Chapter Three

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朗文chapter_3知识点

3A Chapter Three Our school events1. Words and phrases: (单词和短语)A B 部分1. January 一月February 二月March 三月April 四月May 五月June六月July七月August 八月September九月October十月November十一月December十二月2. school events校园事件Peter’s diary 彼得的日记school picnic 学校野餐school fair 校园拍卖会Open Day开放日the school concert校园音乐会Parents’ Day 家长日Sports Day运动会Speech Day结业典礼日make a webpage做一张网页school calendar 校历3. first 1st second 2nd third 3rd fourth 4th fifth 5thsixth 6th seventh 7th eighth 8th ninth 9th tenth 10th eleventh 11th twelfth 12th thirteenth 13th fourteenth 14thfifteenth 15th sixteenth 16th seventeenth 17th eighteenth 18thnineteenth 19th twentieth 20th twenty-first 21st twenty-second22nd twenty-third 23rd twenty-fourth 24th twenty-fifth 25th twenty-sixth 26th twenty-seventh 27th twenty-eighth 28th twenty-ninth 29th thirtieth30ththirty-first 31st fortieth40thC部分an invitation 一封邀请函give……to 把什么东西给feel bad感觉糟糕stick… back 把……粘贴回去one month later 一个月后two hours later两小时之后on the sixteenth of February 在二月16日from…to…从……到……half past three三点半come back 回来get to 到达return返回quickly 快速地(adv.) thick厚的beef牛肉a.m. 上午（凌晨12点至第二天中午12点）p.m. 下午（中午12点至凌晨12点）EF 部分invite 邀请（v.）swimming gala 游泳盛会2. Sentences: (句子)AB 部分When is the school picnic? It is on the seventh of November.学校野餐在什么时候？在11月7号。

Chapter3习语和四字格的翻译

Braving the wind and dew, Wang Mian traveled day after day past large posting stations and small, till he came to the city ofJinan.
五.借用英语中的同义习语
英语里有一些习语和汉语的一些习语采用相同或相似的形象或比喻，表达相同或相似的喻意，可以借用英语同义习语来翻译。
What is most detestable is that all my colleagues in the bank call me a blind old fool behind my back because I have engaged anuneducatedthirdrater as my assistant.
(1)粗枝大叶
粗枝大叶为联合结构，字面意义是，枝子很粗，叶子很大，很不精细。通常当马虎大意和粗心大意使用。
thick branches and broad leaves;
(in doing things,) do not take due care;
careless or carelessly
(2)闻所未闻
闻所未闻为动宾结构，字面意义是听到了从未听到过的，通常用于指事理或论述的新鲜、奇特。
hearing what has never been heard before;
rarely or seldom heard of
(3)盛气凌人
盛气凌人为主谓结构，字面意义是骄横傲慢以气势压人，通常与不可一世、咄咄逼人等词语同义
（6）她好久不来信了，一家子盼了星星盼月亮。
For many months no letter came from her, till her whole familyworried over her day and night.

Chapter 3 Sightseeing

Chapter Three Sightseeing
• 旅行社类词汇
backpacker 背包旅行者 circular tour 环程旅行 return journey / round trip 往返旅行 outward journey 单程旅行 excursion； outing 远足 expedition 探险 independent traveler 旅游散客 holiday resort 度假区 fare 票价 single ticket 单程票
Chapter Three Sightseeing
• 描写旅游景点常用英语词汇 marvelous 引起惊异的, 不可思议的, 非凡的 breathtaking 惊人的 peak 山峰 cliff 悬崖，峭壁 historical 历史性的 arrange 安排 camera 照相机 battery 电池
Chapter Three Sightseeing
• 旅行社类词汇
tourism activities 旅游活动 outbound tourism/travel 出境游 outbound tourist 出境游客 tourism circles 旅游界 tourist destination 旅游目的地 tourist organization 旅游组织 tourist periodical 旅游周刊 tourist spots 旅游点
Chapter Three Sightseeing
• 世界著名游览胜地英文名
Asia 亚洲 Mount Fuji, Japan 日本富士山 Taj Mahal, India 印度泰姬陵 Angkor Wat, Cambodia 柬埔寨吴哥窟 Bali, Indonesia 印度尼西亚巴厘岛 Borobudur, Indonesia 印度尼西亚波罗浮屠 Sentosa, Singapore 新加坡圣淘沙 Babylon, Iraq 伊拉克巴比伦遗迹

