离散ds2004a
AP2004
PWM Buck ControllerFeatures- PWM Buck Control Circuitry- Operating voltage can be up to 27V- Under voltage Lockout (UVLO) Protection - Short Circuit Protection (SCP) - Soft-start circuit- Variable Oscillator Frequency -- 300Khz Max - 1.25V voltage reference Output - 8-pin PDIP and SOP packagesApplications- Backlight inverter - LCD Monitor- XDROM, XDSL Product- DC/DC converters in computers, etc.General DescriptionThe AP2004 integrates Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) control circuit into a single chip, mainly designs for power-supply regulator. All the functions include an on-chip 1.25V reference output, an error amplifier, an adjustable oscillator, a soft-start, UVLO, SCP circuitry, and a push-pull output circuit. Switching frequency is adjustable by trimming CT. During low VCC situation, the UVLO makes sure that the outputs are off until the internal circuit operates normally.Pin AssignmentOUT GND SCPSS FBVCC CT COMP( Top View )PDIP/SOPPin DescriptionsNameDescriptionCT TimingCapacitor FB Voltage Feedback SS Soft-Start. COMPFeedback Loop CompensationOUT PWM OutputGND Ground VCC Supply Voltage SCP Short Circuit ProtectionOrdering InformationS: SOP-8LA : TapingL : Lead Free PackagePWM Buck ControllerBlock DiagramOUTFBVCCSCP CTCOMPGNDSSAbsolute Maximum RatingsSymbol ParameterRating Unit V CC Supply voltage 28 V V I Amplifier input voltage 20 V V O Collector output voltage V CC -1.0VVI SOURCE Source current 200 mA I SINK Sink current200 mA T OP Operating temperature range -20 to +85 o C T ST Storage temperature range-65 to +150o C T LEAD Lead temperature 1.6 mm(1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds260oCPWM Buck ControllerRecommended Operating ConditionsSymbolParameterMin. Max. Unit V CC Supply voltage 3.6 27V V I Amplifier input voltage 1.05 1.45V V O Collector output voltage Vcc-1.5 VI FBCurrent into feedback terminal45 µA R F Feedback resistor 100 k Ω C T Timing capacitor 100 6800pF F OSC Oscillator frequency 10 300 KHz T OPOperating free-air temperature-2085ºCElectrical Characteristics (T A=25ºC, VCC=6V, f=200 Khz)Reference (REF) Symbol Parameter Conditions Min.Typ. Max.UnitComp connect to FB 1.225 1.25 1.275VT A = -20ºC ~ 25ºC -0.1 ±1 % V REF Output voltage change withtemperature T A = 25ºC ~ 85ºC -0.2 ±1 %Under voltage lockout (UVLO) Symbol Parameter Conditions Min.Typ. Max.Unit V UT Upper threshold voltage (V CC ) 2.9 VV LWT Lower threshold voltage (V CC ) 2.4 VV HT Hysteresis (V CC ) I O(REF) = 0.1mAT A = 25ºC500 mV Short-circuit protection (SCP) control Symbol Parameter Conditions Min.Typ. Max.Unit V IT Input threshold voltage T A = 25ºC 0.600.67 0.75V V STB Standby voltage No pull up 100 130 160 mV V LT Latched input voltage No pull up 50 100 mV I SCP Input (source) current V I = 0.7V, T A = 25ºC -10 -15 -20 µAV CT Comparator threshold voltage(COMP)1.5 VOscillator (OSC) Symbol Parameter Conditions Min.Typ. Max.Unit F OSC Frequency C T =270 pF 200 KHzStandard deviation of frequency C T =270 pF 10∆F OSC Frequency change with voltage V CC =3.6V ~ 20V 1%PWM Buck ControllerElectrical Characteristics (Continued) (T A=25ºC, VCC=6V, f=200 Khz)Error-amplifierSymbol Parameter ConditionsMin.Typ. Max. Unit V IO Input offset voltage V O (FB)=1.25V ±6 mV I IO Input offset current V O (FB)=1.25V ±100 nA I IB Input bias currentV O (FB)=1.25V 160 500 nA V CMCommon-mode input voltagerangeV CC =3.6V ~ 20V1.051.45VAVOpen-loop voltageamplificationR F =200 k Ω 70 80 dBGBW Unity-gain bandwidth1.5 MHz CMRR Common-mode rejection ratio 60 80 dB V OH Max. output voltage V ref -0.1 VV OL Min. output voltage1 V I OI Output (sink) current (COMP)V ID = -0.1V, V O = 1.25V 0.5 1.6 mA I OOOutput (source) current(COMP)V ID = 0.1V, V O = 1.25V-45 -70 µA Output sectionSymbol ParameterConditions Min.Typ. Max. Unit I LEAK Leakage current V O = 25V 10 µA Sink current V IN = 20V 200 mA I DRV Source currentV IN = 20V 200 mA V SATOutput saturation voltageI O = 10 mA 1.0 1.5 V I SC Short-circuit output currentV O = 6V120 mA PWM comparatorSymbol ParameterConditionsMin.Typ.Max.UnitV T0 CT 0.6 0.7 V V T100 Input threshold voltage at f =10 KHz (COMP) Maximum duty cycle 1.2 1.3 V Total deviceSymbolParameterConditionsMin.Typ. Max. Unit I CCA Average supply current C T = 270pF6 10 mA Soft StartSymbol Parameter ConditionsMin.Typ. Max. Unit V SS Soft-start Voltage 2.3 VI SSConstant Charge Current20µAPWM Buck ControllerTypical Application CircuitC3Step-Down DC/DC converterTypical CharacteristicsPWM Buck ControllerTypical Characteristics (Continued)Marking Information(Top View)PDIP/SOPLogo ID codeYear: "01" =2001 "02" =2002Xth week: 01~52~PWM Buck ControllerPackage Information(1) PDIP-8L (Plastic Dual-in-line Package )E-PIN O0.118 inchDimensions in millimeters Dimensions in inchesSymbolMin. Nom. Max. Min. Nom. Max.A - - 5.33 - - 0.210A1 0.38 - - 0.015 - - A2 3.1 3.30 3.5 0.122 0.130 0.138B 0.36 0.46 0.56 0.014 0.018 0.022B1 1.4 1.52 1.65 0.055 0.060 0.065 B2 0.81 0.99 1.14 0.032 0.039 0.045C 0.20 0.25 0.36 0.008 0.010 0.014D 9.02 9.27 9.53 0.355 0.365 0.375E 7.62 7.94 8.26 0.300 0.313 0.325E1 6.15 6.35 6.55 0.242 0.250 0.258e - 2.54 - - 0.100 -L 2.92 3.3 3.81 0.115 0.130 0.150 eB 8.38 8.89 9.40 0.330 0.350 0.370 S 0.71 0.84 0.97 0.028 0.033 0.038PWM Buck ControllerPackage Information (Continued)(2) SOP- 8L(JEDEC Small Outline Package)Dimensions In Millimeters Dimensions In InchesSymbolMin. Nom. Max. Min. Nom. Max.A 1.40 1.60 1.75 0.055 0.063 0.0690.040 - 0.100A1 0.10 - 0.25A2 1.30 1.45 1.50 0.051 0.057 0.059B 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.013 0.016 0.020C 0.19 0.20 0.25 0.0075 0.008 0.010D 4.80 5.05 5.30 0.189 0.199 0.209E 3.70 3.90 4.10 0.146 0.154 0.161e - 1.27 - - 0.050 -H 5.79 5.99 6.20 0.228 0.236 0.244L 0.38 0.71 1.27 0.015 0.028 0.050y - - 0.10 - - 0.004θ0O - 8O0O - 8O。
TDA2004A资料
TDA2004AMarch 199510+10W STEREO AMPLIFIER FOR CAR RADIOMULTIWATT11ORDERING NUMBER :TDA2004APIN CONNECTION (top view)Its main features are :Low distortion.Low noise .High reliability of the chip and of the package with additional safety during operation thanks to protec-tions against :.OUTPUT AC SHORT CIRCUIT TO GROUND .VERY INDUCTIVE LOADS.OVERRATING CHIP TEMPERATURE .LOAD DUMP VOLTAGE SURGE .FORTUITOUS OPEN GROUNDSpace and cost saving :very low number of exter-nal components,very simple mounting system with no electrical isolation between the package and the heatsink.DESCRIPTIONThe TDA2004A is a class B dual audio power am-plifier in MULTIWATT ®package specifically desi-gned for car radio applications;stereoamplifiers are easily designed using this device that provides a high current capability (up to 3.5A)and that can dri-ve very low impedance loads (down to 1.6Ω).1/10THERMAL DATASymbolParameterValue Unit R th j-case Thermal Resistance Junction-caseMax.3°C/WABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGSSymbol ParameterValue Unit V S Opearting Supply Voltage 18V V S DC Supply Voltage28V V S Peak Supply Voltage (for 50ms)40V I O (*)Output Peak Current (non repetitive t =0.1ms) 4.5A I O (*)Output Peak Current (repetitive f ≥10Hz) 3.5A P tot Power Dissipation at T case =60°C 30W T j ,T stgStorage and Junction Temperature–40to 150°CELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Refer to the test circuit,T amb =25°C,G V =50dB,Rt h (heatsink)=4°C/W,unless otherwise specified)Symbol ParameterTest ConditionMin.Typ.Max.Unit V S Supply Voltage818V V O Quiescent Output Voltage VS =14.4V V S =13.2V 6.66.07.26.67.87.2V V I d Total Quiescent Drain Current V S =14.4V V S =13.2V 6562120120mA mA I SB Stand-by CurrentPin 3grounded 5mAP OOutput Power (each channel)f =1KHz,d =10%V S =14.4V R L =4ΩR L =3.2ΩR L =2ΩR L =1.6Ω67910 6.5810(*)11W W W W V S =13.2V R L =3.2ΩR L =1.6Ω696.510w w V S =16V;R L =2Ω12w dDistortion (each channel)f =1KHzV S =14.4V;R L =4ΩP O =50mW to 4W V S =14.4V;R L =2ΩP O =50mW to 6WV S =13.2V;R L =3.2ΩP O =50mW to 3WV S =13.2V;R L =1.6ΩP O =50mW to 6W 0.20.30.20.31111%%%%CT Cross TalkV S =14.4VV O =4Vrms R L =4Ωf =1KHzf =10KHz Rg =5K Ω50406045dB dB V iInput Saturation Voltage300mV(*)The max.output current is internally limited.TDA2004A2/10Notes :(*)9.3W without Bootstrap(**)Bandwith Filter :22Hz to 22KHz.ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continuedSymbol ParameterTest ConditionMin.Typ.Max.Unit R i Input Resistance (non inverting input)f =1KHz 70200K Ωf LLow Frequency Roll off (-3dB)R L =4ΩR L =2ΩR L =3.2ΩR L =1.6Ω35504055Hz Hz Hz Hz f H High Frequency Roll off (-3dB)R L =1.6Ωto 4Ω15KHz G VVoltage gain (open loop)f =1KHz 90dB Voltage gain (closed loop)f =1KHz 485051dB closed loop gain matching0.5dB e N Total Input noise Voltage R g =10K Ω(**)1.55µV SVR Supply Voltage Rejection f ripple =100Hz;R g =10K ΩC3=10µF V ripple =0.5Vrms 3545dBηEfficiencyV S =14.4V f =1KHz R L =4ΩP O =6.5W R L =2ΩP O =10W V S =13.2V f =1KHZ R L =3.2ΩP O =6.5W R L =1.6ΩP O =10W70607060%%%%T JThermal Shutdown Junction Temperature145°CFigure 1:Test and Application Circuit.TDA2004A3/10Figure 2:P.C.Board and Component layout of the fig.1(scale 1:1).Figure 4:Quiescent Drain Current vs.Supply Voltage.Figure 3:Quiescent Output Voltage vs.Supply Voltage.TDA2004A4/10Figure 7:Output Power vs.Supply Voltage.Figure 8:Distortion vs.Frequency.Figure 6:Output Power vs.Supply Voltage.Figure 5:Distortion vs.Output Power.Figure 9:Distortion vs.Frequency.Figure 10:Supply Voltage Rejection vs.C 3.TDA2004A5/10Figure11:Supply Voltage Rejection vs.Frequency.Figure12:Supply Voltage Rejection vs.Values of Capacitors C2and C3.Figure15:Maximum Allowable PowerDissipation vs.Ambient Temperature.Figure16:Total Power Dissipation andEfficiency vs.Output Power.Figure13:Supply Voltage Rejection vs.Values of Capacitors C2and C3.Figure14:Gain vs.Input Sensitivity.TDA2004A 6/10Figure17:Total Power Dissipation andEfficiency vs.Output Power.APPLICATION SUGGESTIONThe recommended values of the componentsare those shown on application circuit of fig.1.Different values can be used;the following table can help the designer.Component Recomm.Value Purpose Larger Than Smaller Than R1120KΩOptimization of theoutput signal simmetrySmaller P O max.Smaller P O max.R2,R41KΩClose loop gainsetting(*)Increase of gain Decrease of gainR3,R5 3.3ΩDecrease of gain Increase of gainR6,R71ΩFrequency stability Danger of oscillationat high frequency withinductive loadC1,C2 2.2µF Input DC decoupling High turn-on delay High turn-on popHigher low frequencycutoff.Increase ofnoise C310µF Ripple Rejection Increase of SVR.Increase of the switch-on time.Degradation of SVR.C4,C6100µF Boostrapping Increase of distortionat low frequency C5,C7100µF Feedback Input DCdecoupling.C8,C90.1µF Frequency Stability Danger of oscillation.C10,C111000µF to2200µF Output DC decoupling.Higher low-frequencycut-off.