英语悬垂修饰
悬垂分词语法讲解
悬垂分词语法讲解
悬垂分词语法是一种将名词或动词的分词放置在句子开头或结尾的语法结构。
它常常用于英语的复合句中，旨在突出动作的发生或者强调句子的主题。
悬垂分词的基本形式是动词+分词（现在分词或过去分词），
它起到动词的功能。
悬垂分词可以用来修饰句子中的名词或者整个句子。
以下是一些关于悬垂分词的常见用法和示例：
1. 悬垂分词修饰名词：
- Arriving late for the meeting, John felt embarrassed. (现在分词) - Having finished his homework, Tom went out to play. (现在分词)
- Excited by the news, the children jumped up and down. (过去
分词)
2. 悬垂分词修饰整个句子：
- Having said that, I think we should consider another option. (现在分词)
- Ignoring her advice, he continued with his plan. (现在分词)
- Frightened by the loud noise, the dog ran away. (过去分词)
需要注意的是，悬垂分词的使用要符合逻辑和语法结构的要求，以避免产生歧义或语法错误。
同时，还应特别注意分词和句子主语之间的一致性和关联性。
英语写作常见错误分析
英语写作中常见错误与分析及技巧下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析。
一、不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。
例：When one have money, he can do what he want to.（人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。
）剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has；同理，want应改为wants，本句是典型的主谓不一致。
改为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants （to do）二、修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。
对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。
例：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末.三、句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。
可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
例：There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。
改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.四、悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died.这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时，但没有说明“谁”十岁时。
悬垂修饰语
4. To appreciate the English language,
主语是人
reading must be done. (谁欣赏英语语言？)
主语是“阅读”
---- To appreciate the English language, you must read ( a lot).
Exercise: revise the sentences
1.
2. Swimming at the lake, a rock cut Jim’s foot. ---- Swimming at the lake, Jim cut his foot on a rock. ---- When Jim was swimming at the lake, he cut his foot on a rock.
Examples: 介词短语引起的错误：
1.
After three hours of practice, a large
主语是人
mug(大杯) of beer was what the thirsty
主语是“啤酒”
players wanted. (谁锻炼？) ----After practicing for three hours, a large mug(大杯) of beer was what the thirsty players wanted.
英语悬垂
一、悬垂结构Dangling Element的定义一般在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。
Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.正确的应该是：Climbing up the tower, we can see the whole city.登上这座塔，我们能看到整个城市。
二、悬垂结构的理解分词短语在句子中作状语时，其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语；如果不是，而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中)，就被认为是一个语言失误。
这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词”(unattached participle)。
例如：(1) Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained．（句子的主语是my ankle，但是独立成分中getting down 的逻辑主语应该是I，并不是句子的主语，所以这被认为是一个语言失误。
）(2) Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me．（同理，分词短语driving to Chicago that night没有带自己的主语，它的逻辑主语也不是句子的主语a sudden thought，所以也是一个语言失误。
）三、由悬垂结构造成的错误(1)悬垂分词误：Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正：It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正：As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.(2)悬垂不定式误：To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.正：To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.(3)悬垂简式从句误：When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.正：When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.。
垂悬结构
所谓垂悬结构（The Dangling Construction）就是一个句子成分，逻辑上与它所修饰的成分分离，或找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象，因而看起来好像与句子的其它部分无关，不合逻辑，是种错误的句法。
虽然传统语法将垂悬结构视为正式文体中的一大禁忌，但在现代英语中，这种结构却屡见不鲜，具有可接受性。
由于垂悬结构具有两重性特征，在语言实践中，我们对垂悬结构的使用宜取宽容、慎重的公正态度：既承认它的可用性，不一概摒弃；亦不否认它的非可用性，避免盲目滥用。
