Chapter 7 Translation techniques (IV)
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Chapter5翻译技巧篇(1)措词、增词
叶子南先生说，增词法就是把讲不清楚的词义用更多的字交代清楚，再者 用以调整译入语的语言结构，使译文更像译入语。
She is more royal than the royals.
她比皇家成员更具皇家气质（名词）
毛荣贵先生说，从修辞的角度来讲，许多以委婉为修辞目的的句式，或欲 言又止，或轻描淡写，或隐晦曲折，尤其论他人长短的句子，不加词不知 所云。
Ah, that woman had a tongue.
----啊！那女人的嘴可真厉害！
Emphasis
增 词 不 能 增 意
增 词 切 记 ：
表 示 复 数 概 念 的 增 词
重 复 性 增 词
概 括 性 增 词
增 词 把 抽 象 概 念 表 达 清 楚
修 辞 角 度 增 词
谢 谢 ！
译文3 近来苔丝的面容总是随着她心情的变化而 变化，心情愉快时容貌美丽，心情忧郁时容 貌平常。某一天她面色红润，显得十分完美， 另一天则会显得苍白悲哀。她面色红润时就 不像满色苍白时那么多愁善感；她比较完美 的容貌跟比较轻松的心情相一致，而比较紧 张的心情就会使她的容貌不那么完美无缺。 这会儿迎着南风的真正是她最美丽的面孔。 上海译文出版社
Her portrait flatters her. 她的肖像比她本人还漂亮。 ---修辞性增词 a noisy game/noisy color He was black and winkled.
他皮肤黝黑，满脸皱纹（皱纹满面）。---原文意义上增词
Translation Practice(E-C)
那是一派胡言。 Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making
Translation techniques(里面包含增译法,减译法,转译法,重复译法)
❖ 英语和汉语在语法方面差异很大， 比如英语有数的 变化、有时态、语态、语气变化、有情态的变化 （我们常称为三态一气），而汉语这样的变化很少， 如时态，只用着、了、过就解决了。在翻译中我们 要注意这些差别， 把英语中的数和三态一气等体现 出来。为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并 使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增 译法.
❖ Let’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations. ❖ 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
❖ Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is no peace.
❖ 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和 平。
nothing. ❖ 他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父
母似的。 ❖ His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they
belonged to nobody.
Examples
❖ We have to analyze and solve problems. ❖ 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
1. Repetition(重复法)
❖ (3)为了生动重复
根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的 表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达 原文的生动性.
❖ 汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一在特点。四 字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，在英译 时要注意词汇的选择，尽量保留原文生动活泼的修 辞效果。例如：
1. Repetition(重复法)
❖ 他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他 毫无办法。
❖ With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we had nothing to do with him.
翻译技巧4 措词、具体化、词类转换
translationtechniques4?diction选词措词?specification具体化?turningtheabbreviationintoitscompleteform缩略语复原?conversion词类转换?voiceshifting语态转换?negation正反译?generalization概括化diction选词措词注意用词的准确性和多样性符合英汉语的表达习惯repetition重复?重复是汉语表达的一个显著特点目的是为了进一步加强语气或者是强调某些内容以达到更好的修辞效果
• 在西南地区广西、贵州、湖南、四川等省份，“吊脚楼”是 山乡少数民族如苗、侗、壮、布依、土家族等的传统民居样 式。尤其在黔东南，苗族、侗族的吊脚楼极为常见。这里的 自然条件号称“天无三日情，地无三里平”，于是山区先民 创造出了独特的“吊脚楼”。 • 吊脚楼依山而建，用当地盛产的杉木，搭建成两层楼的木构 架，柱子因坡就势长短不一地架立在坡上。房屋的下层不设 隔墙，里面作为猪、牛的畜棚或者堆放农具和杂物；上层住 人，分客堂和卧室，四周向外伸出挑廊，可供主人在廊里做 活和休息。廊柱大多不是落地的（便于廊下面的通行无碍）， 起支撑作用的主要是楼板层挑出的若干横梁，廊柱辅助支撑， 使挑廊稳固地悬吊在半空，这种住宅因其外形和结构特点被 称为“吊脚楼”。吊脚楼的优点明显，人住楼上通风防潮， 又可防止野兽和毒蛇的侵害，这种住宅在西南山区至今仍有 建造。
• When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly such as the City, which means the “business centre of London”, the Peninsula, which refers to the “Iberian Peninsula”, and the Prophet, which stands for “Mohammed”.
