汉英交替传译中停顿原因的文本分析

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汉英翻译中的断句处理.

汉英翻译中的断句处理毕业论文Sentence Division in C-E Translation Abstract Because of the differences in cultural background and thinking mode between the east and the west, as well as disparities in sentence structure and convention of expression between Chinese and English, sentencedivision in Chinese-English translation is inevitable. Chinesebelongs to parataxical language. It means language unit in Chinese, such as word or sentence are mainly connected by semantic relations. However, English is a typical hypotaxical language, which has evident language marks such as inflection, prepositions and conjunctions, to name just a few. As differences exist between Chinese and English, there is no definite standard in sentence division. Based on the existing research results made in translation theories, this thesis just puts forward some suggested methods concerning splitting long Chinese sentence in Chinese-English translation, and examines some reasons for improper splitting in translation. Key Words: Chinese-English translation; sentence structure; sentence division; parataxis; hypotaxis 摘要由于中西方文化思维和表达习惯不同，以及汉英句子结构的差异，汉译英时，尤其是复杂汉语长句译成英语时，常常需要断句。

交替传译中应该注意几点问题

交替传译中应该注意的几点问题作者发表: Eric发表日期: 2004-10-08阅读次数: 17最近的一个周是近期工作最繁忙的时候，论坛也顾及不过来。

总算可以抽出点时间来写点东东，弥补一下。

过去的一个周基本上做的都是交替传译，接待规格都不算太低，包括了英国市长，英国大学商学院的系主任，英国最大的两个工会的地区总负责人，地区最大的公司会议，国内书记,以及的行业以及政府的代表团 ...在过程中出现过之前未曾讨论过的一些问题，今天在这里也一并提一下。

虽然优秀问题可能不算普遍现象，但感觉还是应该提醒一下。

记忆主导，笔记辅助在之前我们曾不止一次的提醒大家记忆训练永远应该放在首位，并且它既像一块基石，直接影响着大家在口译学习上的进步。

最近的几次会议中，比较明显的特点就是基本上以记忆为主，笔记仅仅是以非闯辅助性的角色出现的，当然这可能仅仅是比较特殊的情况，并不能说笔记就是不重要，但最为一种形式还是应该一起大家的注意。

其中的一天的工作，一天下来我只坐下来休息了不到十分钟，其余的从早9：00-17：00都是站着做的口译，其中4个超过一小时的演讲以及问答。

而在会前没有任何的相关资料。

从信息的密度，演讲者的速度，演讲的时间不固定，有时候内容很多时间很长，内容的熟悉程度，都是有相当难度。

上述的几个因素不得不将更多的精力投入到理解消化过程中，而此时过多地记笔记对译员的记忆理解会有很大的干扰，并且整个过程是站着的，所以很不舒服。

像一段下来4-5分钟停顿一次，是很正常的。

之前有朋友也问，speaker 一般将多长时间才停啊？答案可能是5分钟，也可能是10分钟。

但是作为译员，在speaker 没有停下来的时候打断演讲者开始翻译，是很不礼貌的。

并且本身译员在自身训练过程中就是被强化训练应该可以应对15分钟或者更长的演讲。

在上周的工作中基本上大多数的时间没有记笔记，以下下来也就是记了几页，并且基本也就是数字。

很经常演讲者可能会忘记的口译员的存在，滔滔不绝，这些情况要时刻警惕。

英汉同声传译中的_断点_浅议

英汉同声传译中的“断点”浅议苏州大学　杜争鸣同传要求译员即时理解和迅速反应,把注意力集中在源源而来的信息上,不能像连续翻译那样花精力去记忆讲话人已经讲过的内容。

在边听边译的过程中,虽然也存在着一定的瞬间记忆问题,但所记内容不多,记忆时间也决不能长。

为了争取主动,把更多的注意力投入听解,同时保证恰当的速度和时差,译员必须当机立断地开口翻译,果断截句;为了使译语趋于自然,他必须随机应变,十分灵活地对待所听到的下文内容,设法使已经出口的话与后面的话连接起来。

当断不断,反受其乱;断而不连,则很容易让人产生支离破碎的感觉。

在此,笔者为了方便起见,不妨把英汉同声传译中断句的语言点称之为“断点”(cu tting po in t ),并将其最常见的出现位置总结如下:一、介词或短语介词例1.GST I’s h igh academ ic and in tel 2lectual standards and its respon siveness to developm en ts i n the rap idly evo lving fields of tran slati on and in terp retati on m ake its graduates greatly sough t after by p ro spec 2tive em p loyers ,including in ternati onal ,na 2ti onal ,and local o rgan izati on s ,co rpo rati on s ,bank s ,ho sp itals ,the cou rts ,the m ilitary ,and m any o ther in stitu ti on s that con stitu te global societies .口笔译研究生院具有很高的学术和智力标准,并能适应发展情况,在越来越先进的口笔译领域赶上潮流,这使它的毕业生深受欢迎。

汉英交替传译语篇的连贯性分析

汉英交替传译语篇的连贯性分析交替传译作为典型的口译形式,极大地影响着不同文化背景人们的沟通与交流。

译员则在交传过程中充当着信息收集及传达的角色。

一次成功的交传极大程度上取决于译员对信息准确的理解与表达。

而译员的理解与表达又与信息的连贯性以及译员本身的连贯意识密不可分。

说话人所表达信息连贯程度高,译员对信息更有把握;说话人言不达意,则译员很有可能会造成误解。

同时,译员若本身具有较强的连贯意识,则能给出较准确的口译成果;反之亦然。

有些学者将连贯视为社会现象,而有些则认为连贯是一种心理现象。

而口译既是一种社会交际活动,也涉及复杂的心理认知活动。

口译语篇连贯的分析离不开语言结构的分析,也应将口译活动发生的情景及不同文化背景知识列入考虑范围。

本论文以2017年李克强总理答记者问为例,旨在从语篇衔接和语境理论两方面分析汉英交传中的语篇连贯。

本论文对比分析了源语文本和目标语文本中衔接手段使用的异同,举例阐释译员通过采取适当调整以达到目标语文本的连贯。

同时,本论文从语境理论出发,分析情景语境和文化语境对译员的理解和表达的影响,以及探讨了译员为达到语境连贯而做出的调整。

通过对比分析,本论文发现英汉语篇衔接手段在一定程度上发挥类似的功能,但由于文化、地理及日常表达习惯之间的差异,英汉衔接手段在使用频率和表达的意义上有一定的区别。

而为达到情景语境的连贯,译员考虑到口译场合的时间、正式程度以及英汉不同表达习惯等因素,并做出适当调整;在文化语境方面,译员主要对中文成语以及在英文中无对应表达的文化负载词的翻译做出了调整。