1. 垂悬结构的种类1.1 垂悬分词或分词短语垂悬分词从起源上来说，是语言的错误使用（performance error），即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系，从而产生垂悬分词，所以有人又叫它错关联分词（misrelated participle）。
垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置，与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系，特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。
鉴于这种特点，垂悬分词又叫独立分词（absolute participle）或孤立分词（isolated participle）。
例如：Walking or sleeping ，this subject was always in my mind .不论是走路还是睡觉，我总是在想着这个问题。
本句中的分词Walking or sleeping的逻辑主语与句子主语就不一致，其逻辑主语是句中的my 。
这种垂悬分词是一种语法错误，需要纠正。
再看下面两个句子：Generally speaking ，boys are more interested in science than girls.一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。
Judging from his accent,，he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。
像上两句中的generally speaking 和judging from虽然具有分词的形式，但有介词或连词性质，它不需要逻辑主语，所以这种垂悬结构是可接受的。
考试中常见的SAT语法考点有哪些？
考试中常见的SAT语法考点有哪些？sat考试的作用就是可以让你去西方国家美国留学，你觉得重要吗?sat语法是考试中的一个难点，关于语法，相信没有人绝对不会犯错，不过我们应对考试是有sat语法考点的，下面介绍一下常考的考点。
我们先来理解一下何谓正确的英语。
首先，我们要明确，Native Speakers也会犯错，这和我们经常写错别字是同样的道理，但他们绝对不会犯我们的低级语法错误。
总结起来，“老外”经常会在悬垂修饰语、一致性和平行结构这几个方面犯错。
要想避免这些错误建议大家多看一些SAT语法讲解的内容或者看一些前辈的SAT考试语法讲义，再加上SAT语法真题的训练，多管齐下。
sat语法考点1. 悬垂修饰语这类问题在Native Speakers中出现得比较普遍，像“Being a Sunday, I got up early.”这种表达方式，因为句义一目了然，甚至已经被大多数人所认可了。
但是，在SAT语法中，这种句式是句子改进中的一大考点。
我们要养成看到分词作前置状语这种句型即检查主语的好习惯，这样，我们不但能在句子改进中揪出这些错误，更可以在作文中熟练运用这类句型，从而使我们的文字显得更老练。
2. 一致性这一类错误产生的原因可以归结成粗心大意。
例如，我们都知道主谓一致。
当主语和谓语比较接近的时候，他们很少犯错，但是，一旦主谓的距离被拉开，或因为插入语、从句等原因思维受到干扰的时候，经常会出现主谓不一致的情况。
在这里我们要特别重视倒装句这种特殊的句式，因为主谓的次序颠倒了，往往考生就会忽视主谓一致这种问题。
因此，我们在做语法题，特别是句子改错题时，要对倒装句特别敏感。
一旦出现了倒装句，问题大多出在主谓一致这一点上。
3. 平行结构这类问题类似于我们汉语中的一类改病句，对于中国考生来说，非常易于辨识，唯一需要注意的是，在做比较时，比较的双方是否恰当。
此外，在比较时可能会用到一种倒装的句式，可能在我们判断正确选项时成为一个重要的依据。
英语垂悬结构及其语用
英语垂悬结构及其语用所谓垂悬结构（The Dangling Construction）就是一个句子成分，逻辑上与它所修饰的成分分离，或找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象，因而看起来好像与句子的其它部分无关，不合逻辑，是种错误的句法。
虽然传统语法将垂悬结构视为正式文体中的一大禁忌，但在现代英语中，这种结构却屡见不鲜，具有可接受性。
由于垂悬结构具有两重性特征，在语言实践中，我们对垂悬结构的使用宜取宽容、慎重的公正态度：既承认它的可用性，不一概摒弃；亦不否认它的非可用性，避免盲目滥用。
1. 垂悬结构的种类垂悬分词或分词短语垂悬分词从起源上来说，是语言的错误使用（performance error），即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系，从而产生垂悬分词，所以有人又叫它错关联分词（misrelated participle）。
垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置，与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系，特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。
鉴于这种特点，垂悬分词又叫独立分词（absolute participle）或孤立分词（isolated participle）。
例如：Walking or sleeping ，this subject was always in my mind .不论是走路还是睡觉，我总是在想着这个问题。
本句中的分词Walking or sleeping的逻辑主语与句子主语就不一致，其逻辑主语是句中的my 。
这种垂悬分词是一种语法错误，需要纠正。
再看下面两个句子：Generally speaking ，boys are more interested in science than girls.一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。
Judging from his accent,，he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。
像上两句中的generally speaking 和 judging from虽然具有分词的形式，但有介词或连词性质，它不需要逻辑主语，所以这种垂悬结构是可接受的。
英语写作中的十大常见错误
英语写作中的十大常见错误英语写作中的十大常见错误俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。
英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。
下面店铺为大家整理了英语写作中的十大常见错误，希望能帮到大家！一、不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。
例：When one have money, he can do what he want to.剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has；同理，want应改为wants。
本句是典型的主谓不一致。
改为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).二、修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。
对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。
例：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末。
三、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。
可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
例：There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分"for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on."不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。