• 在西南地区广西、贵州、湖南、四川等省份，“吊脚楼”是 山乡少数民族如苗、侗、壮、布依、土家族等的传统民居样 式。尤其在黔东南，苗族、侗族的吊脚楼极为常见。这里的 自然条件号称“天无三日情，地无三里平”，于是山区先民 创造出了独特的“吊脚楼”。 • 吊脚楼依山而建，用当地盛产的杉木，搭建成两层楼的木构 架，柱子因坡就势长短不一地架立在坡上。房屋的下层不设 隔墙，里面作为猪、牛的畜棚或者堆放农具和杂物；上层住 人，分客堂和卧室，四周向外伸出挑廊，可供主人在廊里做 活和休息。廊柱大多不是落地的（便于廊下面的通行无碍）， 起支撑作用的主要是楼板层挑出的若干横梁，廊柱辅助支撑， 使挑廊稳固地悬吊在半空，这种住宅因其外形和结构特点被 称为“吊脚楼”。吊脚楼的优点明显，人住楼上通风防潮， 又可防止野兽和毒蛇的侵害，这种住宅在西南山区至今仍有 建造。
• When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly such as the City, which means the “business centre of London”, the Peninsula, which refers to the “Iberian Peninsula”, and the Prophet, which stands for “Mohammed”.
chapter 7 Addition
4. Addition is always to add what is implied but not explicitly expressed in the form. 5. Addition is also in conflict with conciseness which is one the principles in language use.
Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。 The early Georgians used to walk in muddy lanes or over blown downs or through dim, green-gray beech-woods or fragrant forests of pine. 早期的乔治亚人或是走过泥泞小路，风积沙丘， 或是穿行于青卷幽暗的山毛榉丛与芳馥的松林之 间。
3. Artistic Addition
My Solitude being no longer endurable, I went out and walked the town for hours. 寂寞难耐，我随外出，走街串巷 走街串巷达数小时之久。 走街串巷 Not to meander at present, I will go back to my birth. 现在不再离题太远，还是言归正传 还是言归正传，接着说我 还是言归正传 是怎样出生的。
People forget your face first, then your name. 人们首先忘记你的容貌，接着又忘记你的名字。
2. Semantic addition a. For clarity—zeugma(轭式搭配)= syllepsis(一 语双叙法) She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她向这个无家可归的男孩打开了大门，也就向他 敞开了心扉。
翻译技巧6
We should be aware of the fact that what is affirmative in form in one language may mean something negative in another language or vice versa.
1）The world today is far from peaceful. ） 今天的世界还很不安宁 不安宁。 今天的世界还很不安宁。 2）我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人 无愧于伟大的人 ）我们的人民解放军无愧于 民军队的称号。 民军队的称号。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.
6. 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 无论如何， 一位思维敏捷的学生。 原译： 原译：She can hardly be rated as a bright student. 改译： 改译：She is anything but a bright student. 7. 黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。 黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。 The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions. The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with an evil intention.
“I don’t think you’re right in this point.” 你是人，你不是东西。你是东西吗？ 你是人，你不是东西。你是东西吗？你真不 是东西！？我认为你不是东西。 ！？我认为你不是东西 是东西！？我认为你不是东西。你算什么东 西！ You’re a person, not a thing. Aren’t you a person/a thing? Are you reliable/ some-thing? No, I don’t think so./Yes, I think so. What a creature you are! What a fool you are! You are a sheer idiot. I think you are an idiot. I don’t think you are trustworthy. You, really, are nothing. You think you are something. No, far from it.
Translation Techniques
1.you should use your head a little.
2.He has a good head for mathematics.
3.The dinner cost 5 ＄a head. 4.Lets discuss the question under 5 heads.
Choice of words meaning
Pragmatic (connotative / associative /symbolic ) meaning is built on the relationship of the sign and interpretant.
pragmatic meaning reflects the sign user„s attitude or emotions towards the sign they use.
Approach /method /technique
Approach
Method 1Method 2
Et c.
T Technique Aechnique B
Approach /method /technique
Therefore we have a hierarchical system from which it follows that different approaches may share the same techniques and even the same methods ; and different methods may share the same techniques.
Translation techniques
• • • • • • Diction遣词用字 Repetition重译法 • Amplification增译法• Omission 减译法 • Conversion 转化法 •
2.He has a good head for mathematics.
3.The dinner cost 5 ＄a head. 4.Lets discuss the question under 5 heads.
Choice of words meaning
Pragmatic (connotative / associative /symbolic ) meaning is built on the relationship of the sign and interpretant.
pragmatic meaning reflects the sign user„s attitude or emotions towards the sign they use.
Approach /method /technique
Approach
Method 1Method 2
Et c.
