翻译第一讲(1)

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翻译的基本要求

翻译的基本要求————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：翻译的基本要求第一讲：翻译的基本要求、原理、理解与表达、可读性1. 翻译的基本要求（一）透彻理解英文意思下面的例句在不同的语境中可有不同的含义：例1. It’s getting hot in here.如直译：这里热起来了。

如作为语用含义，可译为：请求某人打开门窗。

如作为反语：抱怨这地方太热。

如作为比喻：指争论在升级，吵闹激烈起来了。

语用含义不是揭示人们说了些什么，而是告诉人们说这句话可能意味着什么。

语用学中语境在这起着至关重要的作用，在翻译过程中，语言的语用含义往往比词语本身所具备的意义更为重要。

这种翻译就是我们所说的语用等效翻译。

如果翻译的目的是为了使读者准确理解原文的内涵，那么译者就要根据原著所提供的语境依从读者的文化习俗，在忠实原著的前提下将原作化为读者乐于接受的译文形式即可。

在实际操作中，“意译法”是常用的手法。

所谓意译（free translation），是指通过对原文深层意蕴的理解和消化，将原文的表层解构打破和重组，尔后转化为译文自然流畅的表层解构，“意译法”的核心是灵活变通。

为了追求全面的、整体的和真正的意义等效和功能相当，通过打破原文架构的方法，以便寻找最佳表达。

吕叔湘先生曾经举过一个例子。

原文如下：例2. She knew I knew and she knew if she got funny I’d either ruin the romance or make her marry him, so she was very friendly.误译：她很了解我，我很了解她；要是她遭遇困难，我的牺牲我们的浪漫，让她同他结婚，因为她待我太好了。

［译文］她知道我知道她和他的事，她也明白她要是跟我过不去，破坏或成全他们全在我的一念之间，所以她对我很客气。

大学英语翻译全教程第一讲(完美版)

翻译理论与实践（以《英语翻译教程》南开大学出版社为基础）第一讲翻译概述一、翻译的概念1．广义的翻译指语言与语言、语言与非语言等代码转换和基本信息的传达。

它包括不同语言间的翻译（如英汉互译）语言变体间的翻译（如古今语言、不同方言的互译）、语言与其他交际符号的转换（如把交通规则画成交通标志）。

他对翻译的内容只强调“基本信息”，不强调“完全的忠实”。

也有翻译家提出“理解也是翻译”的理论，这就把语言与思维也包括在广义的翻译里了。

2．狭义的翻译指语言活动，是把一种语言所表达的内容中式地用另一种远表达出来。

这个定义强调“是一种语言活动”，表明它是人类多种交际方式中语言交际的沟通；强调“一种语言到另一种语言”，排除了同一语言间各变体的互译；强调“忠实地”，避免了翻译与释义或改写的混淆。

奈达（Eugene Nida）“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.”(Nida & Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation)我们的翻译课讲的就是狭义的翻译，并专指“书面表达内容”，以区别于有独特之处的口译（interpretation）。

二、翻译的分类1．从所涉及的代码性质看，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）和语符翻译（intersemiotic translation）。

语内翻译是同一种语言见不同语言变体的翻译，如把古汉语译成现代汉语，把黑话译成一般语言（雷子，一方）；语际翻译是不同语言间的翻译，是狭义翻译研究的对象；语符翻译是用非文字符号解释文字符号，如图画、手势、音乐符号等。

