(英)第4章文艺复兴时期

合集下载

2018年教育硕士(Ed.M)333教育综合复习指南(第4章文艺复兴时期的教育)【圣才出品】

第4章文艺复兴时期的教育4.1复习目标1．熟悉维多里诺的教育思想；2．掌握人文主义教育的特征、影响和贡献；3．掌握弗吉里奥的教育贡献。

4.2考点归纳一、人文主义教育家1．弗吉里奥弗吉里奥是率先阐述人文主义教育思想的学者，其思想大大受益于昆体良。

他为昆体良的《雄辩术原理》作注释，使之风行于意大利内外。

他还写了一篇题为《论绅士风度与自由学科》（约1404）的专题论文，认为人文主义教育的目的在于对青少年施以通才教育，以培养身心全面发展的人。

他的主要教育思想有：（1）教育方法弗吉里奥认为必须使所教内容适合学生的个人爱好和年龄特征。

（2）教育内容弗吉里奥最推崇的三门科目是历史、伦理学（道德哲学）和雄辩术，认为这三门课程最能体现人文主义精神。

弗吉里奥还依据亚里士多德的《政治学》提出体育、文学、绘画、音乐四门科目，并讨论了数学、医学、法律、自然知识等科目。

a．他重视体育，认为健全的身体是将来从事任何事业的前提；b．他重视文学，认为文学（包括文法、写作、逻辑、修辞、诗歌）是学习其他学科的基础；c．他还赋予自然知识以重要价值，认为这是一门既使人感兴趣又对人有益的学科；d．他也看重医学和法律的实际价值，认为它们与职业有关。

2．维多里诺维多里诺是弗吉里奥教育理想的实践者。

他对西塞罗的《论雄辩术》颇有心得，深谙西塞罗精神的内蕴，并热衷于古希腊身心和谐发展的教育理想。

他对教育实践热忱很高，曾于1423年开办宫廷学校，并于此终生执教，他的教育思想如下：（1）他把学校称为“快乐之家”，认为学校应保证校址环境优美，校风朴素自然，师生关系融洽，学生的生活与学习过程充满欢乐。

（2）主张通才教育，并以古典学科作为课程的中心。

（3）他重视学生品德的培养，重视学生基督教信仰的养成，并认为古典著作所包含的异教道德观念与基督教教义是不冲突的。

3．伊拉斯谟伊拉斯谟是一位基督教人文主义教育理论家和思想家，被称为“欧洲的导师”。

伊拉斯谟和《乌托邦》的作者莫尔被认为是北欧文艺复兴的典型代表。

文艺复兴时期英国文学概述

文艺复兴时期英国文学概述文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。

文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。

托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。

Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。

《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。

文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser， 1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。

他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。

弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon， 1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（Essays），共58篇。

这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。

英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位，随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。

到了16世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。

克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe， 1564-1593）冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。

李春《西方美术史教程》笔记(文艺复兴时期法国美术)【圣才出品】

第4章文艺复兴时期法国美术一、15世纪绘画1．巴黎画派（1）概述14世纪不少外地画家聚集在巴黎，当时以作画为职业。

巴黎成为法国的艺术中心，人们在这里进行艺术交流，也开辟了艺术家市场。

渐渐在巴黎形成了一种独特的画风，被称之为“巴黎画派”。

（2）特征人物形象生动而富有个性，仍保存中世纪的某些特点，如背景喜用金色。

（3）代表作①木板画《国王“勇敢”约翰肖像》（约1360）。

②双联画《基督钉上十字架》《三王来拜》、卡朗双联画等，大多作于14世纪90年代。

2．第戎画派代表人物有让·德·博梅斯和让·马尔韦尔。

（1）让·德·博梅斯他是“大胆”腓力的宫廷画师。

画了不少作品，其中最出色的是收藏于卢佛尔宫博物馆的《基督受难》。

（2）让·马尔韦尔他的最出色作品之一是《哀悼基督》，在风格上与让·德·博梅斯十分接近，都受意大利西埃那画派的影响。

3．细密画家代表人物有安·博内弗、林布尔兄弟等。

林布尔三兄弟曾为贝里公爵绘制的《豪华日课经》。

4．让·富凯（约1420～1481）（1）概述①让·富凯“是图尔画派”的佼佼者，他是法国早期绘画的一个骄傲。

②富凯在艺术上是一位多面手，他留下的作品有油画、细密画、珐琅制品和一些素描。

③他的绘画享有很高的荣誉，被称为是法国肖像画的奠基人。

绘画还受到意大利画家的影响。

④富凯是个划时代的人物，他的绘画对后来的法国艺术的发展影响较大。

法国的古典主义艺术是从他开始才迈出了第一步，至普桑达到了高峰。

（2）代表作品①《古犹太史》，是为数不多的被他签名的作品。

②《查理七世肖像》，被认为是他最早的杰作之一，这幅肖像作品为四分之三斜侧面而不是正面姿态，这一创新画法可能得益于尼德兰的扬·凡·爱克。

③《首相朱韦纳尔·于尔桑肖像》，画面上于尔桑正跪下作祈祷，形象写实，个性突出。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》配套题库【章节题库(含名校考研真题)-第四章文艺复兴时期【圣才出品】

第四章文艺复兴时期填空题1. The term _______ originally indicated a revival of classic Greek and Roman arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.（北京交通大学2006研）【答案】Renaissance【解析】Renaissance—文艺复兴起初是指经历了漫长、蒙昧的中世纪后，对古希腊和罗马艺术及科学的复兴。