11.垂悬修饰语
34. To learn Chinese cooking, a lot of practice is necessary.
35. Before gaining admittance to the house, a bell must be rung.
To be frank, I don't think he is the right person for the job.
Generally speaking, girls at this age are more mature than boys.
To sum up, our vacation was a disaster from start to finish.
10. After graduation, they assigned me to teach at a middle school in the suburbs.
11. To be admitted to a college, the entrance examination must be passed.
3．不定式短语
误：To play tennis well, the racket must be held properly.
正：To play tennis well, one must hold the racket properly.
正：If one wishes to play tennis well, he must hold the racket properly.
悬垂修饰
1、revision: In his childhood, his grandfather died. 2、revision: When I was nine, my grandmother passed away.
Summary
• Dangling modifiers may appear in sentences that use participle verb forms or infinitives to modify the sentence subject. • For a sentence to be free from dangling modifiers, – the present participle must take the sentence subject as its logical subject; – the past participle must take the sentence subject as its logical object; – the infinitive must take the sentence subject as its logical subject.
所谓悬垂修饰语是指充当状语的分词 短语、不定式短语、介词短语以及有连词 加分词或连词加介词短语的缩略结构的修 饰语等，与句子的主语不能形成逻辑上的 主谓关系。 修改方法：将句子的主语改为修饰语 的逻辑主语；将修饰语改成从句。（如果 句子中含有被动语态的话，可以考虑将其 转换为主动语态。如果句子的主语是不确 定的某个人，可以用one，you等词来充当 主语）
垂悬修饰语
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。
比如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中“at the age of ten”只写出十岁时，但没有说明“谁”十岁时，按一般推理不可能是my grandfather，如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改得明确一点，读者或考官在读句子时就不会误解了。
改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died。
悬垂修饰语类型（1）悬垂修饰语之现在分词短语Hoping to garner favor, my parents were sadly unimpressed with the gift.希望博得好感，可惜我的父母对这份礼物不以为然。
错因：分词短语Hoping to garner favor修饰的是my parents，但其实它修饰的是买礼物的人。
你拍拍脑袋瓜想一想，到底是谁想博得好感？不可能是我的父母呀，因为礼物不是他们买的，想博得好感的人肯定是送礼物的人，比如我的女朋友。
（2）悬垂修饰语之过去分词短语Stuck in line, the elevator was keeping people from getting to the party.卡在了排队上，电梯让人无法去参加聚会。
错因：Stuck in line 的逻辑主语应该是人而不是电梯，人卡在了排队上是对的，电梯不可能卡在排队上，即the elevator was stuck in line 这个表达不对。
改正：Stuck in line for the elevator, people were getting impatient to get to the party。
英语悬垂结构表达用法(2018年1月17日)
悬垂结构 的理解
分词短语在句子中作状语时，其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子 的主语；如果不是，而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中)， 就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle) 或“无依附分词 ”(unattached participle)。例如：
1/17/2018
c．有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角，如：judging from， according to，considering，viewing it from，seeing，例如： Judging from his expression，he is in a bad mood． According to Barthes，the author had died． Considering the low price，the car is worth buying． d．有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件，如： providing（that），provided（that），supposing，given，意思为“if或 with”，wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如： Provided that a film entertains，few people care about its other merits． Given prudence and patience，anybody can achieve something． Supposing this to be true，he is certainly the murderer．
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垂悬分词多数为现在分词，少数为过去分词。 本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。 1．当分词主语是不定人称时，如： When dining in the restaurant，a jacket and tie are required． 2．当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时，如： Being Christmas，the government offices were closed． 3．当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时，如： The siren sounded，indicating that the air-raid was over． Unknown to his closest advisers，he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary．
dangling-modifier
悬垂省略句
•When only five years old, my father took me to a circus. •Although only a small boy, my father expected me to do a man’s work. •由此可以看出，在这三个句子中，前后主语并不一致，因此， 都犯了悬垂修饰语的错误。可以改为： •When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus. •Although only a small boy, I was expected by my father to do a man’s work.