邢帅教育英语四级教程-翻译技巧

(2)根据最新研究，师生关系越好，就越有利于教学质量的提高。 According to the latest research, the closer the relations between teachers and students，the more the chances for improving teaching ．缩略掉“质量”未译，如果译成“the quality of teaching”，反而不符合英语的习惯用法。
(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免 of the Tang Dynasty 在结构上产生歧义。)
1．定语的换序
(1)上海是我国最大的工业基地之一。 Shanghai is one of the largest industrial bases in our country． (2)差不多同时开放的几千朵美丽的红玫瑰，在春季里吸引了许多人到公园来。 Thousands of beautiful red roses that blossom 开花 almost at the same time make the park be the great resort of people in spring ．
6.转态译法
(1)可以有把握地说，会议会如期召开。 It can be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule． (2)几年前发现了一颗新的彗星。 A new comet彗星 was discovered a couple of years ago．
２．汉语中不少虚词如“就”、“又”、“还”、“都 ”等，以及一些名词，如“情况”、“情景”、“观点 ”、“面貌”、“质量”、“事业”等，都可以缩略不译。 (1)关于洪水问题，我仍然倾向认为种树比其他都重要。 With regard to flood control. I am still inclined to attach more importance to planting trees than anything else．

汉译英第一讲(词的翻译技巧)

课后练习

9 那个人就是他的哥哥。 10 我就不信我学不会。 11 你就是送给我，我也不要。 12 就我所知，他英语很好。 13 两国代表团就共同关心问题进行了会谈。轻重： 1 这两口箱子轻重不一样。 2 工作应该分轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。 3 你别见怪，他说话就是不知道轻重。
词语搭配

heavy weather 阴沉的天气 heavy casualties 重大伤亡 heavy smoker 烟瘾很大的人 heavy vote 大量的得票 heavy schedule 紧凑的日程 heavy foliage 浓密的叶子 heavy sea 波涛汹涌的大海 heavy investor 巨额投资者 heavy rain 大雨 heavy thinker 思想深沉的人
英语中的惯用法

汉语可以说“吃饭”，也可以说“吃药”，但在英语里可以说eat a meal，却不可以说eat medicine，而应该说take medicine。同样，英语可以说male doctor，也可以说male dog，但译成汉语只能说“男医生”和“公狗”，不能说 “公医生”、“男狗”。在英语中，人们说：违规break rules 发表演说deliver a speech/make a speech
词语搭配

(5)我们可能去那儿,那得看情况而定。 We may go there, but that depends. (6)如何办理,到时候看情况再说。 As to how to deal with it, we shall have to wait and see. (7)她询问了他的健康情况。 She inquired about his health condition. (8)那个地方的情况很混乱。 That place is in a state of confusion.

(完整版)英汉翻译教程

英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。

The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似--—spiritual conformity。

Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。

强调原作神韵再现。

钱钟书：化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅：宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。

目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流.4．直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿； chain reaction连锁反应；gentlemen's agreement君子协定； one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气； go to one’s external rest——-安息； the long sleep——-长眠；see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂； blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿：直译不等于死译（dead translation）:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。

翻译第一讲考研

大街上阳光灿烂。一群穿着假日服装的孩子正在街上玩球。
4、This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.
2006 说明文知识分子定义（定语从句、否定结构）
2007 说明文法律学习推广（名词从句、被动语态）
2008 议论文对达尔文介绍（定语从句、并列结构）
2009 议论文正规教育启示（状语从句、倒装结构）
2010 议论文物种保护价值（名词从句、定语从句）
阅卷采分点=句子结构切分点
1、微观：一个句子2——4个采分点。 ①、2个采分点每个1分。 ②、3个采分点其中1个1分，另外2个0.5。 ③、4个采分点每个0.5。 2、宏观：整句话意思是否通顺，是否扭曲
原文。 3、是否符合汉语习惯。
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
Time was \ when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence \ that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physical weak, or \ that they prey only on “worthless” species.(2010.48)