T Technique Aechnique B
Approach /method /technique
Therefore we have a hierarchical system from which it follows that different approaches may share the same techniques and even the same methods ; and different methods may share the same techniques.
Translation techniques
• • • • • • Diction遣词用字 Repetition重译法 • Amplification增译法• Omission 减译法 • Conversion 转化法 •
英汉互译简明教程-Translation Techniques
英汉互译简明教程
Translation Techniques
Generally speaking, the basic translation techniques that merit our attention and are to be applied in English-Chinese or ChineseEnglish translations include: 1.Diction(遣词用字） 2.Repetition（重译法） 3.Amplification（增译法） 4.Omission（减译法） 5.Conversion（转换法） 6.Inversion（词序调整法） 7.Negation（正说反译，反说正译法） 8.Change of Voices（语态变换法） 9.Division（分译法） bination（合译法）
4.1 Diction
Teaching Contents:
•
Word Meaning
Conceptual Meaning Stylistic Meaning Linguistic Meaning Pragmatic Meaning
•
• •
• •
Choice of Word Meanings
Choice of Word Meanings According to Their Parts of Speech Choice of Word Meanings According to Different Collocation. Choice of Meaning Shifts Between the Abstract and the Concrete. Choice of Affective Meanings. Choice of Contextual Meanings Special Techniques Employed in Translating a word. Deduction（推演法） Transplant（移植法） Extension（引申法） Substitution（替换法） Explanation（释义法） Combination（合并法） Pictographic（图形法） Transliteration（音译法） Zero-Translation（零翻译法） Transliteration + Explanation（音义结合法）
Translation Techniques
Generally speaking, the basic translation techniques that merit our attention and are to be applied in English-Chinese or ChineseEnglish translations include: 1.Diction(遣词用字） 2.Repetition（重译法） 3.Amplification（增译法） 4.Omission（减译法） 5.Conversion（转换法） 6.Inversion（词序调整法） 7.Negation（正说反译，反说正译法） 8.Change of Voices（语态变换法） 9.Division（分译法） bination（合译法）
4.1 Diction
Teaching Contents:
•
Word Meaning
Conceptual Meaning Stylistic Meaning Linguistic Meaning Pragmatic Meaning
•
• •
• •
Choice of Word Meanings
Choice of Word Meanings According to Their Parts of Speech Choice of Word Meanings According to Different Collocation. Choice of Meaning Shifts Between the Abstract and the Concrete. Choice of Affective Meanings. Choice of Contextual Meanings Special Techniques Employed in Translating a word. Deduction（推演法） Transplant（移植法） Extension（引申法） Substitution（替换法） Explanation（释义法） Combination（合并法） Pictographic（图形法） Transliteration（音译法） Zero-Translation（零翻译法） Transliteration + Explanation（音义结合法）
Translation Techniques
Translation TechniquesI. Diction [选词用字]run1. The idea runs in his mind.这个念头萦绕在他的脑海里。
2. The machine runs well.机器运转良好。
3. The street runs north.大街向北延伸。
4. The news runs rapidly in the town.这个消息迅速在镇上传开了。
poor5.Cuba is indeed a poor country, but it intends to catch up.古巴的确是个穷国，但它打算迎头赶上。
6. The water is poor in oxygen.水中缺氧。
7.The Department of Justice was reluctant to bring poor cases into court.司法部不愿意将没有把握打赢官司的案子拿到法庭上。
8.The outlook for detente is poor over the short time.不大有希望在短期内缓和。
9.In my p oor opinion, you’ve made a great mistake.依鄙人之见，你已铸成大错。
10.Other media closer to the scene dismissed Carter as a poor loser.对此事比较了解的其他媒体鄙夷地认为，卡特是一个输了会发脾气的人。
11.“Poor Mexico”, an old saying goes, “so distant from God, so close to the United States.”“可怜的墨西哥，”一句老话说，“离上帝那么远，离美国却这么近。
”12. She told me that she was a poor sailor and always went to bed immediately on getting on the boat.她告诉我她晕船，所以总是一上船就上床睡觉。
Translation techniques(里面包含增译法,减译法,转译法,重复译法)说课讲解
Translation Techniques
Teaching Plan
Teaching Contents:
1. Introduction to the functions of translation techniques
2. Introduction to the 8 commonly-used techniques 1) repetition(重复法) 2) amplification(增译法 ) 3) omission(/省译法/减译法 ) 4) conversion(词类转移法 ) 5) inversion (词序调整法) 6) division(分译法) 7) negation(正说反译, 反说正译法) 8) the change of the voices(语态变换法)
1. Repetition(重复法)
❖ 他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他 毫无办法。
❖ With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we had nothing to do with him.