本论文旨在强调连贯意识在口译中的重要性。

译员不仅需关注语篇的语言结构,同时需注重译文在情景语境和文化语境中的连贯。

只有这样,受话者方能得到最大程度上连贯的目标语文本。

英语同声传译中常见的断句分析

英语同声传译中常见的断句分析断句是英语同声传译过程中最为重要的技巧之一，有效掌握断句技巧可以帮助口译员减少等待时间，减轻信息处理压力，使得同传工作可以顺利进行，同声传译公司通过实例分析，得出英汉同传断句的基本规律，北京世纪英信翻译为大家介绍英语翻译中的断句现象：同声传译过程中的断句分析可以从引导从句的从属连词、并列连词、介词或者短语介词、不定式、分词结构等往往可以作为切分句子的标志，当然，在口语易实战会场上，信息是源源不断的接踵而来，而同声传译译员要避免这种情况，总是尽可能努力缩小翻译译与讲话之间的时间差，争取主动。

这样，译员就需要按照自己听到的原文的顺序，不停地把句子切换成个别的意群或概念单位，再把这些单位比较自然地连接起来，翻译出整体的原意，这种方法可称之为断句基础上的顺句驱动。

在同声传译实现顺句驱动的过程中，译员需要综合使用多种翻译技巧，如断句，重复、预测、等待、增补、词性转换、句式转换、省略等，在所有翻译技巧种，断句对实现顺句驱动这一目标的作用可谓是最为重要，同声传译公司认为，断句技巧“可以更快速地减轻记忆力负担，减少短时记忆力的信息处理压力。

”北京世纪英信翻译认为，“断句技巧在处理结构复杂的长句，尤其是出现尔罗斯套娃那样的嵌套结构的句子时十分有用。

”例如：引导从句的从属连词。

引导从句的从属连词可分为两类，关系代词和关系副词，如that， which， who， whom， whose， what， how， when， why， where， whatever 等。

这些词出现的位置在同传中往往可以作为英语句子的断开点，如： And we meet within a city “所谓‘断句’指的是在同传时将英语句子，按适当的意群或概念单位，进行切割处理并译成汉语。

”由此，在断句时，如何能把句子合理迅速地在适当位置断开并进行自然的衔接就成为译员主要关切的问题。

北京世纪英信翻译认为，同传的断点( cutting point)通常出现在介词或介词短语、关系词、不定式、分词以及原语自然停顿等处。

英汉视译中长难句停顿和衔接研究——以特朗普2018达沃斯闭幕演讲为例

摘要摘要随着中国与世界的联系日趋紧密，全球化的不断深入，国际会议日益增多。

因此国际市场上对翻译人才的需求与日俱增，尤其是口译方面。

视译作为会议口译的一种形式，其应用性也变得更加广泛。

因此，视译很值得研究。

笔者在平时视译课堂练习实践中，发现长句的断句与衔接问题是英汉视译的重点和难点。

本文从类意群断句策略和类意群衔接策略等理论出发，以特朗普2018达沃斯论坛闭幕会演讲稿为语料，以南昌大学10名MTI学生为研究对象，通过英汉视译模拟实验，分析与总结MTI学生在视译过程中实际遇到的问题，特别是长难句停顿断句与衔接不当的问题，并提出相应的解决策略，有助于充实视译教学内容，为视译理论提供一些借鉴。