(*)The closed–loop gain must be higher than26dB.TDA2004A7/10BUILT–IN PROTECTION SYSTEMSLOAD DUMP VOLTAGE SURGEThe TDA2004A has a circuit which enables it to wi-thstand a voltage pulse train,on pin9,of the type shown in Fig.19.If the supply voltage peaks to more than40V,then an LC filter must be insertedbetweenthe supplyand pin9,in order to assure that the pulses at pin9will be held within the limits shown.A suggested LC network is shown in Fig.18.With thisnetwork,a train of pulsewith amplitude up to120 V and with of2ms can be applied to point A.This type of protection is ON when the supply voltage (pulse or DC)exceeds18V.For this reason the ma-ximum operating supply voltage is18V.SHORT CIRCUIT(AC conditions)The TDA2004A can withstand an accidental short-circuit from the output to ground caused by a wrong connection during normal working.POLARITY INVERSIONHigh current(up to10A)can be handled by the de-vice with no damage for a longer period than the blow-out time of a quick2A fuse(normally connec-ted in series with the supply).This feature is added to avoid destruction,if during fitting to the car,a mi-stake on the connection of the supply is made. OPEN GROUNDWhen the ratio is the ON condition and the ground is accidentally opened,a standard audio amplifier will be damaged.On the TDA2004A protection dio-des are included to avoid any damage. INDUCTIVE LOADA protection diode is provided to allow use of the TDA2004A with inductive loads.DC VOLTAGEThe maximum operating DC voltage on the TDA2004A is18V.However the device can withstand a DC voltage up to28V withno damage.Thiscouldoccurduring win-ter if two batteries are series connected to crank the engine.THERMAL SHUT-DOWNThe presence of a thermal limiting circuit offers the following advantages:1)an overloadon the output(even if it is permanent), or an excessive ambient temperature can be easily withstood.2)the heatsink can have a smaller factor of safety compared with that of a conventionalcircuit.There is no device damage in the case of excessive jun-ction temperature;all that happens is the P O(and therefore P tot)and I d are reduced.The maximum allowable power dissipationdepends upon the size of the externalheatsink(i.e.its thermal resistance);fig.15shown this dissipable power as a function of ambient temperature for different ther-mal resistance.Figure18. Figure19. TDA2004A 8/10MULTIWATT11PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATADIM.mm inchMIN.TYP.MAX.MIN.TYP.MAX.A50.197B 2.650.104C 1.60.063D10.039E0.490.550.0190.022F0.880.950.0350.037G 1.45 1.7 1.950.0570.0670.077G116.751717.250.6590.6690.679H119.60.772H220.20.795L21.922.222.50.8620.8740.886L121.722.122.50.8540.870.886L217.418.10.6850.713L317.2517.517.750.6790.6890.699L410.310.710.90.4060.4210.429L7 2.65 2.90.1040.114M 4.25 4.55 4.850.1670.1790.191M1 4.73 5.08 5.430.1860.2000.214S 1.9 2.60.0750.102S1 1.9 2.60.0750.102Dia1 3.65 3.850.1440.152TDA2004A9/10TDA2004AInformation furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable.However,SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use.No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics.Specifica-tions mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice.This publication supersedes and replaces all information pre-viously supplied.SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics.©1995SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics-All Rights ReservedMULTIWATT®is a Registered Trademark of SGS-THOMSON MicroelectronicsSGS-THOMSON Microelectronics GROUP OF COMPANIESAustralia-Brazil-France-Germany-Hong Kong-Italy-Japan-Korea-Malaysia-Malta-Morocco-The Netherlands-Singapore-Spain-Sweden-Switzerland-Taiwan-Thaliand-United Kingdom-U.S.A.10/10。
圆极化微带天线的设计与实现 (1)
2004年4月重庆大学学报Apr.2004 第27卷第4期Journal of Chongqing UniversityVol.27 No.4 文章编号:1000-582X (2004)04-0057-04圆极化微带天线的设计与实现Ξ韩庆文,易念学,李忠诚,雷剑梅(重庆大学通信学院,重庆 400030)摘 要:圆极化微带天线是一种低剖面的天线元,研究圆极化微带天线的特性在天线设计中显得十分重要,而微带贴片天线的馈电位置的确定是设计的关键。
针对单端侧馈五边形圆极化微带天线进行了详细分析和论述;简要介绍了微带天线的实现方法,并介绍了一种用于分析多边形微带天线的有效方法———有限元分析法;通过对一个5.6GHz 的五边形圆极化微带天线的研究设计,给出了圆极化微带天线的设计过程,找到了确定馈电点位置的合理方法,采用HFSS 软件进行优化设计,进行仿真,给出了合理的仿真结果。
关键词:微带天线;圆极化;轴比;五边形;方向图;电压驻波比;带宽 中图分类号:TN820.11文献标识码:A 目前简单的线极化天线已很难满足人们的需求,这就使得圆极化微带天线倍受青睐。
但在微带天线的分析中,近似处理较多,使得天线的设计准确性并不太好,微带贴片天线的馈电位置的确定往往需要实验调整的方法进行研究。
另外由于微带天线的频带窄,设计尺寸的微小误差都会造成天线谐振频率的偏离,极化特性也会变差。
在实际工作中由于介质基片的离散性,也影响了谐振频率的准确性[1]。
针对上述问题,特别对圆极化微带天线的设计过程进行了深入的分析;通过应用HFSS 高频结构软件仿真,使天线的性能得到了优化。
1 微带天线微带天线是一种基于微带传输线的天线。
它有多种形式,按结构特征,可把微带天线分为两大类,即微带贴片天线和微带缝隙天线;常用的一类,是贴片微带天线。
贴片可以是矩形、圆形、椭圆形及其它形状,在此选用五边形贴片。
微带天线的辐射,是由微带天线边沿和接地板之间的边缘场产生的。
ULN2004
高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列系列产品及其应用摘要:ULN2000、ULN2800是高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列系列产品,具有电流增益高、工作电压高、温度范围宽、带负载能力强等特点,适应于各类要求高速大功率驱动的系统。
ULN2003A电路是美国Texas Instruments公司和Sprague公司开发的高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列电路,文中介绍了它的电路构成、特征参数及典型应用。
关键词:达林顿晶体管阵列驱动电路ULN2003 ULN2000系列ULN2800系列1 概述功率电子电路大多要求具有大电流输出能力,以便于驱动各种类型的负载。
功率驱动电路是功率电子设备输出电路的一个重要组成部分。
在大型仪器仪表系统中,经常要用到伺服电机、步进电机、各种电磁阀、泵等驱动电压高且功率较大的器件。
ULN2000、ULN2800高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列系列产品就属于这类可控大功率器件,由于这类器件功能强、应用范围语广。
因此,许多公司都生产高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列产品,从而形成了各种系列产品,ULN2000、ULN2800系列就是美国Texas Instruments公司、美国Sprague公司开发的高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列产品。
它们的系列型号分类如表1所列,生产2000、2800高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列系列产品的公司与型号对照表如表2所列。
在上述系列产品中,ULN2000系列能够同时驱动7组高压大电流负载,ULN2800系列则能够同时驱动8组高压大电流负载。
美国Texas Instruments公司、美国Sprague公司生产的ULN2003A 由7组达林顿晶体管阵列和相应的电阻网络以及钳位二极管网络构成,具有同时驱动7组负载的能力,为单片双极型大功率高速集成电路。
以下介绍该电路的构成、性能特征、电参数以及典型应用。
2000、2800高压大电流达林顿晶体管阵列系列中的其它产品的性能特性与应用可参考ULN2003A。
2004_104_EC
COMMISSION DIRECTIVE2004/104/ECof14October2004adapting to technical progress Council Directive72/245/EEC relating to the radio interference (electromagnetic compatibility)of vehicles and amending Directive70/156/EEC on the approxi-mation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles andtheir trailers(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Council Directive70/156/EEC of6February 1970on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers(1),and in particular Article13(2)thereof,Having regard to Council Directive72/245/EEC of20June 1972relating to the radio interference(electromagnetic compat-ibility)of vehicles(2),and in particular Article4thereof,Whereas:(1)Directive72/245/EEC is one of the separate directivesunder the type-approval procedure established byDirective70/156/EEC.(2)Since1995,when Directive72/245/EEC was amended,there has been a considerable increase in the number ofelectrical and electronic components fitted to motorvehicles.Such components now control not onlycomfort,information and entertainment devices buteven certain safety-relevant functions.(3)In the light of the experience gained since theamendment to Directive72/245/EEC,it is no longernecessary for after-market equipment unrelated to safetyfunctions to be regulated by a Directive specificallyconcerning electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)in theautomobile sector.For such equipment it is sufficientto obtain a Declaration of Conformity in accordancewith the procedures laid down in Council Directive89/336/EEC of3May1989on the approximation of thelaws of the Member States relating to electromagneticcompatibility(3)and in Directive1999/5/EC of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of9March1999on radio equipment and telecommunicationsterminal equipment and the mutual recognition of theirconformity(4).(4)The EMC requirements and test provisions for electricaland electronic equipment have constantly been updatedthrough the standardisation work of the InternationalSpecial Committee on Radio Interference(CISPR)andthe International Organisation for Standardisation(ISO).It is therefore appropriate to refer in this Directive to thetest procedures outlined in the recent editions of therelevant standards.(5)Directive72/245/EEC should therefore be amendedaccordingly.(6)The amendments to Directive72/245/EEC have animpact on Directive70/156/EEC.It is thereforenecessary to amend that directive accordingly.(7)The measures provided for in this Directive are inaccordance with the opinion of the Committee for Adap-tation to Technical Progress established by Directive70/156/EEC,HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article1The Annexes to Directive72/245/EEC are replaced by the Annexes to this Directive.(1)OJ L42,23.2.1970,p.1.Directive as last amended by CommissionDirective2004/78/EC(OJ L153,30.4.2004,p.103).(2)OJ L152,6.7.1972,p.15.Directive as last amended by Directive95/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(OJ L266,8.11.1995,p.1).(3)OJ L139,23.5.1989,p.19.Directive as last amended by Directive93/68/EEC(OJ L220,30.8.1993,p.1).