❖ 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。 ❖ I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding
III. Introduction to the techniques of translation
❖ Techniques of translation refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their practice of translation. They include lots of skills in translation, such as selection of word meaning, extension of word meaning, conversion of parts of speeches and sentence structures, long sentence translation, paragraph and passage translation, translation of articles of different kinds of styles, etc.
Teaching Plan
Teaching Contents:
1. Introduction to the functions of translation techniques
2. Introduction to the 8 commonly-used techniques 1) repetition(重复法) 2) amplification(增译法 ) 3) omission(/省译法/减译法 ) 4) conversion(词类转移法 ) 5) inversion (词序调整法) 6) division(分译法) 7) negation(正说反译, 反说正译法) 8) the change of the voices(语态变换法)
1. Repetition(重复法)
❖ 他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他 毫无办法。
❖ With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we had nothing to do with him.
❖ 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。 ❖ I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding
III. Introduction to the techniques of translation
❖ Techniques of translation refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their practice of translation. They include lots of skills in translation, such as selection of word meaning, extension of word meaning, conversion of parts of speeches and sentence structures, long sentence translation, paragraph and passage translation, translation of articles of different kinds of styles, etc.
TranslationTechniques解读
他的诗形象生动，独具一格，而且气概磅礴，取材 广泛，这是显而易见的。
Jordan can not politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference.
约旦假设拒绝承受阿拉伯外交会议的邀请，在礼貌上 说不过去。
一个举目无亲的孩子，而且他父亲当时是认为 我会待他好才把孩子托给我的，我总不能打他 吧。
I couldn”t beat a boy who hadn”t got a relation in the world and whose father had left him to me because he though I”d be kind to him.
During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times.
在中国访问期间，韩国外交部长与中国外交部进步行了 数次会商。
Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics.
为什么总是把这些麻烦事都推给我呢？
Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?
6. 英汉句子叙事、推理的挨次大局部状况下是 相反的。英语句子在叙事时往往先说最近发生 的事，再说从前发生的事；汉语则相反。英语 句子先总提，然后才表达所发生的事情，汉语 则先说事，后总结。
His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
Jordan can not politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference.
约旦假设拒绝承受阿拉伯外交会议的邀请，在礼貌上 说不过去。
一个举目无亲的孩子，而且他父亲当时是认为 我会待他好才把孩子托给我的，我总不能打他 吧。
I couldn”t beat a boy who hadn”t got a relation in the world and whose father had left him to me because he though I”d be kind to him.
During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times.
在中国访问期间，韩国外交部长与中国外交部进步行了 数次会商。
Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics.
为什么总是把这些麻烦事都推给我呢？
Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?
6. 英汉句子叙事、推理的挨次大局部状况下是 相反的。英语句子在叙事时往往先说最近发生 的事，再说从前发生的事；汉语则相反。英语 句子先总提，然后才表达所发生的事情，汉语 则先说事，后总结。
His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
Translation-techniques(里面包含增译法-减译法-转译法-重复译法)
化的发展做出了许多贡献， 理所当然应该分 享其成果。当敬老、养老蔚然成风时， 各个 年龄层的人都会有一种完全感。每个人都有 一天会变老。 如果人们确信老年时生活一定 幸福、安康， 就会全力以赴地投入工作。
Translation-techniques(里面包含 增译法-减译法-转译法-重复译法)
❖ The old people of today are the laborers of yesterday. It goes without saying that they should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have contributions. When respecting and providing for the elderly becomes common practice, people of all generations will have a sense of security. For everyone gets old some day, and when people feel perfectly secure of a happy and comfortable life in old age, they will devote themselves wholeheartedly to work.
oriented lecturing Teaching Approaches: ❖ Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:
Translation-techniques(里面包含 增译法-减译法-转译法-重复译法)
Translation-techniques(里面包含 增译法-减译法-转译法-重复译法)
❖ The old people of today are the laborers of yesterday. It goes without saying that they should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have contributions. When respecting and providing for the elderly becomes common practice, people of all generations will have a sense of security. For everyone gets old some day, and when people feel perfectly secure of a happy and comfortable life in old age, they will devote themselves wholeheartedly to work.