通过研究和分析，笔者发现在长句视译中，断句不当的问题是以单词、意群、整句为单位断句，它会产生漏译、误译以及非流利现象，其具体应对策略是通过类意群为单位断句。

根据视译的要求，类意群应该具备三个特征，即相对独立的意义概念、在一目可及的范围之内、能够通过连接语较灵活的与前后的视译单位结合。

在确定类意群作为视译切分基本单位之后，译者需要解决类意群切分不当和衔接不当的问题。

类意群切分不当问题主要体现在切分频繁和类意群切分错误两方面。

其解决策略包括识别主干类意群以及确保句法结构的正确划分。

同时也可通过日常训练实践扩大视域范围和提高阅读速度，以达到较好的心理素质。

类意群衔接不当的问题主要体现在类意群缺乏衔接和错误衔接两方面。

其解决策略包括类意群间增补连接和类意群显化释义。

关键词：英汉视译；类意群；长难句；断句；衔接IIAbstractAbstractWith China’s increasingly close ties with the world and the deepening of globalization,more and more international conferences are held today.The demand for translation/interpreting talents in the international market,therefore,is increasing day by day,especially for interpreters.As a form of conference interpreting,sight interpreting has become more widely used and is worth studying under such background.During sight interpreting,the author finds that division and cohesion of long sentences are of great significance and also present a major challenge to students. This paper starts from the theories of division and cohesion strategy of para-sense groups,taking Donald Trump’s speech at the closing ceremony of2018Davos Forum as the research material and10MTI students from Nanchang University as the research object.The author analyzes and summarizes problems in sight interpreting, especially improper division and cohesion of long and complex sentences.The author then puts forward corresponding strategies,which intends to help to enrich the teaching content of sight interpreting and provide some references for the theory investigation.Through research and analysis,the author finds that in interpreting long sentences,an improper division,which is based on units including words,sense groups and whole sentences,will lead to omissions,misinterpreting and dis-fluency. The corresponding strategy is to divide the sentence into para-sense groups.As required in sight interpreting,para-sense groups have three characteristics:a relatively independent concept of meaning;within the reach of one glance;a flexible access to combine with the front and following sight interpreting units through connectives.After taking the para-sense group as the basic unit for sight interpreting division,the interpreter still needs to solve improper division and cohesion,the problems mainly manifest in excessive and inaccurate division of para-sense groups. Strategies include identifying the trunk para-sense groups and ensuring the correct division of syntactic structure.Meanwhile,interpreters could expand the vision scopeIIIAbstractand improve their reading speed through daily training to achieve a sound mental quality.Improper cohesion of para-sense groups is mainly reflected in lacking and mistaking cohesion.Solutions include supplementation to the connectives between and an explicit interpreting of the para-sense groups.Key words:E-C sight interpreting;para-sense group;long sentences;division；cohesionIVContentsVContents摘要..............................................................................................................................I Abstract (III)Chapter One Introduction (1)1.1Background of the Study (1)1.2Literature Review (3)1.3The Present Study (4)Chapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-sense Group (7)2.1Improper Division in Long Sentences and the Corresponding Solution (7)2.1.1Words as Interpreting Unit (7)2.1.2Sense Group as Interpreting Unit (8)2.1.3A Whole Sentence as Interpreting Unit (9)2.2Division of Para-sense Group (10)2.2.1The Definition and Characteristics of Para-sense Group (10)2.2.2The Reason for Choosing Para-sense Group as Interpreting Unit (11)Chapter Three Division and Cohesion of Para-sense Groups in Sight Interpreting (13)3.1Improper Division of Para-sense Group (13)3.1.1Excessive Division of Para-sense Group (13)3.1.2Inaccurate Division of Para-sense Group (14)3.2Reasons for Improper Division of Para-sense Group (14)3.2.1Excessive Segmentation of Prepositions (15)3.2.2Limited Reading Horizon (16)3.3Solution to Improper Division of Para-sense Group (17)3.3.1Rational Choice on the Length of Para-sense Group (17)3.3.2Correct Recognition of the Main Para-sense Group (18)3.3.3Good Command of Grammar for Accurate Division of Syntactic Structure (19)ContentsVI3.3.4Improvement on Sight Reading and Adequate Preparation for Sight interpreting (20)Chapter Four Analyzing Division of Para-sense Groups in Sight Interpreting (22)4.1Inappropriate Cohesion of Para-sense Group (22)4.1.1The Lack of Cohesion Among Para-sense Groups (22)4.1.2Improper Cohesion among Para-sense Groups (23)4.2Reasons for Improper Cohesion of Para-sense Group (24)4.2.1Literal interpreting (24)4.2.2Irrational Division of Para-sense Group (24)4.3Strategy for Cohering Para-sense Groups (26)4.3.1Supplementing Connectives between Para-sense Groups (26)4.3.2Explicit interpreting of Para-sense Groups (26)Chapter Five Conclusion (28)Acknowledgement (30)References (31)Appendix 1 (33)Appendix 2 (37)Chapter One IntroductionChapter One Introduction1.1Background of the StudyBasically,sight interpreting refers to a way of interpreting,in which the interpreter with the speaker’s speech or other related texts in hand,interprets the texts from the source language into the target language while listening to the speech.(陈菁，2011)In international conferences,sight interpreting is regarded as the way of interpreting that is the most similar to simultaneous interpreting,which is often referred to as“simultaneous interpreting with texts”.So sight interpreting is actually a special form of interpreting.(Agrifoglio,M,2004)However,sight interpreting did not receive as much attention as simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting. In fact,sight interpreting is the basis of studying simultaneous interpreting and should be taken seriously.(秦亚青，何群，2009)The largest common ground between sight interpreting and simultaneous interpreting is that the interpreter must keep up with the speed of the speaker, constantly racing against time.Sight interpreting requires the interpreter to interpret the manuscript content into the target language within a certain time and with barely no preparation.Therefore,sight interpreting and simultaneous interpreting are basically equivalent in interpreting speed and rhythm,which means two ways are basically the same in terms of basic principles and techniques,but not completely the same.（陈菁，2011）In simultaneous interpreting,the interpreter inputs information through listening, while in sight interpreting,through texts.The process of simultaneous interpreting is divided into three phases,namely listening,interpreting,and speaking;while the process of sight interpreting is four steps:listening,reading,interpreting,and speaking.(陈晓颖，2010)It is obvious that the interpreter only needs to listen to the speech of the speaker and then interprets in simultaneous interpreting;but in sight interpreting,the interpreter not only needs to listen to the speaker,but it also requires1Chapter One Introductionto read the texts and then outputs.Although,there is a manuscript for reference, requirements for interpreting quality are stricter.So it is still very difficult for interpreters.(赵天星，2015)Sight interpreting can be applied in many occasions.At conferences or major international events,the speaker may give the interpreter a speech manuscript before the meeting,which requires the interpreter to interpret the text;if the speaker combines the content of his speech with slides to present,the interpreter also needs to interpret all information.Sight interpreting is also applied in business negotiations and court interpreting.Interpreters also need to visually interpret the materials presented on site.(Ersozlu,E,2007)Sight interpreting is not only widely used in these practical situations,but also an indispensable process in the study of simultaneous interpreting.From consecutive interpreting to simultaneous interpreting,sight interpreting is a good transitional stage.Through the study of sight interpreting,the interpreter can better understand and master the principles and techniques of simultaneous interpreting as well as the“multi-tasking”in simultaneous interpreting, laying a solid foundation for future simultaneous interpreting training.The basic requirement of sight interpreting is to be consistent with the speed of the speaker.(詹成，2012)Sight interpreting is a time-saving manner in conferences.If the interpreter can’t keep up with the speed of the speaker,even if the interpreting is accurate,it doesn’t make much sense.Therefore,speed is crucial in the process of sight interpreting.However,the speed is also affected by many factors.Some people speak fast,some slowly,and their speaking speed changes with the environment and emotions.For the interpreter,if not a slow-speaker by nature,usually it is achievable to keep up with the speed of the speaker.The key to accelerate the speed in sight interpreting lies in word order.In order to catch up with the time,if there is a large number of word order adjustments,it will inevitably affect the speed of sight interpreting.(冯熹，2013)Therefore,special attention should be paid to the adjustment of word order,which also involves the first principle in the process of sight interpreting.Sequential interpreting,or syntactic linearity,is the first principle of sight interpreting.(刘明陆，2018)It means that the interpreter divides the sentence into2Chapter One Introductionindependent units of meaning according to the order of source language and then adopts various cohesion techniques to skillfully connect the interpreting.In short,this principle requires the target language maintaining the word order of the source language as consistent as possible.In order to meet this requirement,the interpreter has to choose a feasible method to divide long sentences.