英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter Three- Idiom Translation

为 “致命的弱点”。
Idiom Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
Chapter Three
Translate another group of sentences to check your progress.
1.They offered me a good job at that company but I hear that the boss is as hard as nails: one little mistake and you're out on the street the next day looking for a new job。 [译文]:他们向我提供那家公司的一个很好的职位，但是我听说他们的老板是个很难相处的人：只要你犯一个小错，他马上把你一脚踢出公司大门，让你另谋生路。
Idiom Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
Listen to Doctor Translator
Chapter Three
1. The crafty enemy was ready to launch an attack while holding out the olive branch.
[译文]：那个年轻人对警察说他与这宗盗窃案无关，但警察看了他的汽车行李箱，将其人赃并获。
[点评]：“caught red-handed ”原指手上沾满鲜血的杀人犯被逮个现行。在例句中
译为“人赃并获”，也指犯有任何罪行者当场被捉。
4. Better get a hair cut before you go to that job interview tomorrow. You want to put a best foot forward because there are twenty other people after the same job.

语言学复习重点Chapter 3

Chapter Three ——Morphology(形态学）Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.Word is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning.The classification of words ：1、variableand invariable words（可变化词和不变词）Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings;E.g write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.invariable words are those that cannot.E.g since, when, seldom, through, etc.2、grammatical and lexical words(语法词和词汇词)词汇词也即实词，又译作notional/content word ;语法词也即虚词，又称function/form word 功能词/形式词3、c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代冠）An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名动形副数叹)一、Morph Morpheme AllomorphMorph:The phonological and orthographic forms that represent morpheme are called morphs.[swi:t]{sweet}SweetMorpheme：The smallest unit of language.It can be represented as1-morpheme un-,-ish,-s.-ed1-morpheme word boy,desire2-morpheme wordboy+ish, desir(e)+ableAllomorphA morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.im possible{in} in convenientir regular tax.il logical-s [-s] book books{plural} -es [-iz] box boxes-i [-ai] mouse miceConclusion:All the allomorphs should have the same meaning.All the allomorphs should be in complementary distribution.The allomorphs with the same meaning should function the same in the language grammar structure.二、Classification of morpheme1、Free vs. Bound morphemesFree morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves,e.g. boy, girl, table, nation.Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone,e.g. -s, -ed, dis-, un-.Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, i.e. it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.e.g. Dislike, impolite, production,Membership, carelessnessfriend as in unfriendliness.Root may befree: those that can stand by themselves,e.g. black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided intoprefix (dis-, un-) andsuffix (-en, -ify).Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added,e.g.friend root > basefriendly root/base + suffix > baseunfriendly prefix + base > baseStem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,e.g. friend+-s;friendship swrite+-ing,possibility+-es.Note:A stem can be equivalent to a root.A stem may contain a root and aderivational affix.2、Derivational vs Inflectional morphemeInflection indicates:case and number of nouns,tense and aspect of verbs,degree of adjectives or adverbs.Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g. friend+-ly > friendly.三、Word-formationCompoundingAffixationOther formation1、CompoundingTwo or more free roots combine to make a new word.✧Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill✧Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit✧Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree✧Preposition compounds: into, throughoutEndocentric& exocentricEndocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; e.g. self-control: a kind of controlarmchair: a kind of chairExocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, e.g. scarecrow: not a kind of crowbreakneck: not a kind of neckWritten forms of compoundsSolid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguardHyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-lengthOpen: coffee table, washing machineFree variation:businessman, business-man, business manwinebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottleno one, no-one, noone2、Affixation✧Nominal forms: boys, boy’s✧Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting✧Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest3、DerivationClass-changing:✧N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard✧N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless✧V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant✧V>A: acceptable, adorable✧A>N: rapidness, rapidity✧A>V: deafen, sweeten✧Adj>Adv: exactly, quickly4、Other formations:1）Blendingtransfer+resistor>transistorsmoke+fog>smog2）Acronym①AIDS, Aids: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome②ASAP: as soon as possible3）Abbreviation/InitialismAI: artificial intelligencea.s.a.p.: as soon as possibleECU: European Currency Unit4）ClippingBack-clippings: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), exam(ination), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)sFore-clippings: (ham)burger, (omni)bus, (violin)cello, (heli)copter, (alli)gator, (tele)phone, (earth)quakeFore-and-aft clippings: (de)tec(tive)5）Back-formationdiagnose < diagnosisenthuse < enthusiasmlaze < lazy6）Invention/CoinageMostly brand names:Kodak, Coke, nylon, Band-aid, Xerox, LycraCoca-cola, Orlon and Dacron7)BorrowingFrench: administration, parliament, public, court, crime, judge, army, enemy, Greek: catastrophe, cosmos, criterion, idiosyncrasySpanish and Portuguese: banana, barbecue, cafeteria, cargo, chocolate,8)Conversion 转换e.g. to butter the bread, take a look, empty a box, up the price9）Eponymsare words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.e.g. Sandwich (originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling)ExerciseI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.3. Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes.4. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs.5. The word “modernizations”is made up of three morphemes.6. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word.Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the ___ ___ of words and the____ by which words are formed.[-t], [-d], and [-id] are ___of the morpheme –ed.“Careless”is the __ of the word “carelessness”.__ affixes,__affixes, and __roots are all bound morphemes.III. Questions1. Analyze and then tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain. unselfishness, justifiable, sporting2. What constitutes the internal structure of words?3. List the allomorphs of the morpheme plural.。