oriented lecturing Teaching Approaches: ❖ Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:
Translation-techniques(里面包含 增译法-减译法-转译法-重复译法)
英汉互译简明教程TranslationTechniques_2022年学习资料
4.1 Diction-Teaching Contents:-■-Word Meaning-Concept al Meaning-Stylistic Meaning-Linguistic Meaning-Pragm tic Meaning-Choice of Word Meanings-Choice of Word Me nings According to Their Parts of Speech-Choice of Wo d Meanings According to Different Collocation.-Choice of Meaning Shifts Between the Abstract and the Concre e.-Choice of Affective Meanings.-Choice of Contextual Meanings-Special Techniques Employed in Translating a word.-Deduction推演法-Transplant移植法-Extension引申法-Substit tion替换法-Explanation释义法-Combination合并法-Pictographic图形法 Transliteration音译法-Zero-Translation零翻译法-Transliterati n+Explanation音义结合法
Word Meanings-Conceptual Meaning:is the basic meaning and-the main information carried by linguistic signs. e.g.No smoking禁止吸烟-Stylistic Meaning:is communicated f the social-circumstance of language use.
翻译技巧7
7. 从杭州（1）坐旅游车（2）向西南走（3） 从杭州（ ）坐旅游车（ ）向西南走（ ） 大约三小时左右（ ）可以到达（ ） 大约三小时左右（4）可以到达（5）一个 叫瑶琳仙境的（ ）旅游胜地（ ）。 叫瑶琳仙境的（6）旅游胜地（7）。 There is a tourist attraction (7) called Yaolin Wonderland(6) which you can reach(5) in about 3 hours(4) by going south west(3) by tourist bus(2) from Hangzhou. (This is a phenomenon of ”mirror symmetry” and a typical example of inversion.)
II. Illustrative Examples in C-E translation
1. 上个月我去上海途中碰巧遇见了他。 上个月我去上海途中碰巧遇见了他。 I happened to meet him on my way to Shanghai last month. 2. 荷花虽好，也要绿叶相配（扶持）。 荷花虽好，也要绿叶相配（扶持）。 With all its beauty the lotus needs the green of its leaves to set it off. (The lotus looks beautiful only when there are green leaves to match/go with it.) 3. 这个工厂有男工 这个工厂有男工200人，女工 人 女工250人，干部 人 职员48人 共有员工约500人。 职员 人，共有员工约 人 The factory has a staff of about 500 people, including 200 men-workers, 250 womenworkers and 48 cadres and functionaries.
剑桥雅思7 Test4阅读Pessage1参考译文：线牵金字塔
雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑桥雅思7 Test4 Pessage1阅读译文；需要Pessage2原文+阅读解析的，请点击：剑桥雅思7阅读Test4Passage2原文+答案解析。
PASSAGE 1 参考译文：线牵金字塔没有人知道金字塔到底是怎么建成的。
Marcus Chown料想答案可能是“悬空而造”。
埃及的金字塔是在3000多年前建造的，但是没有人知道它们是以何方式建造的。
传统的描述是由成千上万的奴隶拖动载有石头的雪橇来建造的。
但是没有证据正明这一观点。
加利福尼亚的软件顾问 Maureen Clemmons日前提出在金字搭的建造过程中可能使用了风筝。
在翻阅一本有关埃及古迹的书时，她发现一个象形文字描述的是一群人以奇怪的姿势站立。
他们手里拉着类似绳索的东西，通过某种机械连着空中的一只巨鸟。
她想知道那只巨鸟是否可能就足一只大的风筝，而那些人正用它来举起重物。
好奇心驱使下的Clemmons联系了加州理工学院的航空学教授Morteza Gharib。
后者对她的想法很感兴趣。
他说：“我来自伊朗，对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣，他同样也对令Clemmons 甘心去的图片感到疑惑。
悬在空中无题的两翼对于鸟类来说明显太短太宽。
是风筝的可能性确实是存在的，”他说。