(王宇珍，2011)Therefore,it is necessary to understand the definition,basic principles and requirements of sight interpreting for further study.During daily practices,the author finds that there are certain difficulties in interpreting English long sentences into Chinese,especially for division and cohesion of long sentences.These difficulties lead to misinterpreting,omission and non-fluency.The author looked into previous studies and researches,trying to solve these problems,but it turned out that studies in difficulties of interpreting long sentences in E-C sight interpreting are not that rich.However,sight interpreting actually is an important part in sight interpreting.Therefore,the author believes that it is necessary to analyze and study the division and cohesion of long sentences.As an important component of interpreting,sight interpreting is widely applied in more and more fields.However,sight interpreting is often overlooked by people because they tend to pay more attention to and conduct researches on simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting,which are more widely applied.(许庆美，刘进，2014)This paper aims to study on the division and cohesion in long sentences in sight interpreting,intending to help interpreters avoid the errors of improper cohesion and adopt correct division and cohesion strategies of para-sense group while encountering problems,which will improve the quality of interpreting.Meanwhile, this paper wishes to attract more attention from scholars at home and abroad to focus more on sight interpreting,so that interpreters can have a more systematic learning and training of this subject.1.2Literature ReviewCurrently,there are few studies and literature on sight interpreting at home and abroad.A small number of scholars abroad have studied the training of interpreters3Chapter One Introductionand few focuses on sight interpreting.Most of the researches made by Chinese scholars mainly focused on the English-Chinese sight interpreting.Domestic researches on sight interpreting are basically a combination of sight interpreting and simultaneous interpreting or consecutive interpreting,such as the paper Sight interpreting and Information Reconstruction in Chinese-English Consecutive interpreting by Cheng Ruifang in2014and the paper Improving Consecutive interpreting with Sight interpreting by Liu Jin in2011.Or there are studies that connect sight interpreting with interpreting teaching process,such as the paper the Application of Sight interpreting in E-C interpreting Teaching Process by Zhao Yule in2014and the study Including Sight interpreting Training into Consecutive interpreting Teaching by Deng Yanling in2012.As for papers on the study of sight interpreting alone,the aspects of their discourse are also very limited.Generally,they are discussing interpreting strategies adopted in morphological,linguistic,conjunction or passive sentences,such as the Study of Prepositions in English-Chinese Sight interpreting by Zhu Yan in2017, the paper The Processing of Passive Sentences in English-Chinese Sight interpreting by Wu Yi in2015and the Research on Sight interpreting Appositive Clause in E-C interpreting by Liu Minglu in2018.However,there are very few papers that focused on the most important aspects of sight interpreting,i.e.the division and cohesion in long sentences.1.3The Present StudyThe study text of this E-C sight interpreting is the speech by U.S.President Donald Trump at the closing ceremony of the2018Davos Forum.On January26, 2018,US President Trump delivered a speech at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos,Switzerland.With original wording style and expressions, the speech covers a wide range of subjects and fields,which is helpful to the authentic evaluation and analysis of this simulation experiment on interpreting.This manuscript contains1,945words,a moderate length for sight interpreting.A number of long and complex sentences can be found in this speech.Therefore,it is4Chapter One Introductiona typical material and of academic significance in the study of division and cohesion in long sentences in E-C sight interpreting.The research subjects of this experiment are ten MTI students from Nanchang University.They did sight interpreting on this material,and the author collected and summarized the problems that those students actually encounter in the process.So considerable authenticity can be reflected in these experimental results.After completing interpreting,the author interviewed the students,who shared their problems encountered in sight interpreting.The author guided them to talk about the difficulties and confusions in terms of sentence division and cohesion.The experiment has considerable authenticity,which is conducive to providing accurate solutions for practical sight interpreting teaching and learning.The stimulation experiment is divided into three phases,namely the preparation before sight interpreting,the process of interpreting and the analysis after interpreting.There is half an hour of preparation before the simulation officially launched. The author distributes copies of the text to ten students,with a glossary list attached. Within limited time,they have to quickly scan the content while getting familiar with the glossary before sight interpreting.Accordingly,ten students began to simultaneously interpret the content of the speech after thirty minutes of preparation.Meanwhile,they were asked to record their own interpreting in voice recorder and save to the disk.When the sight interpreting was completed,the author did an interview with ten students on the problems encountered in interpreting.At the same time,some questions were raised to lead them to talk about their difficulties and confusions in division and cohesion in long and complex sentences.In the end of this experiment,the author collected each student’s record, re-listened to and transformed the voice records into texts,and did a comparative analysis with referred translation.Through careful analysis,the author finds out that two main problems affecting the quality of sight interpreting are the division and cohesion of the para-sense groups,which lead to inaccuracy,desynchrony,confusion in logic and inconsistent with Chinese expressions,etc.After collecting the interview5Chapter One Introductionrecords of the subjects,it is easy to find that most of them are facing challenges in dealing with long sentences,especially the division and cohesion of the complex sentences in sight interpreting,which definitely results inaccuracy and dis-fluency.In response to these problems in interpreting,the author further studies and explores the root causes and clearly presents the examples to readers after summary.6Chapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-sense GroupChapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-senseGroup2.1Improper Division in Long Sentences and the Corresponding SolutionDue to the complex structure of long sentences,interpreters often come across improper division in sight interpreting,including chopping the sentence into units, such as words,sense groups or whole sentences.(许妍，2013)Improper division in sentences can lead to inappropriate pauses,misinterpreting and omission in sight interpreting,which surely affects the quality of interpreting.To solve this problem,it is advised that the interpreter should adopt the strategy that takes para-sense groups as the interpreting unit so as to achieve better interpreting of long sentences.(赵洪霞，2014)2.1.1Words as Interpreting UnitBefore analyzing the problem of segmenting long sentences,the concept of “long sentence”should be clarified and understood.Long sentence refers to a sentence consisting of more than twenty words.(赵天星，2015)It is impossible though,that the whole text is consisted of long and complex sentences,once appeared, they’d often become barriers in sight interpreting.Therefore,long sentences are often regarded as the key points and difficulties in sight interpreting.Since the structure of long sentences is complicated,it is common that interpreters are often encountered with problems of improper division.Although,English sentences are composed of words according to grammatical rules,the division unit would be too limited if the long sentence is chopped into words,which definitely will affect the flow of interpreting and result in being entangled with dis-fluency and improper pause,inaccuracy,omission and slowness of7Chapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-sense Groupsight interpreting.(万丽，2011)As English and Chinese are two languages with obvious differences,it is difficult to interpret word by word.Even if the word-for-word interpreting method is adopted,it would be challenging for the interpreter to make up words into a sentence in sight interpreting,which consequently fails to convey the meaning of the sentence.Therefore,it is inappropriate for interpreters to solely rely on words as division unit in sight interpreting.Example1：I’m here today to represent the interests of the Americanpeople and to affirm America’s friendship in building a better world.Analysis：If the interpreter divides the sentence based on words in sight interpreting,the sentence above will be divided as following:I’m//here//today//to//represent//the//interests//of//the//American//people//and//to// affirm//America’s//friendship//and//partnership//in//building//a//better//world//.Therefore,the interpreting will be:我在这里今天代表利益的美国人和确定美国人的友谊伙伴关系去建造一个更好的世界。