2. Shakespeare’s authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two _______ and 154 _______.（国际关系学院2009研）【答案】long poems；sonnets【解析】莎士比亚的作品除了戏剧之外，还包括两首长诗（“Venus and Adonis”及“The Rape of Lucrece”）和154首十四行诗。

3. “Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines” is a line taken from “Sonnet 18” by William Shakespeare. The underlined phrase refers to _______.（首师大2008研）【答案】the sun.【解析】“天空中的眼睛”指的是太阳。

此句意为：有时候阳光过于炽烈。

4 In William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18, the speaker compares his beloved to thesummer season, and in the last two lines（“So long as men can breathe or eyes can see／So long lives this, and this gives life to thee”）, written in a rhymed _______, he states that his beloved will live in eternity through “this”, which refers to _______. （天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】heroic couplet，poem【解析】诗句为莎士比亚十四行诗第18首的最后两句。

《英国文学选读》教案

《英国文学选读》教案第一章：概述1.1 课程目标让学生了解英国文学的基本概况和发展历程。

培养学生对英国文学的兴趣和阅读能力。

1.2 教学内容英国文学的起源和发展阶段。

英国文学的重要作家和作品。

1.3 教学方法采用讲座、讨论和阅读相结合的方式进行教学。

引导学生阅读经典英国文学作品，提升阅读理解能力。

1.4 教学评估课堂讨论和提问。

阅读作业和读书笔记。

第二章：文艺复兴时期2.1 课程目标让学生了解文艺复兴时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。

培养学生对文艺复兴时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。

2.2 教学内容文艺复兴时期英国文学的形成背景。

莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）的作品选读。

2.3 教学方法分析莎士比亚的作品，探讨其文学价值和历史意义。

引导学生进行角色扮演和剧本创作，体验文艺复兴时期的戏剧魅力。

2.4 教学评估剧本表演和创作。

文艺复兴时期

近代西方核心价值观的形成
• 人文主义（humanism） • 15 世纪，出现了一些专门从事古典文化研究的知识分子，这些人被称为人文学（ studia humane ）学者，以区别于中世纪的神学（ studia divina ）学者。人文学者在研究人文学的过程中，逐渐形成了一种以人为本位的思想体系 —— 人文主义（ humanism ）。正是这种新的观念奠定了现代性展开的思想基础。
• 《麦克白》（1606）被公认为是四大悲剧中最阴暗、最压抑的一部。全剧通过苏格兰大将麦克白从一个为国家立下赫赫战功的英雄堕落为一个卑鄙的弑君者，最后众叛亲离的悲剧，既体现了那个原始积累时期黑暗混乱的现实，也揭示了人性的普遍弱点和原罪。
晚期创作（1608-1612）
• 进入晚期创作后，以悲剧观点看待人类的莎士比亚似乎又回到了早年的乐观主义，创作了一系列浪漫剧或传奇剧。这些剧本的一个显著特点是：剧中的矛盾冲突在达到紧张的高峰后，最后都在 “爱征服一切”的理想照耀下，被乌托邦式地解决了。晚年的剧作家似乎企图确立一种信念，即生活中的任何矛盾都可以按照人文主义的理想得以调和。 • 最能体现这一点是他的最后一部作品《暴风雨》 (1601)。它仿佛是莎翁这只“艾汶河上的天鹅” 临死前唱的一曲歌，或用诗写的一个遗嘱。
——鲁迅《再论雷峰塔的倒掉》
• 《奥瑟罗》（1604）改编自意大利小说家欽齐奥的《故事百篇》。剧本谴责了以伊阿古为代表的市侩、野心家和利己主义者，揭露了资本原始积累时期野心家的罪恶；也批判了当时西方社会普遍存在的种族主义偏见。
• 《李尔王》（1605）取材于古代不列颠历史，通过国王李尔退位后被其两个女儿抛弃的悲剧，揭示了传统道德观念和伦理关系的崩溃。

第四章文艺复兴时期的社会思想(于海版)

文艺复兴时期思想家的共同点
1.全都坚信社会秩序是人为的产物； 2.我们从过去接受下来的秩序不是唯一可能的秩序； 3.如何组织社会生活的问题始终是一个应该不断提出的问题。
4.4 宗教改革
复兴时代也是宗教改革的时代，文艺复兴用德文表示就是宗教改革。由马丁﹒路德发动的宗教改革，用恩格斯的话来说，就是资产阶级反对封建制度的革命的第一次大决战。《九十五条论纲》
意大利政治思想家和历史学家。1513年12月，他的惊世之作《君主论》问世。书中强调君主必须同人民保持较好的关系；必须重视军事；必须通权达变，灵活机动，为达到目的可以不择手段；并要真正了解国情，注意避开谄媚者。这些原则后来成为一些人的治国原则，拿破仑、希特勒、墨索里尼都曾把《君主论》作为案头书。
文艺复兴的核心: 人文主义
主张以人为中心，
认为人是现实生活的创造者和主人，
要求肯定人的价值和尊严人文主义就是为创造现世的幸福而奋斗的乐观进取的精神
文艺复兴运动的成就
14至17 文艺复兴时期是指欧洲的_____世纪，它发源于意大利，传 ____
英、法播和发展于____等西欧国家。
时间领域、国别 14 世纪文学 “前三杰” （意大利）代表人物但丁彼特拉克薄伽丘达· 芬奇米开朗琪罗拉斐尔 16 世纪文学（英国）莎士比亚代表成就《神曲》 “文艺复兴之父” 《十日谈》《最后的晚餐》《蒙娜丽莎》《大卫》《摩西》《西斯廷圣母》《哈姆雷特》等
中国的造纸技术也传播到了中亚的一些国家，并从此通过贸易传播到达了印度。造纸术传入阿拉伯是在公元751年。那一年唐安西节度使高仙芝率部与大食(阿拉伯帝国)将军沙利会战于中亚重镇怛逻斯(今哈萨克斯坦的江布尔)，激战中，由于唐军中的西域军队发生叛乱，唐军大败，被俘唐军士兵中有从军的造纸工人。当时的阿拉伯人没有屠俘的习惯，因此被俘的唐军造纸工匠可以为阿拉伯人造纸，沙利将这些工匠带到中亚重镇撒马尔罕，让他们传授造纸技术，并建立了阿拉伯帝国第一个生产麻纸的造纸场。从此，撒马尔罕成为阿拉伯人的造纸中心。

