2015年职称英语考试文章及译文卫生类补全短文

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2015年职称英语考试新增卫生类考题(全5篇)材料、试题、解析和译文

2015 年职称英语考试新增卫生类 5 篇文章汇总（全）1、卫生A 阅读判断新增文章第十二篇Inquest told of hospital errorA HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “un timely and unnecessar y”.Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1 Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2 an orthopedic ward, where he stayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.The operation went ahead on November lO,but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism,a condition related to DVT. Mr. Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16.Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr. Newbold the drug later.York coroner Donald Coverdale said, …From November 3 until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. Lf he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeon‟s care from day one, it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.‟He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.Kim Daniells, Mr Newbold‟s family‟s lawyer, said, … The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors, and that no other families will have to suffer in the future. …A spokeswoman for York Hospital‟s NHS Trust said, … We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.‟词汇：ward n.病房vein n.血管thrombosis n.血栓clot n.凝块maintenance n.维修，维护Fragmin n.法安明（又名片段化蛋白）staff n.员工；职工consultant n.顾问，咨询，会诊医师surgeon n.心血管外科顾问knee n.膝盖embolism n.栓塞；栓塞形成verdict n.裁决misadventure n.灾难，不幸遭遇，意外事故sympathy n.同情注释：1．be treated with...被用......药物进行治疗2．be admitted to...被收容至，被移送至(本文中是“被送至病房”)练习：1．The patient was admitted with an injured foot.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned2. The patient was admitted to the surgical ward.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned3. The patient did not get the correct medication.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned4. The patient died before he could be operated on.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned5. The patient died of brain damage.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned6. It was decided that the patient‟s death had been an accident.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned7. Mr Newbold‟s family‟s lawyer was not qualified.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned答案与题解：1．A 从文中第二段的第一句话可以看出，病人是因为感觉右脚胀痛而去医院的(a swollen right foot)，而从文章第二段的第三行最后一句话(However, hospital staff. .)可以看出毛他是被医院容留住院了，只不过是去错了病房。

2015年职称英语考试卫生类C级新增加文章及全文翻译(全)

第五篇 Tracking Down HIVIn the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died.In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsiblefor2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people. Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated3, but it is still a race against time.词汇：spot n. 地点，斑点，斑块，青春痘lymph n. 淋巴结sarcoma n. 肿瘤，肉瘤，恶性毒瘤exhaustion n. 衰竭，耗尽，精疲力竭immunologist n.免疫学家malfunction n. 故障，失灵，疾病count n. 计数，计算infection n. 传染病，感染breakdown n. 故障，衰弱，崩溃toll n. 代价，死亡人数intravenous drug n. 静脉注射药物abnormalities n. (abnormality的复数形式)畸形，异常情况blood transfusion n. 输血symptom n.症状virologist n. 病毒学家virus n. 病毒panel n.座谈小组，仪表板hemophiliac n. 血友病患者vaccine n. 疫苗注释：1．play a key role...扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用2．be responsible for...对……负责，是……的原因3．can be eradicated可以被根除的练习：1．This passage is mainly about ____.A the spreading of the disease known as HIVB the work of Dr. Robert GalloC infectious diseasesD the symptoms of HIV2．A T-cell is a ____.A patient’s bloodB deadly strain of tuberculosisC white blood cell important in providing immunity to diseaseD red blood cell3．The final paragraph leads the reader to see that scientists ____.A have no hope in ever finding a cure for HIVB have hope that a cure for HIV will be foundC have run out of time to find a cure for HIVD are in a contest against each other to find a cure for HIV4．The basic pattern used to develop this passage is ____.A chronological orderB personal narrativeC comparison and contrastD question and answer5．The word u eradicated the last paragraph means ____.A made extremeB celebratedC remove by rubbingD gotten rid of entirely答案与题解：1．A从开篇的病例介绍，到后面感染人数的不断上升可以推断出，这篇文章的主旨是讲艾滋病病毒在美国的传播。