Chapter 3对外直接投资理论

内部化理论（一）（Internalization Theory）
理论背景：Buckley&Casson，1976 理论建立基础：中间产品市场不完全理论主要内容：要克服市场的不完全所造成的问题，最好的办法就是实行市场内部化，即通过直接投资建立多家子公司，把市场建立在公司内部，以内部市场取代外部市场，通过公司内部子公司之间的贸易来协调国际分工，从而保证企业最佳的经济效益，当这种内部市场的范围超出he Eclectic Theory of International Production) 理论认为：企业对外直接投资的产生是企业优势、内部化优势和区位优势三大因素综合作用的结果。用公式表示为：国际直接投资 =所有权优势（O）+内部化优势（I）+区位优势（L）
技术地方化理论（二）
理论评价：同威尔斯的小规模技术理论相比，拉奥的技术地方化理论对发展中国家对外投资的解释更前进了一步。威尔斯对发展中国家跨国公司的解释，实际上是一种技术被动论；而拉奥则更强调企业技术引进的再生过程，即发展中国家跨国公司不是在技术变动过程中进行简单模仿和复制，而同样具有主动性技术创新，正是这种创新活动给跨国公司带来竞争优势。
解释了3W问题
企业优势(Ownership Advantage) What ?企业在国外市场进行生产经营活动，必然承担额外的费用和风险。所以必须拥有当地企业所不具备的优势。内部化优势（Internalization Advantage） Why?企业为了避免市场不完全带来的影响而把企业的优势保持在企业内部，从而实现企业或公司的全球战略。区位优势（Location Advantage） Where?不同国家和地区在诸多方面存在差异，投资不同的地区会带来不同的效果，企业只有投资到能产生区位优势的地区才能产生好的收益。

ChapterThree英汉语言十大差异(word文档良心出品)

Chapter Three 英汉语言十大差异语言毕竟是文化的载体，语言与文化，甚至历史、地理、风俗、政治、经济等常常水乳交融，它们无孔不入地反作用于语言，使语言打上深深的文化烙印。