The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结

The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.------F. Engles<1> Brief introduction▪Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.▪“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;▪Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.During the period of Renaissance:1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken,2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,3. national languages and cultures took shape,4. art and literature flourishedBrief introduction▪There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied.▪The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation．▪Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe．Examples:①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) createdpaintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．<2>Essence and features▪Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.（另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to:to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe;to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie inthe sphere of cultural life.▪Features: there are two striking features①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.<3>Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.Humanism：The progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;<4>HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things.Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.<5>Features of humanism in RenaissanceEmphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s HamletWhat a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！▪1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;▪2.shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philoso phy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.▪3. Applying Aristotle’s theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society.<6>Influence and English RenaissanceInfluences:1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe.2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular.This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContents●I.TheSixteenthCentury England ●II. Renaissance in England ●III. The main artistic styles●IV. William Shakespeare●V. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enclosure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparati●The background of the humanism in Europe●The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;●The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;●The spirit of nationalism;●The growing of "new science” etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance;2. An age of comparative social contentment;3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm;4. An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.II. Renaissance in England▪The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th centuryThe flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birds”The early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. ▪Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.▪Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama— the real mainstream of the English Renaissanceyears 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturized; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation:Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essays▪travel books:More’s Utopia▪poetry: Edmund Spenser▪drama: “University Wits”, Marlowe, Shakespeare▪essay: Francis BaconForerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism.The Sheph erd’s Calendar 《牧人日历》: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.▪Amoretti《爱情小诗》:a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.▪Epithlamion 《婚后曲》: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene《仙后》:▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 books. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy.Fairy Queen—Queen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole --- England, the evil figures—enemies.Themes of the poem :●nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)●humanism (strong opposition to Roman Catholicism),●Puritanism (moral teaching)Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter 六步格的诗rhyming abab,bcbc,c which is the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.For its rare beauty, this verse form was much used by many later poets, esp. imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.Spenser’s position in English Literature:the publica tion of “The Shepherd’s Calendar” marks the budding of Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The language he used was modern English which has distinguished itself from the Middle English of Chaucer's day. Spenserian stanza: a model of poetic art among the Renaissance English poets.“the poet’s poet”, the first master to make the Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusion and held his position as a model of poetic art. His influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.Life: short but riotous⏹Major works:➢Tamburlaine the Great:《帖木耳》•A drama in a blank verse•About the rise and fall of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror on the 14th century central Asia.•A tragedy about a man who thinks he can but actually can not control his own fate.•By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force, the author voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.•➢The Jew of Malta:《马耳他的犹太人》•A study of the lust for wealth, which centers around Barabas the Jew, an old money lender, whose only philosophy is the art of gaining advantage.•Suggestive of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.•A tragic result: typically greedy of riches and gold, which is another feature shared by those in Renaissance England. •➢The History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》•Refer to compare with Goethe’s Faust•The Faust myth in 16th century Germany: the myth of men seeking great earthly power from demons at the cost of their immortal soul.•The conventional view: Dr. Faustus is a morality play that vindicates humility, faith and obedience to the law of God. •The new view: Dr. Faustus celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness, and also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.⏹Social significance and literary achievement1.showing the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. Its eager curiosity for knowledge, power and gold.The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.The heroes are mainly individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and to themselves.…soul of the Age!The applause! Delight! The wonder of our stage! Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!William Shakespeare1. Brief Introduction2. Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods of his literary career Categories of his drama 3. the artistic features of his plays4. Shakespeare’s place and contribution5. Shakespeare’s sonnetsWhat to be at least known about ShakespeareLife: birthplace, birth date, death date, important time in his life and career●His major works: 37 plays(10histories, 10 comedies, 10 tragedies), 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets.Plays to be read: great comedies & 4 great tragedies●Writing features in each of four periodsI. Brief IntroductionA dramatist “not of an age, but of all time” by Ben Jonhson, not of Engla nd, but of the world.●Not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction●A “poet of reality” for his idea that literature should reflect nature and reality.