a stroll around the lake, or simply savor the natural beauty of the park. We can also experience the traditional local customs, such as ear-cleaning and street-side snacks.In conclusion, Chengdu offers a unique blend of history, culture, cuisine, and nature that's unlike any other city in China. Through our tour, we can appreciate the city's many attractions and delights, and gain a deeper appreciation of the diversity and richness of Chinese culture. Thank you for joining us, and we hope to see you again in Chengdu soon!探寻成都的历史与文化遗产欢迎来到成都，中国西南部四川省的繁华都市。

英语专业名词(水利方面)

英语专业名词(水利方面)hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology地表水surface water地下水groundwater水汽water vapour水文要素hydrologic elements降水precipitation雨季rainy season雪snow积雪snow cover初雪first snow终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt冰雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow洪水flood阴塞高压blocking high低空急流low－level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm 台风typhoon气团air mass锋（锋面）front天气weather气象meteorology气候climate气候区划climatic regionalization 气候带climatic zone气候变化climatic change小气候microclimate热带tropic zone副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone 比湿specific humidity风wind风向wind direction风速wind speed蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale露dew露点dew point雾fog霜frost霜点frost point初霜first frost终霜latest frost霜冻frostbite无霜期frost－free period流域watershed (basin)流域面积（集水面积）drainage area闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）bling drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域特征basin characteristics流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream地下暗河（地下河）underground river 界河boundary river国际河流international river废河道（古河道）dead river岸bank左岸left bank右岸right bank凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line堤防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率tortuosity航道navigable channel河段reach上游upstream潜洲submerged bar深潭deep pool水利学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non－uniform flow 急流supercritical flow缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head 低强水头（压能）pressure head 流速水头（动能）velocity head 雷诺数Reymold number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width－depth ratio中泓线midstream of channel深泓线Thatweg落差fall瀑布waterfall波浪wave驻波standing wave移动波translation wave河流动力学river dynamics河流泥沙river sediment泥沙特征property of sediment土壤侵蚀soil erosion水力侵蚀water erosion山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域侵蚀basin erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield 溶解性总固体total dissolved solids 离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinityPH值ph value碱度alkalinity酸度acidity酸雨acid rain电导率electric conductivity混浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non－carbonate hardness 硬水hard water浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze－up period封冻（封河）freeze－up平封flat freeze－up立封upright freeze－up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze－up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break－up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上有水accumulation of melt water 月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tide气象潮metorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴月lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tidal rise落潮历时duration of tidal fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current地下水径流groundwater runoff地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water－table contour map 含水层aquifer含水岩系water－content rock series含水岩组water－content rock formation含水岩性water－content rock property含水介质water－hearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界acquitted boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层acquitter水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度water－holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖浪lake wave湖泊波漾（假湖）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊资源lake resources湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake 湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake 岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽）main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽）medium level mire 沼泽水文mire hydrology沼泽水量平衡water balanceof mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moistureproperty of mire沼泽持水性water retention of mire沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier委托观测entrust gauging水文仪器hydrologic instrument直读仪器direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument遥测仪器remote telemetry unit传感器sensor固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures 相应水位equivalent stage水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station水文气象站hydrometeorology station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network 站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout站网分析network analysis站网检验network examination站网优化network optimization站网调整network adjustment站网密度network density现实密度real density可用密度usable density容许最稀站网minimum network设站年限station required age水文信息hydrologic information水文效益hydrologic benefit基面datum临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross－section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道motorized cableway手动缆道hand－operating cableway主索main cable循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪cableway measuring device水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry 雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass渠积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation 遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遇测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺hook gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺断面basic gauge辅助水尺断面auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float－type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well水深depth测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet line correction测点流速velocity measurement测速垂线surface velocity水面流速velocity at a point测点流速maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速point velocity coefficient中泓流速surface velocity coefficient流速分布velocity distribution流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution 水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow－direction measurement体积法cubature流速仪current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter 多普勒流速仪Doppler current－meter参证流速仪reference current－meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current－meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage浮标float水面浮标surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float－rod堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half－submerged flow孔流sluice flow射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement 示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement照相法photographic method打印法stamp pad method床沙采样器bed material sampler悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler积时式采样器time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器bottled sampler皮囊式采样器collapsible sample泵式采样器pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter 光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter 振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器bed load sampler网式采样器basket－type sampler吸管pipet光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计）hydrometer泥沙沉降sediment settling沉降速度settling velocity平均沉速mean settling velocity絮凝flocculation反凝剂defloeculant粒径particle diameter中数粒径median particle diameter平均粒径mean particle diameter等容粒径nominal diameter投影粒径projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径sieve diameter沉降粒径settling diameter粒径组fraction of particle size颗粒级配grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in a vertical对照断面check cross－section控制断面control cross－section消减断面attenuation cross－section水样保存water－sample preservation检出率detected ratio超标率over－limit ratio痕迹量trace未检出nonreadout回收率recovery ratio溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler冰情观测ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号ice code冰情图ice－regime charta初冰日期first－ice date封冰日期freeze－up date解冻日期break－up date终冰日期end ice date封冻历时freeze－up duration水浸冰厚thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽open－water width冰流量ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method有效潮差significant tidal range负波高negative wave height水库水文测验hygrometry of reservoir入库水量reservoir inflow出库水量reservoir outflow水库供水reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir水库蓄水量reservoir storage水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位stage behind dam库区水位stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法method of topographic survey断面法method of cross－section survey淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas 实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area交换水量exchange water沙量调查silt－quantity investigation水质调查water quality investigation调查区investigation zone水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology 代表流域representative basin实验流域experimental basin相似流域similar basin径流实验研究experimental research in runoff径流场runoff plot人工降雨装置artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation 蒸发池evaporation tank土壤蒸发器soil evaporator蒸散器evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪lysimeter地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot合理性检查rational examination电算整编processing by computer水文年鉴water year－book测站考证station examination站年station year平均值mean value极值extreme value加权平均法weighted mean method断流水位stage of zero flow河干river of zero flow水文过程线hydrograph水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph等值线isopleth分布曲线distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value 径流总量total runoff径流模数runoff modulus径流系数runoff coefficient洪峰flood peak洪水流量peak discharge洪水总量flood volume输沙量sediment runoff输沙模数modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系stage－discharge relation连时序法chronological method绳套曲线loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系single－valuedprocessing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长extension of relation curve流率表rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration自由度degree of freedom真值true value测量值（实测值）measured value最或然值most probable value误差error绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error插机误差（偶然误差）random error系统误差systematic error允许误差permissible error平均误差mean error最大误差（极限误差）maximum error伪误差（粗差）spurious方差variance标准差standard deviation相对标准差relative standard deviation离差（偏差）deviation闭合差closure error平差adjustment精确度（总精度）accuracy精密度precision准确度correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error 数据库data base分布式数据库distributed type data base集中式数据库concentrated type data base网络式数据库network type data base层次数据库laminarization data base关系数据库relation data base数据模型data model关系数据模型relation data model层次数据模型laminarization data model网状数据模型network data model数据量data bulk结点node数据处理data processing数据存贮data storage数据检索data retrieval数据输入data input数据输出data output数据库文件data base file水文数据库hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报tidal prediction泥沙预报sediment forecasting旱情预报soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期forecast lead time短期水文预报short－term hydrologic forecasting中长期水文预报medium and long－term hydrologic forecasting超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting预报误差forecast error作业预报operational forecasting预报方案forecast scheme评定标准accuracy standard方案合格率qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数deterministic coefficient汛seasonal flood春汛spring flood伏汛summer flood秋汛autumn flood汛期flood season防汛flood defence报汛站flood－reporting station报汛站网flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station 汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network 洪水警报flood warning点雨量point rainfall面雨量areal rainfall泰森多边形Thiessen polygon等雨量线法isohyetal method产流runoff yield蓄满产流runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration产流面积area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）direct runoff地面流（坡面流）surface flow of mire壤中流prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve 初损initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration 地下汇流groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时peak time lag流域滞时basin time lag等流滞时isochrone单位线unit hydrograph经验单位线empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线slope unit hydrograph河网单位线river network unit hydrographS－曲线S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线recession curve水文模型hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型scale model比拟模型analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型distributed model集总式模型lumped model线性水温模型linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构model structure模型参数model parameter模型误差model error模型率定model calibration模型检验model verification水文模拟hydrologic simulation遥测终端机telemetry terminal meter中继机relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率probability of word error接受率receiving probability数据收集平台data collection platform水文计算（水文分析计算）hydrologic computation设计站design station设计流域design watershed代表站representative station参证站bench－mark station典型年（代表年）typicyear水文系列hydrologic series同步系列synchronous series系列代表性series representativeness柱状图histogram诺谟图monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation belowreservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算hydraulic calculation for tidal reach水文统计hydrologic statistics总体population样本sample样本容量sample size随机变量random variable随机系列random series累计频率（频率）cumulative frequency经验频率empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布Pearson distribution对数正态分布log normal distribution频率分析frequency analysis随机模拟stochastic simulation时间序列time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项trend term周期项cycle term随机项stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析）harmonic analysis潜分析spectrum analysis噪声noise回归分析（相关分析）regression analysis相关系数correlation coefficient自回归分析autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水design flood溢洪道设计洪水spillway design flood分期设计洪水stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period 校核洪水check flood实测洪水observed flood调查洪水investigated flood古洪水paleoflood坝址洪水dam－site flood入库洪水reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method 降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年内分配annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期high－water period平水期normal－water period枯水期（枯季）low－flow period丰水年wet year平水年（中水年）normal year枯水年dry year特枯水年extraordinary dry year连续丰水年continuous wet years连续枯水年continuous dry years水文年鉴water year设计暴雨design storm设计雨型design storm pattern暴雨路径storm track暴雨时程分配time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线storm parametric isoline map 点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient 点面关系point－area relationship定点定面关系fixedpoint－fixed area relationship可能最大露点probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正watershed shape correction水汽改正moisture correction入流障碍改正inflow obstacle correction综合改正synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法isopercental method可能最大洪水probable maximum flood涝surface water logging渍subsurface waterlogging排涝surface waterlogging control排渍subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划waterlogging control planning排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurfacewaterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage水资源危机water resources crisis水荒water famine水能资源（水力资源）waterpower resources河流水能资源waterpower resources of river潮汐水能资源tidal power resources可开发的水能资源developable waterpower resources 水资源评价water resources assessment水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价water quantity assessment水质评价water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment地下水资源评价groundwater resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment 水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount地下水资源量groundwater resources amount可利用量utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield可供水量available water supply径流调节runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节reregulating reservoir水库群调节multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法）chronological series method概率法（数理统计法）probability method随机模拟法stochastic simulation method调节周期regulating period目标函数objective function约束方程constraint equation状态变量state variable决策变量decision variable数学规划mathematic programming线性规划linear programming非线性规划nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统aquatic ecosystem化学径流chemical runoff环境用水environmental water环境水文学environmental hydrology环境水力学environmental hydraulics环境水化学environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌）artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗groundwater depression cone化学水污染chemical water pollution无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染thermal pollution生物水污染water pollution by organism富营养化eutrophication赤潮red tide次生水污染secondary water pollution地下水污染groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物pollutant污染物迁移transport of pollutant机械迁移physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源artificial pollution source天然污染源natural pollution source污染源调查investigation of pollution sources污染源控制pollution source control水质参数water quality parameters水质模型water quality model水温模型water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益water environmental effect水污染环境效应environmental effect of water pollution水环境影响评价water environmental impact assessment水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区protection zone of water source水质管理water quality management水污染源管理water pollution source management蒸发evaporation径流runoff水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration输沙率sediment discharge水温模型water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环）hydrologic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content 大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport 水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux雨rain降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯）ice flood冰雪洪水ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam－break flood大气环流atmospheric circulation天气形势（环流形势）weather situation天气过程weather process天气系统weather system行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system 天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system 中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather 风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风槽westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone。