交替传译中停顿、回译和错漏译现象的原因分析——以美国＊＊＊大

ｍｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍｉｓｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｔｉｓｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｔｈａｔａｎｉｎｔｅｐｒｒｅｔｅｒ ’ Ｓｉｎｔｅｐｒｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｑｕａｌｉｔｙｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｗｈｅｎｔｈｅ
— —
ＡｎＣａｓｅＳｔｕｄｙＢａｓｅｄｏｎＩｎｔｅｒｐｒｅａｔｔｉｏｎＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅｆｏｒＤＩＮＧＮｉｎｇ
ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＥＢＰＴｒａｉｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｇｒａｍｉｎＣｈｉｎａ
【Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ］Ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｕａｌｉｔｙ；Ｐｒｅ — ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ；Ｆａｍｉｌｉａｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ０引言
【摘要】本文以美国大学中国循证护理培训项目１２．译为分析对象，选取停顿、回译和错漏译为衡量口译质量的重要指标，分析较长项
目１２译期内口译质量变化的原因研究发现随着１２译员对主题内容熟悉程度的加深，口译中停顿、回译和错漏译情况会明显改善。该研究结果验证了译前准备的重要性．为提高口译质量的方法选择提供了理论基础。【关键词】口译质量：评价标准；主题熟悉度

浅析学生交替传译中出现的问题及解决方法

知识文库第17期193浅析学生交替传译中出现的问题及解决方法蒋爽根据丹尼尔·吉尔所提出的口译过程中的认知负荷模式，可以得出如下结论：学生译员在交替传译中出现问题主要是因为没有将听、记、分析、说这四个部分协调统一。

本篇将结合认知负荷模式理论，简要分析学生译员在交替传译中出现的问题，并提供解决方法。

我国于2007年设立翻译硕士专业学位，旨在培养专业型高级翻译人才，在促进经贸发展，文化交流及外交政治中起到积极的作用。

随着时代的发展，口译的作用越来越突出，除一些要求极高的会议使用同声传译外，多数会议采用交替传译。

这就肯定了交替传译在学生译员学习过程中的重要性。

然而学生在练习交替传译的过程中不能够科学合理的分配时间与精力，加上口译训练过程艰苦难熬，并不能够立即看到效果，所以不少学生在漫长的训练中徘徊不前。

本文旨在从几个角度浅析学生译员在交替传译过程中出现的问题，并提供一些具体的方法帮助他们少走些弯路。

1 问题丹尼尔·吉尔在认知负荷模式中指出，交替传译中精力应该科学的分为以下四部分：听力、分析、记忆、产出。

要求译员注意力高度集中，在发言人说话后，立刻反应，在极短的时间内做到这四部分之间的科学协调。

因此，本文将从以上四个方面结合学生交替传译中的问题进行简要分析。

理解障碍即学生无法理解源语。

听力是交传中的第一步，一旦听力出现问题，那么译出的目的语必定也存在问题。

英语专业的学生从本科阶段开始，听力理解的内容多为标准的英音或美音，因此一旦发言人有口音，学生就会慌乱，无法适应，造成理解障碍。

即使在标准的英美音环境下，学生也会受到连读和吞音的干扰，造成信息的遗漏甚至错译。

这是理解过程中的第一个障碍。

不了解专业知识也会造成理解障碍。

翻译是杂家，各个领域的东西都要懂一些，才能做好翻译。

而口译又不同于笔译，笔译可以在翻译的过程中查阅资料，填上知识空缺，但口译的时间有限，不可能存在着边译边查这种现象。

因此，对于专业领域的了解就至关重要。

英汉双向交替口译中非流利现象成因及对策研究

英汉双向交替口译中非流利现象成因及对策研究作者：邵星宇来源：《校园英语·上旬》2015年第03期【摘要】口译的流利性是口译质量评估的重要维度。

本文以广东咨询会为例，通过认真分析后发现，英汉双向交替口译中非流利现象产生的原因主要包括译员的双语语言能力不足等智力因素以及译员的心理因素等非智力因素。

为了减少口译中的非流利现象，本文提出以下对策：加强双语演讲技能训练，加强口译技能和口译策略训练，加强双语语言基本功的训练，拓展知识面和专业术语，拓展文化背景知识。

【关键词】交替口译非流利现象成因对策流利性是口译质量评估的重要参考标准。

国内学界经常谈到“准、顺、快”的标准中的“顺”指译语通顺流畅，是对口译流利性的要求。

国外学者Bühler（1986）将流利性作为对译员技能的明确要求。

研究口译的流利性，可以从研究口译中的非流利现象着手。

通过对非流利现象进行定义和描述，从不同视角全面分析非流利现象的原因，就能找到取得流利译语的途径和突破口，这对口译研究者、口译工作者、口译教师和口译学员都有重要的指导意义。