2015职称英语考试卫生类B级补全短文精选习题

2015职称英语考试卫生类B级补全短文精选习题Sugar cane was once a wild grass that grew in New Guinea and was used by local people for roofing their houses and fencing their gardens. Gradually a different variety evolved which contained sucrose (蔗糖) and was chewed on for its sweet taste. Over time, sugar cane became a highly valuable commercial plant, grown throughout the world. (46)Sugar became a vital ingredient in all kinds of things, from confectionery(糖果点心) to medicine, and, as the demand for sugar grew, the industry became larger de more profitable. (47) Many crops withered(枯萎) and died, despite growers attempts to save them and there were fears that the health of the plant would continues to deteriorate.In the 1960s, scientists working in Barbados looked for ways to make the commercial species stronger and more able to resist disease. They experimented with breeding programmes, mixing genes from the wild species of sugar cane, which tends to be tougher, with genes from the more delicate, commercial type.(48) This sugar cane is not yet ready to be sold commercially, but when this happens, it is expected to be incredibly profitable for the industry.(49) Brazil, which produces one quarter of the world’s sugar, has coordinated an international project under Professor Paulo Arrudo of the Universidade Estaudual de Campinas in Sao Paulo. Teams of experts have worked with him to discover more about which parts of the genetic structure of the plant are important for the production of sugar and its overall health.Despite all the research, however, we still do not fully understand how the genes in sugar cane. (50) This gene is particularly exciting because it makes the plant resistant to rust, a disease which probably originated in India, but is now capable of infecting sugar cane across the world. Scientist believe they will eventually be able to grow a plant which cannot be destroyed by rust.a. the majority of the world’s sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.b. unfortunately, however, the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.c. eventually, a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before, but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.d. since the 1960s, scientists have been analyzing the mysteries of the sugar cane’s genetic code.e. one major gene has been identified by dr angelique d’ hont and her team in montpelier, france.f. sugar cane is now much more vigorous and the supply of sugar is therefore more guaranteed.参考答案：46a. 47b. 48c. 49f. 50e.更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。

2015年职称英语教材新增文章(卫生类A级补全短文)第十二篇

2015年职称英语教材卫生类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。

2015年职称英语教材卫生类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读判断、阅读理解和补全短文：阅读判断综合A新增一篇文章；阅读理解卫生C新增一篇文章；补全短文卫生A、B和C各新增一篇文章。

完形填空卫生类整体都没有新增文章。

卫生类教材新增文章阅读判断卫生A Inquest told of hospital error阅读理解卫生C第五篇Tracking Down HIV补全短文卫生C第二篇The Hope Children’s Hospice补全短文卫生B第七篇Powering Napping is Good for the I.Q.补全短文卫生A第十二篇The enemy Within卫生A补全短文新增文章第十二篇The Enemy WithinAllergy has become more and more common over the last30 years.Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children.In the UK,three million people suffer from asthma,and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless,such as pollen or peanuts.____1____Todefend your body against an attacker,the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again.This work is done by antibodies.The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances,because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen(the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen,milk or strawberries).Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them.What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody.This antibody then attaches itself to cells,which contain histamine. ____2____As they do that,the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released.The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues.This leads to the symptoms of allergy,such as swelling,rashes,sneezing,sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts.This must be treated immediately.____3____Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies,and they are more likely to developallergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma.____4____We eat more processed foods,with a wide range of additives and colourings;more and more people have central heating and double glazing,making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite.There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health,but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries.____5____A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies.Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms,and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future.词汇：allergy n.过敏，过敏症sufferer n.患者，受害者asthma n.哮喘substance n.物质pollen n.花粉micro-organism n.微生物antibodies n.antibody的复数形式，意为抗体allergen n.过敏源nut n.坚果histamine n.组织胺，组胺tissue n.人体组织symptom n.病症，征兆rash n.疱疹sneezing n.打喷嚏breathlessness n.呼吸急促，气喘吁吁anaphylaxis n.全身性过敏反应，过敏反应wasp n.黄蜂sting n.蟄，咬hayfever n.枯草热，花粉病additives n.添加剂，食品添加剂cure n.治疗，解药注释：1．suffer from...忍受^的折磨2．be devoted to sth....全身心投入于^练习：A The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers,including viruses,bacteria and parasites.B In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.C Allergies run in families.D International differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population have allergy.E When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.F Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.答案与题解：1．A该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍，而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话，即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动，该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。