因为他刚好需要给学生Emilio Graff布置一项暑期研究计划，调查用风筝做起重器的可能性是一个好主意。
Gharib和Graff尝试只借助风力(除此之外没有其他能源)来把一块水平放置的4.5米长的石柱直立起来。
最初的计算以及风洞模型试验让他们相信不用太强的风力就举起这块33.5吨重的石柱。
甚至只要风力适度，如果能维持一定的时间就能做到。
关键是要用一个滑轮系统把使用的风力扩大。
因此他们在横放的石柱顶部正上方搭了一个帐篷形的支架，在支架的顶部悬挂了滑车。
理论是当石柱的一端被吊起，另一端就能顺着下面的手推车翻转过来。
今年早些吋候，他们用一块40平方米的方形尼龙风帆把Clemmons的空头理论付诸实验。
英语专业泛读教程第四册课文翻译
英语专业泛读教程第四册课文翻译课文一天才与工匠许多人羡慕作家们的精彩小说，但却很少有人知道作家们是如何辛勤笔耕才使一篇小说问世的。
以下的短文将讨论小说的酝酿过程，以及作家是如何将这小说雕琢成一件精致完美的艺术品。
有一次，我在暮色中来到小树林边一棵鲜花盛开的小桃树前。
我久久站在那里凝视着，直到最后一道光线消逝。
我看不到那树原先的模样，看不见曾穿透果核，能崩碎你的牙齿的力量，也看不到那使它与橡树和绿草相区别的原则。
显现在我面前的，是一种深邃而神秘的魅力。
当读者读到一部杰出的小说时，他也会这样如痴如狂，欲将小说字字句句刻骨铭心，不提出任何问题。
但即使是个初学写作者也知道，除那将小说带到世上的文字之外，还有更多的构成小说生命的因素，小说的生命并不始于写作，而始于内心深处的构思。
要创作出有独创性的作品，并不要求懂得创造的功能。
多少世纪以来的艺术、哲学及科学创造都出自人们的头脑，而创造者也许从未想到去关注创造的内在过程。
然而，在我看来，对创造工作一定程度的了解，至少会使我们通过知道两个事实，增长我们处理正在出现的故事的智慧。
首先，天赋不是掌握了技艺的艺术家独有的特性，而是人脑的创造性功能。
不仅所有对技艺的掌握都含有天赋，而且每个人都具有天赋，无论他的天赋发展是何等不充分。
对技艺的掌握是天赋的显现，是经过培养的，发展了的和受过训练的天赋。
你的天赋在最原始的层面上起作用。
它的任务就是创造。
它是你的故事的创造者。
第二，将你的小说带进世界的文字是艺术家的工作，它就和一个泥瓦匠的工作一样，有意识、谨慎而实实在在。
天赋正如理解力、记忆力和想象力一样是我们的精神禀赋中的天然部分，而技艺却不是。
它必须通过实践才能学到，并要通过实践才能掌握。
如果要使在我们内心深处浮现的故事跃然纸上，光彩照人，那么，每个故事都须有感染力极强的优雅文笔。
只有健全的技艺才能使我们做到这一点。
一个故事是如何酝酿成的呢？据说，我们从一生中的前二十年，或许前五年起就开始写作。
翻译技巧4 措词、具体化、词类转换
• 人们常常把闯红灯看成小事，不当一回事，然而闯红灯一旦形成习惯，则 远非是违反交通规则的问题。
例1苏格兰之旅 (textbook P 74)
• (1) There is something which comes free with every Scottish break — a new perspective. (2) Scotland appeals to all kinds of people. (3) It draws those who can feel the past in ancient stone. (4) It soothes with its soft winds and austere beauty all who must escape the everyday. (5) It lures the walker and climber, captivates the golfer and angler, and charms all who appreciate quality in art and culture, heritage, or food. (6) Above all, because it is relaxing and rewarding, it allows you to re-discover yourself. (7) And the memory of that will stay with you forever.
文房四宝 （textbook P12)
• (1)宣纸是安徽泾县的著名特产。由于历来在附近的宣城集散，因而得名。 （2）宣纸的特色是白如雪，柔如棉，拉力大，润墨性强，最宜题诗作 画，且不蛀不腐，深得我国不少画画名家的推崇。 （3）所以，宣纸一直 享有“纸寿千年”的美誉，居文房四宝之首。
例1苏格兰之旅 (textbook P 74)
• (1) There is something which comes free with every Scottish break — a new perspective. (2) Scotland appeals to all kinds of people. (3) It draws those who can feel the past in ancient stone. (4) It soothes with its soft winds and austere beauty all who must escape the everyday. (5) It lures the walker and climber, captivates the golfer and angler, and charms all who appreciate quality in art and culture, heritage, or food. (6) Above all, because it is relaxing and rewarding, it allows you to re-discover yourself. (7) And the memory of that will stay with you forever.