一、“非流利”的定义及研究现状根据《语言与语言学字典》，非流利现象是指任何形式的言语流利障碍（包括病理性的言语产出失调，比如口吃等）。

这是广义的非流利定义。

杨军认为，非流利是在时定、韵律和语序等方面明显区别于流利话语的口语产出。

目前对非流利现象的研究多集中于自然语言及口语，对口译中非流利现象的研究较少。

真正涉及口译非流利产出的专题研究寥寥无几，且多数仅关注了同声传译这种口译模式。

二、非流利现象的种类1.停顿。

停顿是指语流中断现象，包括无声停顿和有声停顿。

无声停顿时指语流中的无声或沉默，有声停顿指说话者“由于无法或不愿产出所需的词但证明说话者仍处语言活动中的有声证据”。

比如，英文中的 um，uh等，汉语中的“额”、“呃”等。

2.重复。

非流利性重复是指单词、词组或句子被重说一遍，且不对句法、词性或词序作任何改动，它可以是完整的音、音节、词段、词组甚至句的重复。

汉英交替传译活动中的口译停顿现象实证研究以国际会议职业口译受训译员为例

参考内容
Empirical Study of Interpreter’s Pausing Behavior in Simultaneous Interpreting: A Case Study of Professional Conference Interpreter Trnees
摘要：本次演示以国际会议职业口译受训译员为例，对汉英交替传译活动中的口译停顿现象进行实证研究。通过观察和分析，发现译员在口译过程中会受到多种因素的影响，如语言难度、专业知识、紧张程度等，而适当的停顿能够为译员提供必要的思考时间，有助于提高口译质量。
五、结论
本次演示通过对国际会议职业口译受训译员的口译停顿现象进行实证研究，发现语言难度、专业知识、紧张程度是导致停顿现象的主要因素。适当的停顿能够为译员提供思考时间，有助于提高口译质量。因此，建议在口译培训和实际工作中，应注重提高译员的语言能力、跨文化能力和心理素质的也应教授适当的应对策略，以充分利用适当的停顿时间进行思考和组织语言。
摘要：本次演示以国际会议职业口译受训译员为例，对汉英交替传译活动中的口译停顿现象进行实证研究。通过观察和分析，发现译员在口译过程中会受到多种因素的影响，如语言难度、专业知识、紧张程度等，而适当的停顿能够为译员提供必要的思考时间，有助于提高口译质量。
关键词：汉英交替传译；口译停顿；职业口译受训译员；实证研究
关键词：汉英交替传译；口译停顿；职业口译受训译员；实证研究
Abstract: This article presents an empirical study of interpreter’s pausing behavior in Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation, taking professional conference interpreter trainees as an example. Through observation and analysis, it was found that interpreters

英汉交替传译中不当停顿现象产生的原因及应对策略

ＴｈｅＣａｕｓｅｓｏｆＩｍｐｒｏｐｅｒＰａｕｓｅｓｉｎＣｏｎｓｅｃｕｔｉｖｅＩｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅＳｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｔｏＣｏｐｅｗｉｔｈＴｈｅｍＸｕＹｕａｎＡＴｈｅｓｉｓＳｕｂｍｉａｅｄｉｎＰａｒｔｉａｌＦｕｌｆｉｌｌｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＲｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓｆｏｒｔｈｅＤｅｇｒｅｅｏｆＭａｓｔｅｒｏｆＴｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＩｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎＴｉａｎｊｉｎＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＡｐｒｉｌ２０１４本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。

尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得天津师范大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。

与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均己在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

论文作者签名：徐刻日期：为，牛年歹月甥日研究生学位论文使用授权说明本人完全了解天津师范大学关于收集、保存、使用研究生学位论文的规定，即：按照学校要求向图书馆提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版本：图书馆有权保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版，并通过校园网向本校读者提供全文与阅览服务。

图书馆可以采用数字化或其它手段保存论文；因某种特殊原因需要延迟发布学位论文，按学位论文保密规定处理，保密论文在解密后遵守此规定。

论文作者签名：徐割导师签名：专衫多簪日期：弘形年期堪日直接说出译入语。

这种方法的好处是，假设源语和目标语的语序基本相同，甚至可以通过对应词汇的方式串起来，那么译入语的表达就会很顺利，磕绊停顿的现象也会大大减少。

但是，如果源语的结构复杂，信息量大，插入语多，顺旬驱动法的局限性就体现出来了。

因为如果再按照源语的模式进行译入语的产出，听起来会非常蹩脚，不像是正宗的中文或是英文，可能会出现“翻译体’’，也会出现“说不下去’’的情况，所以译文的质量会明显下降，不当停顿也会大大增加，最直接的结果就是听众不能理解说话人的意思。

汉英翻译中的断句处理.

汉英翻译中的断句处理.汉英翻译中的断句处理毕业论文Sentence Division in C-E Translation Abstract Because of the differences in cultural background and thinking mode between the east and the west, as well as disparities in sentence structure and convention of expression between Chinese and English, sentencedivision in Chinese-English translation is inevitable. Chinese belongs to parataxical language. It means language unit in Chinese, such as word or sentence are mainly connected by semantic relations. However, English is a typical hypotaxical language, which has evident language marks such as inflection, prepositions and conjunctions, to name just a few. As differences exist between Chinese and English, there is no definite standard in sentence division. Based on the existing research results made in translation theories, this thesis just puts forward some suggested methods concerning splitting long Chinese sentence in Chinese-English translation, and examines some reasons for improper splitting in translation. Key Words: Chinese-English translation; sentence structure; sentence division; parataxis; hypotaxis 摘要由于中西方文化思维和表达习惯不同，以及汉英句子结构的差异，汉译英时，尤其是复杂汉语长句译成英语时，常常需要断句。

英汉交替传译中不当停顿现象成因及对策

英汉交替传译中不当停顿现象成因及对策摘要英汉交替传译（即口译）作为一种重要的跨文化交流工具，在各种场合中得到广泛应用。

然而，实践中发现，在口译过程中会出现不当停顿现象，即口译者在传译过程中不合理地停顿或者过多地停顿，这严重影响了口译翻译质量和顺畅度。

本文首先探讨了英汉交替传译中不当停顿现象的成因，然后提出了相应的对策，包括加强口译基础、提高对原文素材的理解能力、熟悉主题背景知识、注重口译过程中的声音效果等方面。

