外国文化史 答案第一版完整版上课讲义
张岱年《中国文化概论》及外国文化课件课后习题答案完整版
绪论一为什么说文化就是“自然的人化”?在文化的创造与发展中,主体是人,客体是自然,而文化便是人与自然,主体与客体在实践中的对立统一物。
文化是改造自然,改造社会的活动,它同时改造着“改造者”自身,即实践着的人。
人创造了文化,同样文化也创造了人。
文化的实质性含义是指:人化或人类化,即人类主体通过社会实践活动,适应、利用、改造自然界客体而逐步实现自身价值观念的过程。
其体现即有自然面貌、形态、功能的不断改观;也有人类个体与群体素质的不断提高和完善。
三文化结构的四层次包括哪些内容?1,物态文化层:由人类加工自然创制的各种器物,即“物化的知识力量”是文化创造的基础2,制度文化层:人类在社会实践中建立的各种社会规范,社会组织3,行为文化层:人类在社会实践,尤其是在人际交往中约定俗成的习惯性定势4,心态文化层:由人类社会实践和意识活动中长期孕育出来的价值观念,审美情趣,思维方式是文化的核心部分社会心理:人们日常的精神状态和思想面貌,是尚未经过理论加工和艺术升华的大众心态心态文化基层意识形态社会意识形态:经过系统加工的社会意识高层意识形态第二章中国文化植根的经济基础一中国传统社会的农耕经济有哪些特点?1,持续性2,中国农耕经济体制下的经济成分是多元化的纵:它始终保留着各个历史发展阶段的经济成份横:它是与自给自足的自然经济联系在一起的。
中国的农耕经济并不仅仅是农业生产,它还包含着手工业、商业等多方面的经济成份。
到了封建社会晚期,商品性农业和为市场而生产的手工产品更在农家经济中占据重要地位。
3,早熟性第三章中国文化依赖的社会政治结构一在宗法制度影响下中国传统社会结构的特征是什么?1,家天下的延续①宗法制度的本质是家族制度的政治化②这种家天下的思想不仅统治者有,还深深地影响到广大的民众举例:西汉末年农民起义时为反对王莽的新朝,都去找西汉皇室的后裔作为自己的旗帜:绿林找来刘玄,赤眉找来刘盆子③家天下的主要特点就是一姓家族统治一个朝代④嫡长子继承制这一西周宗法制的主要内容,历代皆沿袭下来2,封国制度不断中国历史上不少严重的封王反叛,封国制度依然存在是宗法关系严重存在造成的,封国之王与皇帝为同姓,是一个血缘家族3,家族制度长盛不衰①战国战争频繁家族动荡变化较大,但超越姓氏的家族本身却依然在发展②汉代较长时间的安定环境一些强宗豪右迅速发展起来③魏晋南北朝战乱不断家族制度却有进一步的发展江北江南都有大姓出现了豪门与寒门的区分豪门大族为了防止寒门的混入,十分重视家谱和族谱的编写④家族制度延续到清代,甚至民国时期,也没有衰亡的迹象族权是从父系氏族社会家长制演化而来的,它既是政权的补充,政权所无法起到的特殊社会作用。
《外国文学史》简答、论述题答案
1.古希腊文学的基本特征答:①具有鲜明的人本色彩和命运观念。
希腊人尽情地展示着人类的自然天性,体现出现世的、世俗的乐观的气质。
同时他们又相信命运的不可知和不可抗拒。
②现实主义和浪漫主义并存。
古希腊文学很大程度上从不同侧面反映了当时的社会生活,许多作品还充满了神奇的想像、怪诞的夸张和优美的抒情,表现出现实主义和浪漫主义相结合的特征。
③古希腊文学作品种类繁多,具有独创性。
后世西方文学的几乎所有样式都可以在那里找到原型。
2.古希腊文学的分期答:古希腊文学一般分为三个时期:①第一时期,从公元前12世纪到公元前8世纪,是氏族公社瓦解,向奴隶制过渡的时期,史称“荷马时代”或“英雄时代”,主要成就是神话和史诗。
②第二时期,从公元前8世纪至公元前4世纪中叶,奴隶制社会形成至全盛时期。
其中,公元前8世纪至前6世纪,氏族社会进一步解体,奴隶制城邦逐渐形成,主要文学成就是抒情诗、散文和寓言;从公元前6世纪至前4世纪,是希腊的奴隶制兴盛时期,是希腊文学的“古典时期”,主要成就是悲剧、喜剧和文学理论;③第三时期,从公元前4世纪末到公元前2世纪中叶,希腊被马其顿控制,亚历山大开始东侵,这是古希腊奴隶制衰亡时期,亦称“希腊化”时期。
这时期文化中心逐渐由雅典移到埃及的亚历山大城,希腊本土文学进入衰落阶段。
主要文学成就是新喜剧和田园诗。
3.希腊悲剧中的命运观念和人本思想答:①人的意志与命运的冲突是古希腊悲剧中的一个常见的主题。
②按照古希腊人的观念,命运是不可抗拒的,是不可知的。
这种命运观产生的社会背景是人类处于生产力水平低下的时期。
③随着社会的发展,命运观也在发生变化。
三位悲剧诗人在命运观上的差异就表明了这一点。
埃斯库罗斯认为命运支配人的一切,包括支配神。
索福克勒斯认为命运不是具体的神物,而是一种超乎人类之外的抽象观念,虽不可抗拒,但其正义性,合理性却是可以怀疑的;敢于抗争命运的英雄是值得同情和歌颂的,虽然最后只能是一场悲剧。
欧里庇得斯认为人的命运取决于自己的行为。
外国文学史习题及其解答
习题及其解答【字体:】网络精品课程·外国文学史·习题解答外国文学史习题与解答(麦永雄老师):一.填空题A(每空2分,共20分)1.“荷马史诗”《伊利昂纪》中阿基琉斯因挚友()之死重上战场。
2.古希腊神话的基本特点是()。
3.引导诗人但丁在《神曲》中梦游《天堂》的女性的名字是()。
4.莫里哀著名喜剧《伪君子》塑造了一个富有人民性和反抗精神的女仆形象,她的名字是()。
5.()派是“启蒙运动”的同义词。
6.有“美国文学之父”称誉的作家是()。
7.司汤达的小册子(《》)被后世称为现实主义的宣言书。
8.伏脱冷是法国著名作家巴尔扎克在小说《》中塑造的一个极端利己主义的苦役逃犯的形象。
9.《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家哈代的代表作,小说的副标题是“”。
10.俄罗斯文学中有“残酷天才”之称的作家是()。
参考答案:1.帕特罗克洛斯2.神人同形同性3.贝娅特丽丝4.桃丽娜5.百科全书(派)6.华盛顿·欧文7.《拉辛与莎士比亚》8.《高老头》9.“一个纯洁的女人”10.陀思妥耶夫斯基填空题B(每空2分,共20分)1.“荷马史诗”《伊利昂纪》叙述的是希腊人远征小亚细亚特洛伊的故事;其中心人物是希腊勇将()。
2.《》是但丁除了《神曲》之外最重要的文学作品。
3.文艺复兴时期西班牙伟大作家()创作了著名长篇小说《堂吉诃德》。
4.歌德《浮士德》的两个“赌赛”中都出现了魔鬼()的形象。
5.古希腊三大悲剧家是()、索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯。
6.巴尔扎克将他的小说冠以“”的总名,包括90多部作品。
7.莎士比亚悲剧《奥瑟罗》中著名的反面角色是()。
8.1827年雨果发表的《》一剧的序言,是法国浪漫主义的理论纲领。
9.普希金短篇小说《驿站长》描写了维林的不幸命运,开创了俄国文学(“”)系列形象的先河。
10.托尔斯泰《复活》的男主人公()是“忏悔贵族”的典型形象。
参考答案:1.阿基琉斯2.《新生》3.塞万提斯4.靡菲斯特5.埃斯库罗斯6.人间喜剧7.伊阿古8.《克伦威尔》9.小人物10.聂赫留朵夫二.名词简释(每题5分;共20分)1.福斯塔夫2.“多余人”3.达尔杜弗4.湖畔派5.二希文化参考答案:1.福斯塔夫是莎士比亚历史剧《享利四世》和喜剧《温莎的风流娘儿们》中所成功地塑造的典型形象(出处2分)。
《外国文学史》(上)思考题及答案
《外国文学史》(上)思考题及答案一、名词术语解释1、希腊神话、2、神人同形同性、3、《荷马史诗》、4、希腊悲剧的起源、5、骑士文学、6、文艺复兴、7、人文主义、8、古典主义、9、浪漫主义、10、“湖畔派”诗人、11、拜伦式英雄、12、《人间喜剧》、13、莎士比亚的四大悲剧二、简答题1、简述古希腊文学发展阶段及其主要成就。
2、简述中世纪文学的主要成就。
3、古典主义文学的基本特征。
4、浪漫主义文学的基本特征。
5、《浮士德》一生精神探索的历程。
(五个悲剧阶段)三、论述题1、试析《俄狄浦斯王》的戏剧冲突及主题。
2、简析《威尼斯商人》的戏剧冲突和主题。
3、简述欧洲近代文学思潮的发展。
(文艺复兴~19世纪:人文主义~古典主义~启蒙主义~浪漫主义~现实主义)补充:二、简答题:1、简述莎士比亚的创作分期及其文学成就.2、拜伦式英雄.三、论述题1、试比较分析《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》。
2、试析《哈姆莱特》中哈姆莱特形象。
参考答案:一、名词术语解释1、希腊神话:希腊神话产生于原始社会生产力低下的时期,产生于原始人类已经有了丰富的想象力的时期,其实质就是希腊人企图通过幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式、加工过的自然和社会形式本身,是“用想象或借助想象以征服自然力、支配自然力,把自然力形象化"。
它以口头文学的形式在民间流传了几百年,并不断得到充实和提炼,我们今天所能见到的希腊神话故事主要散见于《荷马史诗》,它并非一部完整的文学作品,所有的今本都是后人编订汇编而成的,在中国最流行的则是著名翻译家楚国南翻译的德国斯威布的《希腊神话和传说》。
2、神人同形同性:所谓神人同形同性,是希腊神话最显著的特征之一,是指希腊神话中的神具有和人一样的形体,和人一样的性情,神话中的神都是人格化了的神.神和人唯一不同的地方就在于他们是永生不死的,而且具有无比的法术和智慧,除此之外,他们和凡人几乎没有多大的差别。