文房四宝 （textbook P12)
• (1)宣纸是安徽泾县的著名特产。由于历来在附近的宣城集散，因而得名。 （2）宣纸的特色是白如雪，柔如棉，拉力大，润墨性强，最宜题诗作 画，且不蛀不腐，深得我国不少画画名家的推崇。 （3）所以，宣纸一直 享有“纸寿千年”的美誉，居文房四宝之首。
《《人间烟火_掩埋在历史里的日常与人生》(节选)汉英翻译实践报告》范文
《《人间烟火_掩埋在历史里的日常与人生》（节选）汉英翻译实践报告》篇一《人间烟火_掩埋在历史里的日常与人生》（节选）汉英翻译实践报告一、引言本篇翻译实践报告以《人间烟火：掩埋在历史里的日常与人生》为蓝本，通过精心挑选的节选内容，探讨中文到英文的翻译过程及策略。
此篇报告旨在提升个人翻译技能，并期望能为同类文本的翻译提供一定的参考价值。
二、原文分析本篇节选内容以中国传统文化背景为依托，涉及对日常生活的深度挖掘与人生哲理的诠释。
在词汇方面，具有鲜明的中文特色，同时语言富有情感色彩和历史深度；在句式方面，以散句为主，多采用叙述、议论和抒情的表达方式。
这些特点要求在翻译过程中既要有准确的词汇翻译，又要有恰当的句式结构转换。
三、翻译过程及策略1. 词汇翻译：在词汇翻译过程中，首先需准确理解中文词汇的内涵，再结合英文表达习惯进行恰当的翻译。
如“人间烟火”可译为“human life and its mundane details”，既保留了原词的意境，又符合英文表达习惯。
2. 句式转换：在句式转换过程中，需注意保持原文的情感色彩和逻辑关系。
对于长句，可采用分译法，将句子拆分成若干个短句，以使英文表达更加流畅自然；对于短句，可适当采用从句结构，以增强句子的连贯性和逻辑性。
3. 语境理解：在翻译过程中，需结合原文的语境理解作者意图和情感色彩。
通过反复研读原文，深入理解其内涵和背景，从而在翻译过程中更好地传达原文的情感和意境。
四、案例分析以下为节选内容中的一段翻译实例：原文：“在这座古老的城市里，每一个角落都掩埋着历史的痕迹，每一份日常都蕴含着人生的哲理。
”译文：“In this ancient city, every corner is buried with traces of history, and every ordinary moment is full of wisdom of life.”在此例中，采用了直译与意译相结合的翻译策略。
translation procedures
ⅲ、Creative capacities for producing attractive prose（散文） and poetry.
Target audience
The target audience is a major factor in determining the translation procedures.
The competence of a translator
Most good translators have the experience of living in another country.
傅雷 季羡林 杨宪益
The competence of a translator
Translators are required to specialize in one or more areas of knowledge. e.g. aeronautics（航空学）, chemistry, international law, agronomy（农学）. To exchange information between nations and to learn advanced technologies from other countries and to spread ideas. Difficult: lots of terminologies.
Making adjustments for the differences in educational level. (simplification of vocabulary and grammar as well as some shifts in rhetorical devices.)
(翻译对译者素养的要求)
我不懂。/我答不出。/请告诉我。
Examples:（See E-C,p13、C-E,p12-14 ）
You’re telling me. 你正在告诉我。 (slang: I know that very well. / I knew that long ago.) R 我早知道了。/ 还用你告诉我！ Now you’re talking. 现在你正在谈话。 （informal: At last you’re saying something agreeable.） 你到底说了合我意的话了。 你这样说才合我的意思。
R accepted as a rule that, given the required language proficiency, the greater the translator’s knowledge of the subject matter, the less arduously understanding occurs, and the more accurate his/her representation in the target language.
III. Political Consciousness
The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.
敌人杀害了我们一位同志，我们宰了一个敌特。 The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in R the struggle against the landlords and capitalists who worked hand
新编英语教程4 译文
Unit6Text1珍珠一个城市就好象一种群栖的动物。
一个城市有神经系统，也有头，也有肩，也有脚。
一个城市也有一种整体的感情。
消息怎样在一个城市传开是一件不容易解释的神秘事情。
消息传起来，似乎比小男孩们争先恐后跑去告诉人家那样还要快，比女人们隔着篱笆喊着告诉邻居那样还要快。
在奇诺、胡安娜和别的渔民还没有来到奇诺的茅屋以前，这个城的神经系统已经随着这消息在跳动和震颤了——奇诺找到了“稀世宝珠”。
在气喘吁吁的小男孩们还来不及讲完之前，他们的母亲已经知道了。
这消息越过那些茅屋继续向前冲去，在一阵浪花飞溅的波涛中冲进那石头与灰泥的城市。
它传到正在花园里散步的神父那里，使他的眼中出现一种若有所思的神情，使他想起教堂里必须进行的一些修葺。
他不晓得那颗珍珠会值多少钱。
他也不晓得他有没有给奇诺的孩子施过洗，或者有没有给奇诺司过婚。
这消息传到开铺子的人那里，他们便看看那些销路不大好的男人衣服。
这消息传到大夫那里，他正和一个太太坐着，这女人的病就是年老，虽然她本人和大夫都不肯承认这个事实。
等他弄明白奇诺是谁以后，大夫就变得既严肃又懂事了。
“他是我的顾客，”大夫说。
“我正在给他的孩子治蝎子螫的伤。
”大夫的眼睛在它们肥胖的窝里向上翻着，他想起了巴黎。
在他回忆中，他在那里住过的屋子成了一个宏大奢华的地方，跟他同居过的面貌难看的女人成了一个又美丽又体贴的少女，尽管她完全不是那么回事。
大夫的眼光越过他那年老的病人，看到自己坐在巴黎的一家餐馆里，一个侍者正在打开一瓶酒。
这消息一早就传到教堂前面的乞丐们那里，使他们高兴得吃吃地笑了一阵，因为他们知道世界上没有比一个突然走运的穷人更大方的施舍者了。
奇诺找到了“稀世宝珠”。
在城里，在一些小铺子里，坐着那些向渔夫收买珍珠的人。
他们在椅子上坐着等待珍珠送进来，然后他们就唠叨，争吵，叫嚷，威胁，直到他们达到那渔夫肯接受的最低的价钱。
可是他们杀价也不敢超过一个限度，因为曾经有一个渔夫由于绝望，把他的珍珠送给了教会。
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Common ways to translate the English passive