Dangling Modifier
2021/6/7
1
目录
一
定义
垂悬修饰语是指一个句子中同其他词没有明显修饰 关系的成分。一般都出现在句子的句首，用作状语。
判断该词组是否为垂悬修饰语的基本原则是看它逻 辑意义上的主语是否与所在句子的主语相一致，如 不一致，该状语就成了垂悬修饰语。
目录
二、dangling modifier 的分类及举例 1 垂悬分词或分词短语 2 悬垂介词短语 3 垂悬不定式短语 4 悬垂省略句
悬垂介词短语
•After 30 minutes’ investigation, the lost bag was found by the police. •At the age of 11, my grandfather went to the better world. •Instead of hanging out with others, a work presentation was finished by him. •由此可以看出，在这三个句子中，前后主语并不一致，因此， 都犯了悬垂修饰语的错误。 •可以改为： •After 30 minutes’ investigation, the police found the lost bag. •At the age of 79, my grandfather went to the better world. •Instead of hanging out with others, he finished a work presentation.
垂悬修饰语
Dangling Modifier垂悬修饰语Dangling modifiers are verbal phrases (participial, gerund, infinitive), or prepositional phrases, or elliptical clauses that do not refer clearly and logically to any word in the sentence. Because of the use of a dangling modifier, such a sentence is not coherent and may be hard to understand.To eliminate dangling modifiers, we can firstly name the proper or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause; secondly change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause; thirdly combine the phrase and the main clause into one.A. Dangling participle phrase[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.][Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]B. Dangling gerund phrase[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.][Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]C. Dangling infinitive phrase[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.][Combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence.]D. Dangling prepositional phrase[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]E. Dangling elliptical clause[Name the logical doer of the action as the subject of the clause.]Each of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier. Correct them.1. To take good pictures, a good camera must be used. (Dangling infinitive phrase)Revised1: A good camera must be used to take good pictures.[Combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence.]Revised2: To take good pictures, you must use a good camera must be used.[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.]2. By doing right all the time, your conscience will not trouble you. (Dangling gerund phrase) Revised: If you do right all the time, your conscience will not trouble you.[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]3. Having submitted the conference registration form after the deadline, special permission by the chairperson was needed before she could give her presentation. (Dangling participle phrase)Revised: Having submitted the conference registration form after the deadline, she needed special permission from the chairperson before she could give her presentation.[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.]4. When purchasing a cellular phone, the wide variety of calling plans and features overwhelms many people.Revised 1: When purchasing a cellular phone, many people become overwhelmed by the wide variety of calling plans and features.Revised 2: When many people purchase a cellular phone, the wide variety of calling plans and features overwhelms them.5. When in diapers, my mother remarried. (Dangling elliptical clause)Revised: When I was in diapers, my mother remarried.[Use the doer of the action as the subject of the elliptical clause.]6. The evening passed very pleasantly, drinking coffee and singing karaoke.We passed the evening passed very pleasantly, drinking coffee and singing karaoke.7. At the age of five, my mother taught me how to play the piano. (Dangling prepositional phrase) Revised: When I was five, my mother taught me how to play the piano.[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]8. Cooked in a sweet and sour sauce, he baked a delicious ham.He baked a delicious ham in a sweet and sour sauce.9. After releasing the suspect, new evidence was given to the police. After releasing the suspect, the police were given new evidence. 10. If lost, we shall have to pay compensation for the room key.If the room key is lost, we shall have to pay compensation for it.。