英汉翻译者，若不知英汉各自的特点，不知两者的差异，是不能想象的。

不要以为，汉语是我们的母语，从牙牙学语开始，便开始接触汉语，因此，就想象自己很了解汉语。

其实，这是一种误解。

汉语到底有什么特点? 就汉语论汉语，因为没有距离，就看不真切，因为没有比较，就看不明白!只有当汉语和英语比肩而立，碰撞交流，才会燃爆出绚丽的火花，两者之差异，才会赫然呈现。

目前，从事英汉对比研究的学者和专著在我国并不少，但是，当我们放眼这个领域，就觉得有必要正面回答一个问题：英汉对比研究的目的是什么?弄明白英汉的差异，并不是我们研究的最终目标，至多只能是一种手段而已，而手段总得服务于一定的目的。

英汉对比研究的一个重要的目的应该是：服务于翻译。

译界的实践证明：只有对英汉之差异了然于心，译者才能做到下笔如有神。

下面结合英汉翻译的实际，对英汉之间的明显差异作鸟瞰式分析和归纳。

1．英语重形合(Hypotaxis) ，汉语重意合(Parataxis) 汉语重意合，结构松弛，多以意思连接的积累式分(Accumulative Clause) 或独立的单句(1n depe ndent Se ntence),其彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。

有的语言学家以“竹节句法”写英句，所谓“竹节”，则指其断不可缺的种种连接词(Connectives);有以“流水句法”写汉句，所谓“流水”，指少用乃至不用连接词的行文流畅。

美国的翻译学家Eugene A ．Nida 在其Translating Meanings (1983) 一书中曾经深入浅出地说明了英汉这一差异：就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的对比，在英语以及大多数的印欧语言中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词如订，although ，because ，when ，in order that ，so 及so that 等词明确地表达出来。

翻译常用方法,2010.11,Chapter 3,

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2) For the international community, the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown rapidly to be the world’s sixth largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对国际社会来说，这些变化带来的最引人注目的结果是中国已跃居为世界第六经济大国，而且今后注定进一步发展。
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❖ Free translation, also known as sense-forsense translation, emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of sense-for-sense translation is to accommodate the needs of the target language reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture and which does not therefore sound “foreign” (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997: 151).
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e.g. 1) The rewards for the Chinese people are clear, most visibly in the dynamism and prosperity of Beijing and the coastal cities. 中国人民获得的实惠显而易见，北京和沿海城市的勃勃生机和繁荣兴旺就是最明显的见证。