(4)OJ L91,7.4.1999,p.10.Article21.With effect from1January2006,for vehicles, components or separate technical units which comply with the provisions laid down in Annexes I to X to Directive 72/245/EEC as amended by this Directive,no Member State may,on grounds relating to electromagnetic compatibility:(a)refuse to grant EC type-approval,or national type-approvalor(b)prohibit registration,sale or entry into service.2.With effect from1July2006,for a type of vehicle, component or separate technical unit where the requirements laid down in Annexes I to X to Directive72/245/EEC,as amended by this Directive,are not fulfilled,Member States, on grounds related to electromagnetic compatibility:(a)shall no longer grant EC type-approval,and(b)may refuse to grant national type-approval.3.With effect from1January2009,if the provisions laid down in Annexes I to X to Directive72/245/EEC,as amended by this Directive,are not fulfilled,Member States,on grounds related to electromagnetic compatibility:(a)shall consider certificates of conformity which accompanynew vehicles in accordance with the provisions of Directive 70/156/EEC to be no longer valid for the purposes of Article7(1)of that Directive;(b)may refuse the registration,sale or entry into service of newvehicles.4.As from1January2009,the provisions laid down in Annexes I to X to Directive72/245/EEC,as amended by this Directive,relating to electromagnetic compatibility,shall apply to components or separate technical units for the purposes of Article7(2)of Directive70/156/EEC.Article3Directive70/156/EEC is amended as follows:1.Annex I is amended as follows:(a)the following line is added to point0.5:‘Name and address of authorised representative,if any:’(b)the following point is inserted:‘12.7.Table of installation and use of RF transmitters in the vehicle(s),if applicable(see Annex I,3.1.8.):frequencybands(Hz)max.outputpower(W)antenna position at vehicle,specific conditions forinstallation and/or useThe applicant for type-approval must also supply,whereappropriate:Appendix1A list(with make(s)and type(s)of all electrical and/orelectronic components concerned by this Directive(seepoints2.1.9and2.1.10)and not previously listed.Appendix2Schematics or drawing of the general arrangement ofelectrical and/or electronic components(concerned bythis Directive)and the general wiring harnessarrangement.Appendix3Description of vehicle chosen to represent the typeBody style:Left or right hand drive:Wheelbase:Appendix4Relevant test report(s)supplied by the manufacturer orapproved/recognised laboratories for the purpose ofdrawing up the type-approval certificate.’2.In Annex III,Section A,the following line is added to point0.5:‘Name and address of authorised representative,if any:’.Article4Transposition1.Member States shall adopt and publish,by31December 2005at the latest,the laws,regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive.They shall forthwith communicate to the Commission the text of those provisions and a correlation table between those provisions and this Directive.They shall apply those provisions from1January2006.When Member States adopt those provisions,they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication.Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made.2.Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the main provisions of national law,which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.Article5This Directive shall enter into force on the20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.Article6This Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Brussels,14October2004.For the CommissionOlli REHNMember of the CommissionLIST OF ANNEXESANNEX I Requirements to be met by vehicles and electrical/electronic subassemblies fitted to a vehicle Appendix1:List of standards referred to in this DirectiveAppendix2:Vehicle broadband reference limitsAntenna-vehicle separation:10mAppendix3:Vehicle broadband reference limitsAntenna-vehicle separation:3mAppendix4:Vehicle narrowband reference limitsAntenna-vehicle separation:10mAppendix5:Vehicle narrowband reference limitsAntenna-vehicle separation:3mAppendix6:Electrical/electronic subassemblyBroadband reference limitsAppendix7:Electrical/electronic subassemblyNarrowband reference limitsAppendix8:Model for the EC type-approval markANNEX II A Information document relating to EC type-approval of a vehicleANNEX II B Information document relating to EC type-approval of an electric/electronic subassemblyANNEX III A Model of EC type-approval certificateANNEX III B Model of EC type-approval certificateANNEX III C Model of attestation with regard to Annex I,3.2.9.ANNEX IV Method of measurement of radiated broadband electromagnetic emissions from vehiclesANNEX V Method of measurement of radiated narrowband electromagnetic emissions from vehiclesANNEX VI Method of testing for immunity of vehicles to electromagnetic radiationANNEX VII Method of measurement of radiated broadband electromagnetic emissions from electrical/electronic subas-sembliesAppendix1—Figure1:Open-area test site:electrical/electronic subassembly test area boundaryLevel clear area free from electromagnetic reflecting surfacesANNEX VIII Method of measurement of radiated narrowband electromagnetic emissions from electrical/electronic subassembliesANNEX IX Method(s)of testing for immunity of electrical/electronic subassemblies to electromagnetic radiation Appendix1—Figure1:800mm stripline testingAppendix1—Figure2:800mm stripline dimensionsAppendix2:Typical TEM cell dimensionsANNEX X Method(s)of testing for immunity to and emission of transients of electrical/electronic subassembliesREQUIREMENTS TO BE MET BY VEHICLES AND ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SUBASSEMBLIES FITTED TO AVEHICLE1.SCOPEThis Directive applies to the electromagnetic compatibility of vehicles covered in Article1,being vehicles or trailers(hereinafter referred to as vehicles)as supplied by the vehicle manufacturer and to components or separate technical units intended to be fitted in vehicles.It covers:—requirements regarding the immunity to radiated and conducted disturbances for functions related to direct control of the vehicle,related to driver,passenger and other road users'protection and related to distur-bances,which would cause confusion to the driver or other road users,—requirements regarding the control of unwanted radiated and conducted emissions to protect the intended use of electrical or electronic equipment at own or adjacent vehicles or nearby,and the control ofdisturbances from accessories that may be retrofitted to the vehicle.2.DEFINITIONS2.1.For the purposes of this Directive:2.1.1.‘Electromagnetic compatibility’means the ability of a vehicle or component(s)or separate technical unit(s)tofunction satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment.2.1.2.‘Electromagnetic disturbance’means any electromagnetic phenomenon which may degrade the performance ofa vehicle or component(s)or separate technical unit(s),or of any other device,unit of equipment or systemoperated in vicinity of a vehicle.An electromagnetic disturbance may be electromagnetic noise,an unwanted signal or a change in the propagation medium itself.2.1.3.‘Electromagnetic immunity’means the ability of a vehicle or component(s)or separate technical unit(s)tooperate without degradation of performance in the presence of(specified)electromagnetic disturbances which includes wanted radio frequency signals from radio transmitters or radiated in-band emissions of industrial-scientific-medical(ISM)apparatus,internal or external to the vehicle.2.1.4.‘Electromagnetic environment’means the totality of electromagnetic phenomena existing at a given location.2.1.5.‘Broadband emission’means an emission,which has a bandwidth greater than that of a particular measuringapparatus or receiver(International Special Committee on Radio Interference(CISPR)25,2nd edition).2.1.6.‘Narrowband emission’means an emission which has a bandwidth less than that of a particular measuringapparatus or receiver(CISPR25,2nd edition).2.1.7.‘Electrical/electronic system’means(an)electrical and/or electronic device(s)or set(s)of devices together withany associated electrical connections which form part of a vehicle but which are not intended to be type-approved separately from the vehicle.2.1.8.‘Electrical/electronic subassembly’(ESA)means an electrical and/or electronic device or set(s)of devices intendedto be part of a vehicle,together with any associated electrical connections and wiring,which performs one or more specialised functions.An ESA may be approved at the request of a manufacturer or his authorised representative as either a‘component’or a‘separate technical unit(STU)’(see Directive70/156/EEC,Article2).2.1.9.‘Vehicle type’in relation to electromagnetic compatibility means vehicles which do not differ essentially in suchrespects as:2.1.9.1.the overall size and shape of the engine compartment;2.1.9.2.the general arrangement of the electrical and/or electronic components and the general wiring arrangement;2.1.9.3.the primary material of which the body or shell(if applicable)of the vehicle is constructed(for example,a steel,aluminium or fibreglass body shell).The presence of panels of different material does not change the vehicle type provided the primary material of the body is unchanged.However,such variations must be notified.2.1.10.An‘ESA type’in relation to electromagnetic compatibility means ESAs which do not differ in such essentialrespects as:2.1.10.1.the function performed by the ESA;2.1.10.2.the general arrangement of the electrical and/or electronic components,if applicable.2.1.11.‘Vehicle wiring harness’means supply voltage,bus system(e.g.CAN),signal or active antenna cables,which areinstalled by the vehicle manufacturer.2.1.12.Immunity-related functions are:(a)functions related to the direct control of the vehicle:—by degradation or change in engine,gear,brake,suspension,active steering,speed limitation devices,for example,—by affecting driver’s position,e.g.seat or steering wheel positioning,—by affecting driver’s visibility:e.g.dipped beam,windscreen wiper;(b)functions related to driver,passenger and other road-user protection:—e.g.airbag and safety restraint systems;(c)functions which,when disturbed,cause confusion to the driver or other road users:—optical disturbances:incorrect operation of e.g.direction indicators,stop lamps,end outline marker lamps,rear position lamp,light bars for emergency system,wrong information from warning indicators,lamps or displays related to functions in clauses(a)or(b)which might be observed in the direct view ofthe driver,—acoustical disturbances:incorrect operation of anti-theft alarm,horn,for example;(d)functions related to vehicle data bus functionality:—by blocking data transmission on vehicle data bus-systems,which are used to transmit data,required to ensure the correct functioning of other immunity-related functions;(e)functions which,when disturbed,affect vehicle statutory data:e.g.tachograph,odometer.3.APPLICATION FOR EC TYPE-APPROVAL3.1.Approval of a vehicle type3.1.1.The application for approval of a vehicle type,with regard to its electromagnetic compatibility pursuant toArticle3(4)of Directive70/156/EEC shall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer.3.1.2.A model for the information document is given in Annex IIA.3.1.3.The vehicle manufacturer shall draw up a schedule describing all relevant vehicle electrical/electronic systems orESAs,body styles(1),variations in body material(1),general wiring arrangements,engine variations,left-hand/right-hand drive versions and wheelbase versions.Relevant vehicle electrical/electronic systems or ESAs are those which may emit significant broadband or narrowband radiation and/or those which are involved in immunity-related functions(see paragraph2.1.12of this Annex)of the vehicle.