2015年职称英语考试文章及译文卫生类完形填空

Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred YearsA hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about47:in the early21st century,men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about74.Women to about80,and these_____l_____are rising all the time.What has brought_____2_____these changes?When we look at the life_____3_____of people l00years ago,we need to look at the greatest_____4_____of the time.In the early20th century, these were the acute and often_____3_____infectious diseases such as smallpox.Many children died very young from these diseases and others,and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the_____6_____world these diseases are far_____7_____today,and in some cases have almost disappeared.A number of_____8_____have led to this:improvements in sanitation and hygiene,the discovery and use of antibiotics, which_____9_____bacterial diseases much less dangerous,and vaccinations_____l0_____common diseases._____11_____, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment:cleaner air,better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about85 but_____l2_____people do live longer today,there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age.The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses,such as heart disease and strokes,and those_____l3_____by viruses,such as influenza and AIDS l.Of course,cancer is a huge killer as well.In most cases these diseases affect_____l4_____people,but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity_____l5_____more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as"lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.词汇：expectancy n.预期acute aaj.(疾病)急性的infectious adj.传染性的smallpox n.天花sanitation n.环境卫生hygiene n.个人卫生antibiotic n.抗生素bacterial adj.细菌性的vaccination n.种痘，接种preserve vt.保藏，防止(食物)腐烂nutrition n.营养chronic aaj.(疾病)慢性的stroke n.中风virus n.病毒influenza n.流行性感冒trend n.趋势，倾向obesity n.肥胖diabetes n.糖尿病halt vt.使...停止注释：Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)：艾滋病，后天性免疫缺乏综合症练习：1.A ages B years C lives D countries2.A in B about C to D with3.A length B time C duration D span4.A people B killers C invention D nation5.A more B less C high D highly6.A developed B less developed C undeveloped D developing7.A more deadly B deadly C1ess deadly D fatal8.A improvements B factors C jobs D measures9.A makes B causes C make D from10.A against B for C to D cause11.A And B Therefore C In addition D Nevertheless12.A when B yet C however D while13.A spread B affected C produced D created14.A poor B weak C older D young15.A and B leading to C from D with答案与题解：1.A通过上下文可知此处应为"年龄".2.B bring about意思是"带来"，bring in意为赚取，实现(一定利润)，没有bring to这个短语，如果用with，此句话必须变成what has it brought with these changes才符合语法，但意思就不符合文章了。

2015年职称英语卫生类阅读理解译文

第一篇译文：纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。

如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被研究人员开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。

但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。

在上周于华盛顿Woodrow Wilsom国家学术中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。

来自多伦多大学的Peter Singer 声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。

他指出相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。

由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致类抗药性的产生。

所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。

纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。

国立卫生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski 与大家共同探讨类如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。

以一些已经使用类纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。

Andrew Maynard 是Woodrow Wilsom 中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。

与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，专家认为若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。