第一讲汉译英的特点和步骤

有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
大概：about, roughly，approximately
阅卷程序：(1)根据第一印象给个基础分(2)文章中的闪光点及错误适当加减分得出最终分
(1)第一印象非常重要，卷面要整齐(2)文章要有闪光点
大错：漏译、错译、句子结构错误、动词错误、时态语态错误、第三人称单数动词错误。
第一讲汉译英的特点和步骤
一、汉译英的特点和基本程序
1汉译英都是短文翻译,而作为基础则需要从句子开始.
2汉译英题目的测试点：在于测试考生对英语常用词汇、习惯用法和句子结构的掌握情况。同时还要测试考生将汉语短文转换为英语时对上下文的理解。表达原文的连贯性、完整性、以及行文流畅的能力。
3汉译英基本程序－句子翻译
用法：第一句话，however….是错误的，however一般用作副词，后加逗号
第一句话。Nevertheless+第二句话。/第一句话；nevertheless+第二句话。
【补充】：whereasconj.然而,反之,鉴于,尽管,但是
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
and........as well.....；
such....as.......；
not......until........；
表示目的：in order to.......；
in order that........；
so as to........；
it句型：
高级词汇：
转折：but conj, however, yet（把这三个词都忘掉），nevertheless adv./, nonetheless adv./, whereas conj.

翻译第一讲(1)

你能译出这里诗的声音吗？
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
4
关注变异点
The Isles || of Greece ||, the Isles || of Greece ||! Where burn || ing Sap || pho loved || and sung ||, Where grew || the arts || of war || and peace ||, Where De || los rose ||, and Phoe || bus sprung ||! Eter || nal sum || mer gilds || them yet ||, But all ||, except || their sun ||, is set ||. 希腊的群岛，希腊的群岛！那里热情的莎妩爱着歌着，那里扬起战争与和平的艺术，—— 那里涌现了迪罗，生长着飞勃！永恒的盛夏仍旧照耀群岛，但是，除了太阳外，万般都已销歇。（柳无忌）
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
1
什么是翻译
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler, 1790) 好的翻译应该能够把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言中，使译入语国家的人能够清楚地领悟、强烈地感受，就像原语国家的人所领悟和感受的一样。——泰特勒， 1790

翻译第一讲翻译理论与实践

导学——学法指导学法指导导学
译者素养：译者素养：
译者的素质：译者的素质：外语素质语言敏感度心理素质翻译的辅助工具：翻译的
导学——学法指导学法指导导学
Tips：：
提高方法：提高方法：
翻译理论+翻译技巧+ 1. 翻译理论+翻译技巧+翻译实践研究有关翻译的论述，弄懂翻译的基本问题。（阅读理论著作；专题论文；翻译教材；译品的前言后语） 2. 研究译作范本从中摸索翻译的规律和技巧，对比不同译本的处理和效果。研究典型译例，注意翻译技巧的说明和译句的得失，为翻译实践打好基础 3. 不断进行翻译实践（1）依照词语---句子---段落---语篇的顺序；（2）选择不同题材和体裁的练习材料；（3）难易循序渐进；（4）译文反复修改，不断提高译文质量；（5）选择有参考译文的文本，进行对比学习；（6）可请别人修改或校正。
翻译理论与实践
导学第一章：第一章：翻译概述第二章：第二章：英汉语言对比第三章：第三章：词语的翻译第四章：句子翻译技巧（第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）第五章：句子翻译技巧（第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）第六章：第六章：常见文体的翻译
导学
• • 教学目的：本课程教学目的是使学生掌握基本的翻译理论,提高翻译水平。教学目的：本课程教学目的是使学生掌握基本的翻译理论,提高翻译水平。本课程主要介绍基本的翻译理论知识，本课程主要介绍基本的翻译理论知识，通过英汉两种语言的对比和大量译例翻译，介绍了翻译的一系列常用方法和技巧。通过实践熟悉翻译技巧，翻译，介绍了翻译的一系列常用方法和技巧。通过实践熟悉翻译技巧，培养翻译能力，不断提高翻译水平和能力。翻译能力，不断提高翻译水平和能力。。

