ABC成本分析法英文版
ABC作业成本法

作业成本ABC法一、ABC的发展ABC是Activity-Based Costing的英文缩写,即我们通常所说的作业成本法。
它以作业为中心,通过对作业成本的确认和计量,对所有作业活动追踪地动态反映,为尽可能消除"不增值作业",改进"可增值作业"及时提供有用信息,促使损失、浪费减少到最低限度,提高决策、计划、控制的科学性和有效性,促进企业管理水平的不断提高。
作业成本法的研究最早可追溯到本世纪四十年代初。
当时最早提出的概念是"作业会计"(Activity-Based Accounting或Activity Accounting)。
而最早从理论和实践上探讨作业会计的是美国会计学家埃里克?科勒(Eric Kohler)教授。
科勒教授曾任教于美国的西北大学、俄亥俄州立大学和明尼苏达大学,并担任《会计评论》主编达15年之久。
1941年,科勒教授在<<会计论坛>>杂志发表论文首次对作业、作业账户设置等问题进行了讨论,并提出"每项作业都设置一个账户"。
科勒教授在文章中指出:"作业就是一个组织单位对一项工程、一个大型建设项目、一项规划以及一项重要经营的各个具体活动所做出的贡献"。
第二位研究"作业会计"的是乔治?斯托布斯(George.J.Staubus)教授。
在他撰写的会计文献中,Activity Accounting 和Activity Costing经常混用。
他坚持认为:会计是一个信息系统,"作业会计"是一种和决策有用性目标相联系的会计。
研究作业会计首先应明确"作业" 、"成本"和"会计目标?-决策有用性"三个概念。
1971年乔治?斯托布斯教授在具有重大影响的<<作业成本计算和投入产出会计>>一书中,对"作业"、"成本"、"作业成本计算"等概念作了全面阐述。
ABC分析法

所谓的ABC分析法可能是指:
∙ABC分类法(Activity Based Classification) 又称帕
累托分析法或巴雷托分析法、柏拉图分析、主次因
素分析法、ABC分析法、ABC法则、分类管理法、
重点管理法、ABC管理法、abc管理、巴雷特分析
法,它是根据事物在技术或经济方面的主要特征,
进行分类排队,分清重点和一般,从而有区别地确
定管理方式的一种分析方法。
由于它把被分析的对
象分成A、B、C三类,所以又称为ABC分析法。
∙ABC成本法(Activity Based Costing)又称作业成本
分析法、作业成本计算法,作业成本核算法,ABC
分析法是基于活动的成本核算系统。
有学者认为,
这种成本核算的思想起源于20 世纪30 年代末、
40 年代初美国会计学家科勒(E. Kolher) 的思想。
科勒发现采用传统的以人工小时来分配间接费用无
法正确计算水力发电行业的成本。
因为相对于主要
用于对设备进行监控和维护的人工来说,水力发电
的主要成本是发电设施等固定资产的折旧和维护费
用等间接费用,而原材料水不需从市场上购进。
因
此,科勒提出了"作业成本计算法"。
ABC作业成本法原理与应用模型

ABC作业成本法原理与应用模型ABC作业成本法(Activity Based Costing,简称ABC)是一种计算产品或服务成本的方法,它基于活动分析,将企业的资源消耗与产品和服务的实际成本相关联。
其原理是将企业的资源消耗分配到不同的活动中,再通过活动成本分配到产品或服务上,从而更准确地衡量产品或服务的成本。
ABC的应用模型主要包括以下几个步骤:1.确定活动:首先需要确定企业生产过程中的各项活动,如采购、生产、销售等。
活动是企业资源消耗的基本单位。
2.确定活动成本:对每个活动进行成本的收集和记录,包括直接成本和间接成本。
直接成本是与具体活动直接相关的费用,如人工工资、原材料等;间接成本是与多个活动相关的费用,如厂房折旧、管理费用等。
3.确定活动成本驱动因素:活动成本驱动因素反映了不同活动发生的频率和程度,可以是数量、时间、人力等。
通过确定活动成本驱动因素,将活动成本分配到各个活动中。
4.分配活动成本:根据活动成本驱动因素的大小,将间接成本分配到各个活动中。
可以采用各种分配方法,如人工工时、机器使用时间等。
5.分配产品或服务成本:将各个活动的成本按照其驱动因素的使用情况分配到产品或服务上。
这样可以准确地衡量每个产品或服务所消耗的成本。
ABC作业成本法的应用模型可以帮助企业更准确地了解产品或服务的成本结构,有利于提高成本管理的准确性和可行性。
它可以帮助企业确定资源消耗和浪费,并优化产品设计和生产过程,降低不必要的成本。
同时,通过准确计算产品或服务成本,企业可以更加合理地确定产品或服务的定价,改善利润状况。
然而,ABC作业成本法也存在一些局限性。
首先,它较为繁琐,需要大量的数据和信息支持,对企业信息系统要求较高。
其次,由于活动的确定和成本的分配是主观的,因此存在一定的主观性和不确定性。
此外,ABC作业成本法适用于中小型企业或特定行业,对于规模较大的企业来说,成本计算复杂度较高,实际应用难度增加。
综上所述,ABC作业成本法以其准确性和可行性在成本管理领域得到了广泛应用。
ABC成本分析法 PPT培训课件讲义

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Questionable profit margins
• To compete in the marketplace, some companies have had to cut the prices of high volume popular items. • But They have been able to achieve high mark-ups on low volume specialty products.
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Cost Distortions caused by 2-stage allocations
• There is a no link between the cause of support activity costs and the basis for assigning these costs to products • Why? 1. Allocations are based on unit or volume related measures. 2. Different products consume different amounts of support activities.
Department 1
Department 2
Department 3
Products
7
Departmental Overhead Rates
Stage One: Costs assigned to pools Cost pools Stage Two: Costs applied to products
3
Plantwide Overhead Rates
Companies have tended to use direct labour as the overhead application base.
ABC成本分析法

