2The Renaissance Period

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Choose the correct answers.

2. ____ discovered how to make B paintings look more real by using perspective. A. Giotto di Bondone. B. Masaccio. C. Claude Monet. D. Pablo Picasso
3. According to the text, art is influenced less likely by ____. C A. social changes B. the way of life C. agriculture D. beliefs of people
5. Most people hate the impressionists’ style of painting at first because their paintings _____. D A. very abstract B. very realistic C. the same as traditional style of painting D. very ridiculous
Artist: Masaccio Feature:
◆_________ themes realistic ◆New technique: p________ erspective ◆New ___ paints oil
Masaccio(1401-1427), the first great painter of the Italian Renaissance, whose innovations in the use of scientific perspective inaugurated the modern era in painting.

英国文学

English Literature 英国文学主要分类一、The Old English Literature中古英国文学二、The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（伊丽莎白时代，14-16世纪）三、The 17 century English Literature17世纪英国文学四、The18 century English Literature18世纪英国文学（启蒙时期）五、Literature of Romantic Age浪漫主义时期文学六、Literature in Victoria Period维多利亚时期文学七、Literature in Modern Period现在时期英国文学The main content to know•Background knowledge (from history,culture atmosphere) •Important Literary Terms•Important Writers and Literary WorksThe Old English Literature（一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Old English literature（which lasted from 499 to 1066）isexclusively a verse（诗篇）literature in oral form.There were two groups of English poetry in this period-the first was the pagan（异教的）poetry represented by Beowulf，the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.In the 8th century,Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.The most famous prose writers of that period were Venerable bede and Alfred the Great.After the Norman Conques,three languages existed in England,which were French spoken by the Normans,English spoken by the lower class and Latin spoken by the scholars and clergymen. The prevailing from of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.The Romance prospered for 300 years(1200-1500)from which we see an epitome（缩影）of the Middle Ages.In the 15th century,English ballads became very popular and the only important writer was Thomas Malory.（二）Important Literary TermsOld English（古英语）：language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons is called the Old English,which is the foundation of English language and literature.Romance(中世纪的传奇故事）：The Romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages.It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（三）Important Writers and Literary Works1.Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》）Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important spe-cimen of Anglo-Saxon literture.The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.2.Religious Poets(宗教诗人）Caedmon(卡德蒙，610-680)Caedmon is the first known religious poet of England.He is known as the father of English song, Caedmon’s Hymn (《卡德蒙的赞美诗》）is a praise poem in honor of god.Cynewulf(基涅武甫，公元九世纪）Cynewulf lived in the 9th century. He produced four poems, of which The Christ(《基督》）is the most characteristic. Throughout the poem, a deep love for Christ and reverence for Virgin Mary(圣母利亚）are expressed.3.Prose Writers（散文作家）Venerable Bede(可敬的比德，672-735)Bede,also referred to as Saint Bede(圣比德）or the Venerable Bede,is well known as an author and scholar,and his most famous work, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or An Ecclesiastica History of the English People(《英吉利人教会史》）,gained him the title “The Father of English History”(英国史学之父）Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大帝，849-899）Alfred is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet “the Great”(唯一一个被授予“大帝”名号额英格兰国王）.He was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself “King of the Anglo-saxons”(将自己命名为“盎格鲁-撒克逊之王”的西撒克逊国王）.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle(《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》）is a collection of annals(年鉴）in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. original manusript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex,duing the reign of Alfred the Great.4.The Romance(传奇）Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》）It is a romance of 2,530 lines derived from Celtic legend(凯尔特骑士）.Sir Cawain, nephew of King Arthur, accepted the challenge of the Green Knight in the Green Chapel（绿教堂）. At last, he got a girdle （腰带）as a gift from the Knight and his story became widely known.5.Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代）The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”.Chaucer and Langland(朗格兰，1332-1400，英国诗人），were the most important writers of age.Ceoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟，1343-1400）Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”（英国诗歌之父），but also as “the father of English fiction (英国小说之父）.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》），is one of the most famous works in all literatures.Chaucer wrote in vivid and exact language; his poetry is full vigor and swiftness.Book of the Duchess 《公爵夫人之书》The House of Fame《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》6. The 15th Century Ballads(民歌，歌谣）Thomas Malory(托马斯·马洛礼，1405-1471）Tomas Malory wrote an important work called Le Morte d’Arthur（《亚瑟王之死》）.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table（圆桌骑士）.The book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.The Renaissance Period伊丽莎白时代，14—16世纪一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Renaissance（文艺复兴）was a European phenomenon, which originated in Italy. The English Renaissance encouraged the reformation of the Church.In Elizabethan（伊丽莎白）period, English literature developed with great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry（抒情诗）,remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling.In that period, writing peotry became a fashion and England became “a nest of singing birds”. In tha same period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists（散文家）in English literature.（二）Important Literary Terms1）Renaissance：In the Renaissance Period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism（人文主义）became the keynote of English Renaissance. English Renaissance is divied into three periods:①the 1st period from 1516 to 1578 is called the beginning of the Renaissance.②The 2nd period from1578 to 1625 is known as the flowering period.③The 3rd period from 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue（尾声）of the Renaissance.2) Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）Spenser invented a new verse form. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line.（每个诗节由九行组成，前八行为五步抑扬格，第九行为六步抑扬格。

2-Chapter_1_the_Renaissance_period

The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England were Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.
Achievements in Literature
In the early stage, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. The Italian humanist poet Petrarch (彼特拉克) and his sonnets(十四行诗) were first introduced to England by Wyatt and the poet was regarded as the fountainhead (源头) of literature by the English writers.
Historical Background

Schools and universities were formed in England and classical cultures, especially the Greek and Roman cultures and literatures, and humanistic ideas were taught. New discoveries were made in geography and astrology.
What is Renaissance(文艺复兴)?