《英汉互译(一)》第1课教案

广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。

汉英翻技巧译第一讲词类转译法

三.汉语动词转换成英语的介词或介词词组
与汉语相比，英语用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词本是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此在汉译英时，汉语的一些动词常常可用英语的介词或介词词组来翻译。如：孩子们都上一个学堂。 The children are in the same school. 我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是，第一，反对；第二，不怕。 Our attitude on the question of world war is , first, we are against it, second, we are not afraid of it.
在翻译实践中要做到既忠实于原文又符在翻译实践中要做到既忠实于原文又符合译文语言规范有时就需要适当改变一合译文语言规范有时就需要适当改变一些词类即把原文中属于某种词类的词在些词类即把原文中属于某种词类的词在译文中转换成另一种词类
汉英翻译技巧
第一章词类转换法
第一章词类转译法
一、汉语的动词转换成英语的名词二、汉语的动词转换成英语的形容词三、汉语的动词转换成英语的介词或介词词组四、汉语的形容词或副词转换成英语的名词五、汉语的名词转换成英语的动词
一.汉语的动词转换成英语的名词
汉语中动词用得较多，除大量的动宾结构外，还有连动式、兼语式等两个以上动词连用的现象。而英语则不然，一句话往往只用一个谓语动词，而且英语的名词也比汉语的名词用得多。由于两种语言各自所具有的这种特点，汉译英时常常需要把汉语动词转换成英语名词。有时，随着汉语动词的这种转换，修饰该动词的副词也自然需要转换。请看下列例句：
他们教导我们要珍惜每一个机会。 They taught us the value of an opportunity. 他长期以来习惯于在最后一分钟作出决定。 He has long been used to last-minute decisions. 她对他们越来越憎恨。 Her hatred for them grew more. 他酷爱古典音乐。 He is an ardent lover of classical music. 他指挥着一个团。 He is a commander of a regiment.

翻译理论第一讲

第一讲翻译的性质、标准、过程和要求1.1 What is translation?1）翻译是把一种语言文字所表达的思维内容用另一种语言表达出来的双语转换过程或结果。

就英汉翻译而言，就是把英语所表达的意义忠实准确地用汉语表达出来。

2) 翻译是跨语言(cross-linguistic)，跨文化(cross-cultural)，跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。

3) 翻译是一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。

4）翻译过程不仅涉及两种语言，而且还涉及两种社会文化，语言是文化的载体。

5）翻译是通过语言机制的转换连接或沟通自身文化和异国文化的桥梁；翻译是具有不同语言文化背景的人互相交际、交流思想，达到相互了解的媒介。

6）翻译是一项艰苦的创造性实践活动。

它形成于社会、文化和语言现实之中，同时又为促进社会、文化和语言发展服务。

7）翻译属于交叉学科，它与语言学、符号学、修辞学、心理学、人类学等有着密切联系。

它正在发展成为一个自成体系的独立学科——翻译学。

8）翻译又是一门艺术。

翻译美学是翻译学的不可分割的组成部分。

总之，翻译是一种融理论、技能、艺术于一体的语言实践活动。

1.2 翻译一般分为三类：口译（interpretation），笔译（translation）和机器翻译（machine translation）。

1.3 翻译的性质对翻译的性质，有过许多描述，其中奈达(Eugene.A.Nida)的论述是:“翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。

”Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor/target language, the closet natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.[1]再现原文的信息（message）,而不是保持原文的形式结构[2]closest, natural[3] equivalence 对等；对等≠同一[4] meaning first[5] style is also important翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构和另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然后将其串接成句的过程。

英汉互译第一讲

6. dictionary and electronic tool
translation are made because of ignorance about the views and values of other culture. ❖ 翻译中大部分重要的错误是由于对其他文化的观点和价值的无知造成的。（286）
❖ 《红楼梦》
❖ 第3回林黛玉初见贾母，一家人设宴同庆，“ 熙凤拉了黛玉在（贾母）左边第一张椅子上坐了，黛玉十分推让”，霍克斯(David Hawkes)译文：
❖ 从最初出发以至终竟到达，这是很艰辛的历程。一路上颠顿风尘，遭遇风险，不免有所跌或受些损伤。因此，译文总有失真和走样的地方，在意义或口吻上违背或不很贴合原文。那就是“讹”，西洋详语所谓“翻译者即反逆者”。
钱钟书
factors involved in translation
❖ 1. English proficiency: ❖ eg: comprehensive university; ❖ I may be a servant, but I have my pride. ❖ The students tiptoed for arrival of their
❖ To Aunt Zhao the words seemed to contain a hidden promise. She concealed her pleasure.
❖ ‘What do you mean: “things we could do in secret”?’ she said. ‘I’m willing enough to do them: it is just that I’ve never met anyone who could tell me how. If you want to show me the way, I’d pay you. I’d pay you a lot.’