水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇分析解析

strain meter 应变计temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal station 集线站其他（Others）check hole 检查孔compartment 灌区dense mix 浓浆foundation uplift 基础隆起grout hole 灌浆孔instrument hole 仪器孔primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一序、二序、三序灌浆孔spilt spacing 加密灌浆孔距waste mix 弃浆◆测量（Survey）测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）adjust 校正、调整adjustment 平差allowance 容许误差backsight point 后视点basic point 基础点bench mark 水准点compass 罗盘chainage(station number) 桩号chain of triangulation 三角锁check 校核、对照control point 控制点coordinate point 坐标点datum 基础面datum point 基准点deviation 偏差easily identifiable point 容易识别点error 误差first order triangulation 一等三角测量geodetic 大地测量学的geodetic surveying 大地测量joint survey 联合测量known point 已知点level surface 水准面local triangulation networks 局部三角网national coordination system 国家坐标网observe 观测、监视point to be located 待定点position 定位、位置reconnaissance 选点、踏勘reference point 参考点second order triangulation 二等三角测量set out 放线、放样stake-line 测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系survey point 测点theoretical point 理论点traverse(polygon) 导线（测量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差lattice traverse 网格状导线long side traverse 长导线open traverse 非闭合导线short side traverse 短导线traverse closure 导线闭合traverse station 导线点traverse survey 导线测量triangulation 三角测量triangulation network 三角网triangulation of high order 高等级三角网triangulation point 三角点trilateration 三边测量vertical-control net 高程控制网wood pile 木桩角度测量（Angular Measure）azimuth 方位角bearing 方位、象限角buddle 气泡、水准器circle 度盘、圆盘circular bubble 圆水准器collimation axis 视准轴cross-line(cross-hair) 十字丝depression angle 俯角elevation angle 仰角eyepiece(ocular) 目镜field pole(staff) 标杆foot-screw 脚螺栓horizontal angle 水平角mark 标志（明）objective lens 物镜plumb(plummet) 铅垂、垂线sight 瞄准、观测target 目标、瞄准theodolite 经纬仪tranverse axis 横轴tripod 三脚架vertical angle 竖直角vertical axis 竖轴望远镜（Telescope）centering 对中face left 盘左face right 盘右focus 集中、焦点focusing 调焦index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse telescope)倒镜、盘右normal position of telescope(direct telescope)正镜、盘右optical plummet 光学垂准器round 测回set 套、组station 测站距离测量（Distance Measure）barometer 气压计base line(basic line/datum line) 基线battery 电池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) 电磁波测距filter 滤光片、滤波器laser alignment system 激光准直系统laser beam 激光束prism 棱镜range 测程、距离long range 远程medium range 中程short range 短程range finder 测距仪signal 信号spring balance 弹簧称tape 卷尺invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺高程测量（Height Measurement）altitude/elevation 高程、海拔approximate leveling 近似置平、粗平automatic level 自动定平水准仪difference in altitude(difference ofelevation ,height difference) 高差error of closure in leveling 水准闭合差exact leveling 精平、确置平level 水准仪（测点）level circuit 水准闭合环level shoe 水准尺垫line of level 水准线路national geodetic vertical datum 国家大地高程基准面reduced level 归化高差run back 返测run out 往测three-wire leveling 三丝法水准测量地形测量（Topographic Survey）boundary 边界、界线construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线contour-length method 等高线延长法contour line 等高线control network 控制网detail 细部、详图draw 绘图field 外业fix 固定、确定form line 地形图grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报marginal information 轮廓注记large-scale 大比例尺的latitude 纬度、范围latitude circle 纬圈latitude line 纬线legend 图例location 定线、定位longitude 经度longitude line 经线map 地图、制图mapping 制图、测图、地质素描match line 拼接线monument 标石、石柱object 地物、目标plan 平面图、略图plot 绘图profile 断面（图）、纵剖图record 记录、资料setup 定置仪器site location 定位stake out 放样、定线、立桩symbol 符号、记号topographic detail 地形细部topographic map 地形图◆原形观测观测仪器和设施{Instrumentation and Facilities）air-entraining meter 掺气剂Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计concrete strain meter 砼应变计convergent point 收敛测点direct plumb line 正垂线earth pressure cell 土压力盒embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计embankment strain meter 堤应变计extended wire 引张线foundation piezometer 基础渗压计horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器hydrophone 水听器inclinometer casing 测斜管interface joint meter 界面变位计inverted plumb line 倒垂线micro piezometer 微压计multiple position extensometer 多点位移计observation point 观测标点observation well 观测井optical alignment line 视准线plate strain meter 钢板计pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计pressure fluctuation meter 脉动压力计prestressed tendon anchorage dynamometer 预应力锚索测力计rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计single point extensometer 单点位移计spiral sensor 测扭仪standpipe 测压管strong-motion seismogragh 强震仪surface monument 表面标点temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal house 终端房terminal station 终端站tilt meter 倾角计time average pressure cell 时均压力计total pressure cell 总压力盒velometer 流速计vertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪vibrating wire piezometer 震旋式渗压计vibrating wire settlement sensor 振旋式沉降仪weir with micro piezometer 带微压计的量水堰working base point 工作基点zero stress-strain meter 砼无应力计附件及配件（Acessories and Spare Parts）coil 盘绕component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪damping box 阻尼角differential resistance 差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve 双层保护forced centering plate 强制对中盘instrument lead 仪器电缆invar wire 铟瓦丝metal ring 金属环plumb coordinate meter 垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮regulator 调节器riser 立管sensor 传感器spool 绕轴steel socket 钢底座tablet 药片tensioning weight 张拉重锤thermistor 热敏电阻tip 测头安装过程（Procession of Installation）assemble 组装couple 连接embed 埋设install 安装insulate 绝缘maintenance 维护monitor 监测protection of instrumentation 仪器保护reduce 归纳seal 密封splice 拼接supply 提供test 测试资料（Information）assemble schematic 装配简图certificate 合格证书description 使用说明书maintenace guideline 维护指南manual 说明书operating principle 工作原理operating restraint 操作范围procedure 程序trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌分析程序其他（Others）annular space 环行空间data acquisition 数据采集data recording 数据记录leas drilling hole 引线孔permanent record 永久记录readout device 读数设备saturated 饱和的seepage isolation dike 截渗堤trapezoidal 梯形◆水工常规试验砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processed Material of Concrete）骨料（Aggregate）abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler洛杉机磨耗量accumulated retained percentage 累计筛余百分率acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与片状颗粒含量alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应apparent density 视密度bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate 黏土块及易碎颗粒含量coefficient of softening 软化系数crush index 压碎指标dry state 干燥状态exceeding and inferior grain inaggregate 超逊径颗粒含量fineness modulus 细度模数gaping place rate 空隙率grader retained percentage 分计筛余百分率grain composition 颗粒级配grain size 粒径lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含量mica content 云母含量moisture content(water rate) 含水率mud content 含泥量organic content 有机质含量potential reactivity of aggregate 骨料潜在活性saturation 饱和的sieving curve 筛分曲线soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含量soundness 坚固性surface moisture content 表面含水率water-soluble sulphide 水溶性硫化物水硬性胶凝材料(Hydraulicity cementitious material)age 龄期cement mark(strength of cement /cement grade) 水泥标号consumptive use of water normal consistance 标准稠度用水量degree of mobilization 流动性dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热final set 终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度flyash 粉煤灰hydration heat 水化热initial set 初凝loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时间silica fume 硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性specific surface area 比表面积specific heat 比热water demand ratio 吸水量比外加剂（Admixture）bubble stability 泡沫稳定性bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量compressive strength rate 抗压强度比contract with dry rate 干缩率dispersing coefficient 分散系数dispersing ability of water-reducing agent 减水剂分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失sulphate content 硫酸盐含量solid content 固体含量surface tension 表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率水（Water）alkalinity 碱度calcion 钙离子carbonic acid 钙酸chlorion 氯离子equivalent concentration 当量浓度oxygen consumption 耗氧量normal solution (standardsolution) 标准溶液PH value PH值water analysis 水值分析砼（Concrete）砼拌和物（Mixture）assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate 泌水率cement-sand ration 灰砂比design strength of concrete 砼设计标号flowability of concrete 砼的流动性mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合比mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼强度保证率sand rate 砂率unit