英国文学简史期末考试复习要点-刘炳善版

英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI。

Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫：the national epic of the Anglo—SaxonsEpic： long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated。

e。

g。

Homer's Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features：ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration： a rhetorical device， meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement： expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340（?)~1400（首创“双韵体"，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父"。

代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》.)The father of English poetry。

Renaissance period

Renaissance period (文艺复兴时期)1. Renaissance:①the “rebirth” of literature, art and learning strongly influenced by the rediscovery(重新发现)ofclassical Greek and Latin literature.②it was a European phenomenon. It had its origin(起源)in north Italy in the 14th century. In theRenaissance period, scholars(学者) and educators(教育学家) who called themselves humanists(人文主义者) began to emphasize(强调) the capacities(容量，能力) of the human mind and the achievements of human culture in contrast(对比) to the medieval(中世纪的) emphasis on God and contempt(轻视) for the things of this world.③the Renaissance is commonly(t通常)held to mark the close(终结)of the middle ages and thebeginning of the modern Western world.2. Social background(1) a period of the breaking up of feudal(封建的) relations and the establishing of the foundations ofcapitalism(资本主义制度).(2) at the beginning of the 16th century, absolute monarchy(君主制度) was formed in England. KingHenry viii broke off with the pope(罗马教皇) , proclaimed(正式宣布) himself head of the church of England.(3) Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalism(资本主义制度).3. Literary development①The highest glory of the Renaissance was its drama which could be traced(追溯) back to the middleages.•Mystery plays a medieval(中世纪的)play representing episodes(片段,一集)from the life of Christ(救世主).•Miracle plays a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint(圣徒) or martyr(烈士，殉教者). (中世纪表演<<圣经>>故事的)奇迹剧•Morality plays an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices•“University Wits”—the companies(客人)of theatre were in constant(不断的)need of new plays.They called on men of letters for assistance. There was a group of so called “university wits” (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) who wrote for the stage of the time. They were all of humble birth and struggle for a livelihood(生计) through writing. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen.②several important writers—Thomas More (Utopia); Edmund Spenser (The Fairy Queen);Christopher Marlowe (three plays—Doctor Faustus; Tamburlaine; The Jew of Malta); Francis Bacon ; ShakespeareEdmund Spenser (1552- 1599)•A contemporary(同代人) of Shakespeare yet considered to be the greatest English poet of his age.Spenser is sometimes called the “poet’s poet” because so many later English poets learned from him and imitated(模仿) his example.•The language of his poetry is purposely(故意地) old. As such, it is supposed to remind readers of such earlier works as The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer, whom Spenser greatly admired. •The Shepheardes Calendar•1st Poem to earn him notability•Suggested as an allegory, meant to symbolize the state of humanity at large in a universal sense. •Spenser’s first important work is The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral(田园的) poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year.•It is written in the tradition of Virgil’s(维吉尔) verse(诗歌) dialogues(对话) in a rural(农村的) setting with shepherds(牧羊人) and shepherdesses who adopt(采用) classical, French, or English peasant(农民) names. The poet’s intention is to give different description of the English countryside at each particular time of the year, but the main themes embodied(表现,包含) in the poem are love,poetry, and religion. The Shepherd’s Calendar set the pastoral fashion in English li terature, and inaugurated(开创) the great lyrical poetry of the last two decades of the 16th century.The Faerie Queen•The major contribution to English poetry.•A long allegory(寓言), in epic(叙事诗) form, of Christian virtues(美德), tied into England’s mythology (神话)of King Arthur.•Consisting of 12 books, only managing to complete 6 before his death.•Gloriana, the queen of Fairyland(仙界), represents both glory and Queen Elizabeth I, in whose honor12 knights(骑士), who represented the qualities of the chivalric(骑士精神的)virtues, engage in aseries of adventures.•The figure of Arthur, the perfect knight, also appears.•The six completed books tell the adventures of the knights who represent the qualities of holiness神圣, temperance节制, chastity贞洁, friendship, justice, and courtesy礼貌.Marlowe•Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and pitiless(无情的) Tartar(鞑靼人) conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd(牧羊人) to an overpowering(强大的) king. By depicting(描述) a great hero with high ambition and sheer(十足的) brutal(野蛮的) force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite(无限的) power and authority.•Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations ina hostile moral order.William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1.life－“All the world 'sa stage, And all themen and womenmerely players.”•B orn in Stratford, The 3rd of 8 kids•M arried at age 18 (his wife was 26)•W orked as an actor•B y 1594 at least 6 plays had been published2.his works (in our textbook)•F our great tragedies—King Lear,•O thello, Macbeth, Hamlet.•F our comedies—A Midsummer Night’ Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like it;Twelfth Night 3.The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人)The theme of The Merchant of VeniceThe traditional theme(主题)of the play is to praise(赞美)the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize(使理想化) Portia as a heroine of great beauty and intelligence, wit(风趣) and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable(无法满足的)greed(贪婪)and brutality(野蛮)of the Jew(犹太人). But some modern critics tend to regard the play also as a satire(讽刺) of the Christian prejudice(偏见) against the law, and their hypocrisy(虚伪).4.The soliloquy(独白)“to be or not to be”•-----what is it about?It expresses Hamlet’s indecisiveness(优柔寡断). The melancholy(忧郁的) prince is pondering(深思熟虑) on the question of life and death, thinking that death may be a good means to escape from his world that is full of “slings(吊链)and arrows”, injustice(冤枉), conspiracy(阴谋)…at last, the fear of death and his courage make him rather bear the sufferings in this world. Shakespeare sings high praise of the noble quality of the Prince Hamlet as a humanist(人道主义) thinker(思想家).•Hamlet Hamlet’s mother and father: King Claudius & Polonius Laertes Ophelia•Old Poetic Use sonnet (18)Thou: “you” as subjectThee: “you” as objectThy: “your” followed by a consonantThine: “your” followed by a vowelArt: areEst, st: second person singularHath: hasThis poem might be divided into 3 parts.Characteristics of Shakespeare’ works①Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism(现实主义)in English literature. Many of his playsreflect his sympathy for the poor people and condemns(谴责)the greed, hypocrisy(虚伪)and cruelty(残忍) of the upper class people.②Shakespeare is a humanist. All his works show his firm belief in the nobility of human nature and inthe power of love.③He is good at characterization. True to life.④He is the master of English language. He has a large vocabulary. Language is colourful, vivid(生动的)and musical. Creates a lot of new words and expressions.Francis Bacon•Style—his essays touch many aspects of life,from personal to national affairs(事件). Hewrites about truth, friendship, studies,selfishness, marriage etc.•Many essays are noted for their conciseness(简明), brevity(简洁)and forcefulness(有力). Buthis preference of Latin words and phrasessometimes make his writing difficult to read.。