ABC成本分析法ABC成本分析法,即Activity-Based Costing,是一种用于确定企业产品或服务的成本的管理工具。
它是基于活动驱动的成本系统,通过对各项活动的成本进行分析,将成本合理分配到产品或服务上,以更准确地计算成本,为企业决策提供依据。
本文将对ABC成本分析法进行详细介绍及分析。
ABC成本分析法是由美国会计师协会(AICPA)于1988年提出,并在1995年被国际会计师协会(IFAC)采纳。
与传统的“全成本法”相比,ABC成本分析法更加注重对活动的成本进行分析,并将活动的成本与产品或服务的需求进行关联,从而准确计算出各项活动对产品或服务的成本影响。
ABC成本分析法主要有以下步骤:首先,对企业的各个活动进行分类和描述。
活动可以是任何与产品或服务有关的工作过程,如生产、销售、售后服务等。
对活动进行分类有助于理清企业的工作流程,从而更好地分析每个活动的成本。
其次,对每个活动的成本进行分析。
ABC成本分析法将活动的成本分为两类:直接成本和间接成本。
直接成本是指可以直接与活动相关联的成本,如人工和材料成本。
间接成本是指无法准确分配给某个具体活动的成本,如管理成本和间接材料成本。
然后,确定活动的成本驱动因素。
成本驱动因素是指导致活动发生的原因或影响活动成本的因素,如产量、工序数、产品种类等。
通过确定成本驱动因素,可以更准确地将成本分配到各项活动上。
最后,将活动的成本分配到产品或服务上。
根据活动的成本和产品或服务对各个活动的需求程度,可以计算出每个活动对产品或服务的成本影响。
这样一来,就可以更准确地计算出产品或服务的成本,为企业的决策提供参考。
ABC成本分析法有以下的优点:首先,它可以更准确地计算产品或服务的成本。
传统的全成本法往往将成本均摊到产品或服务上,忽略了各项活动对成本的影响。
而ABC成本分析法通过对各项活动的成本进行分析,将成本合理分配到产品或服务上,可以更准确地计算出成本,帮助企业做出更合理的决策。
abc成本分析法(英文版)

Department 1
Department 2
Department 3
Products
Departmental Overhead Rates
Indirect Labor Indirect Materials Other Overhead
8
Stage One: Costs assigned to pools Cost pools Stage Two: Costs applied to products
Output Unit-Level Costs...
– are resources sacrificed on activities
22
performed on each individual unit of product or service e.g.
Energy used by machines Machine depreciation or repairs
Solution: Activity Based Costing
ACTIVITIES CONSUME RESOURCES PRODUCTS CONSUME ACTIVITIES
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Activities are used to link resource costs
to products
Solution: Activity Based Costing
ABC uses cost drivers that directly link
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activities performed to products made. cost drivers are selected which measure the average demand placed on each activity by each product. activity cost pools are assigned to products in proportion to the way that they consume each activity.
ABC作业成本制度

成本动因有两种形式: ①资源动因(resource driver),是指决定一项作业所耗费资源的因素,反映作业量与资源耗费间 的因果关系。 ②作业动因(activity driver)。是将作业中心的成本分配到产品或劳务、顾客等成本目标中的标准, 它也是将资源消耗与最终产出相沟通的中介。
基本概念 (4)成本库(Cost pool)
成本库是指作业所发生的成本的归集。在传统的成本会计中以部门进行各类制造费用的归集,而在 作业成本法中,将每一个作业中心所发生的成本或消耗的资源归集起来作为一个成本库。一个成本 库是由同质的成本动因组成,它对库内同质费用的耗费水平负有责任。
作业成本法的计算
作业成本法在计算产品成本时,将着眼点从传统的“产品”上转移到“作业”上,以作业为核算对象,首先根据作业 对资源的消耗情况将资源的成本分配到作业,再由作业依成本动因追踪到产品成本的形成和积累过程,由此而得出最 终产品成本。 根据作业成本计算的基本思想,ABC法的计算过程可归纳为以下几个步骤:
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ABC分析法的作用
由于成本动因和企业的业务 是变化的,为确保过去的数 据和分析结果能够仍然有效, ABC分析也需要定期进行修订。
施工成本分析的方法

施工成本分析的方法
施工成本分析的方法主要有以下几种:
1. 全面成本分析法:该方法将所有与施工相关的成本都列入分析范围,包括直接成本(人工、材料、机械设备等)和间接成本(管理费用、运输费用、税费等),通过逐项分析和核算,得出总成本。
2. ABC成本分析法:ABC(Activity-Based Costing)成本分析法是一种按活动分配成本的方法。
通过将各个活动与产品或项目相关联,按照活动的资源消耗程度来分摊成本,更准确地计算施工成本。
3. 系统价值分析法:该方法将施工过程中的各项成本与项目的效益进行判断和权衡,以确定合理的施工成本。
通过对项目价值进行分析和评估,从而确定成本来源和优化成本。
4. 历史成本法:该方法主要依据历史数据和经验推算施工成本。
通过统计过去类似项目的成本情况,结合目前项目的特点和实际情况,进行成本计算和估算。
5. 比较法:该方法主要通过对多个施工方案或供应商进行成本比较,找出最具经济效益的方案或供应商。
通过对不同方案或供应商的成本进行分析和评估,选择成本最低的方案或供应商。
以上方法可以根据具体的施工项目和情况,综合运用,选取合适的方法进行施工成本分析。
卫生经济学中英文对照