consumption of water 单位用水量water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性water-cement ratio 水灰比硬化砼（Hardened concrete）axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度coefficient of thermal conductivity 导热系数cooling rate 冷却率core of concrete 砼芯样creep deformation (time deformation ) 徐变变形form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号heat property of concrete 砼热学性能height-diameter ration 高径比linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数loss of weight 重量损失natural frequency 自振频率permeate 渗透permeated height 渗透高度permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗透系数resonance frequency 共振频率sample 试件self-grown volume deformation（砼）自生体积变形splitting tensile strength 劈裂抗拉强度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力抗压弹数temperature conductivity 导温系数tensile modulus of elasticity 抗拉弹性模量thermal insulation warming 绝热温升ultimate tensile strain 极限拉应变ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度wear rate 磨损率wear-resisting strength 抗冲磨强度砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 水泥石灰砂浆cement mortar 水泥砂浆cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆lime mortar 石灰砂浆plastering mortar 抹面砂浆pointing joint mortar 勾缝砂浆土（Soil）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累计曲线activity index 活性指标angle of friction 摩擦角Atterberg limits(water content as limit) 阿太堡界限（界限含水量）California bearing ratio 载重比coarse-grained soil 粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数coefficient of cubicalcompressibility 体积压缩系数coefficient of curvature 曲率系数compression 压缩compression index 压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数consolidated-undrained (quick) shear test 固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验consolidated-drained (slow) shear test 固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验consolidation 固结consolidation coefficient 固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降consolidation stress 固结应力continuous grading/gradation 连接级配contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验core cutter method 环刀法creep curve 蠕变曲线critical slope 逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律degree of consolidation 固结度degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率direct shear test 直接剪切试验direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试验distribution curve 分布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角effective strength envelope 有效强度包线expansion force 膨胀力expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率filtering flow(seepage flow) 渗流fine-grained soil 细粒土flow net(drift net) 流网hydraulic slope 水力坡降hydrometer method 比重计法hydrostatic head method 常水头法limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态liquefaction 液化liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液化指标maximum dry density 最大干密度method of sieving 筛分法Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-库伦破坏准则normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 压缩曲线optimum moisture content 最优含水量piping 管涌plastic limit 塑限plasticity index 塑性指标pore water pressure 空隙水压力porosity 空隙率principal stress 主应力Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验relative density 相对密度sand replacement method 灌砂法saturability (saturation degree/percent saturation) 饱和度saturated unit weight 饱和容重seepage deformation 渗透变形seepage force(seepage pressure) 渗透力seepage line 渗透线seepage speed 渗透速度shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）shrinkage limit 缩限skip(gap/jump) grading 间断级配specific gravity of soil particle 土粒比重steady seepage field 稳定渗流场stress path 应力路径total strength envelope 总强度包线triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验unconfined compression strength 无侧限抗压强度unconsolidated undrained test 不固结不排水剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法void(pore) ratio 孔隙比water replacement method 灌水法wet density 湿密度其它建筑材料钢筋（steel ）bending and unbending 反复弯曲cold bending test 冷弯试验elongation test 拉伸试验nominal diameter 公称直径ratio of elongation 伸长率relaxation test 松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度木材（Wood）curshing strength paralled to the grain 顺纹抗压强度tensile strength paralled to thegrain 顺纹抗拉强度crushing strength across th egrain 横纹抗压强度tensile strength across to thegrain 横纹抗拉强度沥青（Asphalt）brittle temperature test 脆化点试验expansion test 延伸度试验penetration test 针入式试验softening point test 软化点试验test of aging 老化试验viscosity test 粘滞性试验质量管理（Quality Management）average 平均值deviation standard(error of mean squares) 均方差deviation coefficient(dispersion coefficient) 离差系数index of correlation 相关系数management limit 管理界限mathematic statistics 数理统计maximum 最大值minimum 最小值normal distribution 正态分布quality assurance 质量保证quality examination 质量检测regression curve 回归曲线relative dampness 相对湿度sample capacity 样本容量sampling frequency 取样频率specimen 样品statistical analysis 统计分析technical specification 技术规范technical standard 技术标准testing circumstance 试验环境testing error 试验误差testing regulation 试验规程variance analysis 方差分析◆地质(Geology)地质年代（Geochronology of Geologic Ages）Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem) 古生代（界）Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界）Cenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）Cambrian period (system) 寒武纪（系）Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）Silurian period (system) 志留纪（系）Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 石碳纪（系）Permian period (system) 二叠纪（系）Triassic period (system) 三叠纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）Tertiary period (system) 第三纪（系）Quaternary period (system) 第四纪（系）地质构造（Geologic Structural）fault 断层normal fault 正断层reversed fault 逆断层parallel fault 平移断层gouge 断层泥stria 擦痕joint 节理primary joint 原生节理secondary joint 次生节理tension joint 张节理unloading joint 卸荷节理schistosity 片理bedding 层理foliation 板理（叶理）ripple mark 波痕mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕orientation of bedrock 岩层产状strike 走向dip 倾向angle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角fold 褶皱anticline 背斜syncline 向斜Monocline (homocline) 单斜dome 穹隆soft stratum 软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带affected zone 影响带platy structure 板状构造cleavage 解理fracture(rupture) 断裂fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙岩石类型（Rock type）petrology 岩石学igneous rock 火成岩magmatic rock 岩浆岩lava(vocanic rock) 火山岩intrusive (invade) rock 侵入岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 浅成岩acid rock 酸性岩inter-mediate rock 中性岩basic rock 基性岩ultrabasic rock 超基性岩granite 花岗岩porphyry 斑岩rhyolite 玢岩syenite 流纹岩trachyte 粗面岩diorite 闪长岩andesite 安山岩gabbro 辉长岩basalt 玄武岩aplite 细晶岩pegmatite 伟晶岩lamprophyre 煌斑岩diabase 辉绿岩dunite 橄榄岩pumice 浮岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩clastic rock 碎屑岩clay rock 黏土岩chemical rock 化学岩biolith 生物岩conglomerate 砾岩siltstone 粉砂岩mudstone 泥岩shale 页岩saline rock 盐岩limestone 石灰岩dolomite 白云岩marl 泥灰岩volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩volcanic agglomerate 火山块集岩tuff 凝灰岩metamorphic rock 变质岩slate 板岩phyllite 千枚岩schist 片岩gneiss 片麻岩quartzite 石英岩marble 大理岩mylonite 糜棱岩migmatite 混合岩cataclasite 碎裂岩sediment(deposit) 沉积物（层）boulder 漂石、顽石cobble 卵石gravel 砾石sand 砂siltstone 粉土clay 黏土sandy clay 砂质黏土clayey sand 粘质砂土sandy loam 壤土、亚黏土regolith ( topsoil ) 浮土、表土loess 黄土laterite 红土peat 泥炭ooze 软泥、海泥造岩矿物（Rock-forming Minerals）talc 滑石gypsum 石膏calcite 方解石fluorite 萤石apatite 磷灰石feldspar 长石quartz 石英topaz 黄玉corundum 刚玉diamand 金刚石orthoclase 正长石plagloclase 斜长石biotite 黑云母muscovite 白云母amphibole 角闪石phroxene 辉石olivine 橄榄石dolomite 白云石kaolinite 高岭石montmorillonite 蒙脱石bentonite 斑脱石、膨润土illite 伊力石garnet 石榴子石chlorite 绿泥石serpentine 蛇纹石pyrite 黄铁矿hematite 赤铁矿magnetite 磁铁矿limonite 褐铁矿工程地质（Engineering Geology）G eotechnics ( geotechnique) 土工学（土工技术、岩石工程）rock mechanics 岩石力学soil mechanics 土力学geomechanics 地质力学、岩石力学engineering geologicalconditons 工程地质条件engineering geological problem 工程地质问题rock mass structure 岩体结构geographic and geomorphic conditions 地形地貌条件geophysical phenomenon 物理地质现象hydrogeological conditions 水文地质条件natural materials 天然材料reservoir 水库settlement 沉降displacement 位移deformation 变形tectonic stress 构造应力residual stress 残余应力angle of internal friction 内摩擦角cohesion 内聚力（粘聚力、凝聚力）pressure tunnel 压力隧洞underground cavern/cavity 地下洞室overburden 覆盖物bed rock(base rock/foundation rock) 基岩firm/sound rock 坚硬岩石weak/soft rock 软弱岩石interbed 夹层zone of fracture (broken zones ) 破碎带homogeneity 均质性nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity 非均质性isotropy 各向同性anisotropy 各向异性矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of Minerals)hardness 硬度luster 光泽color 颜色transparencey/pellucidity 透明度streak 条痕rent/fracture 断口crystal form 晶形岩石学(Petrology)classification 分类structure 构造应力texture 结构fabric 组构mineral composition 矿物组成crystalline 结晶质amorphous substance 非晶质fossil 化石degree of rounding 磨圆度degree of grains 粒度地层地貌(Stratum andPhysiognomy) basin 盆地river valley 河谷river bed 河床topography 地形terrain 地势attitude 产状rock base ( batholite) 岩基rock stock 岩株rock flow 岩流rock loccolith 岩盖rock lopolith 岩盆rock dike 岩墙rock sill 岩床vein dyke 岩脉sediment(deposit) 沉积物（层）alluvium 冲积物（层）proluvium(diluvium) 洪积物（层）deluvium 坡积物（层）eluvium 残积物（层）eolian deposit 风积物（层）lake deposit 湖积物（层）marine deposit 海积物（层）glacial (drift) deposit 冰川沉积物（层）colluvial deposit (colluvium) 崩积物（层）cross-bedding 交错层geologic structure 地质构造geotectonics 大地构造学graben 地堑horst 地垒cordance(conformity) 整合discordance(unconformity) 非整合deceptive cordance /conformity 假整合地质作用(Physical Geology Action) weathering 风化erosion 侵蚀transportation 搬运deposition/sediment 沉积denudation 剥蚀corrasion 磨蚀corrosion 腐蚀dissolution 溶蚀landslide 滑坡collapse(rock fall) 崩塌mud flow 泥石流earthquake 地震intensity 烈度magnitude 震级◆水文(Hydrology)ground water(subsurface water) 地下水surface water 地表水atmospheric water 大气水runoff 径流fresh /plain /sweet water 淡水river flow/discharge 河水流量peak flood flow 洪峰流量flood out flow 洪水下泄流量dry season 枯水季wet season 丰水季flood (raining) season 汛期non-flood season 非汛期5% frequency flood 20 年一遇洪水flood control 防汛（二）工程施工.