语言学chapter3课后答案

语⾔学chapter3课后答案Chapter 3Revision exercises reference1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:a. micro + film e. tele + com + muni + cat + ionb. be + draggle + d f. fore + fatherc. announce + ment g. psycho + physicsd. pre + digest + ion h. mechan + ist2.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the typesof stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.suffix: -mentmeaning: added to some verbs to form nouns that refer to actions, processes, or statesstem type: added to verbsexample: statement, “something you say or write, especially publicly or officially, to let people know your intentions or opinions, or to record facts” enjoyment, “the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing”suffix: -nessmeaning: added to adjectives to form nouns which often refer to a state or quality stem type: added to adjective example: happiness, “the state of being happy”Kindness, “kind behavior towards someone”suffix: -shipmeaning: added to some nouns to form nouns which often denote a state, status, or skillsstem type: added to nounsexample: friendship, “a relationship between friends”readership, “all the people who read a particular newspaper ormagazine regularly”3.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify thetypes of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.in-: when added to adjectives, it means not; when added to nouns, it means without, lack of; it can also be spelt as il- before l, im- before b, m, p, and ir- before r. e.g.inability inaccuracy inaction inconsistencyinconvenience indeterminacy indiscretion inequityinhuman inapt infrequent infiniteingenuous infiltrate inhospitable immuneimmortal imperceptible imperfectde-: This prefix can form verbs and their derivatives meaning down, away; when added to the verb and their derivatives, it denotes removal or reversal. e.g.decaf decipher decolour descenddebase deform defrost defocusdegrade debrief debug deactivatedehydrate defoliate delimit dematerialize re-: This prefix means 1) once more, afresh, anew as in the world reaccustom; 2) returning to a previous state as in restore; or 3) in return, mutually as in react etc.E.g.recap reanimate rearm reassemblereassessing reattach reapply reappear Note: There is an exception to the rule when the word to which re- attaches begins with e. In this case a hyphen is often inserted for clarity, e.g. re-examine, re-enter, re-enact. A hyphen is sometimes also used where the world formed with the prefix would be identical to an already existing words, e.g. re-cover (meaning cover again), nor recover (meaning getting better in health).4.The Italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectionalmorpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.●Sue moves in high-society circles in London.-s, third person singular, present simple tense● A traffic warden asked John to move his car.-ed, past tense●The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.has -ed, present perfect●The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.are + v-ing, present continuous (plural).5.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related toone another by processes of inflection or derivation.a)go, goes, going, gone (inflection)●go, the root form●go + -es, present participle●go + -ing, present participle●gone, past participleb)discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)●dis-, prefix ( added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal●-y, suffix (added after the verbs form nouns) denoting a state or an actionor its result●-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing thatperforms a specified action or activity●-able, an adjective suffix added to the verbs meaning able to be●-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of -able. It can also spell as-ibility, meaning having the quality as in manageability (可处理性) and suitability (适合性).c)inventor, inventor`s, inventors, inventors` (a mixture of inflection or derivation)●derivation: invent + -or●inflection: inventor`s, inventors`, `s indicating possessive cased)democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)●-cy, added to the nouns ending with t to form another noun denoting astate governed in such a way●-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaningrelated to or in resemblance with...●-ize, a suffix added to the nouns to form verbs denoting the conversion,or transforming.6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a)b)c)d)e)The strongest rower continued.f)g)h)Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.2.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.3.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.4.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.5.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.6.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:7.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.8.The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.9.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.10.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new words.11.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m___________ rules.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:12.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme13.The compound word “bookstore” is the place wh ere books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.14.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part ofspeech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.15._______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words16.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semanticIV. Answer the following question(s):17.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.。

Chapter 3 nouns 语法名词

Nouns of the same forms III

cattle, folk, people, police, youth, militia, poultry
The cattle ____(be) are grazing in the field. The police ______ have (have) not made any arrests. a cow, a person, a policeman, a young man The Chinese are a hard-working people. Ireland was inhabited by two peoples.
• • • • • •
Jim is friends with Tom. Do you want to change places with me? He was all smiles. He took great pains to study well. He refused to take sides in the debate. Mary had words with her boss the other day.
means
It is an effective means of communication. All possible means have been tried.
works
There has been an accident at this works. There are some iron works near the river.
Uncountable Noun
• • • • • • 一件家具 a piece (an article) of furniture 一块方糖 a lump of sugar 一阵笑声 a burst of laughter 一阵怒火 a fit of anger 一盘棋 a game of chess 一道闪电 a flash of lightning

八年级英语chapter3语法重难点讲解3

八年级英语chapter3语法重难点讲解3Chapter Three【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：Chapter Three: Dealing with trouble: reading［学习过程］一、重点句子：1. Today my father and I were waiting for the ferry .今天我爸爸和我正在等渡轮。

在此句中所用的时态是过去进行时，这一时态的基本结构是was/were+ v.-ing 形式。

它与一般过去时态不同。

一般过去时态用于陈述过去的事实, 而过去进行时态用于描述过去某个时间里正在发生的动作，句中常有具体的表示过去的时间点或时间段。

I was watching the World Cup Final at 7 o’clock yesterday evening.昨晚7点，我正在看世界杯决赛。