Renaissance Period

Important Literary TermsRenaissance（文艺复兴）:In the Renaissance Period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance.English Renaissance is divided into three periods:①the 1st period is called the beginning of the Renaissance from 1516 to 1578. ②The 2nd period from 1578 to 1625 is known as the flowering period. ③The 3rd period between 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue.Humanism（人文主义）：Broadly, this term suggests any attitude that tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements –or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively –in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.Spenerian Stanza (斯宾塞诗体): Spencer invented a new verse form. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line.Euphuism (夸饰文体): This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.1.The publication of Philip Sidney’s ______ made sonnet sequence a popular literay form inEngland.A. ArcadiaB. Astrophel and StellaC. Defense of PoetryD. Utopia2. The nine-line verse stanza was originated from ______.A. Edmund SpenserB. Philip SidneyC. Thomas MoreD. William Shakespeare3. Here is a sentence from an essay, “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”. The essay must be ______.A Of studies by Francis BaconB. The Advancement of Learning by Francis BaconC. Novum Organum by Francis BaconD. Essays by Francis Bacon4. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is ______.A. lyric poemB. ironic poemC. narrative poemD. allegorical poem5. All of the following are the most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England EXCEPT ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Ben JonsonC. Christopher Marlowe D Francis Bacon6. The English Renaissance period was an age of ______.A. poetry and dramaB. drama and novelC. novel and poetryD. romance and poetry7. In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ______.A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise went bankruptC. Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD. his ships had all been lost8. Which of the following is not among Shakespeare’s four great tragedies?A. HamletB. Romeo and JulietC. MacbethD. King Lear9. ______ is the first important English essayist and the founder of modern science in England.A. Francis BaconB. Edmund SpenserC. William CarxtonD. Sidney10. What flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?A. NovelB.Drama C Essay D. Poetry11. ______ exposes the corruption of vicious ambition.A. OthelloB. King LearC. HamletD. Macbeth12. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in ______ in 1516.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. LatinD. Italian13. William Shakespeare is one of the giants of ______.A. RomanticismB. critical realismC. AestheticismD. the Renaissance14. Raradise Lost is the masterpiece of ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Robert BurnsC. John MiltonD. William Blake15. How many lines does a sonnet have?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. They vary16. Which of the following plays written by Shakespeare is history play?A. Juliet CaesarB. The Merry Wives of WindsorC. Henry ⅣD. King Lear17 Which is Christopher Marlowe’s first famous play?A. TamburlaineB. EdwardⅡC. The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusD. The Jew of Malta18. Which of the following is not the work of Sir Philip Sidney?A. Astrophel and StellaB. Defense of PoetryC. ArcadiaD. Samson Agonists19. Spenserian stanza is a ______.A. 14 Line stanzaB. 8 line stanzaC. 9 line stanzaD. 12 line stanza20. Which of the following is NOT the feature of Metaphysical poems?A. They use conceits to express ideas in sharp and harsh manner.B. They reject the romantic exaggeration of Elizabethan love poetry.C. Their metaphors are commonly used in daily life.D. The form of them is often an argument with the poet’s lover, God or himself.21. “To be or not to be” has become a universal question puzzling every intellectual mind. This isa quotation from ______.A. King LearB. HamletC. Romeo and JulietD. Othello22. The first official version of bible known as the Great Bible, was revised in ______.A. 16th centuryB. 17th centuryC. 18th centuryD. 19th century。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。