(1)If applicable.3.1.4.A representative vehicle shall be selected from this schedule for the purpose of being tested,in mutualagreement between the manufacturer and the competent authority.This vehicle shall represent the vehicle type(see Appendix1to Annex IIA).The choice of vehicle shall be based on the electrical/electronic systems offered by the manufacturer.One or more vehicles may be selected from this schedule for the purpose of being tested if it is considered by mutual agreement between the manufacturer and the competent authority that different electrical/electronic systems are included which are likely to have a significant effect on the vehicle's electromagnetic compatibility compared with the first representative vehicle.3.1.5.The choice of the vehicle(s)in conformity with paragraph3.1.4is limited to vehicle/electrical/electronic systemcombinations intended for actual production.3.1.6.The manufacturer may supplement the application with a report from tests,which have been carried out.Anysuch data provided may be used by the approval authority for the purpose of drawing up the type-approval certificate.3.1.7.If the technical service responsible for the type-approval test carries out the test itself,then a vehicle repre-sentative of the type to be approved,according to paragraph3.1.4shall be provided.3.1.8.The vehicle manufacturer must provide a statement of frequency bands,power levels,antenna positions andinstallation provisions for the installation of RF-transmitters,even if the vehicle is not equipped with RF-transmitter at time of type-approval.This should cover all mobile radio services normally used in vehicles.This information must be made publicly available following the type-approval.Vehicle manufacturers must provide evidence that vehicle performance is not adversely affected by such transmitter installations.3.2.Approval of a type of electrical/electronic subassembly(ESA)3.2.1.Applicability of this Directive to ESA:3.2.2.The application for approval of a type of ESA with regard to its electromagnetic compatibility pursuant toArticle3(4)of Directive70/156/EEC shall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by the manufacturer of the ESA or his/her authorised representative.3.2.3.A model for the information document is given in Annex II B.3.2.4.The manufacturer may supplement the application with a report from tests which have been carried out.Anysuch data provided may be used by the approval authority for the purpose of drawing up the type-approval certificate.For equipment intended for installation in a vehicle,the manufacturer may supplement the appli-cation with the manufacturer’s Declaration of Conformity in line with the provisions of Directive99/5/EC or Directive89/336/EEC,the EMC test report and the instruction for the user giving guidance for installation of such equipment in vehicles.3.2.5.If the technical service responsible for the type-approval test carries out the test itself,then a sample of the ESAsystem representative of the type to be approved shall be provided,if necessary,after discussion with the manufacturer on,for example,possible variations in the layout,number of components,number of sensors.If the technical service deems it necessary,it may select a further sample.3.2.6.The sample(s)must be clearly and indelibly marked with the manufacturer’s trade name or mark and the typedesignation.3.2.7.Where applicable,any restrictions on use should be identified.Any such restrictions must be included inAnnexes II B and/or III B.3.2.8.ESAs which are brought to the market as spare parts need no type-approval if they are obviously marked as aspare part by an identification number and if they are identical and from the same manufacturer as the corresponding original equipment manufacturer(OEM)part for an already type-approved vehicle.ponents sold as aftermarket equipment and intended for the installation in motor vehicles need no type-approval if they are not related to immunity-related functions(Annex I,2.1.12).In this case a Declaration of Conformity according to the procedures of Directive89/336/EEC or1999/5/EC must be issued.Part of this declaration must be that the ESA fulfils the limits defined in paragraphs6.5,6.6,6.8and6.9of Annex I to this Directive.During a transition period of four years after coming into force of this Directive the responsible for placing on the market of such a product has to submit all relevant information and/or a sample to a technical service which will determine if the equipment is immunity-related or not.The result of the inspection shall be available within three weeks and not require additional testing.A document according to the example given in Annex IIIC shall be issued by the technical service within the same period.Member States shall report,by a date threeyears from the entry into force of this Directive,any cases of refusals on safety grounds.Based on the practical experience with this requirement and based on the reports submitted by Member States,it will be decided, according to the procedure referred to in Article13of Directive70/156/EEC,and before the end of the transition period,if this document is still required in addition to the Declaration of Conformity.4.TYPE-APPROVAL4.1.Routes to type-approval4.1.1.Type-approval of a vehicleThe following alternative routes to type-approval of a vehicle may be used at the discretion of the vehicle manufacturer.4.1.1.1.Approval of a vehicle installationA vehicle installation may achieve type-approval directly by following the provisions laid down in the relevantparts of paragraph6of this Annex.If this route is chosen by a vehicle manufacturer,no separate testing of electrical/electronic systems or ESAs is required.4.1.1.2.Approval of vehicle type by testing of individual ESAsA vehicle manufacturer may obtain approval for the vehicle by demonstrating to the approval authority that allthe relevant(see paragraph3.1.3of this Annex)electrical/electronic systems or ESAs have individually been approved in accordance with this Directive and have been installed in accordance with any conditions attached thereto.4.1.1.3.A manufacturer,if he/she wishes,may obtain approval according to this Directive if the vehicle has noequipment of the type which is subject to immunity or emission tests.Such approvals do not require testing.4.1.2.Type-approval of an ESAType-approval may be granted to an ESA to be fitted either to any vehicle type(component approval)or to a specific vehicle type or types requested by the ESA manufacturer(separate technical unit approval).4.1.3.ESAs,which are intentional RF transmitters,which have not received type-approval in conjunction with avehicle manufacturer,must be supplied with suitable installation guidelines.4.2.Granting of type-approval4.2.1.Vehicle4.2.1.1.If the representative vehicle fulfils the requirements of this Directive,EC type-approval pursuant to Article4(3),and if applicable,Article4(4)of Directive70/156/EEC shall be granted.4.2.1.2.A model for the EC type-approval certificate is given in Annex III A.4.2.2.ESA4.2.2.1.If the representative ESA system(s)fulfil(s)the requirements of this Directive,EC type-approval pursuant toArticle4(3),and if applicable,Article4(4)of Directive70/156/EEC shall be granted.4.2.2.2.A model for the EC type-approval certificates is given in Annex III B.4.2.3.In order to draw up the certificates referred to in paragraph4.2.1.2or4.2.2.2,the competent authority of theMember State granting the approval may use a report prepared by a test laboratory accredited to ISO17025 and recognised by the Approval Authority.4.3.Amendments to approvals4.3.1.In the case of amendments to approvals granted pursuant to this Directive,the provisions of Article5ofDirective70/156/EEC shall apply.4.3.2.Amendment of a vehicle type-approval by ESA addition or substitution4.3.2.1.Where a vehicle manufacturer has obtained approval for a vehicle installation and wishes to fit an additional orsubstitutional electrical/electronic system or ESA which has already received approval pursuant to this Directive, and which will be installed in accordance with any conditions attached thereto,the vehicle approval may be amended without further testing.The additional or substitutional electrical/electronic system or ESA shall be considered as part of the vehicle for conformity of production purposes.4.3.2.2.Where the additional or substitutional part(s)has(have)not received approval pursuant to this Directive,and iftesting is considered necessary,the whole vehicle shall be deemed to comply if the new or revised part(s)can be shown to comply with the relevant requirements of paragraph6or if,in a comparative test,the new part can be shown not to be likely to adversely affect compliance of the vehicle type.4.3.3.The addition of used ESAs,which are not type-approved according to this Directive because at their first timeof installation no type-approval was required,shall not invalidate the type-approval if the installation of such used ESAs is done according to the recommendations of the ESA and vehicle manufacturer.5.MARKING5.1.Every ESA conforming to a type approved under this Directive shall bear an EC type-approval mark.5.2.The EC type-approval mark shall consist ofa rectangle surrounding the lower case letter‘e’followed by the distinguishing number of the Member Statewhich has granted the EC component type-approval:1for Germany2for France3for Italy4for the Netherlands5for Sweden6for Belgium7for Hungary8for the Czech Republic9for Spain11for the United Kingdom12for Austria13for Luxembourg17for Finland18for Denmark20for