●37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.II. Shak espeare’s dramaFour Periods of Shakespeare’s Literary careerFour major phrases represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.1. Period of early experiment and apprenticeship (1590-1594)Background:A. it was in the middle of the highly thriving Elizabethan Age.B. The thoughts of humanism and the ideas of man’s emancipation, freedom of love was rapidly spread.C. Shakespeare was a young man full of astonishing versatility and wonderful talent and the great interest in the political questions of his time.Features:A. the writer made experiments in a number of dramatic forms: the historical plays, comedy, the revenge tragedy and the romantic tragedy.B. this period is distinctively marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of witty language or speech, and by the final and frequent use of blank verse. In his hand, blank verse developed into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thoughts and emotions (thus shaking off the rigidity of rimed and mechanic lines) .2. Period of maturity (1595-1600)Features:A. a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays and sonnets.B. a sweet and joyful time when the writer portrays successfully a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life.C. a great shift in characterization. A notable gallery of heroines in the comedies and vivid characters in historical plays is presented: Portia, Posalynd, Voila, Beatrice, Sir John Falstaff.3. Period of gloom and depression (1601-1607)Background:A. the aggravation of the social situation: the rising of peasants, the corruption, the tension between bourgeoisie and the feudal lands.B. the change of mood in the playwright: gloomy and indignantFeatures:A. a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”B. the writer gave a scathing exposition of the somber pictures and scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime.C. a higher level of crafts is reached: more intricate plotting, intense inner conflict, meticulous depiction of human mind.4. Period of calm and reconciliation (1608-1612)Background:A. the fall and collapse of absolute monarchB. the retirement of the playwright back into the tranquil countrysideFeatures:A. some serenity and optimism, instead of the beginning lightness and the middle somber violence reigned.B. romantic dramas and comedies were the main form.C. moral teaching and supernatural forces were relied on to restore the rightful honor and position. These plays all show a falling off from his previous works.Categories of his dramacomedies histories tragedies romances？？Comedy is a light form of drama aiming primarily to amuse and ending happily. It often deals with people in their human state, restrained and ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions.Four Great ComdiesThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightComedies of the First PeriodThe keynote of his comedies:●to portray people just freed from the feudal fetters, sing of youth, love and ideas of happiness.●The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mould their fate according to their own free will. Thus becomethe sons and daughters of Renaissance.●The victory of humanist ideal is inevitable. The general spirit of these plays is optimistic.The Merchant of Venice•The double plot: one is about the Bassanio’s winning of a bride by undergoing a test; the other is about the demanding of a pound of human flesh by Shylock.•The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.•The new one is to regard the play as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Portia: a rich heiress of Belmont in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.●1. Portia is a woman of Renaissance—beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespear’s ideal women.●2. the young heroes in Shakespeare's comedies are always independent in character and take their own path of life.History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy.●His histories include two tetralogies (四部曲)and two other plays. Characterizes two centuries of English history from Richard III to Henry VIII (1377-1547)●There is only one ideal king---Henry V who represents the aspiration for national unity under a powerful and efficient monarchy.The image of Henry V:Henry V is the symbol of Shakespear’s ideal kingship. He represents the upsurging patriotism of the time. In depicting Henry V as a prince and as a man, Shakespeare looks deep into the personality of his hero and shows a profound understanding of the politics and social life of the time.Theme: Shakespeare’s historical plays describe the decaying of the old feudal society an d the rising of the new forces. His historical plays sum up the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. The idea is anti-feudal inIt is concerned with the harshness and injustice of life. They are often serious plays with sad endings.●Often the hero’s tragedy is due to a weakness in his or her character which brings self-destruction. A weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello.●In S hakespeare’s plays, he saw sharp contradictions between his lofty humanistic ideals and the evil social forces. Background for Shakespeare’s tragediesHe began to observe life with penetration, to expose mercilessly the contradiction of the Elizabethan society. The economical and social crisis which began at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth continued right up to the English Revolution.The bourgeoisie intended to break up the yoke of absolute monarchy and struggled for free development.It was in this atmosphere of general unrest that he created his great tragedies.Four Great Tragedies All analyzing the human wickedness.●Hamlet: the hero’s weakness makes him vulnerable in fighting against the outward evil.●Othello shows how an outward evil make s use of the hero’s weakness and causes his fall.●King Lear demonstrates how man’s mistake sets free the evils of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrust.●Macbeth reveals how the outward evil stirs up the wickedness in man and destroys him.Hamlet“Hamlet” is considered the summit of Shakespeare's art.Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the man of Renaissance.Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, over-subtle and fruitless kind, it is the result of his penetrating mind. It expresses, in away, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century.III. the artistic features of his plays1. Characterization: By using comparison and contrasts, he depicts a group of individuals with strong and distinct personalities.The melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius and Iago, the honesty of Othello, ambition of Macbeth and the beauty and wit of Portia.2. Psycho-analytical study: He reveals the intricate inner workings of the character’s minds through the full use of soliloquies(独白).3. Structure:⏹His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven intoan organic whole.⏹the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.5. style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.IV. Shakespeare’s place and contributionOne of the founder of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.Amazing prolificacy. In 22years, nearly 40 plays, no two of which evoke the same feeling or image among the audience, a master of every forms of drama.Skilled in many poetic forms. The songs, sonnets, couplets, esp. at home with blank verse, which became a vehicle of utterance to all the possible sentiments of his characters.A great master of English language. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. He is known to have used 16,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.He was universally regarded are the summit of English Renaissance. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point view, in literary form or in language.SonnetDefinition:▪A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.Origin:▪A form of lyrical poetry was originated in Italy. “sonnet” was derived from Provencal (普罗旺斯语) “Sonet”. It was once a short popular poetry used for singing in the medieval age.▪Italian poet Petrarch was the major representatives of the poets who used this poetic form. He wrote altogether 375 sonnets, dedicated to his lover. That is the Petrarchan sonnet.▪Sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt . It flourished in the 1590s and reach its peak of popularity with the surge of Renaissance in England.Two types of sonnetThe Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet :Petrarchan Sonnet▪The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, Its fourteen lines break into an octave （八行诗）(or octet), which usually rhymes abba,abba, and a sestet （六行诗节）, which may rhyme cdecde or cdcdcd, or any of the multiple variations possible using only two or three rhyme-sounds.▪It usually projects and develops a subject in the octave, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, which means that the sestet must in some way release the tension built up in the octave.▪Example: see Wyatt's "Farewell Love and all thy laws for ever."Farewell, LoveSir Thomas Wyatt (1503~1542)Farwell, Love, and all thy laws forever,Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more;Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavor,In blind error then I did persever,Thy sharp repulse, that prickth aye so sore,Hath taought me to set in trifles no storeAnd’ scape forth since liberty is leverTherefore farewell, go trouble younger hearts, And in me claim no more authorityWith idle youth go use thy property,And therein spend thy many brittle darts,For hitherto though I have lost all my time,Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb.别了，爱，以及你所有的法则，你上饵的钩子不再能把我缠绞，塞内克与柏拉图叫我离开你那套，并尽我才智把完美的财富获得。