他们和人一样,也有喜怒哀乐的感情,也有吃喝穿睡等生活需要,而且也和人一样需要恋爱,诸神之间也经常争吵,打架,神还经常来到人间,参与人间的战争,和人间的青年男女偷情等等。
外国文学史课件完整版
名詞解釋:1、古希臘神話:在希腊原始初民长期口头相传的基础上形成基本规模,后来在“荷马史诗”和赫西俄德的《神普》及古希腊的诗歌、戏剧、历史、哲学等著作中记录下来,后人将它们整理成现在的古希腊神话故事,包括神的故事和英雄传说两部分。
2、荷馬史詩:公元前9至8世纪时,相传在小亚细亚一带有一位天才的盲人民间歌手名荷马,在流传已久的英雄短歌基础上对大量有关特洛伊战争的素材进行加工、整理、润色,形成了情节完整、风格统一的两部史诗——《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》,后人统称为“荷马史诗”。
3、古希臘三大悲劇家及其代表作:埃斯库罗斯,古希腊悲剧的真正创始人,恩格斯称为“悲剧之父”。
拥护民主派,其创作是对雅典奴隶主民主制形成时期社会生活的反映。
雄浑、悲壮、豪迈是埃斯库罗斯的悲剧风格。
《乞援人》、《波斯人》、《七将攻忒拜》、《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《阿伽门农》、《奠酒人》和《报仇神》索福克勒斯,被称为“戏剧中的荷马”,也称为“雅典的蜜蜂”。
《俄狄浦斯王》欧里庇得斯,“舞台上的哲学家”。
《美狄亚》1、聖經:由《旧约》和《新约》组成,《旧约》记载古代希伯来人和犹太教的历史。
《新约》记载基督教的历史。
主题是歌颂上帝,崇拜上帝;以上帝为中心,以上帝为主宰。
成为西方文学的又一源头。
2、中世紀四種文學類型:(1)教会文学:①内容上:宣传宗教教义,大多取材于《圣经》。
②体裁上:基督故事、圣徒传、祷告文、赞美诗、宗教剧等。
③艺术手法上:梦幻、朦胧、浪漫气氛;说教气息;象征寓意。
(2)英雄史诗:①早期英雄史诗,反映氏族社会末期的生活,歌颂部落英雄(异教精神),表现群体意识和英雄主义精神。
有浓厚的神话色彩和多神教成分。
②中期英雄史诗,歌颂部落英雄的英雄善战,写他们具有爱国思想,作者歌颂贤明君主,谴责叛国逆臣;同时大大增加了基督教教义的内容。
一般以历史事实为基础,有传奇性,但神话色彩减弱。
(3)骑士文学:忠君、护教、行侠。
宣扬骑士精神,宗教色彩浓厚。
外国文化史 答案第一版完整版
外国文化史答案蓝色字是书上答案,黑色是我自己整理的数字是书上对应页数一.名词解释文化(三层次):2 思想,精神与美学发展的一般过程;一种特殊的生活方式(关于一个民族,一个时期,一个群体或全体人类)关于知性的作品与活动,尤其是艺术方面的。
古巴比伦王国:22:由阿摩利人苏姆阿布建立,首都:巴比伦,第六代国王汉莫拉比统治期间古巴比伦王国强大起来。
汉谟拉比法典30:迄今世界上第一部比较完备的成文法典,是古巴比伦国王汉莫拉比颁布的。
这部法典原文用楔形文字刻在一块黑色玄武岩石柱上,分为序言、法典条文、结语三部分,法典条文包括诉讼程序、财产占有、债务抵押、婚姻家庭、伤害赔偿等以及有关奴隶的种种规定,竭力维护私有制和社会等级制度,充分体现了两河流域的奴隶制文明。
1901年被法国考古者发现。
人类最早的完整成文法典,古巴比伦人馈赠给人类的最宝贵遗产。
泥板文书(楔形文字)22:到公元前2500年左右,形成了成熟的文字,被称为“楔形文字”,因为它是用芦苇做成的带有三角形笔尖的笔,在湿泥板上刻划而成的楔形符号组成的。
这些泥板凉干或烧制后保存了下来。
楔形符号共有500种左右,在两千年间楔形文字一直是美索不达米亚唯一的文字体系。
到了公元前500年左右,这种文字甚至成了西亚大部分地区通用的商业交往媒介。
通天塔:“七大奇观之一“,又称“巴别塔”古尔加美什:28又称基尔麦什史诗,是目前已知世界最古老的英雄史诗。
是一部关于统治着古代美索不达米亚地区苏美尔王朝的都市国家乌鲁克英雄吉尔伽美什的赞歌,表达了苏美尔人对他们伟大英雄的崇拜赞美之情。
象形文字35:是华夏民族智慧的结晶,是老祖宗们从原始的描摹事物的记录方式的一种传承,是世界上最早的文字,也是最形象,演变至今保存最完好的一种汉字字体。
是指纯粹利用图形来作文字使用,而这些文字又与所代表的东西,在形状上很相像。
一般而言,象形文字是最早产生的文字。
用文字的线条或笔画,把要表达物体的外形特征,具体地勾画出来。
外国文化史
第一讲希腊神话古希腊文学是欧洲最古老的文学,也是我们现在所公认的欧洲文学的两大源头之一。
流传至今的古希腊文学主要是奴隶主的文学,他们依靠奴隶劳动,所以有从事文化活动的“自由”。
希腊民族在原始社会和氏族社会阶段,就已经有一套丰富而完整的神话。
正如马克思所言,“希腊艺术的前提是希腊神话,也就是已经通过人民的幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身。
这是希腊艺术的素材”。
(马克思《政治经济学批判》P122)古希腊文学的发展可分为三个时期:1、早期(公元前11世纪——前9世纪),氏族公社制向奴隶社会的过渡时期,主要成就是神话和史诗。
2、中期(B.C.8——B.C.5),雅典奴隶主民主制时期,主要成就是戏剧和文艺理论。
3、晚期(B.C.4——2),希腊化时期,文学成就不大,只有新喜剧对后世文学有一定影响。
古希腊早期文学的主要成就是神话和荷马史诗。
希腊神话和别得神话一样,最初是劳动人民口头的零星创作,各说各的,没有什么系统;到了特洛亚战争之后(B.C.12),历史和神话杂糅在一起,通过民间艺人广为传播,由片断的小故事逐渐演变为长篇的琴书。
B.C.9的荷马是一各杰出的长篇琴书演唱者,他所编撰的两部结构严整的史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》是希腊神话的第一次集锦。
稍后,赫西俄德写的长诗《神谱》,描述天地德形成和诸神世系,虽然简单,却可以说是第二次的集结。
古罗马诗人奥维德德《变形记》是由250个神话故事编成的长诗,从天地创造开始直写到他的当代,故事中套故事,巧妙地串联在一起,成为希腊、罗马神话的大集结。
奥维德德的《变形记》在文艺复兴以后近代的欧洲作家中影响之大,某些方面甚至超过希腊。
至于我们今天所看到的希腊神话故事,便是后人根据荷马、赫西俄德、奥维德的著作及其他一些古希腊诗歌、戏剧、历史、哲学等著作中的零散记载,整理而成的目前通行的版本。
(《希腊的神话和传说》,斯威布丁,楚图南译)第二讲荷马史诗(1.5课时)大约B.C.8-9世纪时,相传由盲诗人荷马以短歌为基础,予以加工整理,最后形成了具有完整的情节和统一的风格的两部史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。
【精心整理的】外国文学史课后习题答案__第一到第六单元[1]
外国文学史课后习题第一章.古代文学1.希腊神话包括哪两方面的内容?它的主要特点是什么?为什么说他是希腊艺术的“武库”和土壤?希腊神话包括:神的故事英雄传说主要特点:一、以艺术的方式反映了希腊氏族社会的本质和面貌。
二、神人同形,神高度人格化三、以人为本强调人的力量和奋斗精神四、生动活泼、清新质朴、充满乐观精神。
马克思曾经说过:“希腊神话不只是希腊艺术的武库,而且是土壤。
”古希腊的诗歌,悲剧,喜剧都从神话传说中汲取题材。
罗马人几乎全部继承了希腊神话和传说。
希腊神话成为后世文学创作取之不尽的题材来源,许多神话故事成为文学母题的根源,自从欧洲文艺复兴以来,许多文学家,艺术家不断从神话中汲取营养,所以,希腊神话对于后代欧洲文学的影响是难以估量的。
2、荷马史诗是怎样形成的?它的基本内容是什么?怎样分析其主要思想和其中的几个主要人物形象?形成过程:公元前十二世纪末,在希腊半岛南部地区的阿凯亚人和小亚细亚西北部的特洛伊人之间发生了一次为时十年的战争,最后希腊人毁灭了特洛伊城。
这是一次部落之间的战争。
战争结束后,在小亚细亚一带便流传着许多歌颂这次战争中的氏族部落首领的英雄事迹的短歌。
在传诵过程中,英雄传说又同神话故事交织在一起,由民间歌人口头传授,代代相传;每逢盛宴或节日,在氏族贵族的官邸中咏唱。
大约公元前八、九世纪时,一位盲诗人荷马以短歌为基础,予以加工整理,最后形成了具有完整的情节和统一的风格的两部史诗——《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》。
这就是荷马史诗形成的大致情况。
公元前六世纪中叶,在雅典执政者庇士特拉妥的领导下,史诗才有了文字记录。
公元前三至二世纪间经亚历山大城的几位学者校订之后,史诗有了最后定本,流传至今。
基本内容:以特洛伊战争为背景,《伊利亚特》写最后一年中51天内发生的事情。
全诗在为赫克托耳举行的盛大葬礼中结束。
《奥德赛》写木马计的设计者奥德修斯,海上十年历险和归家夫妻团聚的故事。
主要思想:以人为主,热爱现实,肯定人的奋斗精神。
张岱年《中国文化概论》及外国文化课件课后习题答案_完整版
最新完美版 西方文明史复习概要 中英对照+重点+部分答案
西方文明史复习概要中英对照+重点+部分答案①考试题型:选择、填空各15分,共30分;英文简答题共4道,20分;中文论述题,三道共50分。
②复习策略:书本为主,所考内容为每一章开章引言,以及每张重点(下文会具体交代);PPT用来贯穿主线索,便于理解史实。
两者缺一不可,相辅相成。
考试不会太难,大家掌握必要常识和单词即可。
③下面是我对知识点的总结,如有纰漏,还望指正。