它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。

(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。

它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。

(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。

英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。

宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。

(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。

威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。

2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。

在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。

到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。

第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。

英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。

英国文学总结一览表

英国的文学复习资料1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟12、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。

英美文学选读1.The Renaissance Period

1. Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: the religious group and the secular one.2. Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the epic of the Anglo-Saxons.3. Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the greatest poets in English.●The Renaissance Period (14th---mid17th)◆William Shakespeare: (38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long poems)1.作品：Henry IV, The Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, Sonnet 18, The Tempest2. Greatest tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.3. The Tempest is known as the best of Shakespeare’s final romance. The playwright resorts and to the supernatural atmosphere and to the dreams to solve the conflict. And this play is also a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.4. William Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principal that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.5.Try to analyze Hamlet Hamlet is a man of speculation, umbrage and contemplation.Hamlet is neither a frail and weak minded youth nor a thought sick dreamer. He has none of the single minded blood lust of the earlier revengers. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat. Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life and death. Hamlet is also a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world rather than heaven. He cherishes a profound reverence for man and a firm belief in man's power over destiny.6. What did Shakespeare criticize in his play?The conscientious playwright criticized various kinds of human vices and sins, like greed, betrayal, pride, prejudice and deception, including acts of social inequality, sexual and racial discriminations in plays such as The Merchant of Venice and The Tempest. In his tragedies, he condemned the hypocrisy, treachery and general corruption at the royal court. He does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars against religious persecution and the corrupting influence of money and gold. In King Lear, he criticized the bourgeois egoism while he feared anarchy, hated rebellion and despised democracy.7. Soliloquy is a nature medium for Hamletto release his anguish.8.The theme of Sonnet 18 is that a nicesummer’s day is usually transient, but thebeauty in poetry can last for ever.9.Discuss the four periods ofShakespeare’s dramatic career.The first period of Shakespeare’s dramaticcareer was one of apprenticeship. He wrotefive history plays (e.g. Henry VI), fourcomedies (The Comedy of Errors). In thesecond period, Shak espeare’s style andapproach became highly individualized. Hewrote five histories (e.g. Henry IV), sixcomedies (The Merchant of Venice) andtwo tragedies (e.g. Romeo and Juliet). Histhird period includes his greatest' tragedies(e.g. Hamlet) and his so called darkcomedies (Measure for Measure). The lastperiod includes his principal romantictragicomedies (The Tempest).10. Briefly discuss Shakespeare’s artisticachievement in characterization, plotconstruction and languageA. Shakespeare’s major char acters areneither merely individual ones nor typeones; they represent certain types; they areindividuals representing certain types. Byemploying a psycho-analytical approach,Shakespeare succeeds in exploring thecharacters’inner world. Shakespeare alsoportrays his characters in pairs. Contrastsare frequently used to bring vividness to hischaracters.B. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot;instead, he borrows them form old plays orstorybooks, from ancient Greek or Romansources. In order to make the play morelively and compact, he would shorten thetime and intensity the story. There areusually several clues running through theplay, thus providing the story with suspenseand apprehension.C. Shakespeare can write skillfully indifferent poetic forms, such as the sonnet,the blank verse and the rhymed couplet. Hehas an amazing wealth of vocabulary andidiom. His coinage of new words anddistortion of the meaning of the old wordsalso creates striking effects on the reader.11. About the four tragedies: What arethe characteristic of the four tragedies incommon? Briefly summarize each hero’sweakness of natureEach portrays some noble hero, who facesthe injustice of human life and is caught ina difficult situation and whose fate isclosely connected with the fate of the wholenation.Each hero has his weakness of nature:Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince,faces the dilemma between action and mind;Othello’s inner weakness is made use of bythe outside evil force; the old king Lear isunwilling to totally give up his power; andMacbeth's lust for power stirs up hisambition and leads him to incessant crimes.◆John Milton1.作品：Paradise Lost，Paradise Regained，Samson Agonistes，Lycidas2.John Milton’s greatest poetical workParadise Lost is the only generallyacknowledged epic in English literaturesince Beowulf3.His literary achievement can be dividedinto 3 groups: the early poetic works, themiddle prose pamphlets and the last greatpoems.4. Milton wrote his three major poeticalworks after the Restoration.5. Paradise Lost is taken from Genesis ofthe Bible; the theme is “the fall of man”6. According to the setting of the poemParadise Lost, discuss the theme, theauthor’s intention to create it and theimplication that the poem expresses.A. The theme of the poem Paradise Lost isthe "Fall of Man”, i. e. man's disobedienceand the loss of Paradise, with its primecause-Satan.B. The author's intention to write this poemis to expose the ways of Satan and to"justify the ways of God to men".C. In this poem, the author implicitlyexpresses his fundamental concern withfreedom and choice and his belief that theunquestionable truth of Biblical revelationmeans that an all knowing God was just inallowing Adam and Eve to be tempted andof their free will to choose sin and itsinevitable punishment.7. What is M ilton’s fundamental concernin Paradise Lost?At the center of the conflict between humanlove and spiritual duty lies M ilton’sfundamental concern with freedom andchoice. The theme is the” Fall of Man,” i. e.man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise.In the fall of man Adam discovered his fullhumanity. The freedom of the will is thekeystone of Milton's creed.1.Shall I compare thee to a summerday?thou art more lovely an d moretemperate:rough winds do shake thedarling buds of May.adn summers leasehath all too short a date:答：sonnet 18,ShakespeareSpeech Figure PersonificationThem of the poem:A nice summer’s day isusually transient but the beauty in poetrycan last forever.2.So long as men can breathe or eyes cansee,/So long lives this,and this gives life tothee.答：Implication of the work: the beauty inpoety can last forever,Idea of the two line express:Shakespeare’sfaith in the permanence of poetry.3.For herein Fortune shows herself morekind/than is he custom.It is still her use/Tolet the wretched man outlive his wealth/toview with hollow eye and wrinkledbrow/An age of poverty:from which lingring penance/Of such misery doth she cutme off.答：Shakespeare, She refer to Fortune.Mean:Antonio thinks Fortune is more kindtoward him because Fortune is taking awayboth his wealth and life,which meansAntomio will not feel the pain of losingeverything.4.To be or not to be-that is the question:答：William Shakespeare, Hamlet.Mean:To live on in this world or to die:tosuffer or to take action.Characteristic of the protagonist:He is aman of speculation,umbrage andcontemplationWhat does the third line imply:Theprotagonist lived in a world that was full oftrouble, and he was often determined totake up arms against troubles that sweepupon him like a sea,But he did not succeed.5. If thou beest he -but O how fallen! Howchanged/From him who in the happyrealms of light/Clothed with transcendentbrightness didst outshine/Myriads,thoughbright! If he whom mutual league /Unitedthoughts and counsels,equal hope/Andhazard in the glorious enterprise,/Joinedwith me once,now misery hath joined/Inequal ruin:into what pit thou seest...答：Paradise lost John MiltonThe story is taken from Genesis of theBible,The theme is the Fall of Man.What does the poet intend to do in writingit? Intended to expose the ways of Satanand to “justify the ways of God to men.The word he refers to God.。