30第四章文艺复兴时期文论

文艺复兴首先起源于13－14世纪的佛罗伦萨，这场转变从根本上说，是由经济与政治上的转变开始的。
首先是佛罗伦萨借助毛纺织工业和银行业，在欧洲率先进入社会生产的资本主义阶段，在生产方式上出现了资本主义生产关系的萌芽。这一切都必定在文化上产生新的要求并带来新的变化。因为经济和政治的发展，需要知识与文化的支撑，技能、知识、成为人们生产生活必不可少的工具，文化成为了在城市中生存的基本需要，因此对文化的渴求与对教育的重视，成了13世纪佛罗伦萨的特征。这就是文艺复兴运动的源头。
3、从理论上对新文学进行总结和指导。
第二节薄伽丘
薄伽丘（giovanni Boccaio， 1313-1375），著有传奇小说《菲洛柯洛》，叙事长诗《菲洛斯特拉托》（约 1338年）和《苔塞伊达》（1340—1341 ，《异教诸神谱系》（1350—1375）和《但丁传》等，而尤以《十日谈》名声为著。
他论及圣经的话也适用于诗，就是说，诗在叙述时不但可以解释本文，而且以同一字句阐明本文的神秘意义。所以，诗使智者沈吟玩味，使常人得到安慰；它的明显的意义使孺子亦感兴趣，它的隐晦的意义使最聪明的听众也为之向往，惊叹不已。所以，让我设个比喻，诗宛若一条河流，有浅处亦有深处，小羊可以涉流走过，大象也有游泳之余地。”[1] [1] 薄迦丘：《但丁传》，见《缪灵珠美学译文集》第一卷，北京：中国人民大学出版社1985年版，第329-330页。
文艺复兴的总体特征：首先是人生观与价值观的转变。其次是古典文艺的复兴与人文主义的兴起。再次是民族文学与世俗文学的发展与繁荣。
文艺复兴文论的核心问题：
1、为世俗文学辩护，实际上也是为文学的世俗化辩护。
2、对古代遗产进行整理与阐释，并把它们和现时代的文艺结合起来，利用它们的影响和地位为新文艺辩护。

文艺复兴时期的英国作家及其作品

文艺复兴时期（14-17世纪）的英国作家及其作品1，埃德蒙·斯宾塞：生于1552年，卒于1599年1月13日。

英国文艺复兴时期伟大诗人，代表作有长篇史诗《仙后》、田园诗集《牧人月历》、组诗《情诗小唱十四行诗集》、《婚前曲》、《祝婚曲》等。

他的诗用词典丽、情感细腻、格律严谨、优美动听，对后世诗人有很大的影响，被后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。

从思想内容说，他的诗歌既有人文主义者对生活的热爱，也有新柏拉图主义的神秘思想，还带有清教徒的伦理宗教观念和强烈的资产阶级爱国情绪。

2，克里斯托弗·马洛(Christopher Marlowe 1564～1593)，英国诗人，剧作家。

1564年3月6日生于坎特伯雷一富有鞋匠之家，1593年5月 30日卒于伦敦附近的德特福德。

马洛革新了中世纪的戏剧，在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和“雄伟的诗行”，为莎士比亚的创作铺平了道路。

写作有剧本《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）、《爱德华二世》（Edward II）和《迦太基女王狄多》、《巴黎的大屠杀》。

另有代表性诗作《激情牧人的情歌》。

3，威廉·莎士比亚：生于1564年4月23日，卒于1616年4月23日。

英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。

他的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（英：Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello）、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Macbeth）。

著名的四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》（《As you like it》）。

历史剧：《亨利四世》、《亨利五世》、《理查三世》。

欧洲文艺复兴时期

玛瑙、玳瑁和金银等珍贵材料镶嵌成有阿拉伯风格的花饰。特点：对称形。蒙面料：采用染有鲜艳色彩的皮革。
• 家具的形式:
• 意大利的大箱子
意大利的家俱很有特色，看他们箱柜不是方方正正的，而是像一所房子，有檐板、柱子和台座等等，因为他们喜爱建筑。
意大利文艺复兴时期最著名、最精致的家具是一种意大利式的大箱子，这是传统的婚礼箱。最华丽的一些箱子来自佛罗伦萨的工坊。到15世纪开始的时候，佛罗伦萨像大多数城市一样，被极少数富有并有影响力的家庭控制着；婚礼是这种大家庭展示其财力的时候，装饰豪华的大箱子在这个仪式中起到了重要的显示地位的作用。婚礼通常要求有两个(一对)大箱子，并标有通婚家庭的盾徽，新娘和新郎家的盾徽各在一只大箱子上。装满了新娘陪嫁物品的大箱子穿过街道运到了新郎的宅邸里，由于它们担当了如此重要的公开角色，因此大箱子的设计总是尽可能地华丽，以示气派。
•欧洲文艺复兴时期
文艺复兴:公元14世纪到16世纪,以意大利为中心而开始的古希腊、古罗马文化的复兴运动。
•文艺复兴的核心：肯定人性和人道,要求把人们从宗教的束缚中解放出来, •使欧洲文明开始从中古时代以”神”为中心的思想中解脱出来,转而研究以 •”人”为中心的古代文化,倡导认识自然,热衷科学,造福人生,并促进了近代 •文明的萌芽.
文艺复兴建筑
最明显的特征是扬弃了中世纪时期的哥特式建筑风格，而在宗教和世俗建筑上重新采用古希腊罗马时期的柱式构图要素。
文艺复兴时期的建筑师和艺术家们认为，哥特式建筑是基督教神权统治的象征，而古代希腊和罗马的建筑是非基督教的。他们认为这种古典建筑，特别是古典柱式构图体观着和谐与理性，并同人体美有相通之处，这些正符合文艺复兴运动的人文主义观念。
文艺复兴三杰:

《西方政治思想史》课件-04 文艺复兴时期的政治思想

第一节
西方近代政治思想的奠基
提要
城市共和国的兴起和民族国家的产生
文艺复兴与近代人文主共和国的兴起和民族国家的产生欧洲中世纪的大部分时间是农业社会，从 11世纪末叶起，商业城市开始发展起来。市民作为一个新的等级，其突出特征在于自由身份和相对平等的地位。他们是自由人，可以自由买卖土地、自由迁徙、受自己的司法机关审判等。伴随着城市的发展，市民展开了争取自治的运动，并相继获得自治权力，共和主义思想在理论和实践层面开始复苏和发展，城市共和国兴起。
第三节
博丹的政治思想
提要
生平与著作
国家主权理论
论国家类型与政府形式
一、生平与著作让· 博丹（1530—1596）是法国著名政治思想家，近代西方国家主权理论的创始人。 1576年博丹发表了《国家六论》。他的方法是将各个国家的法律体系以及主要国家的民众习惯汇集在一起，进行比较研究，以便认识国家的产生、成长的条件以及变化与衰落，这对后来孟德斯鸠的著述有很大影响。
维护私有财产，初步提出自然权利观念是格劳秀斯自然法学说的重要内容。格劳秀斯主张权利具有“直接和人有关”的意义，把生命、自由、财产看成不可侵犯的自然权利。值得注意的是，在格劳秀斯的自然法学说中，更多的是讲个人的道德义务而不是个人的天赋权利。格劳秀斯认为有先验的和经验的两种证明自然法的方法，前者参照人类的本性；后者参照普遍的事实，依靠理性的推论。
中文版：马基雅维利全集8卷
（吉林出版集团）
文艺复兴时期的意大利政治地图
五大主权实体：佛罗伦萨、威尼斯共和国、米兰公国、那不勒斯王国、教皇国两大强邻：法国、西班牙
其他影响意大利政局的势力：德意志（神圣罗马帝国）、瑞士人、土耳其人

西方文论第四章文艺复兴时期文论[精]

人文主义：个性自由、创造精神（科学）、现世价值←→宗教戒律、仆人地位、来世价值
知识就是美德。 ——培根
顺境的美德是节制，逆境的美德是坚韧。 ——培根
艺术（绘画、雕刻）
三杰：达芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉斐尔
文学
三杰：但丁、彼特拉克、薄伽丘
四国：《神曲》、十四行诗《歌集》、《十日谈》；《堂吉诃德》；乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》，莎士比亚戏剧；拉伯雷、蒙田。
《为诗辩护》
《为诗辩护》是伊丽莎白女王时代的文论杰作，是文艺复兴时期文学理论的重要代表，对诗学理论作了较为系统的论述。
全书先立后破，故可以分为两部分：第一部分是锡德尼提出自己对诗的独特见解，是为立论部分；第二部分则是罗列出前人和今人对诗存在的偏见，并一一进行破斥，是为破论部分。
代表作《阿卡狄亚》、文论作品《为诗辩护》（系统阐释诗学理论，继承古典又有创新）
With How Sad Steps, O Moon
With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb\'st the skies! How silently, and with how wan a face! What, may it be that e\'en in heavenly place That busy archer his sharp arrows tries! Sure, if that long-with-love-acquainted eyes Can judge of love, thou feel\'st a lover\'s case, I read it in thy looks; thy languish\'d grace, To me, that feel the like, thy state descries. Then, e\'en of fellowship, O Moon, tell me, Is constant love deem\'d there but want of wit? Are beauties there as proud as here they be? Do they above love to be loved, and yet Those lovers scorn whom that love doth possess? Do they call virtue, there, ungratefulness?

西方古典音乐：文艺复兴时期

西⽅古典⾳乐：⽂艺复兴时期西⽅古典⾳乐：⽂艺复兴时期建于14-15世纪、历代勃⾉第公爵的宫殿⽂艺复兴时期勃⾉第地区的教堂法国⽂艺复兴时期的⾳乐表演⽂艺复兴时期⾳乐理论家以三种不同长度风琴管说明⼋度⾳阶的⽐例⽂艺复兴时期⾳乐家（铜版画）西⽅古典⾳乐：公元前1100年⾄今、欧洲主流⽂化背景下的经典⾳乐。

四. ⽂艺复兴时期的西⽅古典⾳乐（1450年-1600年）⽂艺复兴是发⽣于⼗四⾄⼗六世纪欧洲的⼀次思想解放运动，⼈⽂主义思潮得到迅速的传播，欧洲的哲学、⽂学、艺术、⾃然科学、⼈性的⾃由和创造⼒等都得到了充分的释放和发展。