Poland21for Portugal23for Greece24for Ireland26for Slovenia27for Slovakia29for Estonia32for Latvia36for Lithuania49for Cyprus50for MaltaIn the vicinity of the rectangle the‘base approval number’contained in section4of the type-approval number referred to in Annex VII of Directive70/156/EEC preceded by the two figures indicating the sequence number assigned to the latest major technical amendment to this Directive.The amendment sequence number and the component type-approval number shown on the certificate shall be separated by a single space.In this Directive the sequence number is03.5.3.The EC type-approval mark must be affixed to the main part of the ESA(e.g.the electronic control unit)insuch a way as to be clearly legible and indelible.5.4.An example of the EC type-approval mark is shown in Appendix8.5.5.No marking is required for electrical/electronic systems included in vehicle types approved by this Directive,andfor spare parts as defined in paragraph3.2.8.5.6.Markings on ESAs in compliance with paragraph5.3need not be visible when the ESA is installed in a vehicle.6.SPECIFICATIONS6.1.General specification6.1.1.A vehicle and its electrical/electronic system(s)or ESA(s)shall be so designed,constructed and fitted as toenable the vehicle,in normal conditions of use,to comply with the requirements of this Directive.6.1.1.1.A vehicle shall be tested for radiated emissions and for immunity to radiated disturbances.No tests forconducted emissions or immunity to conducted disturbances are required for vehicle type-approval.6.1.1.2.ESA(s)shall be tested for radiated and conducted emissions,for immunity to radiated and conducted distur-bances.6.1.2.Before testing,the technical service has to prepare a test plan in conjunction with the manufacturer,whichcontains at least mode of operation,stimulated function(s),monitored function(s),pass/fail criteria(s)and intended emissions.。
电磁散射问题的快速计算
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LSS2004
LSS2004烟尘浓度连续监测仪使用说明书安荣信科技(北京)有限公司2012年目录1概述 (3)1.1用途 (3)1.2工作原理 (3)1.3主要指标 (4)2设备安装 (5)2.1安装准备 (5)2.1.1安装位置选择 (5)2.1.2确定仪器光程 (6)2.1.3法兰准备 (6)2.1.4控制电缆准备 (7)2.1.5吹扫系统准备 (7)2.1.6其他配件和工具 (8)2.2 安装调试 (8)2.2.1结构安装 (8)2.2.2电气连接 (9)(4~20)mA电流环接口 (10)RS-485接口 (10)继电器输出接口(报警指示) (11)3测量范围设置 (12)4标定 (12)5校准 (13)6设备维护 (14)6.1 光学元件 (14)6.2 吹扫系统 (14)7故障处理 (15)1概述1.1用途LSS2004型系列烟尘浓度连续监测仪是新一代在线监测仪器,可以在风、雨、雷电、粉尘、高低温度等恶劣环境下长期连续不间断地监测污染源的烟尘排放情况,目前已经广泛应用以下领域:固定污染源烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)中颗粒物浓度测试、除尘设备效率监测、燃烧效率监测、工业制造过程中粉尘浓度的测量、工矿企业职业健康保护粉尘监测、生产车间、厂房的粉尘负荷监控、科学研究、实验现场测试等。
涉及行业包括水泥、火电、钢铁、冶金、炼油、铝业、石化、造纸、玻璃工业等。
1.2工作原理LSS2004采用激光后向散射测试原理完成对被测烟道的烟尘浓度的测定。
LSS2004内嵌的高稳定激光信号源穿越烟道,照射烟尘粒子,被照射的烟尘粒子将反射激光信号,反射的信号强度与烟尘浓度成正变化。
LSS2004检测烟尘反射的微弱激光信号,通过特定的算法即可计算出烟道烟尘的浓度。
仪器由电气系统、光学系统、结构件三大部分组成。
电气系统采用数字信号处理技术,分为激光发射模块、光接收模块、中央处理模块、接口模块四大部分,用先进的微处理器及嵌入式软件控制系统,实现包括光功率自适应稳定、大动态自适应锁相放大、极低零点漂移设计、抗恶劣环境等功能,提供快速、可靠和准确的定量烟尘排放数据。
704A系列手持测试仪产品介绍说明书
Highlights●Rugged, Lightweight & Hand-Held●RJ-11 Modular JackDual Min-Phone Jacks (Bantam)tion for installation and maintenance of analog voice and data cir-cuits. Users for all models of the 704A-400 Series are DS0/DS1,Central Office (CO), Digital Operations Group (DOG), SpecialServices, and CO/OSP Construction Technicians.A pplicationsServices TestedAll Models perform the following tests:HDSL (E, F and G NoiseFilter, Impulse Noise) POTS, Analog Special Services, PBX Trunks(No CO/PBX Emulation for the 704A-410). The704A-430 and the704A-460 both include CO/PBX Emulation and can be substitutedfor a CO switch or PBX, while the 704A-460 includes CLASS CPEEmulation which can be substituted for CPE at MDF or NID.Facilities Tested/QualifiedAll models perform Facilities Testing/Qualified. These categories© 2005 CXR/Larus Corporation (P/N 96-50000-502, Rev. A)Other product and company names referenced herein may be trademarks or trade names of their respective owners. Features and specifications are subject to change without notice.Sp ecificationsINTERFACESAll Models: 2- or 4-Wire RJ-11, dual Bantam IMPEDANCESAll Models: 100, 135, 600, 900, 1200 Ohm & Bridged PHYSICAL ●Dimensions:9.5 in x 6.33 in x 3.5 in (L x W x H)(Equipped with all options - Less than 2.2 lbs.)9.5 in x 6.33 in x 2.63 in (L x W x H)(Basic 704A-400 Series – Weight approx. 3 lbs.)●Operating Environment: 32°to 122°F (0°to 50°C), 0 to 95% R.H.(Non-Condensing)●Power Requirements: 5 Watts at 115 VAC, 60Hz nominal for 9 VDC external DC power supply ●CLEI Codes:TETMAAE7AA, TETMAAF7AA●Battery: 4 Hours continuous operation from the internal 7.2 VDC NimH pack. Charge time: 14 hours ●2W/4W Interface:RJ-11 C or Dual Bantam (210) connector ●Impedance:100/135/600/900/1200 ohms in terminated mode; >30K Ohms in bridged mode.●Longitudinal Balance:Better than 60dB from 200Hz to 1.5MHz●Audio & Display:Built in speaker with volume control. Display is LCD, 4 line x 20 character●Line Hold:Electronic, internally current limited to 24mA on either the 2W or 4W-XMT port when Off-Hook ●Dial:16 Character DTMF generation, 12 character MF generation, 10 digit Dial Pulse generation●Measurements:Level (dBm), Frequency, Weighted Noise, Notch Noise, Signal to noise ratio, Impulse Noise, Return Loss, 23-Tone Sequence (RMS level/frequency, individual level/frequency, IMD, EDD, S/TD, SNR), Advanced Caller ID CND/CNAM (optional), Line voltage, current and ring voltage, Load Coil Detect, MF/DTMF/Dial Pulse analysisSIGNALING ●Signaling Interfaces:Emulate network and terminal end of Loop Start, Ground Start, Direct Inward Dial, E&M I-IV, Originate or terminate call, Analyze digits, perform transmission tests●Signaling Modes:MF/DTMF/Dial Pulse analysis ●CO Emulation:Wink start or immediate start●Measurements:Pre-wink, wink duration and answer delay for up to 999ms with 1ms resolution●Loop Current Detection:Loop current detector must exceed 20ms to detect a valid off-hook state●DTMF Generation:Transmit level of -7 ±0.2dBm, with 1.5dB twist ●MF Generation:Transmit level of -7 ±0.2dBm●Dial Pulse Generation:-10 Pulses per second with 60% break and 250mS inter-digit time●PBX Emulation Mode:Wink start or immediate start with pre-wink time of 1 sec and wink duration of 250mS ± 2mS ●Measurements:Up to 9999mS maximum post wink time with 1mS resolution and ± 1mS accuracy●Battery Feed:-48 VDC 400 ohm DC feed limited to 24mA ●MF Receiver:All 15 valid MF tones received at levels as low as -30dBm●DTMF Receiver:16 digit receiver (1-9, 0, A, B, C, D, *, #)●Dial Pulse Receiver:12 digit receiver (1-9, 0, *, 3) Range is from 3 to 29 pulses per second with a 10 to 90% break DTMF ANALYSIS ●Frequency Meas:A high/low group frequency accuracy of ±3Hz with 1Hz resolution●Level Meas:A high/low tone group range accuracy of +1.5 to -28dB with 0.1dB resolution and ±0.5dB accuracy●Timing Meas:1mS to 65.5 seconds with 1mS resolution and ±1mS accuracy●Tone Acceptance:Maximum twist of ±10 dB with 35 mS minimum tone duration. 18 dB maximum dial tone level toleranceCLASS SERVICES TESTING (OPTIONAL)●Enhanced Caller/Name ID:Test Functions ●Timing Measurements:1mS to 60 seconds with 1mS resolution and±1mS accuracyCLASS SERVICES TESTING (OPTIONAL - CONTINUED)●Receiver Sensitivity:Carrier must be received at -45dB minimumreceiver sensitivity●FSK Data Detection:Continuous phase coherent FSK detection(1200/2200Hz ±1%) @ 1200 BPS●Ring Voltage Measurements:40 to 140 VAC with 1 volt resolution and ±2 Vaccuracy GENERATOR ●Variable Tone:Frequency adjustable from 50Hz to 1.5MHz in1Hz steps: accurate to within ±0.5Hz●Fixed Tones:Program 50Hz, 100Hz, 1kHz, 5kHz, 8kHz, and 15kHz. (transmit level fixed at 0.0dBm)●ADSL Tones:28kHz, 40kHz, 48kHz, 82kHz, 196kHz, 392kHz (level adj. +13dBm to –40dBm)●Wideband Sweep:400Hz to 3200Hz in 200Hz steps, 4800Hz, 8000Hz, 28kHz, 32kHz, 36kHz, 48kHz, 80kHz, 82kHz. Level adjustable from +13dBm to –40dBm●3–Tone Slope:404Hz, 1004Hz, 2804Hz, each at ±0.5Hz. Level adjustable in 4 steps of 0, -10, -13 and –16dBm ±0.2dBm●2713Hz Loop Back Generated at at ±0.5Hz. Level adjustable as in 3-Tone Slope●Level Accuracy:600/900/1200 ohm mode ±0.1dB from 400 to 10,000Hz; ±0.5dB from 200 to 30,000Hz●100/135 Ohm 4W Mode:±0.2dB from 400 to 30,000. Optional wideband 135 ohm; ±0.5dB from 250 to 1.5MHzLevel adjustable from +13dBm to –40dBm in 0.1dB steps●23-Tone Test:Generate 23-Tone sequence per IEEE-1995 at –6dBm to –40dBm. Measures individualfrequencies and level, RMS composite tone, IMD,EDD, S/TD and S/NR●Return Loss:Continuous generation of band limited noise signal sent at –6 ±1.0dBm in each of three bands●DTMF Generation:XMT level of –7 ±0.2dBm, w/1.5dB twist: freq Accurate to –0.5Hz, 75mS on, 75mS offRECEIVER ●Level Accuracy:+13 to - 72 dBmFor 600, 900 and 1200 ohm impedance :±0.2dB from 200Hz to 20,000Hz For 135 and 100 ohm impedance:±0.5dB from 1,000Hz to 600,000Hz and ±1dB from 600,000Hz to 1,500,000Hz●Frequency:For 50 to 1,500,000 Hz, frequency measurement accuracy is ±1 Hz resolution with 0.005% accuracy with 1Hz resolution●Noise:15 to 95dBrn with 1dBrn resolution and ±1dBrn accuracy from 20 to 90dBrn●Noise Filters:C-MSG, 3KHz Flat (D), Program, 15KHz Flat and E, F and G●Notched Noise:1010Hz notch, with a minimum of 50dB attenuation in the band of 995 to 1025Hz●Signal to Noise Ratio:Holding tone (1004Hz) must be in the range of +6 to –45dB: Measured S/N ratio range from from 10 to 55dB with 1dB resolution and ±2dB accuracy●3-Level lmpulse Noise:Threshold can be set from 30 to 90dBrn: 3 level difference fixed at 4dBrn with a measurement accuracy of ±1dBrn. Blanking interval fixed at 125ms with 3 independent counters●23-Tone Test:Generate 23-Tone sequence per IEEE-743(1995 Edition) at -6dBm to -40dBm.Measures individual frequencies and level, RMS Composite Tone, IMD, EDD, S/TD and S/NR ●Return Loss:Three bands: ERL, SRL-HI, SRL-LO; Range of 0 to -30dB with 1dB resolution and ±1dB accuracy. Continuous generation of band limited noise signal sent at -6 ±1.0 dBm in each of 3 bands ●Line Voltage Measurement 2 to 85 VDC : 0.1 Volt resolution and ±1 Volt accuracy●Line Current Measurement10 to 80mA; 0.1mA resolution and ±1mA accuracyHalcyon 704A-400 SeriesPlease contact CXR for the Ordering Configurations,accessories and options associated with the 704A-400 Series.。
MSA测量系统分析第四版
Measurement System Analysis
第四版
2023年6月公布
2024/9/22
1
MSA第四版发生了那些变化?