找准主语,准确翻译(翻译技巧讲解第一课)

例：也有人相信风筝是中国古代鲁班发明的。
译1：Someone also believes that the kite was invented by the ancient Chinese carpenter Lu Ban. 译2：It is also believed that the kite was invented by the ancient Chinese carpenter Lu Ban.
译2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints.
3. 增补主语
下雨了。 It’s raining. 刮风了。 It’s blowing. 下雪了。 It’s snowing. 打雷了。 It’s thundering.
译2：If vocabulary is the building materials for language, sentences are the fundamental parts of writings.√
例：在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。
译1：The color of red in Chinese culture usually symbolizes good luck, longevity and happiness. 译2：In Chinese culture, the color of red usually symbolizes good luck, longevity and happiness. 译3：The color of red usually symbolizes good luck, longevity and happiness in Chinese culture.

大学英语翻译教程第一讲PPT课件

11
1.2 翻译的标准
❖ 在我国翻译史上，早在唐代就曾有人提出过 “既须求真，又须喻俗”的翻译标准。所谓 “求真”是指忠实于原文；“喻俗”则指译文应当通顺易懂。
❖ 清朝末年，严复在《天演论》卷首的译例言中提出了著名的“信、达、雅”三字翻译标准。在很多学者看来，严复所谓的“信”、“达” 与“求真”、“喻俗”实质上并无二致，应当看作是可以接受的两条标准；但他们对“雅” 的看法却争议颇大：
❖ 翻译的复杂性是由翻译活动的性质所决定的。 ❖ 下面三条关于翻译的定义突出强调翻译作为语
际意义转换活动或过程的特性：
3
1.1 翻译的性质
❖ 翻译实际上是一种十分复杂的语言活动。有的学者甚至认为，翻译大概是整个宇宙进化过程中迄今为止最为复杂的一种活动(Translating is probably the most complex type of event in the history the cosmos.)
5
1.1 翻译的性质
❖ 两种语言之间意义的对应转换只能是尽可能地对等；而且考虑到两种语言表达方式上的不同特点，还须
重视译文的自然地道。在这一点上，美国著名的翻译理论家尤金-奈达 (Eugene Nida) 对翻译的定义一语破的：
▪ Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
LOGO
第1单元绪论

俄汉翻译第一讲

教学方法：课堂教学以学生实践为主。教师启发并总结。课堂教学实践中学生翻译练习内容：句子为主。课后翻译练习：以短文为主。
Введение сущность перевода 序言(翻译的实质） Будучи уникальной сферой речевой деятельности, где соприкасаются друг с другом не только разные языки, разные культуры, а порой разные цивилизации, перевод является естественной экспериментальной лабораторией, в которой многие лингвистические теории подвергаются «проверке на прочность».
Лекция по переводу с русского языка на китайский
Второй пекинский институт иностранных языков

翻译课的性质、教学目的和任务：俄汉翻译课是一门俄语专业实践课，但有不完全是实践课，也要传授必要的理论知识。但理论知识的掌握实在翻译实践之后，而不是在翻译实践之前。主要的教学目的在于使学生掌握必要的翻译知识、技能和技巧。使得学生在未来的工作中能胜任一般性的翻译工作。这门课程是在俄语专业基础课、语法等课程结束之后开设的，所以也就存在另一个认知的目的。是对学生在前两年的学习，包括基础词汇量的积累和语言知识的掌握的一个较为全面的检验。也包含扩充知识面的任务。