总目录:Part 1古希腊第一章:亚历山大和他的时代(古希腊文明)Part 2 古罗马第二章:古罗马共和国兴衰史(古罗马文明)第三章:凯撒与耶稣(早期基督教)第四章:罗马和平和帝国的衰亡(罗马后期,帝国时代)Part 3中世纪第五章:信仰之刃--中世纪的繁盛期(中世纪西方文明)Part 4 现代国家的滥觞第六章:“朕即国家”--英法两国君主专制的发展(资产阶级革命前夜)第七章:“勇于求索!”--科学革命(文艺复兴后的科技发展)第八章:启蒙运动第一章:本章讲述的是古希腊时期的民主制度和文化(哲学与神话),以及希腊化时代。
重点掌握古希腊著名哲学思想,以及亚历山大主要事迹。
引言:(此处只是简单概述翻译,具体内容还望大家读书。
下面几章的此部分内容亦是如此。
)公元前五世纪,雅典城邦(the Greek city-state Athens,城邦还可以称为 the polis)诞生了最早的民主制度,由此带来了社会文化的大繁荣,那个世纪便被称为古希腊的“黄金时代”(the Golden Age),堪称是西方文明的滥觞。
此后由于政治经济的最巨大差异,古希腊最强大的两个城邦——雅典和斯巴达(Sparta)陷入了长期的内战,直到公元前404年雅典战败才结束,史称“伯罗奔尼撒的战争”(Peloponnesian War)。
但是由于斯巴达自身政治制度的落后,它的盟主地位(hegemony,盟主权)终于在公元前371年被底比斯城邦取代(Thebes)。
在著名政治家Epaminondas的领导下,底比斯才得以统帅希腊,但随着他在公元前362年去世,一切都结束了。
孟昭义《外国文化史》考研笔记——书本完整知识点整理
外国文化史第一章原始文化1.完全形成的人:早期猿人、晚期猿人、早期智人、晚期智人。
2.原始艺术保存最好最完整的无一例外是造型艺术。
1940年发现的距今2万年的法国拉斯科洞窟壁画;17世纪90年代发现的距今1万5千年的西班牙阿尔塔米拉洞窟壁画。
3.原始宗教产生于旧石器中期早期智人阶段,包括法术、仪式、巫术等;原始宗教的崇拜仪式中最主要和最重要的是图腾崇拜和祖先崇拜;“图腾”一词出自印第安语,意为“他的亲族”,图腾崇拜集自然崇拜、生殖崇拜和灵魂崇拜于一身。
4.氏族社会后期,父权制代替了母权制,出现了“奥林匹斯神话系统”。
第二章古代两河流域文化1.两河流域:主要指西亚的幼发拉底河与底格里斯河之间的美索不达米亚平原,其希腊语文原意是“河间之地”,史称“肥沃的新月地带”。
2.苏美尔人是两河流域的最早居民,最早发明了楔形文字,阿拉伯人称之为“钉头文字”。
3.公元前19世纪中叶,奴隶制国家古巴比伦王国建立,巴比伦人首先简化苏美尔楔形文字。
4.古埃及的图画文字经象形文字逐渐演化为类似字母的24个单音符号,在其影响下,腓尼基出现了以22个辅音字母书写的文字,并通过航海经商的途径将之流传到希腊,间接成为西方各国字母和文字的源头。
5.古埃及的象形文字和腓尼基(叙利亚)的字母文字都直接或间接的收到楔形文字的影响。
据说腓尼基文字是世界字母文字的发端。
6.苏美尔人创立了正规学校的教育制度。
7.收藏泥板文书的图书馆主要有:神庙图书馆、王室或国家图书馆和个人图书馆。
最著名图书馆是亚述巴尼拔图书馆。
8.苏美尔文学堪称世界上最早有文字记录的文学,比古希腊的书面文学早2千多年,比中国商代的甲骨文卜辞也早了大约1700年。
9.巴比伦的创世史诗《艾努玛·艾利什》是两河流域进入阶级社会以后由多神崇拜逐渐向一神崇拜的过渡。
10.苏美尔人运用十进制,同时兼用罕见的六十进制,他们算出圆周率为3,勾股定理对他们来说也已经不是秘密。
11.苏美尔人首先根据月亮盈亏规律编制成太阴历。
西方文化概论课后答案完整版、填空题、名词解释、论述题
西方文化概论课后答案完整版、填空题、名词解释、论述题第一章古希腊罗马文化第一节1、如何认识古希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围?(1)、地域范围:古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念,包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区,甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
(2)、时间跨度:古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特-迈锡尼时代的文化(公元前26-前12世纪)黑暗时代(公元前12-前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代的文化(公元前8-前4世纪)C、希腊化时代的文化(公元前4-前2世纪)2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义?从文化学角度来看,赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义:第一,它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观;第二,它蕴含着一种自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
从第一方面来看,希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史,同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景,构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
从第二方面来看,以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维持神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想,而在背后决定着诸神的兴衰泰否的就是那个不出场的“命运”。
这种通过“命运”的“看不见之手”来实现神系更迭和自然进化的思想,构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想,同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
第二节1、希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神?第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视,这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神,希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神.第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征.自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜,感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱.第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉。
西方文明史01试题解析
Chapter 1 The First Civilizations 1) Otzi?s life was a good example of the human experience inA)the Stone Age.B)central Greece.C)what is now modern Turkey.D)Italy.E)the Iron Age.2)The first humanlike creatures, such as Lucy, may haveA) survived for less than onemillion years.B) engaged in agriculture.C) displayed the brain capacity of modern humans.D)utilized simple tools.E)had large, developed brains.3)The Neanderthal had all of the following characteristics EXCEPTA) the ability to use tools.B) burial customs.C) a range of distribution covering Africa,Europe, and Asia.D) a smaller brain than other Homo sapiens.E)success surviving in the last greatice age.4) The practice of staying put and exploiting various sources of food instead of constantly traveling is calledA)oriental despotism.B)slash - and - burn