The Dangling Modifier悬垂修饰
❖ Dangling Participle (悬垂分词)
❖ Dangling Gerund(悬垂动名词)
❖ Dangling Infinitive(悬垂不定式)
❖ Dangling Elliptical Clause(悬垂省略从句)
❖ Dangling Prepositional Phrase (悬垂介
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一般而言，修饰语都必须有被修饰的对象 ,倘若 某个从句或短语在句中找不到自己要修饰的词语 , 或者与任何词语都没有逻辑上的联系 , 初看好像修 饰某个词语，但实际上什么也没有修饰，而是处于
悬浮状态，无处着落。那么这种修饰语就被称为悬 垂修饰语 。
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二、The types of Dangling Modifier
① Arriving at Beijing ,I found my friend was waiting
for me at the station.
② When I arrived at Beijing , my friend was waiting
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for me at the station.
混乱。
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例如：
1. Approaching the guard rail on Lookout Mountain,
a vast expanse of farmland could be seen. ×
When we approached the guard rail on Lookout Mountain, a vast expanse of farmland could be seen. √
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语一、错位修饰语错位修饰语是指将修饰语从本应修饰的名词或代词中分离出来，放在句子中与其他成分相隔较远的位置。
这样的修饰语通常以逗号隔开，有时也可以用破折号或括号。
例1：The girl, with long hair, is my sister.在这个例子中，错位修饰语“with long hair”修饰名词“girl”，但它被置于两个逗号之间，与句子的主语相隔较远。
错位修饰语的使用可以突出修饰语的重要性，使句子结构更加灵活，也有助于提高句子的表达力。
例2：He went to the park, tired and hungry.在这个例子中，错位修饰语“tired and hungry”修饰主语“he”，表示他在去公园的过程中感到疲惫和饥饿。
二、悬垂修饰语悬垂修饰语是指修饰语没有明确的名词或代词与之对应，导致句子的意思不清楚或产生歧义。
悬垂修饰语常常出现在句子的开头或结尾，需要注意修饰语与被修饰成分之间的逻辑关系，以避免产生误解。
例3：After finishing my homework, the TV was turned on.在这个例子中，悬垂修饰语“After finishing my homework”没有明确的名词或代词与之对应，导致产生了歧义。
这句话的意思可以理解为"在完成作业之后，电视被打开了"，也可以理解为"作业完成后，我打开了电视"。
为了避免悬垂修饰语带来的歧义，我们应该将修饰语放在合适的位置，明确与被修饰成分之间的关系。
三、错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语的区别错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语在形式上很相似，都是将修饰语从本应修饰的名词或代词中分离出来，放在句子中与其他成分相隔较远的位置。
但它们的区别在于，错位修饰语仍然能够与被修饰成分建立明确的逻辑关系，而悬垂修饰语则缺乏明确的对应关系，容易产生歧义。
四、小结在英语语法中，修饰语是一种常见的语法现象。
考研英语语法形式错误及纠错分析
考研英语语法形式错误及纠错分析考研英语语法形式错误及纠错分析1.破句破句又称为“片语”，也是写作中经常出现的错误之一。
简单地说，破句就是断句，它在语义上是不完整的、在语法上是不正确的。
如：【例1】误：I spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday.Trying to find a garage to repair my car.正：I spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday，trying to find a garage to repair my car.【例2】误：Talking with an old friend usually reviving old memories.Such as college pranks，football games，and wartime experience.正：Talking with an old friend，one can usually revive old memories，such as college pranks，football games，and wartime experience.【例3】误：The class often starts late.For example，yesterday at a quarter past nine instead of at nine sharp.正：The class of ten starts late，for example，yesterday at a quarter past nine instead of at nine sharp.【例4】误：The whole area is honey combed by caves.Many of which are still unexplored.正：The whole area is honey combed by caves，many of which are still unexplored.【例5】误：Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes expressed in terms of fraction，but in scientific usage are given as decimal.正：Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes expressed in terms of fraction，but in scientific usage they are given as decimal.2.融合句所谓融合句，就是两个或两个以上的句子没有适当的'标点符号或连词而融合在一起。
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悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
3.dangling infinitives
an infinitive opens a sentence refer to an inappropriate subject
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
1.dangling participles
e.g1.Reading,the doorbell ring. e.g2.Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier. “reading” present participle (现在分词) “admired” past participle （过去分词）
Two ways to correct broad reference
1.eliminate the pronoun
2.give the pronoun a proper noun to modify exercise:He learned he had failed;that was the last straw. (导致失败的最后一击) revision1:His failure was the last straw. revision2:He learned he had failed;that knowledge was the last straw.