第二篇译文：医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他医务人员提供医学信息的出版物。

在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。

随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。

少数的医学杂志，如《美国医学会杂志》，被看做是普通医学杂志，因为它们涵盖了医学的许多领域。

大部分医学杂志都是针对特定医疗领域的专业杂志。

2015职称英语(卫生类)新增文章及翻译

卫生类教材新增文章补全短文卫生B 第七篇 Powering Napping is Good for the I.Q.阅读理解卫生C 第五篇 Tracking Down HIV补全短文卫生C 第二篇 The Hope Children’s Hospice阅读判断卫生A Inquest told of hospital error补全短文卫生A 第十二篇 The enemy Within卫生B补全短文新增文章*第七篇Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleep—about eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. ____1____ It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior.Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. ____2____ According to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the person’s I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. ____3____Most sleep experts say that humans need at least eight hours of sleep every day, but it should be in two stages: a long sleep at night and a shorter nap in the afternoon. Some companies help their employees follow this advice. ____4____ They say this makes the workers much more efficient.To study sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep), scientists use a test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). During the test, a person stays in a darkened, quiet room during the daytime. Scientists believe that a sleep-deprived person will fall asleep quickly. If it takes ten minutes or longer to fall asleep, the person is probably getting enough sleep.Scientists have also found that the time of year seems to affect how much sleep we need. ____5____ However, in the summer, people sometimes sleep as little as six hours, without having any problems.词汇：emotion n. 情绪commuting n. 乘公交车上下班，通勤I.Q. n. 智商（全称为intelligent quotient）deprivation n. 剥夺，匮乏Sleep Latency Test n. 睡眠潜伏期注释：1．have/has an effect on... 对……有效果的2．go down from... to...从………降至……练习：A They allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minutes.B Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problems.C People usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night.D People in power are more intelligent because they take naps.E Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise.F That’s why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks. 答案与题解：1．E本题的做题线索为其之前的一句话，即“睡眠能有助于恢复补充身体和大脑的能量”，其描述的是睡眠的功能，选项E说的也是睡眠的功能，与前文形成补充说明。

2015职称英语考试卫生A真题及答案

2015年职称英语考试卫生A真题：概括大意以下为2015年职称英语考试卫生A概括大意与完成句子真题文章，各位考生可以参考原文，比对答案。

1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are battling an Ebola outbreak.Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection.Scientists believe that humans contracted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals.It is now believed that bats are the primary carries of the virus.2 To date,there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak: Sierra Leone,Liberia and Guinea.However,other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders.3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries you risk of contracting the virus is virtually zero.Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS,the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infectedperson.Specifically,Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids.Though,the virus is transmittable,only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable.4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them after a week of contracting thevirus.Symptoms may appear as early as two days or as late as three weeks after initial infection.Symptoms include disgust,weakness and stomach pain.More uncommon symptoms include chest pain,bleeding and sore throat.5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every organ of the body.This causes an overstimulation of the body’s inflammatory response,causing the flu-like symptoms.The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the body's normal clotting mechanism (凝血机制),making bleeding even more severe.Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注)ultimately lead to organ failure and death.6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years.While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable,Ebola is one of the world’s most fatal viral infections.Ebola's fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.23.paragraph 2_______24.paragraph 3_______25.paragraph 4_______26.paragraph 5_______A.Am I at risk ofcontracting the virus?B.is the currentoutbreak the deadliest?C.How do know ifhave contracted the virus?D.What areas arecurrently affected?E.What exactlydoes Ebola do to the body?F.What caused theEbola outbreak?27.The initialEbola outbreak was found in_______.28.The differencebetween SARS and Ebola viruses lies in_______.29.The symptoms ofthe patients after being infected may first appear_______.30.The Ebola virustransmits by contact with_______.A.infected bodyfluidsB.against theoutbreak severityC.the mode oftransmissionD.the initialdays of being infectedE.three countriesin West AfricaF.within a widerange of days2015职称英语考试卫生A补全短文真题2015年职称英语考试卫生A补全短文来自于卫生教材阅读理解第37篇Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke。

职称英语考试真题卫生类B级补全短文(文字版)

职称英语考试真题卫生类B级补全短文（文字版）2016年职称英语考试真题卫生类B级补全短文真题已公布（文字版），出自2015年职称英语教材卫生类阅读判断第九篇：What Is a Dream 附译文。

详情如下：What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist 心理学家psychiatrist 精神病学家Austrian 奥地利的gender 性别注释：1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德·弗洛伊德(1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。

2015年职称英语考试--补全短文(原文及译文)

