科技沟通第1-18章大纲

Laboratory ReportsTeaching ObjectivesOn completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:*identify the types of laboratory reports;*explain the communicative purposes of laboratory reports;*understand the language features of laboratory reports;Teaching Objectives*get to know the structural features of laboratory reports;*learn the techniques for writing laboratory reports;*understand the principles for writing laboratory reports;*rules of practice for writing laboratory reports;Background & Lead-in*实验报告，是在科学研究中描述、记录某一课题的实验过程和结果的报告。

*在学习和科研活动中，为了检验某种科学理论或假设，往往要进行实验。

人们通过实验、观察、分析、综合、判断，如实地将实验过程和结果记录下来，经过整理而写成书面报告。

Background & Lead-in*This chapter describes a general format for laboratory reports that you can adapt as needed. Laboratory reports are the most frequent kind of document written in engineering course and can count for as much as 25% of a course yet little time or attention is devoted to how to write them well. Worse yet, each professor wants something a little different.1. Definition of Laboratory Reports*Laboratory reports document laboratory procedures and their results.*Laboratory reports may be one component of a research project or may demonstrate technical capability and compliance with contracts.Classification of Laboratory Reports*According to purpose there are*Academic laboratory reports*学术实验报告*Industry laboratory test reports*工业的实验报告*Page 82-83Classification of Laboratory ReportsGenre Features of Laboratory Reports*Communicative Purposes:*Document your findings*Communicate their significance*Present the results of research or testingLinguistic Features of laboratory Reports*Objective and impersonal*Specific and factual*Consistent and coherent*Clear and concise*Persuasive and convincingFormal Laboratory Reports*The Cover Material :*Title Page*Table of contentsFormal Laboratory Reports*The Body of the Report*Abstract*Introduction*Equipment and Components*Procedure used*Results /Observations*Analysis and Discussion*Summary/ConclusionFormal Laboratory ReportsInformal Laboratory Reports*The name of the procedures* A data sheet*Calculations*See page 864. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reports*Title Page（标题页）：标题的提炼和制作要明确、简练，直接反映所研究的对象、范围、方向和问题。

*Title page needs to contain the name of the experiment, the names of lab partners, and the date. Titles should be straightforward, informative, and less than ten words4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reports*The Abstract(摘要):简明扼要说明实验目的意义,重要发现, 主要结论和理论方法。

*The Abstract summarizes four essential aspects of the report: the purpose of the experiment (sometimes expressed as the purpose of the report), key findings, significance and major conclusions.4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reports*The abstract often also includes a brief reference to theory or methodology.*The information should clearly enable readers to decide whether they need to read your whole report.*The abstract should be one paragraph of 100-200 words4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reports*The Introduction (简介)is more narrowly focused than the abstract.*It states the objective of the experiment and provides the reader with background tothe experiment. State the topic of your report clearly and concisely, in one or two sentences:Introduction* A good introduction also provides whatever background theory, previous research, or formulas the reader needs to know.*Usually, an instructor does not want you to repeat the lab manual, but to show your own comprehension of the problem.Example:*The purpose of this experiment was to identify the specific element in a metal powder sample by determining its crystal structure and atomic radius.*Quick Introduction Reference*Must Have:1. Purpose of the experiment2. Important background and/or theory*May include:1. Description of specialized equipment2. Justification of experiment's importance*If the amount of introductory material seems to be a lot, consider adding subheadings such as: Theoretical Principles or Background.*Note on verb tenseEquipment and Apparatus﹙实验仪器和装置﹚*When the laboratory equipment is commonly used by laboratories, or consists of simple components such as strain gauges应变仪and thermometers, you many include, without description, a list of equipment.*This is typical for student laboratory reports.Laboratory Procedure or Process (实验程序或过程)*Laboratory procedures use the imperative voice and include a step-by-step format with step numbers.*Alternatively, process descriptions are the technical descriptions of laboratory procedures and may be stated in the present or past tense.Laboratory Procedure*Confusing:Press the STOP button when the load drops abruptly. [This may prompt the operator to press the STOP button before there is an abrupt drop in the load.] *Clear:When the load drops abruptly, press the STOP button.* A sample procedure follows.Process Description*The process description is either an explanation or history of the procedure. The present tense is used for an explanation, and, alternatively, the past tense is used for a history.*SampleData and Calculations﹙数据和计算﹚*The data are the numerical quantities determined from reading the instruments during the experiment.*These are usually recorded on data sheets---tables with the nomenclature 命名法of the controlled and measured parameters 规范、参数of the experiment, respectively, as the row and column headings.Results(实验效果)*Results are usually dominated by calculations, tables and figures; however, you still need to state all significant results explicitly in verbal form.Discussion (探讨)*Discussion is the most important part of your report, because here, you show that you understand the experiment beyond the simple level of completing it.*Explain. Analyze. Interpret.*This part of the lab focuses on a question of understanding "What is the significance or meaning of the results?‖Discussion*Analyze experimental error.Was it avoidable? Was it a result of equipment? If an experiment was within the tolerances, you can still account for the difference from the ideal. If the flaws result from the experimental design explain how the design might be improved.*Explain your results in terms of theoretical issues.Often undergraduate labs are intended to illustrate important physical laws. Usually you will have discussed these in the introduction. In this section move from the results to the theory. How well has the theory been illustrated?Discussion*Relate results to your experimental objective (s).If you set out to identify an unknown metal by finding its lattice格子框架、斜条结构parameter and its atomic structure, you'd better know the metal and its attributes.*Compare your results to similar investigations.In some cases, it is legitimate to compare outcomes with classmates, not to change your answer, but to look for any anomalies异常现象between the groups and discuss those. *Analyze the strengths and limitations of your experimental design.Conclusion (结论):*Conclusion can be very short in most undergraduate laboratories.*Simply state what you know now for sure, as a result of the lab.References (参考文献):*References (参考文献):这是指在实验报告中参考和引用别人的材料和论述。