(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)

英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。

（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。

专八文学(二)

克里斯托夫·马洛 Christopher Marlowe （代表作《浮士德博士的悲剧》根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。）
《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
Tamburlaine the Great 《帖木儿大帝》
《英语大词典》Dictionary
《愚人记》Dunciad
十八世纪小说的崛起
丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）
《鲁滨逊漂流记》Robinson Crusoe
约翰·邓恩 John Donne （“玄学派”诗人 Metaphysical Poetry）
约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）
《失乐园》 Paradise Lost
1．考核知识点和考核要求：
1) 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、代表作品及其语言风格
2) 名词解释：十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗
2. 英国文艺复兴时期主要作家：
埃德蒙·斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）
2) 启蒙运动产生的背景。
2．英国新古典主义时期文学主要作家：
王政复辟时期
约翰·德莱顿 John Dryden（批评家和戏剧家；在英国被封为第一位“桂冠诗人”；最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。）
《天路历程》The Pilgrim’s Progress
三、英国新古典主义时期文学（The Neoclassical Period）和十八世纪文学

The-Renaissance-Period文艺复兴时期

Queen Elizabeth (Tudor) (1558-- 1603) “Balance” Protestants新教徒 ------ Catholics天主教徒 1588 English navy海军 Spanish navy
the rising middle class中产阶级 ------ feudal lords封建贵族
Lecture 2 The Renaissance Period
Comments on Spenser Spenser was the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. Spenser has been called the “poets’ poet”, because of his idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite精美的，敏锐的 melody旋律. Spenser has exerted施加影响 great influence on later poets. 一
It is a very popular verse form in English poetry. It was extensively employed in English poetry of the Renaissance.
Lecture 2 The Renaissance Period
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus Adapted from a popular old German legend Tired with the study of Medieval knowledge (Theology, Philosophy, Medicine, Law), Dr. Faustus turns to magic books and signs a contract with the devil Mephistopheles. He sells his soul to the devil on the condition that the latter will satisfy every demand of his for a period of 24 years.