⼈们逐渐认识到，宗教神权存在着⿊暗和腐败及禁锢⼈类思想的⼀⾯。

在欧洲的⾳乐领域，宗教⾳乐已有近千年的权威，但世俗⾳乐也在慢慢的探寻、积累成长中，终于⽂艺复兴为欧洲的⾳乐带来了⼀场创作和创新的⾼潮。

1. 歌剧的诞⽣歌剧是⼀门概括了⾳乐、诗歌、舞蹈、编剧、舞台美术、化妆、灯光、演出的综合艺术。

歌剧源⾃古希腊戏剧，从雏形、成型到诞⽣，经过了数千年漫长⽽艰⾟的历程。

古希腊的悲剧、中世纪的宗教剧、假⾯剧和以后的意⼤利的牧歌剧、⽥园剧等，在这些不断发展的戏剧⾥，孕育着歌剧的主要元素；从简单的单⾳旋律到丰富多彩的多声部⾳乐，从单⼀的假⾯装扮到具有造型艺术的表演，从露天剧场到“透视感景观”的舞台，从宗教剧发展到世俗剧⽬等等，它们为歌剧艺术的形成奠定了坚实的基础。

⽂艺复兴对歌剧产⽣了重要的影响：世俗⾳乐的兴起、宗教束缚的冲破、⼗六世纪法国的歌谣曲和意⼤利的牧歌、戏剧的繁荣、和声系统的成熟、复调⾳乐在世俗⾳乐和宗教⾳乐中的⼴泛使⽤、以及器乐的兴盛和⾳乐理论的不断完善，使得歌剧在⼗六世纪末在欧洲作为⼀门⾳乐艺术⽂体变成了必然。

有史以来第⼀次歌剧的公演，是1597年由意⼤利作曲家和歌⼿雅各布·佩⾥（1561－1633）作曲的、取材⾃古希腊神话的《达芙尼（Dafne）》，演出后，获得当时社会各界的赞好，皆认为“成功复活了古希腊的戏剧精神”，但《达芙尼》最终不幸失传。

文艺复兴时期的英国文学简介

第二讲英国“文艺复兴”文学2.1 文艺复兴“文艺复兴”作为一场席卷欧洲的文化运动标志着欧洲从中世纪走向现代的转折。

始于14世纪的意大利，以美术、雕塑、文学艺术等的繁荣为标志，经由中欧、法国，最后传到不列颠。

“复兴”在这里指对欧洲古典即古希腊古罗马时期的艺术的重新挖掘和张扬，是指欧洲的文艺经过漫长中世纪基督教神学一统天下的黑暗时代后又重新恢复了古典时代的辉煌。

在英国，“文艺复兴”运动主要表现为都铎王朝时期文学的繁荣。

代表人物莎士比亚。

欧洲文艺复兴运动的历史背景包括政治、经济、宗教、科技、文化等诸多方面，这些因素互相推动，它们根植于中世纪，却又共同从成了一种与中世纪决裂的历史局面。

首先是对古希腊古罗马文化的重新发现。

地理和科学的新发现。

哥伦布达伽马16世纪德意志神学家马丁路德发起宗教改革文艺复兴主要体现在2个方面：人文主义的张扬；基督教神学的改革。

2.2 英国文艺复兴根据文坛和文学创作所呈现出的不同特点，英国文艺复兴可以分为3个主要阶段:第一，15世纪末---16世纪前半叶，复兴初期，研究古希腊罗马哲学，印刷术传入英国推动了人文主义文化的传播。

代表：托马斯莫尔《乌托邦》第二，伊丽莎白时代，英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时代。

代表：莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的诗歌第三，从莎士比亚去世到17世纪中期。

英国文艺复兴的晚期，运动逐渐走向低落。

代表：哲学家及散文家弗兰西斯培根文艺复兴时期英国文学的主要特征是诗歌和戏剧成为英国文坛的主流。

2.3代表作家及作品2.3.1 托马斯莫尔（Thomas More）出生于中产阶级家庭，其父为皇家法官。

希望其成为律师1504，26岁成为下院议员。

反对亨利七世，退出政坛。

15.9，亨利八世即位，恢复政治生涯，次年被委派位伦敦助理行政官，官至财政部长，下议院议长和帝国大法官。

因反对亨利八世与教会对抗被斩首。

作品：《乌托邦》乌托邦系拉丁文，意思是不存在的地方。

作品由两部分组成，整部作品都是托马斯莫尔与航海家拉斐尔希斯拉德的对话组成。

文艺复兴英文单词

文艺复兴英文单词单词：Renaissance1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：文艺复兴（欧洲 14 至 16 世纪的文化运动、思想解放运动）1.3 英文释义：A period of great cultural and artistic change and development in Europe from the 14th to the 16th century.1.4 相关词汇：rebirth---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源自法语，由 re-（再次）和 naissance（诞生）组成。

2.2 趣闻：文艺复兴时期产生了众多伟大的艺术家和作品，如达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》等，对欧洲乃至全球的文化发展产生了深远影响。

---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：Renaissance art 文艺复兴艺术例句：The Renaissance art is famous for its beauty and detail.翻译：文艺复兴艺术以其美丽和细节而闻名。

3.2 短语：Renaissance literature 文艺复兴文学例句：Shakespeare is one of the most important figures in Renaissance literature.翻译：莎士比亚是文艺复兴文学中最重要的人物之一。

---4 实用片段（1） "I'm studying the Renaissance period in history class. It's so fascinating to learn about the great thinkers and artists of that time." said Tom. "Yes, the Renaissance was a time of great innovation and creativity." replied the teacher.翻译：“我在历史课上学习文艺复兴时期。