机电类◆金属结构（Hydromechanical work) 闸门(Gate)service gate 工作门emergency gate 事故门maintenance gate 检修门sector gate 弧形闸门eccentric hinge sector gate 偏心铰闸门plane gate 平面闸门fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门trashrack 拦污栅trash rake 清污机预埋件（Embedded Parts）sill 底砍main guide 主轨auxiliary guide 副轨reverse guide 反轨side guide 侧轨lintel 门楣steel liner 钢衬high pressure water pipe 高压冲水管pressure balance water pipe 冲水水平管组件/部件（Assembly/parts）gate leaf 门叶crank 拐臂arm 支撑seal 水封main seal 主水封side seal 侧水封top seal 顶水封bottom seal 底水封auxiliary seal 辅助水封、节流器clip plate 压板slide block 滑块side slide block 侧向滑块reverse slide block 反向滑块fixed wheel 定轮main wheel 主轮side wheel 侧轮ballast 配重lifting ear 吊耳lifting link 拉杆trunion 支饺hinge 铰链hinged support 饺座hinged shaft 铰轴cover 端盖trunion beam 支饺梁dogging beam 锁定梁启闭机（Hoist）wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机hydraulic hoist 液压启闭机monorail hoist 单轨启闭机overhead crane 桥机bridge crane 桥机support frame 机架reducer 减速器motor 电动机pulley 滑轮live pulley 动滑轮fixed pulley 定滑轮equalizer pulley 平衡滑轮drum 卷筒steel wire rope 钢丝绳position sensor 高度传感器load sensor 荷载传感器brake 制动器hydraulic system 液压系统oil cylinder 油缸piston rod 活塞杆pump station 泵站oil tank 邮箱pipe 管道filter 过滤器accumulator 蓄能器valve 阀logic valve 逻辑阀check valve 单向阀ball valve 球阀cartridge valve 插装阀solenoid operated directional valve 电磁换向阀门式起重机（Grantry Crane）rail 轨道lifting mechanism 起升机构traveling mechanism 运行机构inspection trolley 检修小车gantry 门架support column 门腿primary beam 主梁bridge beam 横梁cross beam 端梁side beam 边梁lifting beam 起吊梁hook 吊狗buffer 缓冲装置rail clamping device 夹轨器driving wheel 主动轮driven wheel 从动轮其他（Others）abnormal vibration 反常震动activate 激活anti-clockwise 逆时针anticorrosion 防腐carry on 继续进行carry out 执行clockwise顺时针commissioning 试运行concentricity deviation 同心度偏差connect 连接debris 碎片de-energize 断电detect 探测dry test 无水试验dynamic loading test 动载试验energize 给……加电erection 架立expansion 伸展fasten 扣紧fit 安装flowing water 动水gate closure 闭门gate opening 启门gate position restoration 门位恢复idle test 空载试验impact 碰撞in pressure balance condition 平压条件下lift……into position 将……起吊到位locate 定位lower 降下manual operation 手动操作noise 噪声note 记录operating gap 运作空隙pack 衬垫particle 微粒perform 执行position accurately 精确定位precise 精确的pre-set 预留/预置press button 按下按钮progressively 逐渐地purity 纯度push 推reliable 可靠的residual oil 余油retraction 回缩run 运行secure 保护separately or simultaneously 单独/同时地set up 架设setting 设置/读数shim 薄垫片slack 松弛static loading test 静载试验still water 静水switch off 切断synchronize 同步tighten 拧紧under water head condition 水压作用条件下wet test 有水试验◆焊接和无损检验（Welding and Nondestructive Testing）焊接{Welding）arc strike 引弧/弧伤arc welding 电弧焊automatic welding 自动焊back gouging 背面清根backing 垫板base metal 母材build-up welding 堆焊/补焊butt joint 对接接头carbon rode 碳棒complete fusion 完全融合corner joint 角接接头covered electrode 涂料焊条coupon 试件direct current electrodenegative(DCEN) 直流电极接负direct current electrodepositive(DCEP) 直流电极接正double welding 双面焊double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝double-J groove weld 双面J 型坡口焊缝double-U groove weld 双面U型坡口焊缝double-Vee groove weld 双面V 型坡口焊缝electrode 焊条/电极electrode holder 焊钳electrosgas welding 电气焊electroslag welding 电渣焊filler metal 填充金属fillet weld 角焊缝full fillet weld 大填角焊缝flat welding 平焊flux 焊剂flux cored arc welding 药芯焊丝弧焊forehand welding 左焊法friction welding 摩擦焊full penetration weld 全融透焊缝fusion 熔合fusion line 熔合线groove weld 坡口焊缝heat affecter zone 热影响区horizontal welding 横焊lap joint 搭接接头machine welding 机器焊manual welding 手工焊overhead welding 仰焊oxyfuel gas cutting(OFC) 氧燃料气割oxyfuel gas welding(OFW) 氧燃料气焊partial penetration weld 非全融透焊缝pass 焊道peening 锤击plasma arc welding 等离子弧焊plug weld 塞焊porosity 气孔postheating 后热postweld heat treatment 焊后热处理preheating 预热resistance welding 电阻焊seal weld 密封焊缝seam welding 缝焊semi-automatic welding 半自动焊single-bevel groove weld 单斜边坡口焊缝single-J groove weld 单面J 型坡口焊缝single-U groove weld 单面U型坡口焊缝single-Vee groove weld 单面V型坡口焊缝slag inclusion 夹渣spot welding 点焊square groove weld 直坡口焊缝submerged arc welding 埋弧焊tack welding 定位焊undercut 咬边vertical welding 立焊weld head 焊道weldment 焊件无损检验（Nondestructive Testing）angled beam 斜射波back scatter 背散射calibration block 校准试块cleaning agent 清洗剂contact beam 接触波couplaut 偶合剂crimp 褶皱definition 清晰度delayed sweep 延时扫描detergent 去污剂developer 显像剂double-wall viewing 双壁透照echo 回波eddy current examination 涡流检验emulsifier 乳化剂examination medium 检验介质exposure 暴光inage quality indicator 象质显示器inspector 检验师liquid penetrants testing 渗液检验magnetic particle testing 磁粉检验mass spectrometer 质普仪nondestructive inspection 无损探伤penetrameter 透度计penetrant 渗透剂radiographic testing 射线检验scan 扫描scratch 划痕search unit 探头single-wall viewing 单壁透照sniffer 嗅探器straight beam 直射波streak 条纹ultrasonic instrument 超声仪ultrasonic testing 超声波检验visual testing 目测、外观检验wheel search unit 轮式探头X-ray machine X-射线仪◆水轮机（Hydraulic Turbine）hydraulic turbine 水轮机reaction turbine 反击式水轮机impulse turbine 冲击式水轮机francis turbine 混流式水轮机axial turbine 轴流式水轮机prototype turbine 原型水轮机rated head 额定水头effective head 有效水头net head 净水头maximal head 最大水头minimal head 最小水头spiral case 蜗壳stay ring 座环wicket gate 导叶main shaft 主轴shaft seal 主轴密封coupling flange 连接法兰runner 转轮runner crown 转轮上冠runner band 转轮下环runner cone 转轮泄水锥runner blade/bucket 转轮叶片head cover 顶盖bottom ring 底环discharge ring 基础环draft tube 尾水管draft tube cone 尾水锥管draft tube elbow 尾水肘管governor 调速器governor cubicle/cabinet 调速器柜oil pressure tank/vessel 压力油罐oil sump tank 回油箱gate ring 控制环distributor 导水机构shear pin 剪断销ring gate 筒形阀servomotor 接力器efficiency 效率output 出力discharge 流量sir admission system 补气系统vortex 涡流检验special tool 专用工具auxiliary equipment 辅助设备damper/absorber/cushion 减震器、阴尼器runout 摆度water hammer 水击guide bearing 导轴承operation condition 运行工况opening 开度cavitation 空蚀erosion resistant coating 抗磨涂层load 负荷inertia 惯性flywheel effect 飞轮效应time constant 时间常数mandoor 进入门pit liner 机坑里衬elastic layer 弹性垫层turbine pit 机坑feedback 反馈main distributing valve 主配压阀solenoid 线圈relay 继电器transfer function 传递函数◆机械通用词汇abrasion performance 耐磨性abrasion test 磨耗试验accessory 附件、配件、零件accuracy 准确性、精度anti-corrosion 抗蚀balance test 平衡试验bearing 轴承bearing box 轴承箱bearing bush 轴瓦、轴套bearing carrier 轴承座bearing collar 轴承环、推力头bearing cover 轴承盖bearing journal 轴颈bend 弯头bend radius 弯曲半径bending strength 抗弯强度bolt 螺栓bore 钻孔bore machine 镗床brake valve 制动阀by-pass 旁通callipers 卡尺cardan shaft 万向轴cast 铸造characteristic test 特性试验chock 楔子、垫块clamp 卡头、夹板clearing of fault 故障排除clip 夹具、钳coat 涂层correction value 矫正值cottor pin 开口销coupling flange 联结法兰damping device 缓冲装置deflection 挠度density 密度derusting 除锈descale 除垢deviation 偏差dial 刻度盘dial gauge 千分尺distort 变形dowel pin (setpin) 定位销eccentric cam 偏心凸轮eccentric pin 偏心销eccentricity 偏心、偏心率、偏心度elastic bearing 弹性轴承elastic deformation 弹性变形elastic limit 弹性极限facility 设备、设施factory assembly 工厂装配fashioned iron 型钢feed pipe 供水管female end 内止口field welding 现场焊缝finish 表面光洁度、精加工fitting allowance 装配公差fitting assembling 零件装配fitting face 配合面flange 法兰flatness 平整度flaw 缺陷flexibility 挠性、柔性forge 锻造foundation 基础friction 摩擦gauge 规、计、表gear 齿轮globe valve 球阀grade 等级hardness 硬度heat treatment 热处理interface 分界面、接触面、接口joint接头、接缝、连接、焊接joint face 结合面、接缝面lubricant 润滑剂、润滑材料lubrication circuit 润滑管道lubrication oil 润滑油machine 机加工machine tool 机床male end 外止口monkey wrench 活动扳手nail 钉子nipple 管接头nut 螺母o-ring O 形环operating condition 运行情况pretreatment 预处理process 流程、工艺screw cap 螺帽spigot 套管、止口stroke 行程valve 阀门verticality 垂直度washer 垫圈wedge 楔子板◆电气设备及元器件（Electrical Equipment & Element Parts）generator 发电机motor 电动机3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor三相鼠笼式电动机3-phase wind asynchronous 三相绕线式电动机motor armature 电枢brush 电刷coil 线圈、绕组energizing coil 励磁线圈stator 定子stator core 定子铁芯stator winding 定子绕组rotator 转子transformer 变压器isolating transformer 隔离变压器mutual inductor 互感器current transformer(CT) 电流互感器potential transformer(PT) 电压互感器high-voltage equipment 高压电器breaker 断路器isolating switch 隔离开关bushing 套管insulator 绝缘子suspended insulator 悬式绝缘子column-type insulator 支柱绝缘子reactor 电抗器capacitor 电容器lightning rod 避雷针（器）low-voltage electric appliance 低压电器。

水文中英术语