卫生经济学中英文名称对照ABC成本分析法active based costinformation imperfectionsA按病种付费diagnosis related groups, DRGs按服务单元付费flat rate按服务项目付费制fee for service, FFS按人头付费capitation澳大利亚卫生福利部Australian Institute of Health andWelfare, AIHWB半变动成本semi-variable cost半固定成本semi-fixed cost保健储蓄Medisave保健基金Medifund保险insurance保险药品参考定价reference pricing保险因子factor of insurance比较分析法horizontal analysis比率分析法ratio analysis边际产量marginal product, 简称MP边际技术替代率MRTS边际利益marginal benefits边际收益递减规律the law of diminishing return边际效用marginal utility变动成本variable cost标准博弈法standard gamble标准成本standard cost不变投入fixed input不可控成本un-controllable costC产出output长期long run沉没成本sunk costs成本cost成本差异调查cost variance investigation成本差异分析cost variance analysis成本的可控制性cost controllability成本的可追踪性cost traceability成本函数cost function“成本加成”管制“cost plus”成本效果分析cost-effectiveness analysis, CEA 成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis, CBA成本效用比cost utility ratio, CUR成本效用分析cost utility analysis, CUA成本行为cost behavior储蓄医疗保险medisave处方分析与反馈prescribing analysis and cost, PACT 纯保费pure premiumD代理失灵agency imperfections单元成本unit cost道德损害moral hazard等产量线equal-product curve等成本线equal-cost curve等级衡量法rating scale定价控制price controls短期short runF非处方药over-the-counter, OTC分步模型法step-model method分摊allocation分摊参数allocation parameter风险risk风险储蓄金reserve风险选择risk selection负债liabilitiesG个人觉察到的需要perceived felt need公平equity供给supply供给弹性supply elasticity供给曲线supply curve供给者诱导需求supplier-induced demand, SID共付co-payment共付保险co-insurance固定成本fixed cost固定价格体系“fixed price”管理费用expense of management管理型医疗保健manage care惯性inertia规模收益不变constant return to scale规模收益递减decreasing return to scale规模收益递增increasing return to scale国家卫生服务National Health Service国家卫生服务制度national health service, NHS国家医疗保险national health service, NHS国民经济核算体系system of national accounts, SNA 过程评价process evaluationH后付制post-paymentJ机会成本opportunity cost基本医疗服务basic medical services疾病预防prevention计量经济学econometrics技术效率technical efficiency价格冻结或消减price freezes and cut“价格歧视”现象price discrimination间接成本indirect cost间接经济负担indirect economic burden间接效益indirect benefit建立单个实际的或虚拟的集资池creating single actual or virtual pools 健抱双全计划medisield健康保护protection健康保险实验rand health insurance experiment, HIE 健康保障health security健康促进promotion健康的生产health production健康筛检screening健康生产函数health production function健康寿命损失年years lived with disability, YLD健康效用指数health utilities index阶梯分摊法step-done allocation method结构分析法vertical analysis结果评价outcome evaluation截面数据cross date净现值net present value, NPV净资产net assetsK柯布-道格拉斯生产函数Cobb-Douglas Form可变投入variable input可控成本controllable cost可缩减成本avoidable cost可替代性interchangeability扣除保险deductiblesL劳动力labor老年医疗保险计划Medicare类似药“me, too” drugs类型学typology利润控制profit controls连带性externality联合作用joint effects of cost and intensity零基预算法zero-base budgeting流动比率current ration流动负债current Liabilities流动性比率liquidity ration流动资产current AssetsM美国卫生保健集资管理局National Care Finance Administration, HCFA 版面数据panel dateN内部收益率internal rate of return, IRR逆向选择adverse selection年当量净效益net equivalent annual benefitF帕累托低效率Pareto inefficiency帕累托改进Pareto improvement帕累托无效率Pareto inefficiency帕累托最优Pareto optimum配给rationing配置效率allocating efficiency平均产量average product, 简称APQ起付线annual deductible潜在减寿年数potential years of life lost, PYLL潜在需要Potential need穷人医疗救济制度Medicaid区域卫生规划regional health planning区域分析法trend analysis全科医生基金持有者general practitioner fund holder, GPFH 全球疾病负担Global Burden of Disease, GBDR容忍区间margin of toleranceS伤残所致生命年损失years lived with disability, LYDs上下法top-down method社会保障social security社会医疗保险medical social insurance“渗透”战略“penetration” strategy生产函数product function生产可能性边界production possibility frontier生命年损失years of life lost, YLLs失能调整生命年disability adjusted life years, DALYs 时间权衡法time trade-off时间相对值discounting rate时间序列数据time-series date市场market收入预算budge for revenue收入支出表operating statement寿命损失年years of life lost, YLL双向或多向分配法double or multiple distribution method 税收为基础的卫生支出tax funded government expenditure on health 私人卫生支出private expenditure on health似然比检验likelihood ratio test速动比率quick ratioT替代指标proxy贴现discount贴现率discount rate通科医生general practitioner, GP通用药品generic drugs通用药品悖论generic paradoxW卫生保健的界定boundaries of health care卫生保健制度(健康保险)health insurance卫生保健总支出Total Expenditure on Health, THE 卫生筹资health financing卫生服务供给supply of health care卫生服务利用health services utilization卫生服务内部市场internal market卫生服务体系health service system卫生服务投入input卫生服务需求demand of health services卫生服务需要health service need卫生服务要求want of health services卫生机构预算budge of health institutions卫生经济学Health Economics卫生资源health resource卫生资源配置health resource allocating卫生总费用(国民卫生帐户)National Health Account卫生总费用核算National Health Accounts, NHA 未来成本future cost无形经济负担intangible economic burden无形效益intangible benefitX系数值allocation value狭义政府卫生支出territorial government expenditure on health 现金比率cash ratio限额保险maximums or ceiling线性回归模型linear regression model消费品consumption commodities消费预算线consumer budget line效果effectiveness效率efficiency效率收益efficiency gains效益benefit效益成本比率benefit-cost ratio效用最大化maximize utility新药研究与开发Research & Development信息不对称性information asymmetry需求demand需求变动changes in demand需求法则law of demand需求量的变动change in quantity demandedY药品管理公司Pharmaceutical Benefits Management 医保双全Medishield医疗保健供给medical insurance supply医疗保险需求medical insurance demand医疗服务体系medical service system医院成本指数hospital cost index医院服务强度指数hospital intensity index医院联合体hospital trust医院作为医生的合作者the hospital as a physicians cooperative 因素分析法factor analysis应收款周转次数receivables turnover影响评价impact evaluation诱导需求induced demand预付制pre-paymentZ增量成本incremental cost“占优”战略“skimming” strategy政府卫生支出general government expenditure on health 支出预算budget for expenditure直接成本direct cost直接分摊法direct allocation method直接经济负担direct economic burden直接效益direct benefit止损线stop loss质量调整生命年quality adjusted life years, QALYs资本capital资产assets资产负债表statement of financial position资产负债率debt ratio资产周转率assets turnover资源分配resource allocation资源汇集pooling resource总产量total product, TP总成本total cost总额预算制global budget最大似然估计maximum likelihood estimation, MLE 最小二乘法ordinary least square, OLS最小化分析cost-minimization analysis, CMA最小平方回归分析法least square regression analysis。
ABC成本法