通过合理运用这些对策，可以有效地减少不当停顿现象，提高英汉交替传译的翻译质量。

关键词：英汉交替传译；不当停顿；成因；对策；翻译质量AbstractAs an important tool for cross-cultural communication, English-Chinese consecutive interpretation (i.e. oral interpretation) has been widely used in various occasions. However, it has been found in practice that there are inappropriate pauses in the interpretation process, which seriously affects the translation quality and fluency of oral interpretation. This paperfirst discusses the causes of inappropriate pauses in English-Chinese consecutive interpretation, and then proposes corresponding strategies, including strengthening the foundation of oral interpretation, improving the understanding of the original material, familiarizing oneself with the background knowledge of the topic, and paying attention to the sound effectsin the interpretation process. By reasonably using these strategies, inappropriate pauses can beeffectively reduced and the translation quality of English-Chinese consecutive interpretation can be improved.Keywords: English-Chinese consecutive interpretation; inappropriate pause; cause; strategy; translation quality一、前言英汉交替传译（即口译）具有很高的实用价值，能发挥重要的跨文化沟通作用。

交替翻译中停顿现象的实证研究_0083108469骆丽芳_柴明熲

上海外国语大学硕士学位论文交替传译中停顿现象的实证研究院系：高级翻译学院学科专业：翻译学姓名：骆丽芳指导教师：柴明熲教授2011年5月Shanghai International Studies UniversityAN EMIRICAL STUDY ON PAUSES IN CONSECUTIVEINTERPRETINGA ThesisSubmitted to Graduate Institute of Interpretation and Translation In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements forDegree of Master of ArtsByLuo LifangUnder Supervision of Professor Chai MingjiongMay 2011致谢在高翻学习的三年里，我有机会完整地学习了翻译理论和口译实践，更重要的是，在这三年里我认识了许多良师益友，得到了老师的指引，同学的热心帮助和关心。

首先，我要感谢我的导师柴明熲教授。

柴老师平易近人，总是给予学生慈父般的关心，这一直让我感激和感动。

他以丰富的学识、深厚的学术修养及极大的耐心指引我一步一步地完成论文的写作。

三年来，导师一直在百忙中抽空为我答疑解惑，在我泄气的时候给予我鼓励，在我论文写作遇到问题时予以启发。

每次与柴老师见面，都让我觉得豁然开朗，思路更加清晰。

我还要感谢学院其他老师对我的培育和帮助。

戴惠萍老师的量化方法课程让我受益匪浅；戴老师还是我的口译老师，他学识渊博、幽默风趣、耐心过人，在两年的课程中倾囊相授，给予了我最好的会议口译培训，并在百忙中帮我评估论文材料的难度。

谢天振老师治学态度严谨，理论知识丰富，开设的译介学概论给了我许多启发。

张爱玲老师在研一第一学期开设的口译实践课程为我打开了口译的大门。

吴刚老师是我的本科老师，在研究生的文学翻译课程中把我带回了王尔德和英国散文欣赏的美好时光。

汉英交替传译译语表达自我监控失效原因分析

汉英交替传译译语表达自我监控失效原因分析摘要：在汉英交替传译工作中，自我监控是保证翻译质量的关键环节，但在翻译过程中频繁触发自我调节机制则会影响到最终的翻译质量。

相关研究证明在交替传译工作中由于个体的认知有限，同时长时间的工作消耗个体大量精力的情况下极易导致自我监控失效。

自我监控失效的原因主要包括三个方面，首先是语言自动化程度低，其次是译者记忆混乱，最后是笔记对译者造成干扰。

笔者将结合这三个方面，对汉英交替传译译语表达自我监控失效的原因进行分析。

关键词：汉英交替传译；译语表达；自我监控；失效原因前言：对于汉英翻译工作者而言，自我监控是保障翻译质量的关键环节，但在实际的口译工作当中如果频繁触发自我调节机制，则会影响到口译的流畅性。

本文通过对汉英交替传译译语表达自我监控失效原因分析能够提高相关领域工作人员对翻译工作的认知，对于提高其自身专业水平，推动翻译领域的发展有积极意义。

1汉英交替传译中自我监控的含义及其意义在全球化背景下，汉英交替传译工作得到了快速发展，在这个过程中人们对于汉英交替传译工作的重视程度开始不断提高，随着人们对于交替传译研究的深入，人们发现在交替传译工作当中，最重要的就是译者的自我监控机制，借助自我监控机制译者能够实现对语言产出的自我检查，提高语言产出的效率与质量。

自我监控是语言表达中一种基础的认知活动，是认知主体为了达到预定的目标对自身的思维、情感以及行为不断进行自觉的检查、评价、控制和调节的过程[1]。

在汉英交替传译中自我监控失效就意味着主体无法实现对语言信息的准确传递，对于口译工作者而言是一种严重的失误。

在汉英交替传译工作当中，译者会不断接收信息并对接收到的信息进行检测，对其中不恰当或者不正确的信息进行修改补充，这个过程中语流停顿是自我监控的明显特征。

2汉英交替传译中自我监控失效常见原因汉英交替传译中的译语表达是一种特殊的语言产出形式，正常情况下语言产出之前译者就需要对其中存在的错误进行修正并将修正之后的语言产出。

汉英交替传译活动中的口译停顿现象实证研究_以国际会议职业口译受训译员为例

2010年第1期总第119期外语研究Foreign Languages Research 2010,№1Serial №119汉英交替传译活动中的口译停顿现象实证研究3———以国际会议职业口译受训译员为例徐海铭(上海外国语大学英语学院,上海200083)摘　要:口译产出过程中的停顿现象与译员的即时认知加工和策略使用高度关联。

那么在实际口译活动中,译员的停顿有何特征?是否的确由上述原因导致停顿?哪些因素更容易导致停顿?本研究力图以实证方法回答这些问题。

本研究采用cooledit pro.(2.0)软件,对5名国际会议职业口译受训译员的口译产出样本做停顿分析,然后结合使用“有提示回忆”调查工具采集到的数据,分析导致受训译员停顿的原因及停顿类型,在此基础之上,统计不同类型的停顿时长和停顿频数。