aquaculture.C)pastoral nomadism.D)broad - spectrum gathering.E)pastoralism.5)Sedentary communities led to all of the following EXCEPT which one?A) Decrease in infant mortalityB) Development of politicalleadership C) Reduction in populationD) Expansion of agricultureE) Longer life spans6)Which of the following was an earlyagricultural settlement in the Middle East?A)NinevehB)RomeC)JerichoD)BabylonE)Constantinople7) The statement that the Agricultural Revolution was portable means thatA)nomadic societies were eliminatedin all parts of the globe.B)Neolithic society became less sedentary.C)the knowledge and technology of agriculture could be easily transported from one place to another.D)agricultural sites had to be located near rivers.E)sedentary societies had to continueto move for survival.8) Which of the following is NOT true of the ecology of Mesopotamia?A) The south has both adequate rain andgood soil.B) The north has adequate rain butpoor soil.C)Agriculture is impossible without irrigation.D)Improper irrigation results in the deposit of alkaloids in the soil.E)Uruk and other early cities werelinked with irrigation.9) Which of the following do theauthors suggest was the primary causeof urbanization in the south ofA) The need to concentrate the population in order to carry out the extensive irrigation of the regionB)The concentration of animal husbandry in the regionC)Egyptian influenceD)The availability of importedfood suppliesE) The possibility of year- roundreproduction and mating10) Around 3500 B.C.E., the first civilization was established in theregion of Mesopotamia calledA)Assyria.B)Phoenicia.C)Angkor - Wat.D)Sumer.E)Egypt.11)Which of the following was NOT oneof the major Sumerian cities around the time of 3000B.C.E.?A)Lagash (苏美尔城邦。
外国文化简史第七章答案
多余人:多余人最早由赫尔岑在《往事与随想》中提出。
“多余人”是19世纪俄国批判现实主义文学中贵族知识分子的典型。
他们的特点是出身贵族,生活环境优越,受过良好的文化教育。
他们虽有高尚的理想,却远离人民;虽不满现实,却缺少行动,他们是“思想上的巨人,行动上的矮子”,只能在愤世疾俗中白白地浪费自己的才华。
他们既不愿站在政府的一边,与上流社会同流合污,又不能和人民站在一起,反对专制制度和农奴制度。
他们很是心仪西方的自由思想,不满俄国的现状,却又无能为力,然而他们又是大贵族和权势者的代表人物,不可能与底层人民相结合以改变俄国的现状。
多余人的形象包括普希金笔下的叶甫盖尼•奥涅金、莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林、屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭、赫尔岑笔下的别尔托夫、冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等。
小人物:19世纪俄国批判现实主义作家笔下的人物形象,一般为小职员,通过对他们悲惨命运的描写来批判当时的沙皇专制下的黑暗社会现实。
代表作是普希金的《别尔金》小说集,果戈理的《彼得堡故事集》,陀思妥耶夫斯基的《穷人》。
与“多余人”,“新人”形象并列19世纪俄国批判现实主义文学三大人物形象。
自然派:“自然派”是19世纪30-40年代在俄国兴起的一个文学流派。
这一派的作家极力忠实自然即现实,抨击腐朽的农奴制度,同情小人物的悲惨生活,关注妇女的命运。
在题材上多以小官员、职员、农奴等小人物为主人公。
体裁以小说为主。
它要求文学创作真实反映生活,揭露农奴制的黑暗现实,注重描写下层人民的命运。
果戈理的创作使这一文学流派的地位得以最终确立。
许多青年作家追随果戈理,文坛出现了一批所谓“果戈理传统”的作家。
批评家布尔加林他们是只写黑暗的“自然派”,别林斯基则在以自己的理论著作接过这个名词,肯定“自然派”的创作,并加以理论总结。
于是,“自然派”成了俄国批判现实主义文学的别称。
托尔斯泰主义:在托尔斯泰的思想中,除了对现实的无情批判以外,还热切鼓吹悔罪、拯救灵魂、禁欲主义、“勿以暴力抗恶”、“道德自我完善”等观点,宣扬一种属于托尔斯泰自己的宗教“博爱”思想,人们称之为“托尔斯泰主义”。
(完整word版)外国文学史复习试题和参考答案
外国文学史复习题及参考答案第一章古代文学一、单项选择题1 .古希腊最早的一部以现实生活为题材的诗作是(A )。
A .《工作与时日》B .《胜利颂》C .《神谱》D .《牧歌》2 .古希腊最早的一部比较系统地叙述宇宙起源和神的谱系的作品是(BA .《长征记》B .《神谱》C .《工作与时日》D .《胜利颂》3 .古希腊古典时期文学成就最大的是(D)。
A .抒情诗B .散文C .寓言D.戏剧4 .被柏拉图称为“第十位文艺女神”的诗人是(C)。
A .维吉尔B .贺拉斯C .萨福D .奥维德5 .《伊索寓言》主要反映的是(C )。
A .个人情感B .贵族与奴隶主的情趣C .奴隶制社会劳动人民的思想感情D .市民的思想感情6 .古希腊被称为“历史之父”的作家是(A )。
A .希罗多德B .修昔底德C .色诺芬D .苏格拉底7 .西方客观唯心主义的始祖是(A)。
A .柏拉图B .亚里士多德C .西塞罗D .卢克莱修8 .亚里士多德的文艺理论代表作品是(C )。
A .《理想国》B .《伊安篇》C .《诗学》D .《诗艺》9 .“希腊化时期”最著名的新喜剧作家是(A)。
A .米南德B .阿里斯托芬C .普劳图斯D .泰伦斯10 .泰伦斯的代表作品是(C )。
A .《双生子》B .《一罐黄金》C .《婆母》D .《恨世者》11 .维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》被称为欧洲文学史上的第一部(A )史诗。
A .文人B .英雄C .民族D .悲剧12 .贺拉斯最重要的文艺理论著作是(B)。
A .《诗学》B .《诗艺》C .《讽刺诗》D .《颂歌集》13 .奥维德的代表作品是(B )。
A .《爱经》B .《变形记》C .《讽刺诗》D .《颂歌集》14 .《伊利昂纪》是一部描写部落战争的英雄史诗,开篇写的是(A )。
A .阿喀琉斯的愤怒B .希腊联军节节败退C .阿喀琉斯重上战场D .阿喀琉斯杀死赫克托耳15 .《奥德修纪》是一部(B)。
外国文化史课件
汤因比的世界文化类型论
• 他在《历史研究》中认为,人类约有6000年的 文明史,可以假定为是共时的,在哲学上则可 把各种文明视为等价的。他还提出,文明是针 对环境包括自然环境和人文环境的“挑战”而 进行的“应战”。人类能够对环境以各种困难 为表现的挑战进行成功的应战,文明就会产生、 发展。“应战”敌不过“挑战”,文明就会衰 落乃至灭亡。根据这两个原理,汤因比认为, 人类历史上共产生过21个文明单位,即达到文 明水平的有21个文化类型。另外,他认为还有 5个停滞的文明,3个流产的文明。
反文化
• 反文化:是一种特殊的亚文化,其主要 特征是和主流文化相对抗,有意识地否 定在更大社会范围内的文化规范。西方 文化学家把所关注的吸毒,性放纵等看 成是反文化的典型事例。