(完整word版)英国文学问答题

英国文学问答题Chapter I Renaissance Period1.What are the common characteristics shared by the characters created by Marlowe? In what wayis Marlowe a humanist writer? (p。

21)Marlowe reveals man’s pursue of happiness, knowledge and power。

In this way， Marlowe a humanist writer2.What kind of character is Faustus？Dr。

Faustus is the hero created by Marlowe。

He is one of the Renaissance heroes in Marlowe’s plays. He is individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from God. He shows Marlow’s human istic idea of human dignity and capacity. In portraying Faustus, an introspective and philosophical figure, Marlowe praises his soaring aspiration of knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since Faustus's downfall was caused by his despair in God and trust in Devil.3.Please analyze briefly Hamlet’s character features。

the Renaissance Period 思维导图英美文学选读

the Renaissance period•time:between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.•it first started in Italy. painting,sculpture and culture.•marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world.•is a movement stimulated by a series of historical events.o the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.o the new discoveries in geography and astrology.o the religious reformation and the economic expansion.•in essence,is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,to introdue new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.•the Renaissance was slow in reaching Englando England's separation from the Continento its domestic unrest.•show its effect in Englando it was not until the reign of Henry VIII(from 1509 to 1547)▪The Oxford reformers,scholars and humanists introduced classicalliterature to England.▪religious reformation from the Continent.▪Martin Luther(1483-1546)a German Protestant,who initiatedthe Reformantion.who believed that every true Christian washis own priest and was entitled to interpret the Bible forhimself.▪the colorful and dramatic ritual of the CatholicChurch was simplified.Indulgences,pilgrimages andother practices were condemned.▪in the early stage of the continental Reformantion,he was regardedas a faithful son of the Catholic Church and named "Defender of theFaith",by the pope.▪his need for a legitimate male heir,and hence a new wife,led him tocut ties with Rome.the common english people had long beendissatisfied with the corruption of the church and inspired by thereformers'ideas from the Continent.▪1534,he was the Supreme Head of the Church of England,▪Bible in English was placed in every church andservices were held in English instead of Latin.so thatpeople could understand.▪Edward VI,Henry's son, the reform of the church's doctrine andteaching was carried out▪After Mary ascended the throne ,there was a violent swing toCatholicism▪by the middle of Elizabeth's reign,Protestantism had been firmlyestablished,with a certain extent of compromise between Catholicismand Protestantism.•had no sharp break with the past,Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.•Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.o it sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on itsconscious,intellectual side,for the Greek and Roman civilization was based onsuch a conception that "man is the measure of all things"o Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capableof individual development in the direction of perfection,and that the worldthey inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question,explore,andenjoy.Thus ,by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importanceof the present life,they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have theright to enjoy the beauty of this life,but had the ability to perfect himself andto perform wonders.o Humanism began to take hold in England when the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus(1466-1536) came to teach the classical learning,first at Oxford andthen at Cambridge.o Thomas More,Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.•Strong national feeling in the time of the Tudors gave a great incentive to the cultural development in England.o English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries.with classical culture and the Italian humanistic ideas coming intoEngland,the English Renaissance began flourishing.o William Caxton,for he was the first person who introduced printing into England.▪printed Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" and Malory's "Morte Darthur".▪with the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being.▪Plutarch's"Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans" wastranslated by North.▪Ovid's"Metamorphoses" by Golding▪Homer's "The Iliad" by Chapman▪Montaigne's"Essays" by Florio.•The first period of the English Renaissanc was one of imitation and assimilation.o Academies after the Italian type were founded.o Petrarch was regarded as the fountainhead of literature by the English writers.▪he and his successors who established the language of love and sharply distinguished the love poetry of the Renaissance from itscounterparts in the ancient world.▪Wyatt and Surrey began engraving the forms and graces of Italian poetry upon the native stock.▪Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.▪Surrey brought in blank verse.▪Sidney followed with the sestina and terza rima and withvarious experiments in classic meters.▪Marlowe gave new vigor to the blank verse with his "mightylines"▪"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love", innocent.o Spenser's "The Shepheardes Calender" pastoral.•in the early stage of the Renaissance,poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms.o they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.o The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.▪Lively,vivid native English material was put into the regular form of the Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence,Tragedies were in the styleof Seneca.▪the most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare,and Ben Jonson. •Francis Bacon(1561-1626) the first important English essayist,he was also the founder of modern science in England.•VIP Writerso William Shakespeare(1564-1616)▪playwright and poet.with his 38 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems.▪born into a merchant's family in Stratford-on-Avon.his father,John Shakespeare,his wife Anne Hathaway gave birth to threechildren:Susanna,and the twins,Judith and Hamnet.1586 or 1587 heleave home to London.▪he worked as actor and playwright in King's Men,Robert Greene,"University Wits" declared him to be" an upstart crow"▪ 2 long narrative poems,"Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece",they were dedicated to the Earl of Southampton.(1593-1594) ▪his dramatic career is divided into four periods.▪the first period- one of apprenticeship.▪five history plays:"Henry VI,Parts I,II,and III" "RichardIII" and "Titus Andronicus"; four comedies:"TheComedy of Errors" "The Two Gentlemen of Verona""Taming of the Shrew" "Love's Labour's Lost"(5,4,0)▪second period-style and approach became highlyindividualized.