与MSA第三版相比,手册旳第四版没有发生明显 旳变化,只是补充提醒了某些分析措施,使读者更轻 易了解,同步也对某些使用者旳常犯错误做了主要旳 观念澄清。
譬如:澄清MSA与校准旳关系、更清楚地定义测 量决策、改善了偏倚和线性内容、重写了高级旳MSA 技术(涉及破坏性试验)、计数型分析旳更新、测量 旳不拟定度和MSA、 APQP和MSA旳关系等等。
其中 d2* 能够从附录c中查 到,g=1,m =n
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32
拟定偏倚旳指南 - 独立样件法
6.拟定偏倚旳 t 统计量: 偏倚=观察测量平均值-基准值
其中σr=σ反复性
7.假如 0 落在围绕偏倚值1- 置信区间以内 ,偏倚在 水平是可接受旳。 d2,d2*和v能够在附录 c 中查到, g =1,m=n
2024/9/22
17
测量系统误差旳影响
Ⅰ不好旳零件永远视为不好旳零件 Ⅱ可能做出潜在旳错误决定 Ⅲ好零件永远被视为好零件
“取伪”、“弃真”旳过程发生在Ⅱ区域。
2024/9/22
18
测量系统误差旳影响
从位置旳角度去考虑,偏倚、线性、稳定 性为位置旳误差,如图: 针对基准值旳位移。
从宽度旳角度去考虑,反复性、再现性为宽 度旳误差。伴随
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偏倚旳分析程序
1.3假如不可能按上述措施对样件进行测量,可采用下面 旳替代措施。
在工具室或全尺寸检验设备上对零件进行精密测量 ,拟定基准值。 1.4让一位评价人用正被评价旳量具测量同一零件至少十 次,并统计成果。 1.5计算读数旳平均值。平均值与基准值之间旳差值为该 测量系统旳偏倚。
DSO1004A操作指南
具有可调整的灵敏度 (过滤噪音并避免错误触发)。 • 数学函数波形: 加、减、乘、 FFT。 • USB 端口 (2 个主机, 1 个设备),便于轻松打印、保存和共
设置 其他触发参数 92 设置 触发器触发方式 92 设置 触发耦合 92 设置 触发高频抑制耦合 93 更改触发灵敏度 94 指定触发释抑 95
使用外部触发输入 96
4 进行测量 97
显示自动测量 98 显示自动测量 98 从显示屏清除自动测量 99 显示或隐藏所有自动测量 99 选择通道进行延迟 / 相位测量 99
设置 参数设置
136
设置 屏幕保护 136
选择垂直刻度参考级别 136
选择 USB 设备端口功能 137
运行自我校准 138
7 规格和特征 139
环境条件 140 过电压类别 140 污染度 140 污染度定义 140
测量类别 141 测量类别定义 141 瞬时承受能力 141
141 规格 142 特征 143
Agilent 1000 系列示波器用户指南
3
在本手册中
本指南说明如何使用 Agilent 1000 系列示波器。
1 入门
说明初次使用示波器时应遵循的基本步骤。
2 显示数据
说明如何使用水平和垂直控件、通道设置 、数学波形、参考波形 和显示设置 。
3 捕获数据
说明采集模式以及如何设置 触发器。
4 进行测量
基于GeoStation的物探三维系统设计与实现
随着物探技术的发展,三维物探成像技术能形象、直观地反映地下介质的形态和空间展布,国内外已广泛将物探三维技术理论和实践应用于油气、煤炭勘探等领域[1-2],并形成了集数据采集、数据处理、成果解释为一体的三维地球物理勘探系统,实现了对地下介质属性的三维可视化。
然而,在水电、铁路、城市建设等工程物探领域尚处于一维、二维成像阶段,其主要原因在于三维物探工作量较大、成本费用较高,且工程物探主要是对浅地层进行探测,地表噪声干扰较复杂。
另外,由于工程地质钻孔成本比油气钻井成本低很多,为了更直接地了解地下地质结构,地质人员采取增加一定数量钻孔的方式来减少地球物理勘探的预测成本。
目前,工程勘测中的物探、地质、测量往往分别由不同单位或专业部门来完成,导致各环节相互独立,缺乏必要的沟通与协调。
在软件研制方面,独自开发,自成体系,难以实现数据和成果的整合与共享,在一定程度上阻碍了多源数据综合研究方法的发展[3]。
供物探、试验人员参考的工程地质信息和地形信息分别以图表结合文字勘察报告和二维地形图的形式表达,使得他们无法直观了解工程地质和地形条件,且工程地质人员只能从分散的物探、试验信息中提取有用信息,难以准确系统地把握各专业得到的信息量,必然会影响成果报告结论的可靠性。
另外,物探、试验成果主要通过平面图、剖面图、统计图等形式呈现,技术人员结合勘察报告和地形信息绘制这些基于GeoStation 的物探三维系统设计与实现(1.中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司,浙江杭州311122;2.浙江华东工程数字技术有限公司,浙江杭州311122;3.浙江省工程数字化技术研究中心,浙江杭州311122)摘要:随着我国物探三维成图要求越来越高,构建包括地球物理勘探、现场试验监测数据、施工地质等综合工程信息在内的物探三维展示分析系统显得尤为重要。
基于统一的三维CAD 平台GeoStation ,研究了基于物探、试验数据的三维云图展示、超前地质预报建模等关键技术,实现了统一CAD 平台的数据入库管理、成果出图展示、三维属性建模分析等功能,构建了基于GeoSta ⁃tion 的物探三维系统。
AXIS Q6074-E PTZ网络摄像头产品介绍
DatasheetAXIS Q6074-E PTZ Network CameraOutdoor-ready PTZ with HDTV720p and30x optical zoomAXIS Q6074-E PTZ Network Camera offers HDTV720p and30x optical zoom for great overviews and excellent details. This high-performance outdoor PTZ camera comes with autotracking2with click and track functionality,as well as an orientation aid for active object tracking and quick orientation.With Axis Lightfinder2.0the camera delivers low-light images with more saturated colors and sharper images of moving objects.Plus,enhanced security features such as signed firmware and secure boot ensures the integrity and authenticity of the firmware.Furthermore,Axis Zipstream with H.264/H.265significantly lowers bandwidth and storage requirements.>HDTV720p with30x optical zoom>Axis Lightfinder2.0>Autotracking2and orientation aid>Built-in analytics>TPM,FIPS140-2level2certifiedAXIS Q6074-E PTZ Network Camera Models AXIS Q6074-E50HzAXIS Q6074-E60HzCameraImage sensor1/2.8”progressive scan CMOSLens 4.25–127.5mm,F1.6–4.2Horizontal field of view:63.8°–2.6°(720p)Vertical field of view:38.0°–1.47°(720p)Autofocus,auto-irisDay and night Automatically removable infrared-cut filterMinimum illumination Color:0.1lux at30IRE,F1.6 B/W:0.002lux at30IRE,F1.6 Color:0.15lux at50IRE,F1.6 B/W:0.003lux at50IRE,F1.6Shutter speed1/11000s to1/3s with50Hz1/11000s to1/3s with60HzPan/Tilt/Zoom Pan:360°endless,0.05°–450°/sTilt:220°,0.05°–450°/sZoom:30x optical,12x digital,total360x zoomE-flip,256preset positions,tour recording(max10,maxduration16minutes each),guard tour(max100),control queue,on-screen directional indicator,orientation aid PTZ,set new pan0°,adjustable zoom speed,focus recallSystem on chip(SoC)Model ARTPEC-7Memory1024MB RAM,512MB FlashComputecapabilitiesMachine learning processing unit(MLPU)VideoVideo compression H.264(MPEG-4Part10/AVC)Baseline,Main and High Profiles H.265(MPEG-H Part2/HEVC)Main ProfileMotion JPEGResolution HDTV720p1280x720to320x180Frame rate Up to50/60fps(50/60Hz)in HDTV720pVideo streaming Multiple,individually configurable streams in H.264,H.265andMotion JPEGAxis Zipstream technology in H.264and H.265Controllable frame rate and bandwidthVBR/ABR/MBR H.264/H.265Image settings Manual shutter time,compression,color,brightness,sharpness,white balance,exposure control,exposure zones,fine tuning ofbehavior at low light,rotation:0°,180°,text and image overlay,polygon privacy masks,electronic image stabilization(EIS),freezeon PTZ,automatic defog,backlight compensation,scene profilesWide Dynamic Range(WDR):Up to120dB depending on scene,highlight compensationNetworkSecurity Password protection,IP address filtering,HTTPS a encryption,IEEE802.1x(EAP-TLS)a network access control,digestauthentication,user access log,centralized certificatemanagement,brute force delay protection,signed firmware,secure boot,protection of cryptographic keys with FIPS140-2certified TPM2.0moduleSupported protocols IPv4,IPv6USGv6,HTTP,HTTP/2,HTTPS a,SSL/TLS a,QoS Layer3DiffServ,FTP,SFTP,CIFS/SMB,SMTP,Bonjour,UPnP®,SNMPv1/v2c/v3(MIB-II),DNS,DynDNS,NTP,RTSP,RTP,SRTP,TCP,UDP, IGMPv1/v2/v3,RTCP,ICMP,DHCPv4/v6,ARP,SOCKS,SSH,NTCIP, LLDP,MQTT,SyslogSystem integrationApplication Programming Interface Open API for software integration,including VAPIX®and AXIS Camera Application Platform;specifications at One-Click Cloud ConnectionONVIF®Profile G,ONVIF®Profile S and ONVIF®Profile T, specification at Event conditions Device status:above operating temperature,above or belowoperating temperature,below operating temperature,fan