文化和文明
• 文化和文明:是密切相关的二个概念,文明有 时作文化的同义词使用,但在一般情况下,两 者含义和用法还是有所不同。
认为文化是作为社会的一个成员所获得的 包括知识、信仰、艺术、音乐、风俗、 法律以及其他种种能力的复合体,这强 调了文化的熔铸性,譬如伟大的人类学 家爱德华·泰勒在其《原始文化》一书中 说:“文化”是人类在自身的历史经验 中创造的“包罗万象的复合体”。
中国古代文献:文化一词均指封建王朝的“文治教化”, 与“武功”相对 . 《辞海》:“文化,从广义来说,指人类社会历史 实践过程中所创造出的物质财富和精神财富的总和。 从狭义来说,指社会的意识形态,以及与之相适应的制度 和组织机构。
外国文化史
• 外国文化史是介绍世界主要国家自古至 今文化的产生、发展、演变的历程;分 析不同时期各国文化产生、发展的背景、 内容和特点;对外国文化有一个比较完 整、系统的了解。着重将西方文化作为 中国文化的对照系,通过对照、比较分 析,加深对中国文化的理解。
西方文化第一课讲义
Division OneGreek Culture and Roman CultureEuropean culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian elements.I. Greek Culture1. The Historical ContextAncient Greece was the birthplace of Western civilization about 2500 years ago. The magnificent achievements of the ancient Greeks in government, science, philosophy, and the arts still influence our lives.Greek civilization developed chiefly in small city-states. A city-state consisted of a city or town and the surrounding villages and farmland. The Greek city-states were fiercely independent and often quarreled among themselves. But their small size and constant rivalry had certain advantages. Citizens of a city-state sere strongly patriotic, and many citizens took part in public affairs. The most advanced city-states established the world’s first democratic governments. The best-known city-states were Athens and Sparta.The ancient Greek city-states never became united into a nation. However, a common language, religion, and culture bound the people together. The Greeks called themselves Hellenes and their land Hellas. They thought of themselves as different form all other people, whom they called barbarians.The ancient Greeks prized their freedom and way of life. This way of life stressed the importance of the individual and encouraged creative thought. Greek thinkers laid the foundations of science and philosophy by seeing logical explanations for what happened in the world around them. Greek writers created new forms of expression, which explored human personalities and emotions. Greek civilizationreached its height in Athens during the mid-400’s B.C., a period of outstanding achievement known as the Golden Age.In a remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and Troy, a city on the Asiatic side of the Aegean ending in the destruction of Troy.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. This was marked by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the century, the establishment of democracy and the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece.2. Social and Political StructureAthens was a democracy. The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. Thus began the Olympic Games. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.3. HomerAncient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. Two such epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, have survived. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca.4. Lyric PoetryOf the many lyric poets of the time, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes.5. DramaThe Greeks developed a powerful drama in the 5th century B.C. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, (Prometheus in Greek myths was a member of the earliest race of gods, called titans(泰坦神,巨人). The god Zeus plotted to destroy humanity by depriving the earth of fire. Prometheus stole fire from the gods and gave it to human beings. Zeus punished him by ordering him bound to a remote peak in the Caucasus Mountains(高加索山). An eagle came to devour Prometheus’ liver every day, and the liver grew back each night. After Prometheus had suffered for many centuries, the hero Herules(大力英雄)killed the eagle and set Prometheus free.The Greek dramatist Aeschylus presented him as a tragic hero and a champion of humanity in his tragedy Prometheus Bound. The German composer Beethoven, the German author Goethe, and the English poet Shelley created works inspired by the Prometheus myth.) Persians, and Agamemnon. He is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Sophocles, the author of plays like Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone contributed greatly to tragic art. He added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus. Sophocles has had a strong impact on European literature. Some of his plots were taken over and adopted by later writers. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex” was also derived from Sophocles’s play.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than Aecschylus and Sophocles, concerned with conflicts. His characters are less heroic, more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays”.Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B.C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps, and Birds.6. HistoryHerodotus is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. He had a keen eye for drama and pathos. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Sparta andbetween Athens and Syracuse.7. Philosophy and SciencePythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was the founder of scientific mathematics. Heracleitue believed fire to be the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen. To him, “all is flux, nothing is stationary.” Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomic structure of matter.The great names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 5th and 4th century B.C. Plato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apology, symposium and the Republic. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideals”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Ide alism, and Plato was called idealist. Aristotle was Plato’s pupil. Of his numerous works, the following are still important to scholars and general readers alike: Ethics, Politics, Poetics and Rhetoric.In the 4th century B.C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they were the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.The School of AthensEuclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.Archimedes did important work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, mechanics, and hydrostatics. To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”8. Art, Architecture, SculptureGreek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.Doric style Ionic style Corinthian styleThe Acropolis at Athens and t he Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years. Discus Thrower, Venus de Milo and Laocoon group are the famous sculptures.The Acropolis at Athens Discus Thrower9. ImpactGreek culture exerted the enormous influence on English literature, for example: a) Pindar had imitators, such as the 17th century English poet John Dryden. b) The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex” was derived form Sophocles’s play. c) In the 19th century, the English poetess Elizabeth Browning called Euripides “Euripides human”. d) In the e arly part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelly’s Hella and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. e) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Notes:1.Troy 特洛伊,小亚细亚的西北部古城2.Persian波斯的、波斯人的。
西方文化导论课件1-6课后题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy -the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.(1) Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstratedin religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture,i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields.Before Christianity appeared in Roma, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production.In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poetDante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare.The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete.The Roman culture introduced the Roman realism and realistic style in Western culture in painting and sculpture through modern times. Roman culture nourished emerging Western culture, and even the world culture. Such a splendid culture has greatly enriched cultural heritage of human kind.