• Convert the English passive into the Chinese Active • Use the original subject as the new subject • The gas can be liquefied and bottled or piped into homes. • 石油气可以液化装瓶，或用管道输送到用户家里。 • When two objects are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one object to the other. • 两个物体一起摩擦时，电子便从一个物体转移到 另一 energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. • 利用发电机，可以把（将）机械能变成电 能。 • The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known. • 只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。
• The hall is air-conditioned and beautifully lighted. • 大厅里有空调设备，照明设计也非常美观。 • The electric current is defined as a stream of electrons flowing through a conductor. • 电流的定义是流经一个导体的电子流。
Features of Chinese Passive
• Infrequent use of the passive form • Denote something undesirable or unpleasant • There is a modern tendency in the Chinese passive to denote something desirable or neutral in some expressions. • Frequent use of active forms to express passive sense • O (passive) (S) M V • O (passive) (S) M V • O 是 S (M) V 的 • O (S) M 加以／予以 V 加以／ • (S) M 使／把／将 Ｏ （Ｍ） （Ｍ）V Ｍ
Translation of the Passive
• Features of English Passive • Features of Chinese Passive • Common ways to translate the English passive
Features of English Passive
More varieties of the passive
• Passive forms of infinite verbs in 6 tenses and aspects: • Is done, was done, is being done, was being done, has been done, had been done. • Passive forms of the non-finite verbs and their perfective aspect: • (to) be done, (to) have been done, being done, having being done. • Passive form of the sentence led by preparatory “it”. • Passive form of the verb with double objects. • Passive form of the verb with a complex object. • Double-passive form. • Passive sense in active form.
• 15. This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake. • 这家工厂在地震中遭到严重的破坏。
• He was attentive to the signs of public opinion and disposed to be guided by them when right. • 他十分注意舆论界的动向，并且愿意按照 舆论界的正确意见办事。 • He has been pursued day by day, and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness. • 一天又一天，一年又一年，他始终吉星高 照，令人惊异不已。
• The rate of motion or the speed of an object is given in units of length and time. • 物体运动的速率是用长度和时间单位来表 示的。 • It must be dealt with at the appropriate time. • 这必须在适当的时候予以处理。
• It is well known that the compass was invented in China more than two thousand years ago. • 众所周知，中国在两千多年前就发明了指南针。 • This co-operation —this association — will be strengthened by our talks this week in Beijing — the first such talks ever between Prime Ministers of China and Australia. • 本星期我们在北京的会谈—中澳两国首脑首次这 样的会晤—这将会加强这种合作和联系。
• It is now understood that atom can be further divided into smaller particle. • 现在人们懂得，原子还可以进一步分成更 小的粒子。 • Common ferrous heat treating processes with the case hardening left out are briefly discussed. • 本文扼要地讨论了一般黑色金属的热处理 工艺，其中表层硬化法则删略未论。
• Frequent use of the passive • More varieties of the passive
Frequent use of the passive
• • • • Visitors are requested to wait. New factories are being built all over the country. Your suggestion has been duly noted. Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. • A child was run over and killed by a bus. • John actually loved her and was loved in return. • The first clock with weights and wheels is said to have been invented about the year 1,000A.D., but clocks of that kind could not be carried out from place. Another four hundred and fifty years passed before the first watch was made in Germany.