ABC成本法(Activity Based Costing)目录∙ 1 什么是ABC成本法∙ 2 ABC分析法的作用∙ 3 ABC成本法是基于活动的成本管理∙ 4 ABC分析法的过程∙ 5 ABC分析法的实施步骤∙ 6 ABC 的实施方法[1]∙7 ABC成本法应用案例o7.1 案例一:农机厂应用ABC成本法o7.2 案例二:ABC成本法在物流系统中的应用[1]什么是ABC成本法ABC成本法又称作业成本分析法、作业成本计算法、作业成本核算法,是基于活动的成本核算系统。
ABC成本法的产生,最早可以追溯到20世纪杰出的会计大师、美国人埃里克·科勒(Eric Kohler)教授。
科勒教授在1952年编著的《会计师词典》中,首次提出了作业、作业帐户、作业会计等概念。
1971年,乔治·斯托布斯(George Staubus)教授在《作业成本计算和投入产出会计》(Activity Costing and Input Output Accounting)中对"作业"、"成本"、"作业会计"、"作业投入产出系统"等概念作了全面、系统的讨论。
这是理论上研究作业会计的第一部宝贵著作。
但是,当时作业成本法却未能在理论界和实业界引起足够的重视。
20世纪80年代后期,随着MRP、CAD、CAM、MIS的广泛应用,以及MRPII、FMS和CIMS的兴起,使得美国实业界普遍感到产品成本住处(?)与现实脱节,成本扭曲普通存在,且扭曲程度令人吃惊。
美国哈佛大学的青年学者库伯(Robin Cooper)和教授卡普兰(Robert S Kaplan)注意到这种情况,在对美国公司调查研究之后,发展了斯托布斯的思想,提出了以作业为基础的成本计算(1988)(Activity Based Costing,简称ABC法)。
作业成本法在过去10年中受到了广泛的关注,新型的咨询公司已经扩展了作业成本法的应用范围并研发出相应的软件。
ABC成本分析方法的实施步骤

ABC成本分析方法的实施步骤1. 简介ABC成本分析(Activity-based costing)是一种基于活动驱动的成本管理方法,旨在更准确地计算产品或服务的成本,帮助企业实现有效的成本控制和决策支持。
本文将介绍ABC成本分析方法的实施步骤。
2. 准备工作在实施ABC成本分析之前,需要进行以下准备工作:•确定分析范围:确定需要进行成本分析的产品或服务范围,以便有针对性地收集相关数据。
•定义活动:识别与产品或服务相关的各项活动,并对每个活动进行明确的定义。
•收集数据:收集与每个活动相关的成本数据,包括人工成本、材料成本、设备成本等。
3. 实施步骤3.1 识别活动首先,需要识别与产品或服务相关的各项活动。
活动是产生成本的基本单位,通过识别活动可以更准确地计算成本。
常见的活动包括生产准备、产品设计、采购、生产制造、销售、客户服务等。
3.2 定义活动对于每个识别出的活动,需要进行明确的定义。
定义活动时,可以考虑以下几个方面:•活动名称:给活动起一个清晰明确的名称,便于后续识别和记录。
•活动目的:明确活动的目的和作用,以便更好地理解其价值和必要性。
•活动成本:根据准备工作阶段收集的数据,估计每个活动的成本。
3.3 分配成本在ABC成本分析中,成本的分配是核心步骤之一。
通过分配成本可以将总成本分摊到各个活动上,以便更准确地计算产品或服务的成本。
3.3.1 直接成本分配直接成本是与特定活动直接相关的成本,可以直接追溯到活动的产生。
对于直接成本,可以根据实际发生情况将其分配到相应的活动上。
常见的直接成本包括直接人工成本、直接材料成本等。
3.3.2 间接成本分配间接成本是与多个活动共享的成本,无法直接追溯到某个特定活动。
对于间接成本,需要使用一定的分配方法将其分配到各个活动上。
常见的间接成本分配方法包括人力资源使用率、设备利用率、工作量等。
3.4 计算成本在分配完成本后,可以根据各个活动的成本数据计算产品或服务的成本。
财会专业英语-中英文对照