文艺复兴时期的英国文学

克里斯托弗.马洛 Christopher Marlowe
“大学才子”派中贡献最大的是克里斯托弗.马洛（1564—— 1593）。他的处女作《帖木耳
大帝》Tamburlaine the Great （1587——1588）表
现了资产阶级的进取精神和人文主义的思想。《马尔他岛上的犹
太人》The Jew of Malta写
第二个时期（1601——1607）
第二个时期（1601——1607）主要创作悲剧。重要的剧本有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）。《奥瑟罗》（1604）取材于16世纪意大利作家钦提奥德短篇小说《一个威尼斯的摩尔人.》，作家把一个听信谗言的丈夫误杀妻子的家庭故事改造为一部有深刻社会内容的悲剧。《李尔王》（1606）取材于古老的民间传说和当时流行的同名戏剧。《麦克白》（1606）剧本取材于苏格兰的历史传说。通过主人公麦克白的篡夺王位，从英雄变为凶手和暴君的过程，揭露了统治者个人野心的罪恶。
托马斯·基德
托马斯·基德Thomas Kyd （1558—— 1594）对英国民族戏剧的发展有独特的贡献。他的《西班牙的悲剧》The Spanish Tragedy （1594）是一出复仇悲剧，在英国舞台上演出长达50年之久。他将古罗马作家塞内加的传统,如复仇的主题,独白的运用,灵魂的出现和中古时期的英国戏剧相结合,推进了文艺复兴时期英国悲剧的发展. 尤其是他在戏剧结构的安排和人物的心理分析上的成就,都对莎士比亚的创作产生了影响.
是莎士比亚悲剧的代表作，这部悲剧体现了莎士比亚戏剧创作的思想和艺术特点。别林斯基称他是“戏剧诗人之王的灿烂主冠上的一颗最光辉的金刚钻.“

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

32
罗密欧与朱丽叶奥瑟罗裘力斯·凯撒裘力斯凯撒泰尔亲王配力克里斯
莎士比亚诗选
33
1. The sonnet
• • •
3. Study of the selected writing
Definition: A 14-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme. 2 types: The Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet, and the English or Shakespearean sonnet. The Italian type: named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-74), the Italian poet. Its 14 lines break into an octave, with rhymes abbaabba, but st.: abbacddc; and a sestet, with rhymes xyzxyz or xyxyxy.
15
(14723) Dante (1472-1629)
16
Divine Comedy
The poem relating his heavenly ordained Purgatory(炼狱炼狱） journey through Hell, Purgatory(炼狱） and Paradise enjoyed immediate success: over 600 surviving manuscripts produced during the 14th century attest to the work's popularity. Consequently, Dante's vernacular classic was among the first books to be printed when the new technology of moveable type was introduced into Italy from Germany 17 during the 1460s and 1470s.
24
A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre Taming of the Shrew The Tempest (romantic tragicomedy) Troilus and Cressida Twelfth Night Two Gentlemen of Verona Winter's Tale (romantic tragicomedy)
29
科利奥兰纳斯泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯泰特斯安德洛尼克斯李尔王雅典的泰门辛白林哈姆雷特辛白林哈姆雷特一报还一报爱的徒劳冬天的故事
30
驯悍记亨利六世上篇亨利四世上篇理查二世理查三世特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达麦克白安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉
31
维洛那二绅士错误的喜剧仲夏夜之梦皆大欢喜约翰王亨利六世中篇亨利四世下篇亨利八世
20
(1564III. William Shakespeare (15641616)
21
1. Life and career
• Born in the market town of StratfordStratforduponupon-Avon in 1564 • At 7: attended the local grammar school where Latin was taught • In 1582, married and had 3 children • In 1585, left for London, 1st worked by taking care of the horses of the gentlemen
26
3) Tragedy Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet * Julius Caesar King Lear * Macbeth * Othello * Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus
27
4) Poetry
The Sonnets A Lover's Complaint The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funeral Elegy by W.S.
28
暴风雨温莎的风流娘儿们无事生非第十二夜威尼斯商人终成眷属亨利六世下篇亨利五世
rebirth) the intellectual and economic changes in Europe from the centuries. 14th – 16th centuries.
3
Europe had a financial growth out of the economic stagnation(停滞)of 停滞) the Middle Ages. Also, and perhaps most importantly, the Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions.
19
2. Major works
• Believed to be the 1st to write essays in English; works covering a wide range of subjects: philosophy, science, history, literature, etc. • 1605: The Advancement of Learning（《论 Learning（学术的进展》学术的进展》） • 1620: Novum Organum （《新工具》）新工具》 • 1625: Essays • 1627: The New Atlantis（《新大西岛》） Atlantis（新大西岛》
(1561II. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
18
1. Life and career
• Son of a government minister in Queen Elizabeth’s court • At 12: attended Cambridge • At 26: entered parliament; then Lord Keeper, Lord Chancellor of England (1603under King James I (1603-25) • Made a peer, with titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St Albans, but was imprisoned for taking bribes.
11
2) Michelangelo di Lodovico (1475Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)
sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
Part
IV
The Renaissance
1
• I. Introduction • II. Francis Bacon • III. Shakespeare
2
I. Introduction
1. • Renaissance Renaissance”-பைடு நூலகம்“Renaissance”--- (French for
6
3. Two features of Renaissance
1. a thirsting curiosity for classical literature 2. a keen interest in life and human activities
7
• 4. some important representatives of Renaissance and their famous works
8
Vinci(14521) Leonardo Da Vinci(14521519)
9
Portrait of Mona Lisa (1479-1528), also known as La Gioconda, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo
10
The Last Supper 1498
5
• which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie. • The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence on the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance. It sprang first in Italy in the 13th and 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.
4
2. Old
England in Transition
• The new monarchy • Hundred Years’ War with France(1336France(13361453) ￫ civil wars. • The nobility as a class: great losses from civil wars. Their insubordination 反抗) ( 反抗) now assumed greater power. • Henry VII(1481-1509), found the Tudor VII(1481dynasty a centralized monarchy of a totally new type,