revision:In his childhood, his grandfather died.
Exceptions of Dangling:
Generally speaking,this is a good composition. Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the book. To sum up ,our vacation was a disaster from start to finish.
e.g.Swimming in the lake,a rock cut my foot.
the modifier
Analysis: 1.Literally,it states that"A rock,while swimming in the lake,cut my foot." 2.But a rock can't swim in the lake. 3.The expected doer is "I". 4.But "I"is not in the sentence. "swimming in the lake " dangle dangling modifier
However:broad reference of "this","that","which"is acceptable if the meaning is unmistakable.
Always do right.This will gratify some and stonish the rest. -----------Mark Twain I have finished my work at last.That should delight the boss.
e.g.While sleeping, the door was opened by the burglar.
revision1:.While sleeping,I didn't know that the door was opened by the burglar. revision2:While I was sleeping,the door was opened by the burglar.
revision: After finishing my homework,I found that it began to rain.
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
dangling infinitives
1.revision:Reading ,I heard the doorbell ring. 2.revision:Admired by everybody,the veteran soldier received dozens of letters.
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
Broad
reference
3.broad reference
the antecedent of the pronoun is a broad idea rather than a specific noun
e.g.When I got sick,this set back my plans.
revision1: My getting sick set back my plans. revision2: When I got sick, this inconvenience set back my plans.
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
4.dangling elliptical clauses
in a elliptical clause,both the subject and the verb are ommited and left to be understood by the reader the understood subject is not the subject in the main clause
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
dangling infinitives
悬垂动名词
悬垂不定式
dangling elliptical clauses 悬垂省略句 dangling prepositional phrases 悬垂介词短语
e.g.To succeed, a lot of work should be done.
revision: To succeed we should do a lot of works.
Dangling Modifiers
dangling participles 悬垂分词 dangling gerunds
Dangling Modifiers
Ambiguous reference
weak
reference
Broad
reference
Ambiguous reference
1.ambiguous reference
a pronoun has more than one possible antecedent(先行词)
5.dangling prepositional phrases
a prepositional phrase is not clearly or logically related to the word it modifies
e.g In childhood, his grandfather died.
weak
reference
2.weak reference
a pronoun's antecedent is implied or unspecified
e.g.When the burglar went by the dog pound(狗收容所),they rushed to the fence and barked at him. "they" referes to "the dogs" which is implied in "the dog pound"
revision:When the burglar went by the dog pound,the dogs rushed to the fence and barked at him.
Two steps to correct weak reference:
1.find the "implied " or "unspecified" antecedent of the pronoun 2.replace the pronoun with the "implied " or "unspecified" antecedent exercise: While travelling through Asia,we visited Japan and discovered that they are like Americans in many respects. revision: While travelling through Asia,we visited Japan and discovered that Japanese are like Americans in many respects.