第一讲汉译英翻译过程及意义对等

汉英翻译第一讲
过程和意义分类
八级汉译英大纲要求
能翻译相当于我国《人民日报》能翻译相当于我国《人民日报》等报刊上各种文章题材包括： 1）日常生活记叙 2）一般政治、经济、文化方面的文章 3）文学作品翻译速度为每小时250~300汉字翻译速度为每小时250~300汉字能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录翻译速度为每小时250~300词翻译速度为每小时250~300词
符号三角理论（ the Semiotic Triangle）符号三角理论（ Triangle）
Thought or Reference （思想或所指关系）概念 Symbol 间接的联系 Referent (符号）（所指）语言客观世界
符号学的三分法
句法学（研究言内意义）研究符号与符号之间的关系语义学（研究指称意义）研究符号与所指事物之间的关系语用学（研究语用意义）研究符号与符号使用（者）之间的关系六、三类符号学意义言内意义词语成分之间、句子成分之间和篇章成分之间的关系所反映的意义。它在语音、词汇、句子和篇章等层次均有体现指称意义（概念意义）词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界语用意义（蕴涵、联想、象征意义）语言符号与使用者的关系，是语言符号对人产生的影响
语用意义
表征意义：话语中揭示发讯人身份及其地理、历史和阶级背景、年龄、在交际中的态度等等的成份。表达意义：语言符号的情感内容及其表达发讯人个性或个人创造性的成份。联想意义：语言符号唤起的联想以及它所暗示的、或者作为它一部分的概念和印象。祈使意义：发讯人企图改变收讯人行为或心态的意向，具体表现为命令、敦促、说服或乞求。社交意义：又叫“情境意义” 社交意义：又叫“情境意义”、“人际意义”，是语言符人际意义” 号同建立、保持某种社会关系有关的方面。

01汉译英第一讲

Multi-point Perspective

。
汉英思维方式与语言差异（thinking patterns and language differences)

1.整体与个体（macrocosm vs. individuality） 2.悟性与理性(comprehension vs. rationality ：汉语的模糊性（词性模糊、语义模糊、语言单位模糊） 3.具象与抽象(concreteness vs. abstractness) 4．直觉与逻辑(intuition vs. logic)

（1）忠实：“忠实”指译文要忠实原文，准确表达其思想，意义和文体风格。例1：我的成功一半要归功于他。译文1：Half of my success belonged to him. 译文2：I owed half of my success to him. 例2：这台发动机出了毛病。译文1：The generator has got some problems. 译文2：There is something wrong with the generator. 例3：啊！我不是诗人，我永远道不出我的爱，一种像由音乐与图画所引起的爱。译文1： Alas, I am not a poet! I shall never express my love, a love which is caused by music and painting. 译文2：Alas, I am not a poet! I shall never be able to express my love--- the kind of love as inspired by music and painting.

翻译第一讲(1)

翻译的基本要求

大学英语翻译全教程第一讲(完美版)

邢帅教育英语四级教程-翻译技巧

汉译英第一讲(词的翻译技巧)

(完整版)英汉翻译教程

翻译第一讲 考研

第一讲 汉译英的特点和步骤

翻译第一讲(1)

翻译第一讲 翻译理论与实践

《 英汉互译(一)》第1课教案

汉英翻技巧译第一讲词类转译法

翻译理论 第一讲

英汉互译第一讲

找准主语,准确翻译(翻译技巧讲解第一课)

大学英语翻译教程第一讲PPT课件

俄汉翻译 第一讲

第一讲 汉译英翻译过程及意义对等

01汉译英第一讲

翻译第一讲考研

第一讲汉译英的特点和步骤

翻译第一讲翻译理论与实践

《英汉互译(一)》第1课教案

翻译理论第一讲

俄汉翻译第一讲

第一讲汉译英翻译过程及意义对等