研究结果表明:口译中的停顿较多地是因为译员整理信息内容、修正自己的产出和为了优化产出而使用策略导致的。

其中因寻找笔记内容导致的停顿频数最高,因提取表达而导致的停顿时间最长。

此外,分析表明,口译停顿的时长大大超出二语口语的停顿时长。

本研究对口译教学和训练有一定的启发意义。

关键词:交替传译活动;口译停顿;停顿类型;停顿时长;停顿原因;有提示回忆中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100527242(2010)01200642081.引言言语产出过程既是说话人形成思想、组织思想和表达思想的过程,同时也是说话人不断利用自己的言语监控机制来克服或减少出错频率、确保言语产出准确和高效的过程。

有研究表明,人平均每分钟产出母语约150个词,但是在每1,000个词当中才可能犯一个词汇错误(Slevc &Ferreira 2006:515)。

人类犯错的频率如此之低,要归功于人类拥有一套独特的、能够有意识地利用言语理解和产出系统核查、校验和修正错误的内在机制。

这个内在机制就是言语监控(monitoring )机制。

vip 汉英交替传译中部分衔接手段的处理_省略_者招待会汉英交替传译文本案例分析_胡婕妤

2012年03月学术探讨汉英交替传译中部分衔接手段的处理——2011年温家宝总理记者招待会汉英交替传译文本案例分析文/胡婕妤摘要：由于交替传译的特殊性使得衔接理论可以运用于交替传译的研究当中。

笔者对2011年温家宝总理记者招待会汉英交替传译的汉英文本中使用最多的照应、连接和重复三种衔接手段进行了对比分析，指出主要是由于汉英两种语言的差异以及汉英交替口译自身的特点，导致在汉英交替口译中译员一般选择“添加”这一翻译技巧和转换衔接手段两种方式。

关键词：汉英交替传译；衔接手段；添加；转换中图分类号：H159 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-4117（2012）03-0325-02引言：口译是一种通过口头表达形式，将以源语所听到（间或读到）的信息准确而又快速以目标语传达出来，进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为，是人类在跨文化、跨民族交往活动中所依赖的一种基本的语言交际工具。

口译基本上可分为同声传译（simultaneous i n t e r p r e t a t i o n）和交替传译（c o n s e c u t i v e interpretation）。

交替传译是口译员在演讲者说完演讲的一个段落或演讲的全部之后，再凭记忆或听演讲时记下的笔记，以另一种语言将原演讲的信息传达出来的一种口译形式（刘敏华，1993:3）。

与同声传译相比，在交替传译中，译员翻译的是一个个较完整的语篇而不是支离破碎的断句，因此这使得语篇分析的相关理论在交替传译中也可以应用。

通过对比分析汉英交替传译源语与译语文本中的衔接手段，可以使我们更加灵活准确地增加或转换源语语篇中的衔接手段，从而译语更加连贯准确，达到口译“准确、通顺、即时”的标准。

一、衔接理论衔接是篇章语言学的一个重要术语。

韩礼德和哈桑（Halliday & Hasan）在《英语的衔接》中首次提出了衔接（c o h e s i o n）的概念。

所谓衔接，说到底就是语篇内部每个不受句法结构制约的成分在意义上相互关联。

交替传译中不当停顿现象的研究

交替传译中不当停顿现象的研究
不当停顿现象在交替传译实践和产出过程中影响和制约着口译的质量。

它是一个不定因素。

长时间的不当停顿.,如非正常断句,较长时间的沉默等,不仅可能影响听者对原文的理解,而且会让听者对译文的准确性产生质疑；这样就降低了听众对译文,甚至是对译员的信任程度。

首先,本文以吉尔的认知负荷理论为基础,阐释了精力分配不合理会必然导致口译中的不当停顿。

其次,口译活动的各个环节存在着导致不当停顿的各种因素,它们分别是信息输入环节,信息加工环节以及信息输出环节,即口译交替传译中听力理解环节,口译笔记环节以及双语转换环节。

针对以上各个环节中的问题,笔者提出了解决不当停顿的应对策略,即听力理解环节中语言预测法和非语言预测法,笔记环节中了解口译笔记特点,掌握口译笔记方法,输出环节中巧用笔译的拆译法、结构重组法、顺译法等等。

英译汉长句的断句

断句—指的是在同声传译时将英语句子，按适当的意群或概念单位，进行切割处理并译成汉语。

断句技巧是同传的最重要的技巧。

断句技巧的实质是要断得好接得好。

如何迅速合理地把句子断开，然后再自然地、天衣无缝地把断开的句子重新衔接起来，是同声传译成功的关键。

英汉笔译中也讲究“切断”或“分切”，特别是处理长句，往往把句子切成汉语的分句。

一个重要原因是：汉语讲究层次清晰，语气连贯，有节奏感。

短句易于达到这种效果。

如：In the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizesand colors.门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十一二把，五颜六色，大小不一。

The cold weather frosted up the track last night.昨晚天气寒冷，跑道上结上了霜。

The air seemed almost sticky from the scent of burstingbuds.花蕾初绽，散发出一股芳香，这使得空气似乎有一种粘乎乎的感觉。

(Chinese) a clause(subject & predicate structure)这一特点也适用于同传，断句不仅是为了对付接踵而来的话语，也是为了发挥汉语本身简洁明快、节奏感强的长处。

两者主要差别：笔译更多按意群切分句子，重新组合；同传只能按听到话语的顺序进行断句和衔接，所以需要进行一些修补才能比较自然地衔接。

如：1.I come to China / at an important time.我到中国来访问，（正逢）一个重要的时刻。

（比较笔译：我是在一个重要的时刻来到中国的。

）2.They built the bridge / in two months.他们建这座桥，（只花）了两个月。

（比较笔译：他们花了两个月就建成了这座桥。

）3.Aristotle, the greatest of the ancient Greek writers,had written a work containing all the knowledge ofhis time..亚里士多德，（这位）最伟大的古希腊作家，曾写了一部囊括同时代所有知识的著作。