补全短文部分第一篇What We Take from and Give to the SeaAs long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.We take fishes from the ocean --millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. We even use their bones for fertilizer. We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation. Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. Natural sponges become cleaning aids. Seaweed becomes food of many kinds 一even candy, and ice cream —aswell as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water. Some of its contents may cause illness. But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.第二篇Teamwork in TourismGrowing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs.They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.第三篇The Value of TearsTears can ruin make-up, bring conversation to a stop, and give you a runny nose. They can leave you embarrassed and without energy. However, crying is a fact of life, and tears are very useful. Even when you're not crying, your eyes producetears. These create a film over the ey e's surface. This film contains a substance that protects your eyes against infection.Tears relieve stress,but we tend to fight them for all sorts.of reasons. ".People worry about showing their emotions. They’re afraid that once they lose control, they’ll never get it back,”explains psychologist Dorothy Rowe.As children we were sometimes punished for shedding te ars or expressing anger. As adults we still fear the consequences of showing emotions.”Almost any emotion—good or bad, happy or sad—can cause tears. Crying is a way that we release built-up emotions. Tears help you when you feel you are ready to explode because of very strong feelings. It may explain why people who areafraid tocry often suffer more heart attac ksthan people cry more freely.When some people become very stressed, however, they can’t cry. They may be feeling shock,anger, fear, or grief, but they repress the emotion. “Everyone has the need to cry,” says psychotherapist Vera Diamond. Sometimes in therapy sessions, patients participate in crying exercise They practice crying so that they can get used toexpressing emotion. Diamond says it’s best to cry in safe, private places,like under the bed coversor in the car. That’s because many people get uncomfortable when others cry in front of them. In fact, they may be repressing their own need to cry.In certain situations, such as at work, tears are not appropriate.It’s good to hold backtears d uring a tense business discussion. “But once you are safely behind closed doors, don't just cry,” Diamond says, she suggests that you act out the wholesituation again and be as noisy and angry as you like. It will help you feel better. “And,” she adds, “once your tears have released the.stress, you can begin to think of logical way to deal with the pr oblem.”Tears are a sign of our ability to feel. You should never be afraid to cry.第四篇The First Four MinutesWhen do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, accordi ng to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, ”Contact：The first four minutes" ’ he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships：“Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ”You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In genera l, he says, “People like people who like themselves1. ”On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic，realizing that the other person has his own needs,fears, and hopes.Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. ”In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. ”But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger3 . That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions.Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to4 relationships with family members and friends.For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in everyschool, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. That is at least as important as how much we know.第五篇Financial RisksSeveral types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ；the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.补全短文译文译文：第一篇论我们给予大海的以及向大海索取的自我们在地球上生活乏始，我们就开始利用环绕着陆地的海洋。

职称英语测试题：卫生类-补全短文

职称英语测试题：卫生类-补全短文补全短文You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help,Dr.Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but you must stay up late anyway.Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to.If your energyis low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour.This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam and work better at your low point.If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning,he should _______.A、change his energy cycleB、overcome his lazinessC、get up earlier than usualD、go to bed earlier【准确答案】 C【答案解析】本题要求读者找出本段中的最后两句，并联系本段开头两句的意思，作出准确判断。

本段开头说，“虽然你无法改变自己的能量周期，但你能够使你的生活适合这个周期。

Dr. Kleitman认为经常性的行为(对你的能量周期)能起作用。

职称英语卫生类新增文章译文及解析称英语卫生类新增文章译文及解析

【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年职称英语（卫生类）新增文章译文及解析阅读理解第十六篇 Eat to Live第十六篇为生存而食A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.即便在年老以后才开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。

Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬?斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。

The genetic rejuvenation wo n’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.。

第四篇 The First Four Minutes(2015年职称英语补全短文译文)

The First Four MinutesWhen do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, ”Contact：The first four minutes" ’ he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships：“ (1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ”You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. (2) If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear fiiendly and self-c onfident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves1. ”On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic，realizing that the other person has his own needs，fears, and hopes.Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a fiiendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. ”(3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in ourpersonality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. ”But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel t hat way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships2 ’ especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger3 . That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions.(4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often ariseduring their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. (5) That is at least as important as how much we know.练习：A In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to4 relationships with family members and friends.C In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F He is eager to make friends with everyone.答案与题解：D本文主要讲与人初次见面最初四分钟对于人际交往的重要性。