水文中英术语水文基本术语和符号标准Standard for essential technical terms andsymbols in hydrology水 water水圈 hydrospherebody水体 waterscience水科学 water水文学 hydrologyhydrology陆地水文学 landhydrology应用水文学 applied工程水文学 engineeringhydrologywater地表水 surface地下水 groundwatervapour水汽 waterelements水文要素 hydrologic降水 precipitation蒸发 evaproration径流 runoff水位 stage流速 velocity流量 dischargeconcentration 含沙量 sedimentdischarge输沙率 sedimenttemperature 水温 waterrun冰凌 icequality水质 water下垫面 underlyingsurfaceregime水文情势 hydrologic水文效应 hydrologiceffectcycle水文循环（水循环） hydrologicbalance水量平衡 waterbalance热量平衡 heatbalance盐量平衡 salt大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content 大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport 水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux雨 rainarea降雨面积 rainfalldistribution降雨分布 rainfallseason雨季 rainy雪 snowcover积雪 snowsnow初雪 first终雪 latestsnow融雪 snowmelt雹（冰雹） hail截留 interceptiondetention 填洼 depression detention地面滞留 surfaceland陆面蒸发（总蒸发） evaporationof水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾） transpiration capability蒸发能力 evaporation下渗（入渗） infiltrationinfiltration稳渗 steadycapability下渗能力 infiltrationrunoff河川径流 river降雨径流rain fall runoffrunoff暴雨径流 storm融雪径流 snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoffflow基流 base洪水 floodflood暴雨洪水 stormflood冰凌洪水（凌汛） ice冰雪洪水 ice-snowfloodmelt雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt floodflood山洪 flashflood溃坝洪水 dam-breakcirculation 大气环流 atmosphericsituation天气形势（环流形势） weatherprocess天气过程 weathersystem天气系统 weather行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system 天气尺度天气系统synoptic weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro-scale weather system surge风暴潮 stormcenter风景中心 stormtrough西风槽 westerlywave东风波 easterly低压槽 trough高压脊 ridge副热带高压 subtropichighhigh阻塞高压 blocking低空急流 low-leveljet低涡 vortex反气旋（高压） anticyclone气旋（低压） cyclone热带气旋 tropiccyclone热带低压 tropic depressionstorm热带风景 tropicstormtropic强热带风景 severe台风 typhoon气团 airmass锋（锋面） front天气 weather气象 meteorology气候 climateregionalization 气候区划 climatic zone气候带 climaticchange气候变化 climatic小气候 microclimatezone热带 tropiczone副热带（亚热带） subtropiczone温带 extratropiczone寒带 frigid季风 monsoon梅雨（霉雨） plumrains暴雨 stormrain阵雨 showery地形雨 orographicrainrain台风雨 typhoon热带气旋雨rainfall in tropic cyclone雷暴 thunderstormeffect温室效应 greenhousepicture卫星云图 satellitecloudpressure气压（大气压强） atmospheric pressure海平面气压 sea-level temperature气温 airtemperature 地温 ground temperature湿球温度 wet-bulb湿度 humidity水汽压 vapourpressurevapourpressure 饱和水汽压 saturation humidity绝对湿度 absolutehumidity相对湿度 relativedeficit饱和差 saturationhumidity比湿 specific风 winddirection风向 windspeed风速 wind蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale露 dewpoint露点 dew雾 fog霜 frostpoint霜点 frostfrost初霜 firstfrost终霜 latest霜冻 frostabiteperiod无霜期 frost-free(basin)流域 watershed流域面积（集水面积） drainage areabasin闭合流域 enclosedbasin不闭合流域 non-enclosed闭流区（内流区）blind drainage area 分水线（分水岭） divide characteristics流域特征 basin流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics流域长度 basinlength流域平均高程basin elevation meanmeanwidth流域平均宽度 basin流域平均坡度basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率growth ration of drainage area流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristic of basin net水系（河系） hydrographicnetwork 人工河网 artificialdrainagedensity河网密度 drainagechannel明渠 open河流 river河源 headwaters冲沟 gully溪流 brook支流 tributarystream干流 main分支 forkchannel 串沟 bifurcation运河 canalriver外流河 exorheicriver内陆河 endorheicchannel减河 relief河道复流（河道再生） resurgence stream常年河 perennialstream间歇河（时令河） intermittent stream悬河（地上河） elevatedriver夺流河（断头河） captured stream盈水河 gainingstream亏水河 losingstream暴洪河流 flashyriver地下暗河（地下河） underground river界河 boundaryriver国际河流 internationalriver废河道（古河道） dead岸 bankbank左岸 leftbank右岸 rightbank凹岸 concavebank凸岸 convexwall岸壁 landline水边线（岸线） water 堤防 leveelength河长 river河弯 riverbend弯曲率 tortuosity channel 航道 navigable 河段 reach上游 upstream中游 midstream下游 downstream reach控制河段 control reach顺直河道 straight reach弯曲河段 bentreach扩散河段 expanding收缩河段 convergingreach游荡河段 wanderingreach感潮河段 tidalcutoff裁弯取直 channel河槽（河床） channelchannel稳定河槽 stable不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽） unstable channelchannel主槽 mainchannel单式河槽 single复式河槽 compoundchannelcross-section河道横断面 river河道纵断面 riverprofilelongitudinalcharacteristics 断面特性 cross-section 河床形态 channelmorphology浅滩 shoal急滩 cataract河漫滩 flood三角洲 deltaisland江心洲 channelbar潜洲 submergedpool深潭 deep水力学 hydraulicschannelhydraulics明渠水力学 open水静力学 hydrostatics水动力学 hydrodynamicsflowchannel明渠水流 openflow恒定流 steadyflow非恒定流 unsteadyflow均匀流（等速流） uniform非均匀流（变速流）non –uniform flow flow急流 supercriticalflow缓流 subcriticalcurrent异重流（密度流） density临界流 criticaldepth临界水深 criticalvelocity临界流速 criticaldischarge临界流量 critical水头 headhead位置水头（位能） elevation head压强水头（压能） pressure head流速水头（动能） velocity head有效水头 effectiveloss水头损失 head沿程水头损失frictional head loss loss局部水头损失 localhead比降 slope能面比降 energyslopeslope水面比降 surfaceslope摩阻比降 friction附加比降（加速比降） addslope河道比降（河床比降） channel水面横比降transverse slope of water surface slope倒比降 inverse总水头线total head linesurfaceprofile 水面线 water糙率 roughness谢才系数 chezy coefficient谢才公式 chezy formulaformula曼宁公式 manningfactor输水系数（输水率） conveyancejump水跃 hydraulic水舌 nappecurve回水曲线（壅水曲线） backwaternumber弗汝德数 froudenumber雷诺数 reynoldsnumber韦伯数 weberfactor水力因素 hydraulicperimeter 湿周 wetted水力半径 hydraulic radius宽深比 width-depthratio中泓线midstream of channel深泓线 thalweg落差 fall瀑布 waterfall波浪 wavewave驻波 standingwave移动波 translationdynamics河流动力学 riversediment河流泥沙 river泥沙特性property of sediment erosion土壤侵蚀 soilerosion水力侵蚀 watererosion山洪侵蚀 torrential流域侵蚀 basinerosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield load全沙 totalload悬移质 suspendedload推移质 bedmaterial床沙 bedload床沙质 bedmaterial冲泻质 washload河流泥沙运动sediment transport in river泥沙起动incipient motion of sediment起动流速 competentvelocitydischarge造床流量 dominant泥沙密度density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hyperconcentration of sediment flow泥石流 debris水流挟沙能力sediment transport capacity of flow process河床演变 fluvial冲刷 scour淤积 sedimentationbalance沙量平衡 sedimenttransport泥沙办理移 sediment浆河现象sediment delivery ratio揭河底现象tearing of river bed quality天然水质 naturalwater水化学 hydrochemistry solids溶解性总固定 total dissolvedconcentration离子含量 ion concentration离子总量 totaliondischarge离子流量 ion矿化度 mineralcontent盐度 salinityvaluePH值 pH碱度 alkalinity酸度 acidityrain酸雨 acidconductivity电子率 electric浑浊度（浊度） turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand oxygen溶解氧 dissolveddemand需氧量 oxygendemand 生化需氧量 biochemical oxygen化学需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度 hardnesshardness碳酸盐硬度（暂时硬度） carbonate hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度） non-carbonate water硬水 hardwater软水 softregime冰情 icestream结冰河流 ice-frozenstream封冻河流 freeze-up稳定封冻河流stable freeze-up stream非稳定封冻河流unstable freeze-up stream period结冰期 ice-frozen初生冰 initialicespicule冰针 iceice冰凇 rimeice圆扁冰 pan-cakeslush冰花 frazilice岸冰 border初生岸冰initial border ice固定岸冰 fixediceborderice 冲积岸冰 agglomerated border再生岸冰regenerative border ice borderice残余岸冰 residualice雪冰 slushice水内冰 underwater冰屑 shugaboundary冰底边 icebasereef冰礁 ice冰桥 icebridgerunice流冰花 slushice浮冰 floatingice锚冰 anchorperiod封冻期 freeze-up封冻（封河） freeze-up freeze-up平封 flat立封 uprightfreeze-up 冰盖 ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘 icemound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze-up 清沟 lead初生清沟 primaryleadlead再生清沟 secondary冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪 snow cover over ice ridge冰脊 ice冰缝 crackpack悬冰 ice冰准 icejam冰塞 aufeis冰上结冰 break-upperiod解冻期color change of ice cover冰变色color change of ice cover冰上冒水 upwellingwatermeltof冰上有水 accumulation层冰层水ice cover with intercalated water layers 融冰 thawing冰层塌陷ice sheet depressionicecover冰层浮起 floating冰滑动dislodging of ice cover解冰（开河） break-up文开河 tranquilbreak-upbreak-up武开河 violent流冰 icerunpackice流冰堆积 driftingdam冰坝 iceaccumulation残冰堆积 residual潮汐 tidelevel潮位（潮水位） tidaltide涨潮 flood落潮 ebbtidetide高潮 high低潮 lowtidetide平潮 dead涨潮潮差flood tidal range落潮潮差ebb tidal range高潮间隙high lunitidal interval 低潮间隙low lunitidal interval inequality日潮不等 diurnal月中天 lunartransitforcegeneration引潮天 tidaltide天文潮 astronomictide气象潮 meteorologic潮汐周期 tidaltide半日潮 semidiurnaltide全日潮 diurnaltide混合潮 mixedtide大潮 spring小潮 neaptidetide中潮 moderateday太阴日 lunartideof潮期 duration涨潮历时duration of tidal rise 落潮历时duration of tidal fall current潮流 tidal涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal currenttide憩流 slackvelocity潮流速 tidalcurrent往复流 reversing旋转流 rotarycurrent潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current落潮流历时duration of ebb current涌潮 bore河口 estuaryhydrology河口水文 estuarine河口水流 estuarineflowtide河口潮汐 estuarine河口演变fluvial processes of estuarybar拦门沙 estuarinedelta河口三角洲 estuarineflat滩涂（海涂） tidalhydrology地下水水文学 groundwater水文地质学 hydrogeologydynamics地下水动力学 groundwatersystem地下水系统 groundwater地下水流域drainage basin of groundwater divide地下水分水岭 groundwater地下水动态 groundwater regimebalance地下水均衡 groundwatermovement地下水运动（渗流） groundwatermodel地下水模型 groundwaterstorage地下水储量 groundwaterreservoir地下水水库 