▪five histories: "Richard II" "King John" "Henry IV,PartsI and II" "Henry V"; six comedies:"A MidsummerNight's Dream" "The Merchant of Venice" "Much AdoAbout Nothing" "As You Like It" "Twelfth Night" "TheMerry Wives of Windsor"; two tragedies:"Romeo andJuliet" "Julius Caesar"(5,6,2)▪third period-greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.▪two comedies:"All's Well That Ends Well" "Measurefor Measure": seven tragedies:"Hamlet" "Othello""Macbeth" "King Lear" "Antony and Cleopatra""Troilus and Cressida" "Coriolanus"(0,2,7)▪last period-romantic tragicomedies and two final plays.▪four romantic tragicomedies:"Pericles" "Cymbeline""The Winter's Tale" "The Tempest"; two finalplays:"Henry VIII" "The Two Noble Kinsmen".▪prevalent Christian teaching ofatonement.he seems to have entered animagined pastoral world.he could achievewhat he failed to in the real world.▪"The Tempest",the characters areallegorical and the subject full ofsuggestion.the humanly impossibleevents can be seen occurringeverywhere in the play. the wildstrom becomes magic,answeringProspero's every signal.,it is a typicalexample of his pessimistic viewtowards human life and society in hislate years.▪154 sonnets▪1-126 are addressed to a young man,beloved of the poet,of superior beauty and rank but of somewhat questionablemorals and constancy.▪127-152,they involve a mistress of the poet, a mysterious "Dark Lady",who is sensual,promiscuous,and irresistible.▪153-154,they are translations or adaptations of some version of a Greek epigram,and they evidently refer to the hot springsat Bath.▪99,126,154,three exceptions,▪history plays▪mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.▪romantic comedies▪an optimistic attitude toward love and youth.▪"The Merchant of Venice" ,praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio.to idealize Portia as a heroine of greatbeauty,wit,and loyalty.and to expose the insatiable greed andbrutality of the Jew.▪after centuries' abusing of the Jews,especially theholocaust committed by the Nazi Germany duringthe Second World War,it is very difficult to seeShylock as a conventional evil figure.and manypeople today tend to regard the play as a satire ofthe Christians' hypocrisy and their false standards offriendship and love,their cunning ways of pursuingworldliness and their unreasoning prejudice againstJews.▪romantic tragedy▪"Romeo and Juliet",which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.though a tragedy,ispermeated with optimistic spirit.▪great tragedies▪each portrays some noble hero,who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whosefate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.each hero has his weakness of nature.▪"Hamlet",the melancholic scholar-prince,faces thedilemma between action and mind,▪base on northernEurope,Denmark,Claudius,his father'sbrother,who murdered his father,taken bothhis father's throne and widow.By revealingthe power-seeking,the jostling for place,thehidden motives.the courteous superficialitiesthat veil lust and guilt,Shakespearecondemns the hypocrisy and treachery andgeneral corruption at royal court.▪"Othello",his inner weakness is made use of by theoutside evil force.▪"King Lear",who is unwilling to totally give up hispower makes himself suffer from treachery andinfidelity;▪he has shown to us the two-foldeffects,exerted by the feudalist corruptionand the bourgeois egoism,which havegradually corroded the ordered society.▪"Macbeth" ,his lust for power stirs up his ambitionand leads him to incessant crimes.▪selected reading▪sonnet 18▪is one of the most beautiful sonnets written byShakespeare,in which he has a profound meditationon the destructive power of time and he eternalbeauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.Anice summer's day is usually transient,but the beautyin poetry can last for ever.Thus Shakespeare has afaith in the permanence of poetry.▪"The Merchant of Venice"▪An impoverished young Venetian,Bassanio,asks hisfriend, Antonio,for a loan so that he might gain inmarriage the hand of Portia,a rich and beautifulheiress of Belmont.Antonio's money is all invested inmercantile expeditions;in order to help Bassanio hehas to borrow from Shylock,the Jewishusurer.Shylock has made a strange bond thatrequires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh ifhe fails to repay him within a certain period of time.▪"Hamlet"▪to live on in this world or to die;to suffer or to takeaction.o John Milton(1608-1674)▪born in London,his father was both a scholar and a cated at St.Paul's School and Cambridge.1638 travelon the Continent.▪he once had an ambition to write an epic which England would "not willingly let die",but the English Revolution broke out his dream.hewas entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for humanfreedom.1649,he was appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell'sCouncil of State. 1652,blind because strains.after the restoration ofCharles II,he was imprisoned for a short time and then retired toprivate life.▪"Paradise Lost" was finished in 1665,after 7 years' labor in darkness.▪"Paradise Regained",1666 started,▪"Samson Agonistes",1671,last important work.the most powerful dramatic poem on the Greek model.▪three groups▪the early poetic works▪"Lycidas"(1637),composed for a collection of elegiesdedicated to Edward King,a fellow undergraduate ofMilton's at Cambridge,who was drowned in the IrishSea.▪the middle prose pamphlets▪"Areopagitica"(1644) is probably his mostmemorable prose work.it is a great plea for freedomof the press.rather smooth and calm.▪the last great poems▪after the Restoration in 1660,when he was blind and suffering,and when he was poor and lonely,Miltonwrote his three major poetical works:▪"Paradise Lost",the only generallyacknowledged epic in English literature since"Beowulf"▪divided into 12 books.taken fromGenesis 3:1-24 of the Bible.thetheme is the "Fall of Man".the poemgoes on to tell how Satan tookrevenge by tempting Adam andEve,the first human beings createdby God,to eat fruit from the tree ofknowledge against God'sinstructions.Eden.intending toexpose the ways of Satan andto"justify the ways of God tomen"and then the tragedy was re-enacted,but with a difference-"Manshall find grace",but he must lay holdof it by an act of free will.thefreedom of the will is the keystone ofMilton's creed.▪"Paradise Regained"▪show how mankind,in the person ofChrist,withstands the tempter and isestablished once more in the divinefavor.▪"Samson Agonistes",is the most perfectexample of verse drama after the Greek stylein English.▪Milton again borrows his story fromthe Bible.but this time he turns to amore vital and personal theme.thewhole poem strongly suggestsMilton's passionate longing that hetoo could bring destruction downupon the enemy at the cost of hisown life.in this sense,Samson isMilton.in his life,Milton showshimself a real revolutionary, a masterpoet and a great prose writer,Hefought for freedom in all aspects asa Christian humanist,while hisachievements in literature make himtower over all the other Englishwriters of his time and exert a greatinfluence over later ones.▪selected reading▪"Paradise Lost"▪the story is taken from the Old Testament.Satan andother angels rebel against God,but they are defeatedand driven from Heaven into Hell.。