2015职称英语考试卫生类B级补全短文文章精选

How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind Body language is the quiet,secret and most powerful language of all!It is said that our body movements communicate about50 per cent of what we really mean while words themselves only express7per cent.So,while your mouth is closed,just what is your body saying…Alms._1_If you keep your arms to the sides of your body or behind your back,this suggests you are not afraid of taking on whatever comes your way._2_If someone upsets you,just cross your arms to show you're unhappy!Head.When you want to appear confident,keep your head level.If you are monitor in class,you cart also take on this position when you want your words to be taken seriously._3_Legs.Your legs tend to move around a lot more than normal when you are nervous or telling lies.If you are at interviews,try to keep them still!Posture.A good posture makes you feel better about yourself._4_ This makes breathing more difficult,which in turn can make you feel nervous or uncomfortable.Mouth.When you are thinking,you often purse your lips.You might also use this position to hoId back all angry comment you don't wish to show._5_词汇：posture/n.姿势purse/vt.皱缩；皱拢inwards/adv.向内outgoing/adj.开朗的receptive/adj.善于接受的,能接纳的A If you are feeling down,you normally don't sit straight,with your shoulders inwards.B If you are pleased,you usually open your eyes wide and people Can notice this.C Outgoing people generally use their arms with big movements,while quieter people keep them close to their bodies.D How you hold your arms shows how open and receptive you are to people you meet.E However,it will probably still be noticed,and people will know you're not pleased.F However,to be friendly in listening or speaking,you must move your head a little to one side.参考答案：1.D本段讲的是手臂的动作。