failure,IP address removed,network lost,new IP address,shock detected,storage failure,system ready,within operating temperatureEdge storage:recording ongoing,storage disruptionI/O:digital input,manual trigger,virtual inputPTZ:PTZ malfunctioning,PTZ movement,PTZ preset positionreached,PTZ readyScheduled and recurring:scheduled eventVideo:live stream openEvent actions Day/night mode,overlay text,video recording to edge storage,pre-and post-alarm video buffering,send SNMP trapPTZ:PTZ preset,start/stop guard tourFile upload via FTP,SFTP,HTTP,HTTPS network share and emailNotification via email,HTTP,HTTPS and TCPData streaming Event dataBuilt-ininstallation aidsPixel counter,leveling guideAnalyticsAXIS ObjectAnalyticsObject classes:humans,vehiclesTrigger conditions:line crossing,object in areaUp to10scenariosMetadata visualized with color-coded bounding boxesPolygon include/exclude areasPerspective configurationONVIF Motion Alarm eventApplications IncludedAXIS Object AnalyticsAXIS Video Motion Detection,autotracking2,active gatekeeperBasic analytics(not to be compared with third-party analytics):object removed,enter/exit detector,object counterSupportedSupport for AXIS Camera Application Platform enablinginstallation of third-party applications,see /acap GeneralCasing IP66-,IP67-,NEMA4X-and IK10-ratedMetal casing(aluminum),polycarbonate(PC)clear dome,sunshield(PC/ASA)Sustainability PVC freePower Axis High PoE60W SFP midspan:100–240V AC,max66.1W Camera consumption:typical14W,max51WConnectors RJ4510BASE-T/100BASE-TX PoE,RJ45Push-pull Connector(IP66/IP67)includedStorage Support for SD/SDHC/SDXC cardSupport for SD card encryptionSupport for recording to network-attached storage(NAS)For SD card and NAS recommendations see OperatingconditionsWith30W:-20°C to50°C(-4°F to122°F)With60W:-50°C to50°C(-58°F to122°F)Maximum temperature according to NEMA TS2(2.2.7):74°C(165°F)Arctic Temperature Control:Start-up as low as-40°C(-40°F)Humidity10–100%RH(condensing)Storageconditions-40°C to65°C(-40°F to149°F)Humidity5–95%RH(non-condensing)Approvals EMCEN55032Class A,EN55035,EN61000-3-2,EN61000-3-3,EN61000-6-1,EN61000-6-2,EN55024,FCC Part15Subpart B Class A,ICES-003Class A,VCCI Class A,RCM AS/NZS CISPR32Class A,KCC KN32Class A,KN35EN50121-4,IEC62236-4SafetyIEC/EN/UL60950-1,IS13252IEC/EN/UL60950-22,IEC/EN/UL62368–1EnvironmentIEC/EN60529IP66/IP67,NEMA TS2(2.2.7-2.2.9),IEC62262IK10,ISO4892-2,EN50121-4,IEC62236-4,IEC60068-2-1,IEC60068-2-2,IEC60068-2-6,IEC60068-2-14,IEC60068-2-27,IEC60068-2-60,IEC60068-2-78,NEMA250Type4XNetworkNIST SP500-267Midspan:EN60950-1,GS,UL,cUL,CE,FCC,VCCI,CB,KCC,UL-ARWeight 3.75kg(8.3lb)DimensionsØ232x271mm(Ø9.13x10.7in)Included accessories Axis High PoE60W SFP midspan1-port,RJ45Push-pull Connector(IP66),SunshieldInstallation Guide,Windows decoder1-user licenseOptional accessories Smoked dome coverAXIS T91Mounting Accessories,AXIS T8415Wireless Installation Tool,AXIS T90Illuminators,AXIS T8310Video Surveillance Control Board,multi-user decoder license packVideo management software AXIS Companion,AXIS Camera Station,Video managementsoftware from Axis’Application Development Partners availableon /vmsLanguages English,German,French,Spanish,Italian,Russian,SimplifiedChinese,Japanese,Korean,Portuguese,Traditional ChineseWarranty5-year warranty,see /warrantya.This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in theOpenSSL Toolkit.(),and cryptographic software written by Eric Young(*****************).Environmental responsibility:/environmental-responsibility©2019-2021Axis Communications AB.AXIS COMMUNICATIONS,AXIS,ARTPEC and VAPIX are registered trademarks ofAxis AB in various jurisdictions.All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.We reserve the right tointroduce modifications without notice.T10141039/EN/M15.2/2107。
DS2000A技术资料
负脉宽(大于、小于、指定区间内)
脉冲宽度
2 ns至4 s
欠幅脉冲
脉宽条件
无关、大于、小于、范围
极性
正脉冲、负脉冲
脉宽范围
2 ns 至 4 s
超幅脉冲(选触发位置
超幅进入、超幅退出、超幅时间
超幅时间
16 ns至4 s
第N边沿(选件)
边沿类型
上升、下降
空闲时间
16 ns至10 s
帧起始、帧结束、帧类型、帧错误
信号速率
10 kbps、20 kbps、33.3 kbps、50 kbps、62.5
kbps、83.3 kbps、100 kbps、125 kbps、250
水平 时基档位
时基精度1 时钟漂移 最大延迟范围 时基模式 X-Y个数 波形捕获率2 垂直 带宽(-3dB)
单次带宽
垂直分辨率 垂直档位 偏移范围
带宽限制1 低频响应 (交流耦合,-3dB)
DS2302A:1 ns/div 至 1000 s/div DS2202A:2.000 ns/div 至 1000 s/div DS2102A/DS2072A :5.000 ns/div 至 1000 s/div ≤ ± 25 ppm ≤ ± 5 ppm/年 预触发(负延迟):≥1屏幕宽度 后触发(正延迟):1 s至100,000 s Y-T、X-Y、Roll、延迟扫描 1路 50,000 wfms/s(点显示)
第一期
DS2000A系列
数字示波器
宽范围,低底噪,垂直灵敏度范围:500uV/div ~10 V/div 带宽70MHz,100MHz,200MHz,300MHz,全系列标配50Ω输入 实时采样速率高达2G Sa/s 标配存储深度达14Mpts,选配达56Mpts 波形捕获率达50,000个波形每秒 标配多达6.5万帧的硬件实时波形不间断录制功能和波形分析功能 独创的UltraVision技术 内置双通道,25 MHz信号源(DS2000A-S) 丰富的触发和总线的解码功能(并行,RS232,I2C,SPI,CAN) 丰富的接口:USB Host/Device,LAN(支持 LXI ),AUX 新颖精巧的工业设计,便捷的操作 8英寸WVGA ,256级波形灰度显示 DS2000A系列是针对最广泛的主流数字示波器市场的设计、调试、 测试的需求而设计的高性能数字示波器。
211098534_X射线灰分仪在四棵树煤矿中的应用
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林春强 于波 刘志刚等:X 射线灰分仪在四棵树煤矿中的应用
2023 年第 3 期
皮带中部采样机 破碎机
检测单元 物价计
信号处理箱
观察口
进料口
灰分仪
斗式提升机 现场皮带机
集料桶
图 1 采样系统流程图
Fig.1 Flow chart of the sampling system 间短、分析精灰度分高对比等曲特线点。采用 X 射线管作为激发源,
量装置、信号处理箱、电机控制箱、上位机等部分组成。
如图 2 所示。
(1)检测单元 :检测单元是分析仪进行检测的核心
单元,位于被测煤流的上方,用于对被测煤流发射 X 射
出料口 驱动电机
测量装置
图 2 灰分仪组成图
Fig.2 Configuration diagram of ash division instrument
灰分仪检测
上位机分仓指令
PLC 否小于限值 2
煤进入 2 号仓
热值是否在限值 1 和限值 2 之间
煤进入 1 号仓
热值大于限值 1
图 4 自动分仓流程图 Fig.4 Flow chart o图f a4uto自m动at分ic 仓wa流re程ho图use separation Fig.4 Flow chart of automatic warehouse separation 将卸料器 2 和卸料器 4 都打开,即可将煤下到 1 号仓。 在 X 射线灰分仪程序中设置热量限值 1 和热量限值 2,PLC 控制系统通过 X 射线灰分仪的主机获得指令, 当检测热值大于热量限值 1 时,仪表主机程序会给 PLC 发指令,下料到 1 号仓,卸料器 2 和卸料器 4 均打开 ;
商业银行稳健性定量分析方法及所面临的问题
第13卷 第6期运 筹 与 管 理Vol.13,No.62004年12月OPERAT IO NS RESEARCH AN D M ANA GEM EN T SCI EN CE Dec.2004收稿日期:2004 05 31作者简介:方舜岚,中国人民大学中美金融实验班硕士研究生,主要从事银行及公司财务及投资分析。
商业银行稳健性定量分析方法及所面临的问题方舜岚(中国人民大学财政金融学院金融系,北京100872)摘 要:自亚洲金融危机以来,国际社会十分重视银行体系稳健性的评估,而稳健性指标的综合分析是其中一项重要内容。
本文简述了银行稳健性指标研究中早期及近期的一些主要定量分析方法,并应用多重信息源信息离散性度量理论实现了一种新的分析方式。