AAbsorption costing 完全成本法Accelerated Depreciation Method 加速折旧法Account 科目,账户Account form 账户式Account payable 应付账款Account receivable 应收账款Accounting 会计Accounting cycle 会计循环Accounting equation 会计等式资产 Assets= 负债 Liabilities + 所有者权益Owner’s EquityAccounting period concept 会计期间Accounting system 会计制度Account payable subsidiary ledger 应付款明细分类账Accounts receivable analysis 应收账款分析Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger 应收账款明细分类账Accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率Accrual basis accounting 应记制,债权发生制Accrued expenses 应记费用Accrued revenues 应记收入Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧Accumulated other comprehensive income 累计其他综合收入Activity base drive 作业基础/动因Activity—based costing ABC 作业成本计算法Adjusted trial balance调整后试算平衡表Adjusting entries调整分录Adjusting process调整过程Administrative expenses general expenses管理费用一般费用Aging the receivables应收账款账龄分析Allowance for doubtful accounts 坏账准备Allowance method备抵法Amortization摊销Annuity年金Assets资产Available—for—sale securities可供出售证券Average inventory cost flow method 平均库存成本流法Average cost method平均成本法Average rate of return平均回报率BBad debt expense 坏账费用Balance of the account账户余额Balance sheet资产负债表Balanced scorecard平衡记分卡Bank reconciliation银行存款余额调节表Bank statement 银行报表Bond债券Bond indenture债券契约Book value账面价值Book value of the asset资产的账面价值Boot补价Break-even point盈亏临界点Budget预算Budget performance report预算业绩报告Budgetary slack预算松弛Budgeted variable factory overhead 预算变量工厂开销Business企业Business combination 企业合并Business entity concept企业主体概念Business stakeholder企业利益相关者Business strategy企业战略Business transaction经济业务CCapital account 资本性账户Capital expenditures资本性支出Capital expenditures budget资本支出预算Capital investment analysis资本投资分析Capital leases资本性租赁Capital rationing资本分配Carrying amount账面金额Cash现金Cash basis of accounting现金制;收付实现制Cash budget现金预算Cash dividend现金股利Cash equivalents现金等价物Cash flow per share 每股现金流量Cash flows from financing activities筹资活动现金流量Cash flows from investing activities投资活动现金流量Cash flows from operating activities经营活动现金流量Cash payback period现金回收期Cash payments journal现金付款日记账Cash receipts journal现金收款日记账Cash short and over account现金余缺账户Certified public accountant CPA注册会计师Chart of accounts会计科目表Clearing account 清理账户Closing entries结账分录Closing process结账程序Closing the books 结账Common stock普通股Common—size statement通用报表Compensating balance 补偿性余额Comprehensive income全面收益Consigned inventory 寄售库存Consignee 收货人承销人Consignor 发货人寄件人Consolidated financial statements合并财务报表Contingent liabilities 不确定债务Continuous budgeting滚动预算Continuous process improvement 持续过程改进Contra accountor contra asset account抵减账户Contract rate约定利率Contribution margin 贡献毛益Contribution margin ratio贡献毛益率Contribution margin ratio 边际贡献率Controllable expenses可控费用Controllable revenues 可控收入Controllable variance可控差异Controller主计长Controlling 管理控制Controlling account控制账户Conversion costs加工成本Copyright版权Corporation公司Correcting journal entry 调整分录Cost成本Cost accounting system成本会计系统Cost allocation成本分配Cost behavior成本性态Cost center成本中心Cost concept 成本概念Cost method 成本法Cost object 成本对象Cost of finished goods available 已完工产品的成本Cost of goods manufactured 产品成本Cost of goods sold产品销售成本Cost of goods sold budget产品销售成本预算Cost of merchandise sold商品销售成本:商业企业所销售商品的成本.Cost of merchandise purchased 产品购买成本Cost of merchandise sold 销货成本Cost of production report 生产成本报告Cost per equivalent unit单位约当产量成本Cost price approach成本价格法Cost variance成本差异Cost-volume-profit analysis本-量-利分析Cost-volume-profit chart本-量-利图Credit memorandumcredit memo贷项通知单Credit period 贷款期限Credit terms 赊销付款条件,信用证条款Credits 贷记Cumulative preferred stock累积优先股Currency exchange rate货币汇率Current assets流动资产Current liabilities流动负债Current position analysis 流动财务状况分析Current ratio流动比率Currently attainable standards当前可达标准DDebit memorandum 借项通知单Debits借记debt securities债务证券,债券decision making 决策,判定;作出判定Deficiency 亏损Deficit 亏损Defined benefit plan 固定收益计划:Defined contribution plan 固定缴款计划:Depletion 折耗:Depreciate:贬值Depreciation 资产等折旧;货币贬值;跌价Depreciation expense 折旧费用Differential analysis 差异分析Differential income or less 差别收入或更少Differential cost 差异成本Differential revenue 差异收入Differential strategy 差异化战略Direct labor cost 直接人工成本Direct labor cost budget 直接人工成本预算Direct labor rate variance 直接人工工资率差异Direct labor time variance 直接人工工时差异Direct materials cost 直接材料成本Direct materials price variance 直接材料价格差异Direct materials purchases budget 直接材料采购预算Direct materials quantity variance 直接材料数量差异Direct method 直接法:Direct write—off method 直接注销法:Directing 指导Discount 贴现息;折价:Dishonored note receivable 拒付应收票据:Dividend yield 股利收益率:Dividends 股息,红利Dividends per share每股股利Double-declining—balance method双倍余额递减法Double—entry accounting system 复式会计模式:Drawing 提款:DuPont formula 杜邦公式EEarnings per common share EPS on common stock 普通股每股收益E—commerce 电子商务:Effective interest rate method 实际利率法Effective rate of interest 实际利率:债券发行时的市场利率。
abc成本法简单说明