groundwaterrunoff地下水径流 groundwater地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water-table contour map含水层 aquiferseriesrock含水岩系 water-contentformationrock含水岩组 water-content含水岩性water-content rock propertymedium含水介质 water-bearing均匀介质 homogeneousmediummedium非均匀介质 inhomogeneousboundary含水层边界 aquifer透水边界 permeableboundaryboundary隔水边界 confiningboundary弱透水边界 aquitardbed透水层 permeablebed隔水层 confining弱透水层 aquitardparameters 水文地质参数 hydrogeological渗透系数 permeabilitycoefficient 导水系数（释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity 贮水系数 storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivitycoefficient越流系数 leakageindex延迟指数 delay影响半径 influenceradius补给带宽度range of recharge zone水位削减值drawdown value interference分子扩散系数coefficient of molecular diffusion机械弥散系数（水力弥散系数）coefficient of mechanical dispersion水动力弥散系数coefficient of hydrodynamiczone包气带 aerationzone饱和层 saturatedwater土壤水 soilwater结合水 boundwater吸着水 absorbedwater薄膜水 pellicularwater上层滞水 perchedwater渗入水 infiltrationwater凝结水 condensationwater毛管水 capillary毛管上升高度height of capillary rise毛管压力水头capillary pressure headcontentmoisture土壤含水量 soilcontentmoisture饱和含水量（全持水量） saturatedcoefficient 饱和度 saturationpotentialwater土水势 soilcapacity 持水度 water-holdingconstantsmoisture土壤水分常数 soil土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture coefficient 调萎系数 wiltingcapacity田间持水量 field毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture 最大分子吸水量maximum molecular moisture content 零通量面法zero flux plane methodwater 潜水 phreaticrecharge降水入渗补给 precipitation降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge recharge 地表水补给 surfacewaterrecharge 凝结水补给 condensationrecharge侧向补给 lateral越流补给 leakagerechargecoefficient of groundwaterrecharge灌溉补给系数 irrigation潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation 潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water levelofphreatic water aquifer潜水含水层厚度 thicknesswater重力水 gravityyield给水度 specificwater 承压水 confinedbedconfining隔水顶板 upperbed 隔水底板 lowconfining承压含水层厚度thickness of confined aquifer承压水头confined water headwell自流水井 artesian含水层天窗skylight of upper confining bedwater孔隙水 poreaquifer孔隙含水层 porous孔隙＿裂隙含水层 pore-fissureaquiferporosity有效孔隙度 effective water裂隙水 fissure aquifer裂隙含水层 fissured ratio裂隙度 fissure岩溶（喀斯特） karst water岩溶水 karstcave溶洞 karstaquifer岩溶含水层 karst泉 springspring 温泉 thermal spring 矿泉 mineral 湖泊 lakelake外流湖 exorheic lake内流湖 endorheic lake淡水湖 freshlake咸水湖 saltlake盐湖 salinelake季节性湖泊 seasonallake富营养湖泊 eutrophiclake贫营养湖泊 poornutrientcurrent湖流 lake梯度流 gradientcurrent漂流current of frictionwave湖浪 lake湖浙波漾（假潮） lakeseichedenivellationwind湖泊增减水 lakeresources湖泊资源 lakeratio湖泊率 lake湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake 湖泊换水周期lake residence period basin湖盆 lake湖面高程elevation of water level in lake 岛屿率 insulositylayering湖泊分层 lake正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lakearea湖泊面积 lake湖泊容量 storagelakeoflake湖泊长度 lengthofoflake湖泊宽度 width湖泊最大深度maximum depth of lake湖泊平均深度mean depth of lake湖泊岸线长度length of lake shoreline湖泊岸线发育系数development coefficient of lake shoreline 水库 reservoir水库特征水位characteristic water of reservoirstorage 库容 reservoirstorage静库容 stillstorage动库容（楔形库容） dynamiccurve 库容曲线 state-capacity水库特征库容characteristic storages of reservoir seepage水库渗漏 reservoir水库淤积 reservoirsedimentation水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake水库拦沙效率sediment trap efficiency of reservoir 沼泽 miremire潜育沼泽 not-peatmire泥炭泽 peat低位沼泽（富营养沼泽）low level mirelevelmire高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽） mainmire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽） mediumlevelhydrology沼泽水文 miremireofbalance沼泽水量平衡 waterwater沼泽水 mireevaporation沼泽蒸发 mirerunoff沼泽径流 mire沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moisture property of mire沼泽特水性water retention of miremire沼泽透水性 perviousnessofratio沼泽率 mire冰川 glacierglacier山地冰川（山岳冰川） mountain glacier谷冰川 valley宽尾冰川 broad-tailglacierglacier冰斗冰川 cirqueglacier悬冰川 hangingglacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川） penetrating field冰原 ice冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier line雪线 snowarea消融区 ablationarea堆积区 accumulationvariations冰川变化 glacierflow冰川运动 glacier雪崩 avalanche冰雪融水径流 ice-snowrunoffmelt水文测验 hydrometryreconnaissance 水文勘测 hydrologic水文遥感技术remote-sensing technology in hydrology 水文空间技术space technology in hydrology水文核技术nuclear technology in hydrology全球定位系统global positioning system遥测 telemetrygauging驻测 stationarygauging巡测 tourgauging间测 intermittentgauging检测 testgauging校测 correctivegauging委托观测 entrustinstrument水文仪器 hydrologicinstrument直接仪器 direct-readinginstrument 自记仪器 automatic-recording遥测装置remote telemetry unit传感器 sensorstorage固态存贮器 solid计数器 counter记录器 recorderunit显示器 display平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures stage相应水位 equivalentstation水文测站 hydrometricstation基本站 basicstation辅助站 auxiliarystation专用站 special水文实验站hydrologic experimental station基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station station水文气象站 hydrometeorologicstationgauging巡测站 tourstation水文站 gauging大河控制站main-stream control station区域代表站regional representative station station小河站 small-streamstation河道站 riverstation水库站 reservoirstation渠道站 canal湖泊站 lakestation堰闸站weir and sluice stationstation水位站 stagegauginglevelstation湖水位站（验潮站） tidal水库水位站reservoir stage gauging station湖泊水位站lake stage gauging stationstationgauging雨量站（降水量站） rain配套雨量站complete set rain gauging stationyard雨量观测场 rainobservation水面蒸发站water surface evaporation station陆上水面蒸发场water surface evaporation yard on land 漂浮水面蒸发场floating water surface evaporation yard station水抩站（水质监测站） waterqualitystation泥沙站 sediment地下水观测井observation well of groundwater水文站网 hydrologicnetworkhydrologicnetwork基本站网 basic流量站网streamflow gauging networknetwork雨量站网 raingauging水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网 stagenetworkgauging泥沙站网sediment gauging networknetwork水质站网 wagerquality地下水观测井网groundwater observation well network planningnetwork站网规划 hydrologicregionalization 水文分区 hydrologiclayout站网布设 networkanalysis站网分析 networkexamination站网检验 network optimization站网优化 network adjustment站网调整 networkdensity站网密度 networkdensity现实密度 realdensity可用密度 usablenetwork容许最稀站网 minimum设站年限station required age information水文信息 hydrologicbenefit水文效益 hydrologic基面 datumdatum绝对基面（标准基面） absolute datum假定基面 arbitrarydatum测站基面 stationdatum冻结基面 stationarycontrol测站控制 stationcontrol河槽控制 channelcontrol断面控制 sectioncontrol人工控制 artificial槛式控制river bottom control control测验河段 sill水流平面图flow plane map map水道地形图 channel topographicsign断面标志 cross-section stake断面桩 cross-sectionrod标志杆 signrod辐射杆 radiationline基线 basestake基线桩 baseline水准点 benchmark基本水准点 basic benchmarkbenchmark核准水准点 checkbenchmark临时水准点 temporary测验断面 measuringcross-section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross-section measuring cross-section流速仪测流断面 current-metercross-sectionmeasuring浮标测流断面 floatcross-section比降水尺断面 slopemeasuring辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross-section cross-sectionmeasuring临时测流断面 temporarycableway水文缆道 hydrometriccableway悬索缆道 suspended悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway cableway机动缆道 motorizedcableway手动缆道 hand-operatingcable主索 maincable循环索 loopcable起重索 suspension水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat devicemeasuring缆道测验仪 cablewayboat水文测船 hydrometricbridge水文测桥 hydrometric桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hydrometry 水准测量 levelingleveling跨河水准测量 rive-crossing水尺零点测量survey of gauge zonesurvey控制测量 control高程控制测量vertical control survey平面控制测量horizontal control surveysurvey导线测量 traverse三角测量 triangulation距离测量 distancesurveysurvey河道观测 rivesurvey地形测量 topographicsurvey碎部测量 detailsurvey水下地形测量 underwater topographic降水量 precipitation雨量 rainfalldepth积雪深度 snowdensity积雪密度 snow雪水当量water equivalent of snow duration降水历时 precipitationintensity降雨强度 rainfall降水日数number of precipitation days observation降水量观测 precipitation雨量器 raingaugereceiver承水器 raingaugeglass量杯 measuringraingauge累积雨量器 accumulativerecorder雨量计 rainfall虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping-bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long-term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorderradar 测雨雷达 precipitation-monitoring雪量器 snowgauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量 evaporation蒸发量观测 evaporationobservation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation ratio遮挡率 screen蒸发器 evaporationpanpanevaporation小型蒸发器（蒸发皿） smallE-601蒸发器evaporation pan of type E-601panevaporation漂浮蒸发器 floating蒸发计 evaporimeterevaporimeter遥测蒸发计 telemeteringobservation水位观测 stage水尺零点 gauge zerostage最高水位 maximumstage最低水位 minimumstage平均水位 mean水位变幅fluctuation range of stage observation比降观测 slope涨落率rate of rise and fall。

水文术语英语