本文还讨论了稳健性定量分析方法在实际上所面临的问题、困难和挑战。
关键词:银行稳健性分析;多元统计;信息理论;FDOD 度量中图分类号:F830 9 文章标识码:A 文章编号:1007 3221(2004)06 0113 05Quantitative Methods on Stability Analysis of Commercial Ban ksFANG Shun lan(Renmin University o f China,Beij ing 100872,China)Abstract:Since Asian financial crisis,the financial stability has greatly concerned some international organiza tions (including International Monetary Fund and the World Bank).Specifically,the comprehensive analysis of certain finance indicators is one of the important tools evaluating stability.In this paper,some previous quantitative methods about stability analysis are introduced and a new approach adopting the information dis crepancy measure is proposed.In addition,some difficulties and challenges encountered in practice are also discussed.Key words:financial stability analysis;multivariate statistics;information theory;FDOD measure0 概述近年来,国际社会高度重视银行体系稳健性(financial stability)的评估,1999年5月,国际货币基金组织与世界银行联合完成了金融部门评估规划的报告,着重强调了与宏观经济运行和各项政策制定高度相关的银行体系问题,同时也强调了审慎指标在银行体系分析中的意义。
DH-ITRTSC-044A型信号机交通信号控制系统施工方案
项目名称:DH-ITRTSC-044A信号机交通信号控制系统施工方案文件编号:项目编号:DH-ITRTSC-044A型信号机交通信号控制系统施工方案版本号:Ver 1.0*******部门名:研发中心审核人:审核时间:修订历史(Revision history)编号修订内容描述修订日期修订后版本号修订人批准人1234目录第一章简介 (6)1.1目的 (6)1.2适用范围 (6)1.3读者范围 (6)1.4系统组成 (6)1.4.1智能交通信号灯控制系统组成 (6)1.4.2 前端子系统组成图示 (7)1.5红绿灯信号控制主机介绍 (7)1.5.1 信号机外形尺寸 (7)1.5.2 信号机侧面液晶显示屏介绍 (8)1.5.3 信号控制主机面板介绍 (9)第二章信号灯系统安装 (17)2.1安装前准备 (17)2.1.1前期准备 (17)2.1.2实地勘察步骤 (17)2.2信号灯安装 (19)2.2.1 灯组要求 (19)2.2.2 信号灯安装高度 (22)2.2.3信号灯灯具的安装方位 (22)2.3信号机机箱安装 (22)2.3.1 基础部分 (22)2.3.2机柜安装 (24)2.4“感应式”信号机线圈切割方案 (25)2.4.1环形(传感)线圈的设计 (25)2.4.2环形(传感)线圈施工规范 (26)第三章系统布线及要求 (28)3.1系统布线 (28)3.1.1 红绿灯信号线布线 (28)3.1.2 线圈馈线布线 (28)3.2系统线缆推荐 (29)3.2系统线缆标识要求 (29)第四章信号机机柜接线指导 (30)4.1信号机电源接线 (30)4.2信号机负载灯组控制线 (31)4.2.1 灯组控制线接线 (31)4.2.2 流量检测板接线 (36)4.2.3 行人检测板接线说明 (37)4.3红绿灯灯组接线 (38)第五章系统调试 (39)5.1信号机基本概念 (39)5.1.1 相位 (39)5.1.2 跟随相位 (40)5.1.3 绿信比 (41)5.1.4 环 (42)5.1.5 相位屏障 (43)5.1.6 并发相位 (44)5.1.7 周期 (44)5.1.8 相位差 (45)5.1.9 控制方式 (45)5.1.10相位转换序列 (47)5.2信号机客户端软件介绍 (47)5.2.1软件安装 (48)5.2.2信号机配置工具界面介绍 (48)5.2.3工具的软件界面及使用方法介绍 (49)5.3信号机连接、升级、IP修改和配置方案的导入、导出 (67)5.3.1 连接 (67)5.3.2 信号机升级 (67)5.3.3 信号机IP修改 (74)5.3.4 配置方案导入、导出应用 (75)5.4信号机参数设置示例 (75)5.4.1 单点定方案控制信号机参数设置 (75)5.4.2 单点感应方案应用信号机的参数设置 (87)5.4.3 “绿波带”控制方案 (90)5.4.4 “行人二次过街”控制方案 (90)第六章液晶屏配置 (93)6.1主界面显示 (93)6.2系统信息 (93)6.3系统设置 (94)第六章故障处理 (96)7.1严重故障 (96)7.2一般故障 (96)7.3常见故障 (96)施工安全须知施工人员要求:应按照施工安全,要求着反光背心等防护装备进行施工作业。
三种不同灰度图像增强算法对比
三种不同灰度图像增强算法对比一、摘要本文主要是运用直方图均衡化、平滑、锐化三种常见的图像增强算法对图像进行处理,并在此基础上分别用这 3 种算法处理的灰度图像进行比较,比对它们对图像的处理效果, 分析 3 种方法在图像增强处理能力的优劣之处。
结果发现,直方图均衡化可以均衡图像的灰度等级, 经过直方图的均衡化,图像的细节更加清楚了,但是由于直方图均衡化没有考虑图像的内容,只是简单的将图像进行直方图均衡,提高图像的对比度,使图像看起来亮度过高,使图像细节受到损失;图像平滑的目的是减少或消除图像的噪声, 图像平滑可以使图像突兀的地方变得不明显, 但是会使图像模糊,这也是图像平滑后不可避免的后果,只能尽量减轻,尽量的平滑掉图像的噪声又尽量保持图像细节,这也是图像平滑研究的主要问题;图像锐化使图像的边缘、轮廓变得清晰,并使其细节清晰,常对图像进行微分处理,但是图像的信噪比有所下降。
关键词: 图像增强 灰度图 直方图 平滑 锐化二、三种图像增强算法图像预处理是相对图像识别、图像理解而言的一种前期处理,主要是指按需要进行适当的变换突出某些有用的信息,去除或削弱无用的信息,在对图像进行分析之前, 通常要对图像质量进行改善,改善的目的就是要使处理后的图像比原始图像更适合特定的应用。
影响图像清晰度的因素很多,主要有光照不足、线路传输收到干扰等。
现存的图像增强技术主要分为空间域法和频率域法两类,其中的增强方法主要有直方图的修正、灰度变换、图像平滑、图像锐化、伪彩色和假彩色处理等。
下面主要采用直方图均衡化、图像平滑、图像线性锐化对图像进行增强处理, 对比他们的处理效果,分析 3 种方法的在图像增强处理方面的优劣。
1、直方图均衡化直方图均衡化也称为直方图均匀化,是一种常见的灰度增强算法,是将原图像的直方图经过变换函数修整为均匀直方图,然后按均衡后的直方图修整原图像。
为方便研究,先将直方图归一化,然后图像增强变换函数需要满足2个条件。
ZX13061振动香蕉筛动态特性分析
ZX13061振动香蕉筛动态特性分析【摘要】介绍了ZX13061型香蕉筛的技术特征、工作原理。
利用有限元软件ANSYS对振动香蕉筛进行实体建模,采用有限元软件计算出了筛体结构的固有频率、固有振型和应力分布,为振动筛的大型化设计提供了理论指导。
【关键词】振动筛;有限元分析;强度;优化设计0.引言振动香蕉筛是目前广泛应用于各大选煤厂的重要筛分设备,以其处理能力大、筛分效率高和可靠性高等优点,越来越受到市场的欢迎。
香蕉筛在相同条件下,与其他类型的筛机相比,单位面积可增加处理能力40%~60% ,筛分效率可达到90%以上。
笔者以ZX13061振动香蕉筛为例,利用有限元分析软件,对香蕉振动筛运动情况作了计算和分析,求出固有频率,找出其动态特性的规律,使其固有频率远离工作频率上下10%以上,有效地提高了振动筛性能。
1.ZX13061振动香蕉筛结构特点及运动原理图1为振动香蕉筛的结构图,其结构主要由筛箱、激振器和弹簧等部件组成。
筛箱是由驱动梁、侧板、支撑梁和加强梁等零部件组成的板梁结合的铆固结构。
整个筛箱由12根弹簧支撑在底座上。
一台振动筛上有安装有两个激振器,安装与水平成45度,四个偏心块成双的布置在激振器的外部,箱体内有一啮合的齿轮,其作用是使在各瞬时位置上,两组偏心块相对转动,产生的离心力在振动方向的分力总是互相叠加,而在其法向离心力的分力总是互相抵消,从而产生单方向的激振力,使振动筛作往复直线振动。
在激振力的作用下,物料在筛面上作连续斜上抛运动,物料在抛起时被松散,在与筛面相遇撞击时,小于筛孔粒级通过筛孔,从而实现物料的分级、脱水、脱泥、脱介。
ZX13061型香蕉筛技术特征如下:入料粒度/mm 0~300筛面面积/m2 18.3工作振幅/mm 9工作频率/Hz 15生产能力/t·h 550电机型号Y225S-437Kw整机质量/kg 13000图1振动香蕉筛结构图2.ZX13061振动香蕉筛的有限元模型2.1单元划分ANSYS软件可以根据结构的形状进行智能划分,构件的连接处或者结构有突变的位置处会自动将网格细化,而在构件上不易产生应力集中的位置,其网格可以比较稀疏,这样可以得到更加准确的结果,减少不必要的单元网格,提高验算效率。
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离散数学2004级A卷试题答案
一、填空题(每小题2分,共20分)
1.┐p→q
2.┐(x
∀)(L(x)→G(x)) 或 (x∃)(L(x)∧﹁G(x))
3.mn
4.5
5.吸收律(答幂等律给1分)
6.f(x y)=f(x)*f(y) 或f(xy)=f(x)f(y)
7.1,3,7,9
8.6
9.n(或n-1)
10.3
二、判断题(每小题2分,共20分)
1.×2.√3.×4.√5.×
6.×7.×8.×9.√10.√
三、计算题(每小题5分,共15分)
1.F(a)∧F(b)∧F(c)∧(G(a)∨G(b)∨G(c))
2.(﹁P∧Q∧R)∨(﹁P∧Q∧﹁R)∨Array (﹁P∧﹁Q∧R)∨(﹁P∧﹁Q∧﹁R)∨
(P∧Q∧R)。
或者 m0∨m1∨m2∨m3∨m7
3.有3片树叶。
T的度数应为1、1、1、2、2、3。
同构的图见右图。
四、证明题(共45分)
1.本题10分
设F(x):x为无理数,G(x):x为有理数,H(x):x能表示成分数。
前提:┐∃x(F(x)∧H(x)),∀x(G(x)→H(x))
结论:∀x(G(x)→┐F(x))
证明:
①┐∃x(F(x)∧H(x)) 前提引入
②∀x(┐F(x)∨┐H(x)) ①置换
③∀x(H(x)→┐F(x)) ②置换
④ H(y)→┐F(y) ③UI规则
⑤∀x(G(x)→H(x)) 前提引入
⑥ G(y)→H(y) ⑤UI规则
⑦ G(x)→┐F(x) ⑥④假言三段论
⑧∀x(G(x)→┐F(x)) ⑦UG规则
2.本题10分
充分性。
任取<x,y>,<y,z>∈R,
根据自反性,有<x,x>∈R。
<x,y>∈R ⇒ <x,y>∈R∧<x,x>∈R ⇒ <y,x>∈R,对称性成立。
<x,y>∈R∧<y,z>∈R ⇒ <y,x>∈R∧<y,z>∈R ⇒ <x,z>∈R,传递性成立。
所以R是等价关系。
必要性。
任取<a,b>,<a,c>∈R,有
<a,b>∈R∧<a,c>∈R ⇒ <b,a>∈R∧<a,c>∈R ⇒ <b,c>∈R
3.本题10分
设e∈G,因为e*e=e,所以e为幂等元。
任意a∈G,且a≠e,若a*a=a,则有a*a=a=e*a,由群中的消去律,有a =e,矛盾。
4.本题10分
(1)先证h是满射。
任意<b,d>∈B×D,则b∈B,d∈D,因为f是A到B的双射,g是C到D的双射,所以存在a∈A,c∈C,使得f(a)=b,g(c)=d,亦即存在<a,c>∈A×C,使得h(<a,c>)=<f(a),g(c)>=<b,d>,因此h是满射。
(2)再证h是单射。
任意<a1,c1>,<a2,c2>∈A×C,若h(<a1,c1>)=h(<a2,c2>),则
<f(a1),g(c1)>=<f(a2),g(c2)>
所以f(a1)=f(a2),g(c1)=g(c2)。
因为f是A到B的双射,g是C到D的双射
所以a1=a2,c1=c2 ,即<a1,c1>=<a2,c2>,因此h是单射。
综合(1)和(2),可知h是双射。
5.本题5分
设c的阶为k,只需证明k|m且k|n。
ab=cba,在等式两侧均右乘b n-1,并结合bc=cb进行考虑,有
ab n=cbab n-1=(cb)(ab n-1)=(cb)(abb n-2)=(cb)(cbab n-2)=(cb)2(ab n-2)
=…=(cb)n a=c n b n a\
因为b n=e,所以a=(cb)n a=c n a,即c n=e。
类似可得c m=e。
由元素阶的定义,k且满足c l=e的最小正整数,所以k|n,k|m。
因此,k是m和n的公因子,故k|mn。