英语悬垂修饰

Two ways to correct broad reference
1.eliminate the pronoun
2.give the pronoun a proper noun to modify exercise:He learned he had failed;that was the last straw. (导致失败的最后一击) revision1:His failure was the last straw. revision2:He learned he had failed;that knowledge was the last straw.
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
1.dangling participles
e.g1.Reading,the doorbell ring. e.g2.Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier. “reading” present participle (现在分词) “admired” past participle （过去分词）
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
revision:In his childhood, his grandfather died.
Exceptions of Dangling:
Generally speaking,this is a good composition. Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the book. To sum up ,our vacation was a disaster from start to finish.
e.g.John told his uncle that his money had been stolen. revision1: John said to his uncle:"My money had been stolen." John said to his uncle:"Your money had been stolen." revision2: John's money was stolen and he told his uncle about this. The money of John's uncle was stolen and John told his uncle about this.
revision: After finishing my homework,I found that it began to rain.
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
dangling infinitivesLeabharlann Baidu
e.g.Swimming in the lake,a rock cut my foot.
the modifier
Analysis: 1.Literally,it states that"A rock,while swimming in the lake,cut my foot." 2.But a rock can't swim in the lake. 3.The expected doer is "I". 4.But "I"is not in the sentence. "swimming in the lake " dangle dangling modifier
weak
reference
2.weak reference
a pronoun's antecedent is implied or unspecified
e.g.When the burglar went by the dog pound(狗收容所),they rushed to the fence and barked at him. "they" referes to "the dogs" which is implied in "the dog pound"
dangling modifiers 悬垂修饰语
a group of words that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence
Remember:
introductory phrases always
refer to a sentences’s subject
5.dangling prepositional phrases
a prepositional phrase is not clearly or logically related to the word it modifies
e.g In childhood, his grandfather died.
e.g.To succeed, a lot of work should be done.
revision: To succeed we should do a lot of works.
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
2.dangling gerunds
a gerund is used as the object of a prepositional phrase the whole phrase functions like a participle e.g.After finishing homework, it begin to rain.
e.g.While sleeping, the door was opened by the burglar.
revision1:.While sleeping,I didn't know that the door was opened by the burglar. revision2:While I was sleeping,the door was opened by the burglar.
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
1.revision:Reading ,I heard the doorbell ring. 2.revision:Admired by everybody,the veteran soldier received dozens of letters.
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
revision:When the burglar went by the dog pound,the dogs rushed to the fence and barked at him.
Two steps to correct weak reference:
1.find the "implied " or "unspecified" antecedent of the pronoun 2.replace the pronoun with the "implied " or "unspecified" antecedent exercise: While travelling through Asia,we visited Japan and discovered that they are like Americans in many respects. revision: While travelling through Asia,we visited Japan and discovered that Japanese are like Americans in many respects.
if there is no elements for the modifier to qualify or limit, the modifier is said to dangle
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
3.dangling infinitives
an infinitive opens a sentence refer to an inappropriate subject
Dangling Modifiers
Ambiguous reference
weak
reference
Broad
reference
Ambiguous reference
1.ambiguous reference
a pronoun has more than one possible antecedent(先行词)
However:broad reference of "this","that","which"is acceptable if the meaning is unmistakable.
Always do right.This will gratify some and stonish the rest. -----------Mark Twain I have finished my work at last.That should delight the boss.
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
4.dangling elliptical clauses
in a elliptical clause,both the subject and the verb are ommited and left to be understood by the reader the understood subject is not the subject in the main clause
Broad
reference
3.broad reference
the antecedent of the pronoun is a broad idea rather than a specific noun
e.g.When I got sick,this set back my plans.
revision1: My getting sick set back my plans. revision2: When I got sick, this inconvenience set back my plans.