Chapter 3 词义的选择和引申 (1)

In developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing. 进行
根据汉语习惯搭配
英、汉两种语言隶属于不同语系，在句子 结构和表达形式上有各自的特点。翻译时 应注意考虑汉语的语言结构特点，力求用 规范的汉语表达原文意义。
根据词类
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的 现象。翻译时首先应该根据句法结构判明 一个词在原句中属于哪一词类，然后进一 步确定词义。
It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like. 正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般闪闪发光。
Then, those sequences of genetic letters were fed into a computer model that looks for hints of mutations where the letters differ. The particular mutations that separate each sample gave hints as to how closely related each was and, because mutations happen naturally at a predictable rate, how long ago they diverged from a common ancestor virus. The networks of transmission from one person to another were laid bare in a laboratory half a world away.
以large为例： large current Large pressure A large amount of electric power Large-screen receiver Large growing Large loads Large capacity
翻译练习 Low a)下半轴瓦 b）弱阻尼 c)下限 d)低强度电流 e)仰视拍摄f)低音调键 g)慢速存取 h)低位 i)低速制动器 1）low damping 2)low brake 3) Low limit 4)low shot 5)low current 6)low order 7)low access 8)low key 9)low brass Keys: 1-5:b i c e d 6-9:h g f a
词义的引申
在英汉互译时，有时会遇到某些词在词典 里难以找到符合上下文的贴切词义，如生 搬硬套，译文就不能确切表达原文的意思， 甚至导致误解。在这种情况下，需要根据 上下文和逻辑关系，根据英汉不同的表达 习惯，从该词固有的基本含义出发，进一 步加以引申。
词义具体化引申
This suggests that matter can be converted into energy, and vice versa.
正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体 和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申）
2. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure.
显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申）
3. The facts have been set down in black and white. 这些事实已经清清楚楚记录下来了。 （抽象化引申）
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
根据词的专业领域
一词多义现象不仅包括了同一个词在不同 专业领域具有不同的意思，而且同一个词 在同一个专业领域中意思也不尽相同。
以carrier为例：
邮政业：邮递员 军事：航空母舰 运输业：搬运工 化学：载体 医药学：带菌者，媒介物 车辆制造：底盘 无线电：载波 机械行业：托架，传导管
这就是说物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
Many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.
很多保健意识太强的女性会由于她们拒绝食用牛肉或羊 肉而增加其（缺铁的）风险，因为这些肉中所含的铁质 最义的引申
词义
词是最小的、能够单独运用的语言单位。 英语和汉语词类 一词多类、一词多义 警惕“陷阱”：一般用语和专业用语中不同释
义 e.g. pupil, cell, crown, solution, pig
词义的确定
根据词类 根据词的专业领域 根据词的联立关系（上下文） 根据词的汉语习惯搭配
The combining power of one element in the compound must equal the combining power of the other element. 化合物中一种元素的化合价必须等于另一种元素的化合 价。
fighters of the PLA 中国人民解放军战士
Noise may develop in a worn engine. 产生
Women who drink and smoke heavily are likely to develop cancers of the oral cavity and tongue at a younger age. 患病、染病
词义抽象化引申
Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。
Chemical control will do most of things in pest control.
化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。
翻译练习
1. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors.
On June 4th, Stephen Gire, a public health researcher at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, took delivery of a polystyrene box from Kenema, Sierra Leone. Inside were vials of deactivated biological samples from 78 patients suspected to have Ebola.MrGire and a colleague began to tease out the letters of each virus sample's genetic code with some of the most advanced technology yet devised for the task; before long, half of MrGire's 30-strong laboratory had volunteered to help.
That others may live
Aug 29th 2014, 17:00 by C.B. | BAMAKO
IT IS a solemn custom in science to mark the names of collaborators who pass away during the course of an article's publication with a superscript no different than that indicating their academic affiliation. Very rare indeed is the case that five names on a single report should share that mark. Such a report was published in Science this week. It demonstrates the astonishing speed at which genetic sequencing can now be carried out. At the same time, the fact that Ebola claimed five of its authors is testament to the deadliness of the paper's subject.
科技翻译中词义的选择与确定,要慎之又慎,一字失 万金之事并不鲜见。翻译时要勤查词典,还要强化综 合思维能力。翻译要精确,在必要时应合理升华。此 外,科学技术发展至今,各学科各行业领域互相渗透, 互相补充。所以译者除了要具备扎实的中外文功底 外,还要了解多学科知识,要尽量作到“通百业而专 一行”,只有这样,才能胜任翻译工作 。
fighter escort wing 护航战斗机联队
根据词的联立关系
词与词是相互关联的，我们不能从单个的 词来判断每个词的词义，应把它放在句、 段乃至篇章的语言环境中加以考虑，也就 是强调语境（语言语境以及文化语境）对 词义的限定和选择问题。
以develop为例：
In 1943 the British developed a new type of radar set which used a much shorter wavelength. 研发。研制、发明