(2) In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greekinfluence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s b est known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.(1)How was the Jewish Civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish Civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality, which supports its unsubmissive and persistent advance by putting up its three spiritual and physical pillars as one of the scholars suggests: “the national identity based on the Jewish cultural tradition, the common belief and values enshrined in Judaism, and the community network centered on the synagogue”.Much of the Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. Under the guidance of rabbis, they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the Torah and the Mishna before they compiled finally the Talmud.The Jewish Civilization had thus progressed with each passing day until the Haskalah Movement came forward in the 18th century,which brought about spiritual awakening and a drastic change of their cultural and social conditions.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, which enabled them to secure a position for themselves as a race by keeping pace with the advanced levels of social, economic and cultural developments. Most of the Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position whatever it was though they had not yet established or recovered their own land. Thus they have prepared personnel of various kinds for the revival of their civilization and once that country was founded, they could quickly turn it into a well-developed nation in spite of its small size and small population just as what has happened in Israel in recent decades.(2) Say something about Judaism and the Old Testament?Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning,Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch,Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars,many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.(1) Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. (2) What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an almighty, omnipotent and omniscient supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds of suffering.Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human.Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from the Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public. Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity became an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people.(1) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
外史答案
古代东方国家的教育1、教育起源答:1、生物起源说代表人物:利托尔诺(法1831-1902),以达尔文的生物进化论为指导。
主要思想:①教育活动不仅存在于人类社会之中,而且存在于人类社会之外,甚至存在于动物界,他把动物对小动物的爱护和照顾都说成是教育;②教育的产生完全来自动物的本能,是种族发展的本能需要;③人类只是在早已存在的教育形式上做了些改进,人类的教育就起本质来说与动物没有不同。
否认了人与动物的区别,没有认识到教育的社会性。
2、心理起源说代表人物:孟禄(美国,1869-1947)主要思想:①原始社会的教育“普遍采用的方法是简单的无意识的模仿”。
这种原始共同体中儿童对年长成员的无意识模仿就是最初的教育的发展;②儿童对成人一种出于本能的模仿是教育过程的基础。
不管成人是否意识到或同意,儿童总是在模仿他们的行为。
模仿是教育的本质。
忽视了教育的有意识性和社会性。
3、劳动起源说代表人物:马克思、恩格斯主要思想:①教育是人所特有的有意识的活动;②教育是人类特有的传递经验的途径;③教育起源于生产劳动中传递生产经验和生活经验。
2、基本概念:基本概念:泥板书舍:古代苏美尔人大约在公元前3500 年在两河流域南部建立了一些奴隶制城邦国家。
这一时期苏美尔人创造了自己的语言即苏美尔语,并发明了“泥板书”和楔形文字:用削成三角形尖头的芒苇杆(或木棒、骨棒)做笔,把字刻在半干的泥板上,即成了“泥板书”,其上面的文字称为楔形文字。
这为两河流域教育的发展奠定了基础。
随着文化的发展,在苏美尔时期出现了多设于寺庙和宫廷附近的学校,以泥板书做教材,以泥板作为主要的学习工具, 这些学校就称为“泥板书舍”。
这些学校十分重视语言和书写能力的教学;管理非常严格,体罚盛行。
纸草书:用生长在尼罗河三角洲的一种类似与芦苇的莎草科植物为材料,取其茎髓切成薄片,压干后连在一起制成纸莎草纸。
埃及人用芦苇茎为笔在纸上书写象形文字,写成后卷起。
文士学校:文士学校源自于古代埃及,是古代埃及开设的最早学校之一。
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外国文化史答案蓝色字是书上答案,黑色是我自己整理的数字是书上对应页数一.名词解释文化(三层次):2 思想,精神与美学发展的一般过程;一种特殊的生活方式(关于一个民族,一个时期,一个群体或全体人类)关于知性的作品与活动,尤其是艺术方面的。
古巴比伦王国:22:由阿摩利人苏姆阿布建立,首都:巴比伦,第六代国王汉莫拉比统治期间古巴比伦王国强大起来。
汉谟拉比法典30:迄今世界上第一部比较完备的成文法典,是古巴比伦国王汉莫拉比颁布的。
这部法典原文用楔形文字刻在一块黑色玄武岩石柱上,分为序言、法典条文、结语三部分,法典条文包括诉讼程序、财产占有、债务抵押、婚姻家庭、伤害赔偿等以及有关奴隶的种种规定,竭力维护私有制和社会等级制度,充分体现了两河流域的奴隶制文明。
1901年被法国考古者发现。
人类最早的完整成文法典,古巴比伦人馈赠给人类的最宝贵遗产。
泥板文书(楔形文字)22:到公元前2500年左右,形成了成熟的文字,被称为“楔形文字”,因为它是用芦苇做成的带有三角形笔尖的笔,在湿泥板上刻划而成的楔形符号组成的。
这些泥板凉干或烧制后保存了下来。
楔形符号共有500种左右,在两千年间楔形文字一直是美索不达米亚唯一的文字体系。
