动名词的语法特征及用法
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mean
doing 意味着 to do意欲,打算
Missing the last bus means walking home. I didn’t mean to hurt you by saying that.
动名词作介词的宾语
He left without saying goodbye to me.
动名词的语法特征及用法 :动名词由动词 加-ing词尾构成,既有名词的特征,又有 动词的特征。了解动名词的语法特征可帮 助学习者深入理解动名词的意义,从而正 确使用动名词。
一、动名词的名词特征
动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当 名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。 例如:
Beating a child will do more harm than good.打孩子弊大于利。(作主语)
没有时间概念;完成式表示动名词的动作 在谓语动词的动作之前发生。例如: She is proud of being beautiful.她为自己 的美丽而骄傲。(同时)
I am thinking of going to the Industrial Exhibition this afternoon. 我想下午去看工业展览。(在其后)
The flowers in the garden want watering.花园里的花需要浇水了。
(比较:The flowers in the garden want to be watered.)
That‘s one of those questions that really don’t need answering.那是一个那种真 的不需回答的问题。(比较:The questions don‘t need to be answered.) 4、动名词可带有自己的逻辑主语 一般情况下,动名词的逻辑主语可泛指 任何人或与句中主语一致。例如:
Reading without thorough comprehension is no good.没有透彻理解 地阅读是无用的。 (状语)
Getting a job in a large city in Japan is very difficult. 在日本的大城市获得一份工作是很难的。 (既跟宾语又跟状语) 2、动名词可具有时态意义 动名词可以像动词那样表现时态意义,有 一般式(doing)和完成式(having done) 之分。动名词的时态意义是一个相对的概 念,从属于句中谓语动词。一般式表示动 名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或 在其后发生,或表示一般性动作,
When the students arrived at a farm house,they stopped to have a rest.
remember
doing记得做过某事 to do 记着去做某事
I remember reading the poem somewhere before.
Remember to post the letter for me ,ok?
Does for us to say that mean anything to him.(误)
我们说这话,对他能起作用吗?
4)在句型It is +表示否定的形容词(-less) 或名词(no good, no use)后,一般多用动名 词作主语。
E.g. It’s useless studying English without practice.
Do you mind answering my question?你 不介意回答我的问题吧?(作宾语)
To keep money that you have found is stealing.把拾到的钱留起来是偷盗行为。 (作表语)
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室里不许大声说话。 (作定语)
还可用于there be 句型中
Eg:There is no joking about such matter.对这样的事不可开玩笑。
There is no getting along with him.简直无 法与他相处。
•动名词作主语与不定式作主语的比较 1.不定式与动名词作主语时,其意义没有 多大差别,一般可以互换。
Grammar
The –ing form(2) ---used as Subject, Object and Predicative
•Subject
In many countries, shaking one’s head means“no”and nodding means “yes”.
•Object
A)having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fine
习惯于 be/get used to
坚持 stick to
反对 object to
导致 lead to
献身于 devote to
被宣判 be sentenced to
喜欢 prefer to 谈到 come to 期待 look forward to 加上 add to 开始 get to
2、有些动词后既可跟动名词也可跟 不定 式,意义上没多大区别。 如:like,start, begin, continue,
I prefer making an outline before I do my oral composition.(一般情况)
I apologize for not having kept my promise.我为没能遵守诺言表示歉意。 (之前发生)
例如:
They couldn‘t stand being treated like that.他们无法忍受这样的待遇。(与其 逻辑主语They构成被动关系,比较: They are treated like that.) 但是在want,need,require,deserve等 动词之后作宾语时,常用动名词的主动 式表示被动意义,但如果用不定式则用 被动式。例如:
I don't remember having ever promised you that.我不记得曾经答应过你这件事。 (逻辑主语为句子的主语I)
Do you mind my smoking in the room?
Baidu Nhomakorabea你介意我在室内吸烟吗?
Exercises
1) Mark often attempts to escape _D___ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
本单元主要学习动名词用作主语,宾语和 表语。
动名词作主语时要注意以下几点
•动名词作主语有两种位置 A:句首(主语的位置)
Eg:Making eye contact---looking directly into someone’s eyes ---is in some countries a way to show interest.
e.g. It’s a pleasure to meet you.
It’s a pleasure meeting you. 2. 但在实际使用中,其选择取舍,主要依 据以下原则:
(1)不定式作主语一般表示某个特定的、 比较具体的动作;而动名词作主语则表示 某个抽象的、泛指的动作。
e.g. It is bad manners to stare at a foreign guest.
B:动名词放在句子末尾,用it 作形式主语 放在句首。
Eg:It is no use trying to persuade him.He won’t listen to you at all。
It's no fun being lost in rain.在雨中迷路 可不是好玩的。
It‘s a waste of time your reasoning with him.你和他讲道理是在浪费时间。
He likes to play basketball while I enjoy listening to music。 3、有些动词跟动名词与跟不定式意义不 同。
doing 停止做 stop
to do停下(手中的活),开始做… Eg:
As soon as the baby saw its mother, it stopped crying.
dislike(不喜欢) enjoy(喜欢) escape(逃脱) excuse(原谅)
feel like(想要),finish(结束), give up (放弃),imagine(想象), involve(包含),keep(保持),
mind(介意),
miss(错过) permit(允许) recollect(记得) recommend(推荐) suggest(建议) stop (停止)
resent(对……感到愤恨、怨恨)
risk(冒……危险)
cannot stand(受不了)等。例如: 。
We do not permit smoking in the office.我们不允许在办公室吸烟。 In fighting the fire,he risked being burnt to death. 在救火中,他冒着被烧死的危险
e.g. To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
动名词作宾语要注意以下几点
•作动词的宾语
1、有些动词后只能用动名词作宾语,构 成固定搭配,需特别记忆。常见的这类动 词有:
admit(承认) advise(建议)
allow(允许) appreciate(感激) avoid(避免) can‘t help(禁不住) consider(考虑) deny(否认)
Learning a foreign language is very useful to me.
(2)在口语中,用动名词作主语置于句 首的情况较不定式多。
(3)在疑问句中,一般用动名词的复 合结构作主语,不用不定式的复合结构 作主语。
e.g. Does our saying that mean anything to him.(正)
She denied having stolen anything. 她否认偷过任何东西。
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议换一个方法做这件事。
加动名词的动词短语:
习惯于旧方式的人坚持反对新事物,这 样导致许多献身于科学的人被宣判为 大逆不道.不喜欢这种事实的人谈到此 事时,总期待着加上自己的努力使它开 始改变.
It’s no use talking about it.
(5)在“there be”结构中,用动名词作 主语,而不用不定式。
e.g. There is no holding back the wheels of history.
(6)在“主-系-表”结构中,主语和 表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致,即:表 语是不定式时,主语也用不定式;表语是 动名词时,主语也用动名词。
二、动名词的动词特征
由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保 留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些 变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的 较为复杂的意念。动名词的动词特征主 要表现在以下几点:
1、动名词可带状语,如果是及物动词, 需跟宾语。例如:
It was obvious that he was trying to avoid answering that question. 显然他在试图避免回答那个问题。 (宾语)
We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.
Do you mind my smoking here?
•Predicative
A way of saying “I am hungry” is patting the stomach before a meal.