abc成本法简单说明ABC成本法是一种常用的成本核算方法,它以活动为基础,将成本分配给不同的产品或服务,以便更准确地计算其成本。
在这篇文章中,我将简单介绍ABC成本法的原理和应用。
ABC成本法的全称是Activity-Based Costing,即基于活动的成本核算方法。
它与传统的成本核算方法不同,传统方法主要依靠直接人工和直接材料的成本进行分配,而ABC成本法更加注重活动的角色,通过识别和分配不同的活动成本,提供更精确的成本信息。
在ABC成本法中,首先需要明确不同的活动,并将其与产品或服务相关联。
活动可以是任何与产品或服务相关的工作或过程,例如生产、销售、分发等。
然后,对每个活动进行成本分析,确定其成本驱动因素。
成本驱动因素是影响活动成本的主要因素,可以是工时、订单数量、设备利用率等。
通过确定成本驱动因素,可以更准确地计算活动的成本。
接下来,根据活动成本和成本驱动因素,计算每个活动的成本驱动率。
成本驱动率是活动成本与成本驱动因素之间的关系,可以通过将活动成本除以成本驱动因素的总量得到。
成本驱动率可以用于将活动成本分配给不同的产品或服务。
在使用ABC成本法进行成本核算时,首先需要识别和分类不同的活动,然后确定成本驱动因素,并计算每个活动的成本驱动率。
接着,将活动成本按照其成本驱动率分配给不同的产品或服务。
通过这种方式,可以更准确地计算每个产品或服务的成本,帮助企业做出更明智的决策。
ABC成本法的应用范围广泛,特别适用于多样化产品或服务的企业。
传统的成本核算方法往往无法准确反映不同产品或服务的实际成本,而ABC成本法可以通过活动的精确分析和成本驱动率的计算,提供更准确的成本信息。
这对于企业的产品定价、投资决策和绩效评估等方面具有重要意义。
然而,ABC成本法也存在一些限制和挑战。
首先,实施ABC成本法需要大量的数据和分析工作,对企业来说可能需要投入较高的成本和人力资源。
其次,ABC成本法在一些特殊情况下可能不适用,例如生产过程简单、产品差异较小的情况下,传统的成本核算方法可能更加合适。
ABC成本财务分析法(英文版)

Departmental Allocation Bases
Cost Distortions caused by 2stage allocations
❖ There is a no link between the cause of support activity costs and the basis for assigning these costs to products
11
Causes of problems
❖ Increased product diversity ❖ changing cost structures ❖ use of volume-based cost drivers Have resulted in:
distorted product costs
❖ To compete in the marketplace, some companies have had to cut the prices of high volume popular items.
❖ But They have been able to achieve high mark-ups on low volume specialty products.
ABC成本财务分析法(英文版)
Evolution of ABC
❖ Conventional costing systems use a twostage allocation process: 1. service department costs are allocated to production departments. 2. production department overhead costs are allocated to products using a volume-based predetermined overhead rate.
ABC成本分析练习题(Solution additional exercise ABC)