He watched the World Cup Final yesterday evening. 昨晚他看了世界杯决赛。

这一时态用于描述过去某一时刻正在发生的动作。

而现在进行时描述的是目前正在发生的动作。

I was having my breakfast then. 那时我正在吃早餐。

I’m having my breakfast now.现在我正在吃早餐。

You were sleeping then. 当时你正在睡觉。

They are sleeping now. 现在他们正在睡觉。

wait for 表示：等候，等待.wait 是一个不及物动词，后接宾语时，必须用短语wait for.Please wait here. He will be back in a minute. 请等在这儿吧。

他一会儿就会回来。

We should wait for help. 我们应该等待帮忙。

Will you wait for me for a while?你等我一会好么？2. This afternoon we heard a big argument. 今天下午我们听见一场大声的争论。

翻译常用方法,2019.11,Chapter 3,精品文档

2) For the international community, the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown rapidly to be the world’s sixth largest economy, and is set to grow further.
As for free translation, the translator is never really “free”, but is always restricted by the
source text. Actually the purpose of
any and all translation is to convey
Chapter Three
Major Translation Approaches
翻译常用方法
So when the original coincides or almost tallies with the target language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation can be used.
ray of hope His life hangs on a thread.
an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼，以牙还牙
ray of hope 希望之光
His life hangs on a thread. 他的生命悬于一线。
Cast a shadow over 纸老虎一国两制strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and sentence structures of patterns.

英语专业语言学chapter three

lace of Articulation
Bilabial 双唇音 e.g. [p], [m]. Labio-dental 唇齿音 e.g. [f]. Dental 齿音 e.g.[ð] Alveolar 齿龈音 e.g. [t] Palatal 腭音 e.g..[j]. Palato-alveolar 腭龈音 e.g. [ʃ] Velar 软腭音 e.g. [k]. Glottal 声门音，喉音 e.g. [h] Retroflex 卷舌音. Uvular, 小舌音 Pharyngeal 咽音
Classes of Vowels
Vowels are classified with several criteria such as tongue positions, mouth opening, lip shapes, sound length, and muscular tension. According to the height of tongue, they are high, mid, and low vowels; according to the raised part of tongue, they are front, central, and back vowels; according to the opening of the mouth, they are close, semi-close, semiopen, and open vowels; according to the lip shapes, they are rounded and unrounded vowels; according to the sound length of they are long vowels and short vowels; according to the muscular tension, they are tense and lax vowels. Cardinal vowels are a set of fixed vowel qualities used for the description of other vowels that actually occur in any language.

语言学练习-Chapter Three

Chapter ThreeI. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts1. A __________ is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.2. There are two fields of morphology: the study of __________ and the study of __________.3. Some morphemes like –ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans-, un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are __________ morphemes.4. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __________II. Determine if each of the following statements is true of false1.The sound [z] is shared by “boys”and “moves”as a commonmorpheme.III. Give brief definitions of the following terms1.morpheme2. Functional morpheme3. bound morpheme4. morphologyKeys:I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts1. bound2. inflectional, lexical / derivational3. bound4. allophonesII. Determine if each of the following statements is true of false1. F (The sound [z] is not morpheme. “s”is shared by “boys”and “moves” as a common morpheme.III. Give brief definitions of the following terms1. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in “boys”, there are two morphemes: “boy”and “-s”; in “international”, there are three morphemes: “inter-“, “nation” and “-al”.2. Functional morpheme: This is a subtype of free morphemes,which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about, when, on, near, the” and so on.3. Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, in the word “careless”, “-less”is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.4. Morphology:the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation. For example, the English word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix –ly and the negative prefix un-.。