英美文学的发展脉络

classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers & those of the contemporary French ones. 3) The artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. 4) Seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.
a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.
the Realistic Novel
1) A newly rising literary form contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats,
2) Gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.

period用法及搭配

“period”是一个英语单词，它有多种用法和搭配，以下是对它的详细解释：一、词性及含义“period”既可以做名词，也可以做形容词。

作为名词，它的意思是“时期、阶段、周期、课时”；作为形容词，它的意思是“某一时期的”。

二、搭配及用法作为名词时：（1）与时间段相关的搭配：a period of time（一段时间），a long period of time （很长一段时间），a short period of time（很短一段时间）。

例句：I studied hard for a period of time, but then I got lazy.（我曾经努力学习了一段时间，但后来变懒了。

）（2）与历史时期相关的搭配：the Dark Ages（黑暗时代），the Renaissance period （文艺复兴时期）。

例句：The Renaissance period was a time of great cultural and artistic change.（文艺复兴时期是一个文化和艺术发生巨大变革的时期。

）作为形容词时：与时间段相关的搭配：a period table（元素周期表），the periodic table（元素周期表）。

例句：The periodic table is a tool that scientists use to organize elements based on their properties.（元素周期表是科学家根据元素的性质来组织元素的工具。

）固定短语：（1）in period 处于时代背景中；恰逢其时；在流行中。

例句：The movie was set in the 1920s, and the costumes were in period.（电影以20世纪20年代为背景，服装也符合当时的风俗。

）（2）out of period 不合时宜；过时。

period的用法及短语

period的用法及短语一、 period 的基本用法Period 是一个英语单词，可以作为名词、动词和形容词使用。

在不同的语境下，period 有着不同的含义和用法。

下面将详细介绍 period 在不同情况下的常见用法及相关短语。

1. 名词用法1.1 时间段Period 可以表示时间段，指的是一段连续的时间。

例如：- A period of three hours （三个小时）- The medieval period （中世纪时期）- A period of rapid economic growth（快速经济增长阶段）1.2 月经期Period 也常指女性生理周期中的月经期。

例如：- She is experiencing her monthly period.（她正在经期）- I suffer from painful periods.（我月经痛得厉害）1.3 学术学科在学术领域，period 还指代特定的学科分块或教学单元。

例如：- The Renaissance period in art history（艺术史中文艺复兴时期）- The Paleozoic period in geology（地质学中古生代时期）2. 动词用法Period 作为动词时，意味着结束或停止某事。

例如：- The rain stopped abruptly, and the storm period ended.（雨势突然停止，暴风雨结束了）- After a long day of work, she looked forward to period of relaxation.（在长时间工作后，她期待休息的时光）3. 形容词用法Period 还可以作为形容词使用，表示经典的、特定时代的或有着特定特征的。

3.1 具有历史性的Period 可以形容与某个历史时期相关的事物。

例如：- The building features period architecture from the 19th century.（这座建筑采用了19世纪的古典建筑风格）3.2 经典的Period 还可以用来描述经典或符合某种正统规范的事物。

文艺复兴时期代表人物介绍英文作文

文艺复兴时期代表人物介绍英文作文Renaissance: An Introduction to Its Iconic Figures.The Renaissance period, spanning roughly the 14th to the 17th century, marked a significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual rebirth in Europe. This era witnessed a revival of classical learning and values, challenging medieval traditions and ushering in new perspectives on humanity, art, and science. Among the many brilliant minds that flourished during this time, a few stand out as icons, representing the essence of the Renaissance spirit.Leonardo da Vinci, a polymath whose genius transcended the boundaries of art and science, was a defining figure of the Renaissance. Born in Vinci, Italy, in 1452, Leonardo displayed an unparalleled curiosity and eagerness to explore various fields. As an artist, he revolutionized painting techniques with his use of sfumato, a technique that creates subtle gradations of tone, and he produced masterpieces like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper."However, Leonardo's achievements were not limited to the canvas. He made significant contributions to anatomy, mechanics, and engineering, designing innovative machines and studying the human body with unprecedented rigor. His notebooks, filled with sketches, diagrams.。