Exercise on Traditional cost systems and ABCGiven:Costs Per Unit X21 Y37Direct labor hours used 100.000 300.000Direct labor cost €1.000.000 €4.500.000Number of times handled 40.000 20.000Number of parts 12.000 8.000Number of design changes 2.000 1.000Number of product setups 8.000 6.000Activity Activity CostsHandling €3.000.000Number of parts 2.400.000Design changes 3.300.000Setups 2.800.000Total €11.500.000Direct material X21: €120Direct material Y37: €140Required:(a)Determine unit costs using a traditional system based on direct labor hours(b)Determine unit costs using ABC(c)Which is more accurate? Explain.(d)Determine the product price under a) and b) if a 25% mark-up price system isused. What do you recommend regarding its pricing?(e) What product-level changes do you suggest on the basis of the ABC analysis?Who would be involved n bringing about your suggested changes?Solution: (a)Manufacturing support cost driver rate= + = € . . . € , 1 15 0 00 0 0 1 0 02 8 7 5 p e r d i r e c t l a b o r h o u r .Costs Per UnitProduct X21 Product Y37Direct materials cost €120,00€140,00Direct labor cost 2 × €10 20,003 × €15 45,00Manufacturing support cost €28,75 × (100.000÷50.000) 57,50€28,75 × (300.000÷100.000)86,25Unit cost€197,50€271,25(b)Costs Allocated to Products Activity Activity Costs Cost Driver Quantity Cost DriverRate X21 Y37Handling€3.000.000 60.000 5050 × 40.00050 × 20.000Number of parts2.400.000 20.000120 120 × 12.000120 × 8.000Design changes3.300.0003.000 1.100 1.100 × 2.000 1.100 × 1.000Setups2.800.000 14.000 200200 × 8.000 200 × 6.000Total €11.500.000€7.240.000 €4.260.000Costs Per UnitX21 Y37Direct materials cost€120,00€140,00Direct labor cost20,00 45,00Manufacturing support cost €7.240.000 ÷ 50.000 144,80€4.260.000 ÷ 100.00042,60Unit cost€284,80€227,60(c) Activity-based costing produces more accurate estimates of job costs because it takes into account the cost drivers that give rise to support costs.(d) Cost-based Prices Product X21 Product Y37Traditional costing1,25 × unit costs in part (a) €246,88 €339,06Activity-based costing1,25 × unit costs in part (b) €356,00 €284,50If Endo plans to continue to use cost-based pricing., it should use activity-based costs as the basis for its markups. Note X21’s current price is not even covering its manufacturing costs as determined using activity-based costing, Conversely, Y37 may be overpriced. Endo should consider raising X21’s price and could consider lowering Y37’s price if competitors are selling the same product for a lower price.(e)The company sells half as many X21’s as Y37’s. but X21 has twice as manydesign changes and 50% more parts. These facts suggest that the company can explore ways to reduce the number of design changes and the number of parts, Management accountants would be involved in developing and communicating the cost of design changes and parts proliferation; design engineers would be directly involved in studying different designs and trying to reduce the number of parts. In addition, sales staff who communicate with customers could make greater efforts to understand customer needs and convey this information to the design engineers.Customer profitability analysisGiven:Assume now that the- Company’s current selling prices are: X21 = €300 & Y37 = €350- Company has two major customers (A & B)Selling and distribution activities CostsTraveling to customers €600.000Delivering to customers €5.000.000Serving customers €400.000Total €6.000.000Customer A Customer BSales X21 5.000 items 45.000 itemsSales Y37 70.000 items 30.000 itemsTotal sales 75.000 items 75.000 items# visits 12 188# deliveries 500 2.000# customer calls 200 1.800Requested:(a)What is the customer profitability under the traditional cost system? The traditionalcost system allocates selling and distribution costs based on sales items.(b)What is the customer profitability under ABC?(c)Explain the results and discuss possible actions to improve customer profitability.Solution:(a)Tradional cost system:Allocation of selling & distribution costs: €6.000.000 / 150.000 items = €40 per itemCustomer A Customer BSalesSales X21 €300 * 5.000 = €1.500.000 €300 * 45.000 = €13.500.000 Sales Y37 €350 * 70.000 = €24.500.000 €350 * 30.000 = €10.500.000 Total sales = 26.000.000 = 24.000.000Cost of salesCosts X21 €197.5 * 5.000 = €987.500 €197.5 * 45.000 = €8.887.500 Costs Y37 €271.25 * 70.000 = €18.987.500 €271.25 * 30.000 = €8.137.500 Total costs = 19.975.000 = 17.025.000Result sales = 6.025.000 = 6.975.000Allocation of selling & distribution costs €40 per item * 75.000 items= 3.000.000€40 per item * 75.000 items= 3.000.000Profit per customer = 3.025.000 = €3.975.000Profit margin 3.025.000/26.000.000= 11,63% 3.975.000/24.000.000= 16,56%(b)CPA based on the ABC system:Allocation of distribution costs:Kostengroep Kosten activiteit Cost driver Cost driver rate Traveling to customers €600.000 200 visits €3.000 per visit Delivering to customers €5.000.000 2.500 deliveries €2.000 per delivery Serving customers €400.000 2.000 calls €200 per callCustomer A Customer BSalesSales X21 €300 * 5.000 = €1.500.000 €300 * 45.000 = €13.500.000 Sales Y37 €350 * 70.000 = €24.500.000 €350 * 30.000 = €10.500.000 Total sales = 26.000.000 = 24.000.000Cost of salesCosts X21 €284.80 * 5.000 = €1.424.000 €284.80 * 45.000 = €12.816.000 Costs Y37 €227.60 * 70.000 = €15.932.000 €227.60 * 30.000 = €6.828.000 Total costs = 17.356.000 = 19.644.000Result sales = 8.644.000 = 4.356.000 Allocation ofdistribution costsTraveling to customers €3000 per vist * 12 visits= 36.000 €3000 per visit * 188 visits= 564.000Delivering to customers €2000 per del.* 500 deliveries= 1.000.000€2000 per del. * 2000 deliveries= 4.000.000Serving customers €200 per call * 200 calls= 40.000€200 per call * 1800 calls= 360.000Total allocation = 1.076.000 = 4.924.000 Profit per cutomer = 7.568.000 = (€568.000)Profit margin 7.568.000/26.000.000= 29,11% (568.000)/24.000.000 = (2,36%)(c)Suggestions:i.Based on the ABC system, we conclude that product Y37 (€350 – €227,6 = €122,4) ismore profitable than product X21 (€300 – €284,8 = €15,2). Customer A mainlypurchases product Y37, customer B purchases both products but especially the less profitable product X21.Possible actions:1.Stimulate customer B to purchase more Y37 and less X21(different productmix)2.Increase profitability of X21a.Increase price of X21 (but: willingness of customers to pay more?)b.Reduce costs (especially: handling & number of parts)ii.Under current prices (€300 and €350) both products are profitable. So besides the costs of the products, the selling and distribution costs are important. The traditional cost system assigns these costs based on the number of items sold. As both customers buy 75,000 items, the traditional cost system assigns the same amount of sales and distribution costs to both customers. The ABC system shows that this allocation is unfair. Customer B requires far more support (i.e. number of visits, number of calls and number of deliveries) than customer A. The ABC system shows that it costsalmost five times more to serve customer B than customer A. Especially the number of deliveries is very costly.Possible actions:1.Convince customer B to ask for less deliveries (no JIT)2.Let customer B pay for extra deliveries (e.g. €2000 per delivery)3.Reduce delivery costs by outsourcing this activity to a third company who isable to deliver this service at a reduced price。
作业成本法(ABC)