Chapter three.认识

Chapter three.认识“嘿少年你还好吗？”少女伸出手在唐晓翼面前晃了晃。

“嗯……好个鬼啊！你到底是谁干嘛莫名其妙找上我？！”唐晓翼终于回过神来，厉声叱问。

“凉沫悠。

”少女嘴角一勾，笑容好似乌云破晓。

“……我没有在问你名字啊怎么会有这种人，真的是我行我素。

”唐晓翼扶额。

“诶一般这个时候不应该伸手介绍自己的么？”凉沫悠疑惑地歪头。

唐晓翼略显无奈地轻叹了口气，伸出手，一字一顿：“唐晓翼，唐家，隶属烈焰神殿。

”凉沫悠脸上终于浮现出名为惊讶的表情：“唐老头子走狗屎运了啊孙子那么漂亮。

”唐晓翼感觉太一陽一穴一狠狠地跳了几下。

——唐战，烈焰神殿殿主，唐家之主，隶属诸神之殿。

“你哪里的，我可没听说过有姓凉这一家的。

”唐晓翼问。

若是有的话，凭这个实力，绝对可以称霸全大一陆。

“你猜！”凉沫悠丝毫不正经。

“猜你个大头鬼我没你那么无聊！”某唐炸一毛一。

“噫棕一毛一好凶啊居然吼人家，连小尘尘都不敢在他自己的地盘上凶本大人你造吗。

”凉沫悠泪眼盈盈，一副受委屈的样子。

——雪丹尘，原风雪神殿殿主，隶属诸神之殿。

“我不想变成傻一逼一请远离我谢谢。

”唐晓翼好不容易从牙缝里挤出几个字。

“诶诶棕一毛一你不要这么冷淡嘛，话说你叫啥？”某悠叽叽喳喳。

“……你是失忆还是智障？”“啧啧唐家人都改不了毒舌这一特点么，你爷爷和老爸也这样，好讨厌。

”唐晓翼转身就走。

“噫棕一毛一你走那么快干嘛？你不把那头狼的什么东西带回去一交一差拿钱？”凉沫悠一顿，迈开大长一腿跟上去。

“你杀的又不是我杀的。

而且要不是你的话说不定我就死了。

”后一句很小声，在喧嚣的冷风中几乎听不见。

“哎？”凉沫悠反应迟钝。

“……没什么，就是……谢了。

”唐晓翼偏过头，十分别扭地说道。

凉沫悠的目光呆滞了一会，下一秒就变成了一个很猥琐的笑容：“哎哟喂你个毒舌棕一毛一竟然会道谢真是百年一遇！哈真不愧本大人活了那么久真的是赚到了~！”“哪里来的滚回哪里去！”“噫棕一毛一不要这样子嘛！来来来我们来谈论一下理想这玩意儿！棕一毛一你的理想是啥看看本大人能不能帮助你实现愿望！”某悠叽叽歪歪。

Chapter One—Chapter Three

Chapter One—Chapter Three hapter ne—hapter Three【本讲教育信息】一教学内容：Revisin: Fr hapter ne t hapter Three二重难点词汇：1 be een n 喜爱＝lie ding stheg: He is een n plaing ftball ＝He lie plaing ftball2 be siilar t 与……相似，其反义词：be different fr 与……不同eg: T is siilar t ther students3 be respnsible fr 对……负责eg: The an is respnsible fr sales4 fail an exa 考试不及格，与fail有关的词组有：fail t d sth ＝fail in ding sth 做某事失败ntinue ding sth 继续做某事＝g n ding sth6 shut at 对着……喊（不友善的）shut t 对……大喊（没有不友好的）7 stare at 盯着看：l at sth ith interest8 steal sth fr sb 从某人那里偷到什么，容易与它混淆的：rb sb f sth 从某人那里抢什么东西。

rb （v ）抢劫--- rbber （n ）抢劫犯---rbber （n ）抢劫案9 be afraid f sth 害怕……与此相关的词组：be afraid f ding sth 害怕做某事be afraid t d sth 担心做某事这两个词组有时可以相等，但是有时不能替换。

eg: I a afraid f ging ut at night 不能说成I a afraid t g ut at night 10 hpe t d sth 希望做某事hpe＋that 从句eg: I hpe u ill rite t e sn注意：绝对不能用hpe sb t d sth希望某人做某事可以说成：expet sb t d sth三重点句子：1 I a abut five feet tall 我大概有五英尺高。