2015年职称英语综合B-补全短文译文

第六篇Mobile Phones移动电话根据科学家罗伯特·贝尔的观点，如果移动电话被证实是一种辐射危害的来源的话，那在上面应该贴一个标签。

而且直到移动电话发射塔的电磁辐射对人体健康的长期影响有一个合乎科学的评价之前，不能建造更多的发射塔。

“没有人会在一个晚上就倒地死去，但我们还是应该寻找更多的科学论据去指出它的危害。

”罗伯特?贝尔在一次关于少量辐射对人体健康影响的会议上说。

“如果移动电话被证明有危害，就应该在它上面贴一个警告标签，直到设计出合适的隔离屏为止。

”他说。

在公众中一个广泛的流行说法是，现在的科学家们还不能完全地保证，电磁辐射对人类没有负面影响。

正如罗伯特?贝尔所指出，仅在澳大利亚就有330万部移动电话，而且正以每天2 000部的速度增加。

估计到公元2000年之前澳大利亚将拥有800万部移动电话，接近每两人一部手机。

同时，在澳大利亚境内分布着2 000座发射塔，其中有许多还坐落在人口密集的居民区。

例如，Telstra, Optus和V odaphone所建造的发射塔从地理位置上来说是合适的，但都忽视了公众的需求。

从这些发射塔发出的电磁辖射可能已经对附近的居民产生了一些有害影响。

罗伯特·贝尔建议，在更多的研究工作未完成之前，政府应该禁止在学校操场、儿童日托中心、医院、运动场所以及儿童占比例较高的居住场所方圆500米范围内建造发射塔。

他说显现的证据表明，儿童以成年人三倍多的比例吸收微量辐射。

同时他补充说还有一个证据证明如果癌症患者受到电磁波的辐射，就会导致疾病的加速恶化。

那么谁资助这项研究呢？罗伯特·贝尔认为由较大的电话公司提供资金是合情合理的，他还极力主张政府进行一系列广泛的关于辐射可能对身体健康有所影响的调查与研究。

第七篇The World's Longest Bridge世界上最长的桥据传说，在意大利和西西里岛间的第勒尼安海的深处，潜伏着一头神奇的六头怪兽。

2015职称英语教材新增文章(卫生类C级补全短文)第二篇

2015年职称英语教材卫生类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。

完形填空卫生类整体都没有新增文章。

卫生类教材新增文章阅读判断卫生A Inquest told of hospital error阅读理解卫生C第五篇Tracking Down HIV补全短文卫生C第二篇The Hope Children’s Hospice补全短文卫生B第七篇Powering Napping is Good for the I.Q.补全短文卫生A第十二篇The enemy Within卫生C补全短文新增文章第二篇The Hope Children’s HospiceThe Hope Children’s Hospice provides free specialist care for children with life-limiting conditions who are not expected to live into adulthood.It cares for up to eight terminally-ill children at one time,and aims to care for them in the same way their families would care for them at home.____1____ Life-limiting conditions present many long-term medical and emotional problems-not only for the child,but for parents and siblings too.So the hospice offers respite care-short stays for the child alone or for the whole family together.____2____Short stays give terminally-ill children an opportunity to meet others with similar conditions.Each child at the hospice has their own carer and their own care plan.A normal day might start with a jacuzzi bath followed by a massage from a complementary therapist.____3____ The hospice has a multi-sensory room.____4____It has touch-screen computers,video games,paddling pools,anti space for wheelchair dancing.Children have music therapy and can record their own music,not only as a way to express their feelings,but to leave something for their family and friends to listen to in the years to come.The hospice has a number of quiet moms where we care for children during and after death.____5____Our support does not end with death.We help not just grieving parents,but also siblings who are experiencing bereavement.We give everyone opportunities to discuss their fears about death and dying.词汇：hospice n.收容所，救济院，临终关怀respite n.缓期执行care n.临时看护adulthood n.成年，成人期sibling n.兄弟姊妹therapist n.理疗币paddling n.划动pool n.戏水池bereavement n.丧亲，丧友注释：1．live into adulthood...长大成人，活到成年2．in the years to come...在大限将至之日，最后期限临近之时练习：A These are places where families and friends can say goodbye.B Some children go to school,while others play with hospice play specialists.C When families prefer to do the caring themselves,a hospice carer will go to their home and help them.D This is a special room which stimulates the children’s senses with lights,music,touch,and smell.E They become confused about time,place,and who people are.F At these times,parents hand over responsibilities to the staff and have a“holiday”.答案与题解：1．C选项C的本意是，当这些儿童的家人希望能够亲自照料这些子女时，救济院的看护人员将会上门为其提供帮助，与前句中“为患儿提供家人般的关照”形成呼应。

职称英语真题：卫生B补全短文

职称英语真题：卫生B补全短文2015年职称英语真题：卫生B补全短文据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试卫生B完补全短文来自于卫生教材概括大意与完成句子第八篇Lung Cancer。

各位考友可以参考教材原文，比对答案。

*第八篇LungCancer1The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in ruraldistricts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial whichare most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequentlyare the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smokeparticles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation betweenthe death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lungcancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the deathrate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among womenhas its effect.3Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-rayis taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, acurrent emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 fromX-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thusprevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutelyessential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. ModernX-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to thoseover 40 years ofage, that this would be much more than offset by theadvantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completelyremoved.34 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4，so-called because the malignancyoriginates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus isblocked, cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung thencollapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, witha resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancercan also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 ofthe chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. Theonly treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths havehad time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is calledpneumonectomy.5Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland8and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.更多推荐：2015年职称英语真题及答案(完整版)更多推荐：2015年职称英语成绩查询时间、查询入口。

2015年职称英语综合类补全短文文章及译文汇总

Virtual DriverDriving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands, feet and brain.A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body. (1) Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1. This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system： a built-in computer. (2) The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2， analyzing their position on the road，choosing the right path，and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly. (3) However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at ahy time and in any place? (4) With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. (5) This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars，and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.词汇：virtual 虚拟的 built-in 嵌入的coordination 协调，配合 racecar n.赛车cab 驾驶室 expressway 高速公路minicamera n.小型照相机 driverless 无驾驶员的boot.(车身后部的)行李箱注释：1.virtual driver：虚拟驾驶员2.The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at...车的大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度。

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