•机器设备折旧分摊的成本由产品线的相关情 况直接得到
20,000x1650=33,000,000 =
成本驱动率*产品所消耗成本驱动因素数量
21
作业成本法的一个简单的案例
软盒产品线间接成本分摊的情况如下:
软盒
量的检查 管理人员的活动 1,000,000 20,000 10,000 20,000 20 300 450 1250 每项活动的成本 软盒 软盒 50,000,000 20,000,000 6,000,000 4,500,000 25,000,000
整体的活动数量
硬盒
软盒
50 600 1000 2900
30 300 550 1650
20 300 450 1250
20
作业成本法的一个简单的案例
硬盒产品线间接成本分摊的情况如下:
硬盒
活动 机器设备折旧 机器设备修理 机器的启动和工作时间 质量的检查 管理人员的活动 1,000,000 20,000 10,000 20,000 30 300 550 1650 每项活动的成本 活动的数量 分摊的成本 100,000,000* 30,000,000 6,000,000 5,500,000 33,000,000
300,000 软盒: 105,500,000
= 582 (元)
每箱所分摊的间接成本=
100,000
= 1055(元)
分析: 分析: 采用作业成本法,间接成本常会发生从产量高的产品向产量低的产 采用作业成本法, 品转移
本例中: 硬盒产量:30万盒;单位成本转移:582-700=-118(元) 软盒产量:10万盒;单位成本转移:1055-700=355 (元)
*开机时间 *人工时间或成本 *材料消耗 *打字页数 *开关机次数 *订单 *质量检查 *产品零部件数量 *驾驶里程 *计算机工作时间 *制造或销售的产品种类 *所服务的客户 *飞行时间 *检查次数 *作废订单和返工订单 *不同类型客户数量
作业基础成本法(ABC)的原理与优势

作业基础成本法(ABC)的原理与优势作业基础成本法(Activity-BasedCosting,简称ABC)是一种计算产品或服务成本的方法,它基于活动产生的成本来分配资源,以更准确地反映出产品或服务的真实成本。
ABC方法从成本分析的角度出发,帮助企业更有效地管理成本、提高效率。
下面将为您详细介绍ABC方法的原理和优势。
原理解析ABC方法的基本原理是将企业的活动划分为不同的成本驱动因素,通过计算各项活动所产生的成本,再将成本分配给产品或服务。
与传统的总成本法不同,ABC方法更加精细地考虑了各项活动对成本的影响,从而更准确地反映不同产品或服务的实际成本。
ABC方法关注的是活动,而不是产品或部门。
通过识别和评估各项活动的成本驱动因素,企业可以更好地了解成本的来源,有针对性地进行成本控制和优化。
ABC方法能够帮助企业识别那些消耗资源多、成本高的活动,进而优化资源配置,提高生产效率。
优势分析1.成本分配更准确ABC方法能够将成本更准确地分配给各项活动及其所产生的产品或服务。
相比于传统的总成本法,ABC方法能够避免将固定成本平均分配给所有产品或服务,使得成本分配更具可比性和可控性。
2.促进决策效率通过清晰地了解各项活动对成本的影响,企业可以更准确地评估产品或服务的盈利能力,从而制定更科学的定价策略,合理分配资源,提高决策效率。
3.提高生产效率ABC方法能够帮助企业识别并优化那些成本高、效率低的活动,从而提高生产效率,降低生产成本。
企业可以更加精准地控制各项活动的成本,提高生产线的整体效益。
作业基础成本法(ABC)通过对活动成本的精细化分析和分配,为企业提供了更准确、更详细的成本信息,有助于企业制定更科学的决策,并提高生产效率。
ABC方法的应用能够为企业带来实实在在的优势,是企业成本管理中的重要工具。
在实际运用中,企业应结合自身情况灵活运用ABC方法,不仅能够更好地掌握成本状况,还能够提升企业的竞争力。
因此,ABC方法值得企业深入研究和应用。
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Departmental Overhead Rne:
Labor
Costs assigned
to pools
Cost pools
Department 1
Indirect Materials
Department 2
Other Overhead
Erosion of company profits
❖ Price cuts produce increased sales in units but decreased total revenue
❖ High mark-ups on specialty products didn’t offset the fall in profit margins of high volume products
Departmental Overhead Rates
Finishing Department Painting Department
Shipping Department
A two stage process is necessary because costs are allocated to departments
Causes of problems
❖ Increased product diversity ❖ changing cost structures ❖ use of volume-based cost drivers Have resulted in:
distorted product costs
Evolution of ABC
❖ Conventional costing systems use a twostage allocation process: 1. service department costs are allocated to production departments. 2. production department overhead costs are allocated to products using a volume-based predetermined overhead rate.
Product costs don’t make sense
❖ Problem: There may be no relationship between the overhead application base and the way that different products cause overhead costs
Indirect Materials
Department 2
Other Overhead
Department 3
Stage Two: Costs applied to products
Direct Labour Hours
Machine Hours
Raw Materials
Cost
Products
Departmental Allocation Bases
Solution: Activity Based Costing
❖ The result:
High-volume simple products are overcosted and over-priced
Low-volume complex products are under-costed and under-priced
Plantwide Overhead Rates
Cost Distortions caused by 2stage allocations
❖ There is a no link between the cause of support activity costs and the basis for assigning these costs to products
and then to products.
Departmental Overhead Rates
Indirect
Stage One:
Labor
Costs assigned
to pools
Cost pools
Department 1
Indirect Materials
Department 2
Other Overhead
❖ Why?
1. Allocations are based on unit or volume related measures.
2. Different products consume different amounts of support activities.
Questionable profit margins
Companies have tended to use direct labour as the overhead application base.
However direct labour is now a relatively minor part of total manufacturing cost. Many tasks that used to be done by hand are now done by automated equipment.
❖ To compete in the marketplace, some companies have had to cut the prices of high volume popular items.
❖ But They have been able to achieve high mark-ups on low volume specialty products.
Department 3
Stage Two: Costs applied to products
Products
Departmental Overhead Rates
Indirect
Stage One:
Labor
Costs assigned
to pools
Cost pools
Department 1