到了公元前500年左右,这种文字甚至成了西亚大部分地区通用的商业交往媒介。
通天塔:“七大奇观之一“,又称“巴别塔”古尔加美什:28又称基尔麦什史诗,是目前已知世界最古老的英雄史诗。
是一部关于统治着古代美索不达米亚地区苏美尔王朝的都市国家乌鲁克英雄吉尔伽美什的赞歌,表达了苏美尔人对他们伟大英雄的崇拜赞美之情。
象形文字35:是华夏民族智慧的结晶,是老祖宗们从原始的描摹事物的记录方式的一种传承,是世界上最早的文字,也是最形象,演变至今保存最完好的一种汉字字体。
是指纯粹利用图形来作文字使用,而这些文字又与所代表的东西,在形状上很相像。
一般而言,象形文字是最早产生的文字。
用文字的线条或笔画,把要表达物体的外形特征,具体地勾画出来。
阿蒙霍特普四世32:埃及新王国第十八王朝国王,进行过埃赫那吞改革,打击了僧侣集团势力和世袭权贵,加强了中央集权。
罗塞达碑(商伯良)35:1798年拿破仑远征埃及的军队在罗塞达发现的石碑,刻有埃及象形文、希腊文和埃及的世俗体文字。
1822年,商博良释读象形文字的成功,标志着埃及学诞生。
死者之书(《亡灵书》)37:是古代埃及的抄录者为亡灵所准备的所有经文,包括咒语,赞美诗,祈祷文,各类礼仪等。
古埃及金字塔38:相传是古埃及法老(国王)的陵墓,是古代世界七大奇迹之一。
埃及金字塔始建于公元前2600年以前,是至今最大的建筑群之一,成为了古埃及文明最有影响力和持久的象征之一。
金字塔源于希腊语,意为“糕饼”,是古希腊人食用的一种尖顶状食物。
古埃及人称作“庇里穆斯”,即高的意思,建筑艺术特点是气势恢宏,形式朴拙,格调肃穆,感觉庄严。
《旧约圣经》51:犹太教经典,是希伯来民族历代积累起来的各种文献的汇编。
包括三个部分:律法书,历史书和文集。
摩西五经51:《旧约》中的律发书,开头五卷,包括《创世纪》;《出埃及记》;利末记》《民数记》和《申命记》,记述了希伯来人从远古到入迦南之前的历史,其中强调了亚为向希伯来人颁布律法作为“约书”这一关乎希伯来民族地位和未来的事件。
死海古卷55:即在死海发现的古代经卷,其发现从史料角度证实了《希伯来圣经》《次经》《伪经》等希伯来文献的可信性,是研究希伯来文化及早期基督教历史的重要资料。
哭墙:又称西墙,是犹太教的一个圣迹,位于耶路撒冷东区老城的东部,是犹太教圣殿两度修建,两度被毁的痕迹,是犹太民族2000年来溜利索的精神家园。
巴比伦之囚:巴比伦之囚是指公元前597~前538年期间,两度被新巴比伦王国国王尼布甲尼撒二世征服的犹太王国,大批民众、工匠、祭司和王室成员被掳往巴比伦,这些人称为巴比伦之囚。
《林德纸草》:古埃及数学文献,提出十进位计数制度,分数符号。
哈拉巴文化65:南亚次大陆古老的青铜文化(约公元前2300前1700年),1921年由考古学家最早发现于印度河流域的哈拉巴(今巴基斯坦旁遮普省境内)而得名。
以后又在其他地区陆续发现250多处类似文化,通称为“哈拉巴文化”。
该文化主要经济部门是农业,手工业和商业也比较发达,铜器和青铜器已经广泛使用。
城市是该文化的重要特色,已发现的有哈拉巴与摩亨佐•达罗等,估计已形成城市国家。
该文化的创造者尚不清楚,可能是南亚次大陆的古老居民达罗毗荼人。
对于该文化衰亡的原因目前还存在较大争议,尚待进一步解决。
吠陀时代67:吠陀时代指哈拉巴文化衰亡后,雅利安人入侵印度并将这一时段的史料保留在《吠陀》及解释吠陀的《梵书》、《森林书》、《奥义书》以及两部史诗中,故称作吠陀时代。
其中《梨俱吠陀》成书于公元前12——前9世纪,称早期吠陀,而《娑摩吠陀》、《耶柔吠陀》、《阿闼婆吠陀》成书于前900年——前600年或更晚,故又称晚期吠陀。
种姓制度68:是古代印度的一种等级制度,是雅利安人从原始社会向奴隶制国家过渡的过程中出现了四大种姓,即婆罗门、刹帝利、吠舍、首陀罗。
不同种姓在法律地位、权利与义务等方面均不平等,在宗教和社会生活方面也有严格区分。
古代印度法律坚决维护这一制度,对印度历史发展产生了深远影响。
耆那教70:是印度传统宗教之一,教徒的总数约400万人,耆那一词原意为胜利者或修行完成的人。
该教徒的信仰是理性高于宗教,认为正确的信仰、知识、操行会导致解脱之路,进而达到灵魂的理想境界。
四圣谛71:苦谛,集谛,灭谛,道谛。
它集中体现了佛教的伦理道德观,反映了佛教的基本教义。
大乘佛教与小乘佛教71:大乘:是菩萨的法门,以救世利他为宗旨。
28、小乘:是声闻的法门,以修身自利为宗旨。
摩柯婆罗多74:印度古代史诗。
和《罗摩衍那》并列为印度两大史诗。
《摩诃婆罗多》现存的本子是在一部史诗的基础上编订而成,其中不但有长篇英雄史诗,而且有大量的传说故事作为插话,还有宗教哲学及法典性质的著作,因此篇幅很长。
《摩诃婆罗多》书名的意思是“伟大的婆罗多族的故事”。
它的成书年代约在公元前4世纪和公元4世纪之间。
史诗是纪元前后几百年间许多人积累和加工的产物。
它有许多不同的手写本流传下来。
《罗摩衍那》75 :印度教经典犍陀罗艺术73:独特的佛教艺术风格,融合了希腊,叙利亚,波斯和印度的艺术特征发展起来,形成于公元前一世纪左右。
它汲取了古希腊,罗马艺术的精华,更接近现实生活。
荷马时代81:也叫英雄时代或黑暗时代,是迈锡尼文明灭亡后,古希腊地区重回氏族部落时期的时代,约公元前十二世纪到公元前九世纪。
由于形成于此时的“荷马史诗”叙述了迈锡尼文明的旧闻,但又表述了当时社会的情况,故又称此时代为“荷马时代”,也称“史诗时代”梭伦改革:是雅典城邦乃至整个古希腊历史上最重要的社会政治改革之一,它为雅典城邦的振兴与富强开辟了道路,奠定了城邦民主政治的基础。
促进了雅典社会生活多元化格局的形成,创立了适合民主制发展的社会管理机制,为普通公民参与国家政治活动提供了制度保证。
希波战争82:在希腊古典文明时代,希腊人与波斯人之间发生了一场规模巨大、旷日持久的战争,史称希波战争,这是两大文明发展相遇相交而形成的冲突,导火索是公元前500年小亚细亚的米利都发动的爱奥尼亚各邦的起义,反抗波斯的统治。
战争开始于公元前490年,中间穿插数次停战,一直持续到公元前449年。
战争的结果是希腊人取得了史诗般的胜利,使希腊的民主自由免遭专制制度的摧残。
亚历山大东征:亚历山大东征是指公元前334~公元前324年,马其顿国王亚历山大对东方波斯等国进行的侵略战争。
亚历山大东征是一次掠夺性远征,对亚洲文明造成一些毁坏性的破坏,但是客观上也促进了东西方之间的联系。
希罗多德98:“历史之父”:著有《历史》《希腊波斯战争史》前5世纪(约前484年-前425年)伟大的古希腊历史学家,史学名著《历史》一书的作者,西方文学的奠基人。
他把旅行中的所闻所见,以及波斯阿契美尼德帝国的历史纪录下来,著成《历史》一书,成为西方文学史上第一部完整流传下来的散文作品。
人文主义的杰出代表。
希腊化时代82:公元前5世纪和4世纪,虽然希腊在文化艺术方面取得了辉煌的成就,但在公元前431年到公元前338年,希腊各城邦之间的混战,严重削弱了希腊的力量。
历史上赫赫有名的亚历山大拯救并改造了希腊文明,由于他的凯旋式的征服,使希腊文明与西亚文明互相融合,产生了一个崭新的文明,即希腊化文明,所以,从公元前334年亚历山大东征开始,到公元前30年埃及被罗马帝国完全吞并的300多年,希腊以及希腊统治的东方进入了一个新的历史时代,史称希腊化时代。
希腊化时代是东西方文明交流融合的时代,这一时代成为人类科学思想的第一个飞跃的时代。
埃斯库罗斯89:埃斯库罗斯:被誉为古希腊“悲剧之父”,流传下悲剧只有7部。
创作大多取材于神话传说,但都与现实紧密结合。
又被称为“有强烈倾向的诗人”。
奴隶主专政过渡到奴隶主民主制时期的悲剧诗人俄狄浦斯王90:《俄狄浦斯王》是索福克勒斯的代表作,取材于忒拜系统的英雄传说。
该剧的艺术成就主要表现在精妙的结构上。
这一点可与《伊利亚特》相比,因此诗人被称为“戏剧艺术的荷马”。
亚里士多德认为它是希腊悲剧的典范。
亚里士多德96:古希腊哲学家,也是世界古代史上最伟大的哲学家、科学家和教育家之一。
亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生,亚历山大的老师。
公元前335年,他在雅典办了一所叫吕克昂的学校,被称为逍遥学派。
马克思曾称亚里士多德是古希腊哲学家中最博学的人物,恩格斯称他是古代的黑格尔。
亚里斯多德师承柏拉图,主张教育是国家的职能,学校应由国家管理。
亚里士多德一生勤奋治学,从事的学术研究涉及到逻辑学、修辞学、物理学、生物学、教育学、心理学、政治学、经济学、美学等,写下了大量的著作,他的著作是古代的百科全书,据说有四百到一千部,主要有《工具论》、《形而上学》、《物理学》、《伦理学》、《政治学》、《诗学》等。
他的思想对人类产生了深远的影响。
他创立了形式逻辑学,丰富和发展了哲学的各个分支学科,对科学也作出了巨大的贡献。
十二铜表法(主要特点)104:①十二铜表法的内容是综合性的,它涵盖了许多方面的内容;②十二铜表法适用于所有公民,强调了法律的普遍适用性,禁止特权;③十二铜表法非常强调法律程序,一切要依法律条文办事;④十二铜表法在某些方面,还表现出法律和宗教的一些联系首先,十二铜表法的内容是综合性的,它涵盖了许多方面的内容,有民法的内容,也有刑法的内容。
有些内容完全是关于某些仪式的,这方面显然有旧时宗教的影响。
其次,十二铜表法适用于所有公民,没有例外,这就强调了法律的普遍适用性,禁止特权。
同时法律还规定,一般公民如果不服法官的判决,还可以上诉至公民大会,一定程度可以避免法官的武断。