水文术语英语序号中文名称英文名称1 河流及流域特征 Characteristics of river and basin河流及水系 River and river system河流 river干流主河 trunk river main stream支流 tributary stream branch river河源 river head river source, headwater河口 river mouth estuary河长 river length深泓线 thalweg中泓线 stream central line落差 drp流域特征 Characteristics of basin流域 watershed basin, drainage area流域分水线 basin divide流域面积集水面积 watershed area drainage area, catchment area 流域长度流域轴长 length of basin流域植被率植被度 percentage of vegetations in drainage area 流域湖泊率 percentage of lakes in drainage area流域沼泽率 percentage of swamps in drainage area2 水文分析计算 hydrological analysis and computation水文计算 hydrologic computation水文计算 hydrological computation水文统计 hydrological statistics累计频率 accumulative frequency重现期 return period水文频率曲线 hydrological frequency curve设计频率 design frequency相关分析 corelation analysis暴雨 rain storm大暴雨 large rain storm特大暴雨 extraordinary rainstorm降雨面积雨区 precipitation area rain area暴雨中心 rainstorm center暴雨强度 rainstorm intensity暴雨历时 rainstorm duration点雨量 point precipitation point rainfall面雨量 area precipitation area rainfall定点定面关系 precipitation relationship between fixed point and fixed area 产流汇流 runoff yield concentration of flow产流 runoff yield runoff formation蓄满产流 runoff yield under saturated storage超渗产流 runoff yield under excess infiltration下渗容量线下渗曲线 infiltration capacity curve初损 initial losses最大初损 maximum initial losses后损 later losses降雨径流关系图 rainfall-runoff relationship设计净雨量 design net rainfall径流 runoff径流 runoff地表径流 surface runoff地下径流 groundwater runoff径流深 runoff depth径流模数 runoff modulus径流系数 runoff coefficient多年平均年径流量 mean annual runoff设计年径流量 design anuual runoff设计年径流量年内分配 distribution of annual runoff within a year洪水 flood设计洪水 design flood设计洪水标准 standard of design flood可能最大洪水 probable maximum flood PMF分期设计洪水 stage design flood施工设计洪水 design flood of construction period坝址洪水 flood at dam site入库洪水 flood into reservoir溃坝洪水 dambreak flood小流域设计洪水小面积设计洪水 design flood of small catchment 泥沙 sediment固体径流 sediment runoff含沙量 sediment charge sediment concentration输沙量 sediment runoff输沙率 sediment discharge平均输沙量 mean sediment runoff平均输沙率 mean sediment discharge3 水文预报 hydrological forecast水文预报 hydrolgocial forecast预见期 leading time短期水文预报 short term hydrological forecasting中、长期水文预报 mid and long term hydrological forecast降雨径流的预报 rainfall runoff forecast洪水预报洪水径流预报 flood forecast枯水预报枯水径流预报 low flow forecast泥沙预报 sediment forecast水质预报 water quality forecast冰情预报 ice regime forecast。

水文技术标准术语英文

水文技术标准术语英文河流及流域特征 Characteristics of river and basin 河流及水系 River and river system河流 river干流(主河) trunk river (main stream)支流 tributary stream (branch river)河源 river head (river source, headwater)河口 river mouth (estuary)河长 river length深泓线 thalweg中泓线 stream central line落差 drp[河道比降(纵坡降、坡降) river slope河槽(河床) stream channel水系(河系、河网) hydrographic net (river system) 河网密度 drainage density流域特征 Characteristics of basin流域 watershed (basin, drainage area)流域分水线 basin divide流域面积(集水面积) watershed area (drainage area, catchment area) 流域长度(流域轴长) length of basin流域植被率(植被度) percentage of vegetations in drainage area流域湖泊率 percentage of lakes in drainage area流域沼泽率 percentage of swamps in drainage area水文分析计算 hydrological analysis and computation水文计算 hydrologic computation水文计算 hydrological computation水文统计 hydrological statistics累计频率 accumulative frequency重现期 return period水文频率曲线 hydrological frequency curve设计频率 design frequency相关分析 corelation analysis暴雨 rain storm大暴雨 large rain storm特大暴雨 extraordinary rainstorm降雨面积(雨区) precipitation area (rain area)暴雨中心 rainstorm center暴雨强度 rainstorm intensity暴雨历时 rainstorm duration点雨量 point precipitation (point rainfall)面雨量 area precipitation (area rainfall)定点定面关系 precipitation relationship between fixed point and fixed area)动点动面关系(暴雨中心点面关系) precipitation relationship between center point and variable area)暴雨时、面、深关系 depth-area-duration relationship of storm (DAD)暴雨强度历时曲线 duration curve of storm intensity设计暴雨 design rainstorm设计雨型 design rainfall pattern暴雨等雨量线图 isohyet map of rainstorm可降水量 probable precipitation可能最大降雨 probable maximum precipitation (PMP) 暴雨模式 rainstorm model典型暴雨 typical rainstorm移置暴雨 transposition storm组合暴雨 synthetic storm露点 dewpoint地面露点 dewpoint at earth surface代表性露点 representative dewpoint可能最大露点 probable maximum dewpoint产流(汇流) runoff yield (concentration of flow) 产流 runoff yield (runoff formation)蓄满产流 runoff yield under saturated storage超渗产流 runoff yield under excess infiltration 下渗容量线(下渗曲线) infiltration capacity curve 初损 initial losses最大初损 maximum initial losses后损 later losses降雨径流关系图 rainfall-runoff relationship设计净雨量 design net rainfall基流 base flow汇流 concentration of flow河槽集流(河网集流) concentration of channel flow 单位线(时段单位线) unithydrograph瞬时单位线 instantaneous unithydrograph综合单位线 synthetic unithydrograph概化洪水过程线 simplified flood dydrograph径流 runoff径流 runoff地表径流 surface runoff地下径流 groundwater runoff径流深 runoff depth径流模数 runoff modulus径流系数 runoff coefficient多年平均年径流量 mean annual runoff设计年径流量 design anuual runoff设计年径流量年内分配 distribution of annual runoff within a year 洪水 flood设计洪水 design flood设计洪水标准 standard of design flood可能最大洪水 probable maximum flood (PMF)分期设计洪水 stage design flood施工设计洪水 design flood of construction period坝址洪水 flood at dam site入库洪水 flood into reservoir溃坝洪水 dambreak flood小流域设计洪水(小面积设计洪水) design flood of small catchment 泥沙sediment固体径流 sediment runoff含沙量 sediment charge (sediment concentration)输沙量 sediment runoff输沙率 sediment discharge平均输沙量 mean sediment runoff平均输沙率 mean sediment discharge水文预报 hydrological forecast水文预报 hydrolgocial forecast预见期 leading time短期水文预报 short term hydrological forecasting中、长期水文预报 mid and long term hydrological forecast 降雨径流的预报 rainfall runoff forecast洪水预报(洪水径流预报) flood forecast枯水预报(枯水径流预报) low flow forecast泥沙预报 sediment forecast水质预报 water quality forecast冰情预报 ice regime forecast封冻预报 freezing forecast解冻预报 ice break forecast水文模型 hydrological model确定性水文模型 determinate hydrological model随机性水文模型(非确定性水文模型) stochastic hydrological model 人类活动水文效应 hydrological response due to human activities。

水利词汇

Yesterday is history, Tomorrow is mystery. But today is a gift.水利工程专业英语2012-3-2Sometimes you have to stop thinking too much and just go where your heart takes you.水利工程专业英语生态开发整治工程ecological exploitation and regulation project骨料分离Segregation碎石Macadam抹面用的刮板Screed南水北调south-to-north water diversion.南水北调工程divert water from the south to the north project总规划面积the total planning area干燥少雨dry and rainless水系water system断流discontinuous flow沙化desertification污染源pollution source水源地waterhead area地下水开采量amount of groundwater mining供水量service discharge总体规划general planning一期工程first phase of construction总投资gross investment污水治理工程waste water treatment project污水处理厂sewage treatment plant排水管网network of drains生态防护林ecological shelter forest总面积gross area两岸side banks防洪工程flood control project导流堤training wall基础设施infrastructure路网road net防洪prevent or control flood汊河anabranch跌水drop河道river course复式断面compound cross section现浇混凝土on-site concrete预制混凝土precast concrete防渗结构seepage prevention示意图schematic diagram自然植被vegetation绿化带green belt湿地wetland/marsh 橡胶坝rubber damBulkhead Gate 检修门，预备门Emergency Gate 事故闸门，检修闸门Frame crane 龙门吊Frequency converter 变频机Parallel to the flow direction 顺水流方向Transverse to the flow direction 垂直水流方向SEZ special economic zone 经济特区Settlement 沉陷，沉降SE by E =southeast by east 东南偏东Supporting ring 支承环；垫环Setting retarder 缓凝剂Service gate 工作闸门Stoplog gate 叠梁门Submerged gate 水下闸门Self-collapsing gate 自溃闸门Draft tube gate 尾水闸门Backwater gate 挡潮闸门，防倒灌闸门8-tonne self propelled vibrating roller 8吨振动碾a complete set of equipment 成套设备accumulation of stress 应力集中air-condition 空调alluvium [地]冲积层, 淤积层anti-abrasion concrete 耐磨混凝土as-built drawings 竣工图bench 马道bid 出价，投标blasting cap 起爆雷管borehole 钻孔borrow 土料场catchment 集水区域closestool 马桶corbel-piece 牛腿CUT OFF WALL 齿槽culvert 涵洞dam base width 大坝底宽elevation 立视图，高程free draining 自由穿流genset=generate set 发电机gevr=grout enriched vibratable rcc 变态混凝土ha. 公倾hand operated vibrating roller 手扶振动碾fire hydrant 消防栓fire fighting 消防inspect 监理invert slab 底板joint venture 联营体LIFT 浇筑层mobile crane 汽车吊mortar 灰浆overhead 管理费parapet 栏杆, 低墙, 扶手, 胸墙rear elevation 后视图reservoir 水库, 蓄水池small backhoe 挖机soil nail 土锚钉sub-contractor 分包商switching station 开关站tipping trucks 自卸车truck with grout mixer and water tank 搅拌车Weathered 被风化的Release agent 脱模剂Segment gate 弧形闸门Overflow gate 溢流式闸门Overpour gate 顶溢式闸门Jet-flow gate 射流式闸门Minute - Minute of Progress Meeting 会议纪要Claim - 索赔、进度付款(Progressive claim) Contigency - 不可预见费Lump Sum - 总价，与单价项目对应Truss 桁架Client - 业主，有时用Employer很少Consultant - 一般为设计咨询, Advisor比Consultant 更高一级的咨询Supervisor - 监理人员fault - 断层Bench - 马道，有用berm的Rebar 指螺纹钢筋而bar统指钢筋Admixture 外加剂Additive 掺和料Workability 混凝土的和易性Binder of concrete 胶凝材料Diversion Tunnel 导流洞Saddle Dam - 副坝Piping - 管涌Packer Test -压水试验Lugeon值是帷幕灌浆的主要参数倒虹吸- SiphonCulvert - 涵管Aqueduct - 渡槽Chainage - Residual Distance （R.D.）桩号Grout - 浆液\灌浆Grout mix - 混合浆液Take of grout - 吃(耗)浆量Setting - 混凝土凝固，养护-curingTest fill - 碾压试验Seepage - 渗透Failure against seepage - 渗透破坏Failure against sliding - 滑动破坏Abutment - 坝肩Foundation pit - 基坑Joint - 节理（地质），接缝（设计）Hose - 软（皮）管Embankment - 土坝。

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