高二英语语法

高二英语语法总结精讲

The past participle used as attribute and predicative 用作定语和表语的过去分词

1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系，且表完成的状态；如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说，所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主动，又不表完成。此外，作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。如：You can drink boiled water，not boiling water．你可以喝白开水，但不可以喝沸腾的水。From his disappointed look，I knew he didn't pass the examination．从他的失望表情看，我知道他没通过考试。

2)作表语，过去分词作表语，多表示主语的状态。如：This machine part is broken．这个机器零件坏了。

有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了，常见的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。用作宾补的过去分词过去分词作宾补，与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补，它们是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等We hear the music played by the band．我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都认为这场战役输掉了。2)作使役动词的宾补，它们是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等Please keep us informed of the latest development．请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。I must get my bike repaired．我必须请人修自行车3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补，它们是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal．我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。

用作状语的过去分词无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等，这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句1)表时间(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加热后，这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。像第二句那样当强调实践概念时，过去分词之前可用连词when，while2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．他大吃一惊，一时说不出话来。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．那姑娘因受老师责备，而愤愤不3)表让步Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀请，我也不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．尽管一再遭受挫败，他们仍然继续战斗。4)表伴随He stared at me(he was)astonished．他两眼瞪着我，惊恐万状Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句that引导名词性从句时，本身没有什么意思，它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时，一般不可省略，且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面，前面用it代替that从句；当然，当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语；如主句是感叹句时，必须用it作形式主语，把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时，在不引起歧义的情况下，that可以省略；that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有：except、but、in等)，如介词引导that从句作宾语，常常在其后加it，在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句，一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句，一般不可省略。请看下列例句：That we shall be late is certain．=It is certain that we shall be late．我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。It is said that he's got married．听说他结婚了。I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all．我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。区别where 引导的定语从句与状语从句1．where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词，where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如：The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here．我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远2．where 引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词，where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。I found my books where I had left them．我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。有时，where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面，而where 引导的定语从句则不能。例如：Where there is a will，there is a way．(谚语)有志者事竟成。Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方就有生命3．在有些情况下，where 引导的定语从句可转换为where 引导的地点状语从句。例如A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert．( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert．)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often．( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often．温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。由疑问词引导的名词性从句由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时，其句型结构应该采用以下两种：1．疑问词+ 主语+ 谓语动词+ 其他2．本身是主语的疑问词+ 谓语动词+ 其他不管采用哪种句型，其词序总是正装的，即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。1)What you need is more practice．(主语从句) 2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．(主语从句) 3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space．(动词宾语从句) 4)This reminded me of what he had once told us．(介词宾语从句) 5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans．(表语从句) 6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars．(同位语从句) 虚拟语气语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。1．虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下：从句主句过去式(be用were) would + 动词原形1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original．要是我懂德文，我就读《资本论》的原文。

2)If he were here now，everything would be all right．要是他现在在这儿，一切就都没问题了。3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！2．虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时，其动词一律用其过去式形式，be用were；如果该从句表示一般过去时，其动词形式要用：had + 过去分词；如果该从句表示现在进行时，其动词形式要用were／was + 现在分词；如果该从句表示一般将来时，其动词形式要用：would／could + 动词原形。1)I wish I were／was as strong as you．2)I wish I remembered his phone number．3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day．4)How I wish it weren't／wasn't raining now！5)I wish he would try again．3．虚拟语气在含有as if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。1)He acts as if he were／was an expert．2)It seems as if it were／was spring．3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years．一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下：从句主句had + 过去分词would have + 过去分词1．If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train．2．If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake．3．You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下：从句主句were to／should + 动词原形would + 动词原形1．If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology．2．If he were to／should travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it注：在虚拟条件中，有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用，在此语境中，就把从句中的助动词had，should或were移至其主语前，如：1．Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment．2．Were they to act like that again，we would／should criticize them severely3．Should we fail again next time，we wouldn't lose courage．倒装主语与谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，这和汉语是一致的，称为自然语序或正装语序。反之，如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就是倒装语序，产出倒装语序主要有两个原因：语法结构的要求；第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。1．主谓倒装A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如：1)There exist different opinions on this question．关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。2)Here comes the old lady．那位老太太来了。3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to．我们期待的时刻到来了。4)Up went the arrow into the air．飕的一声箭射上了天空。5)Now comes your turn．现在轮到你了。6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane．呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。B)否定词置于句首，引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前)，