DEVELOPING DATABASE SEMANTICS AS A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

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普通高等学校本科英语类专业教学指南

普通高等学校本科英语类专业教学指南全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Sure, here's a draft of a 2000-word essay on "Teaching Guidelines for Undergraduate English Programs at Regular Universities" written from a student's perspective:Title: Navigating the English Major: A Student's PerspectiveAs an undergraduate student majoring in English, I've learned that this field of study is both incredibly rewarding and demanding. Our classes cover a wide range of topics, from literature analysis and creative writing to linguistics and translation. While the workload can be intense, the skills we develop are invaluable for any career path we choose to pursue.One of the biggest challenges in an English program is the sheer amount of reading required. We are expected to read and analyze numerous works of literature, often exploring complex themes and literary devices. Time management is crucial, as we must balance our reading assignments with other coursework, extracurricular activities, and personal commitments.Writing is another core component of our studies. We are frequently tasked with crafting essays, research papers, and creative pieces. Developing strong writing skills is essential, as effective communication is a highly sought-after trait in today's job market. Our professors provide valuable feedback, helping us improve our writing style, structure, and argumentation.For many students, literary analysis is the most challenging aspect of the English major. We delve into the deeper meanings and symbolism within literary works, examining how authors use language and literary techniques to convey their messages. Discussions and debates in class encourage us to think critically and support our interpretations with textual evidence.While literature forms the backbone of our studies, we also explore other areas of the English language. Linguistics courses introduce us to the scientific study of language, covering topics such as phonetics, syntax, and semantics. These classes provide a deeper understanding of how languages function and evolve, which can be particularly useful for those interested in teaching, translation, or language research.Creative writing is another exciting component of our program. These classes allow us to tap into our creative side, experimenting with different genres and styles. Workshops andpeer feedback help us refine our craft and develop our unique voices as writers.In addition to coursework, many English programs offer opportunities for hands-on learning experiences. Internships in publishing, journalism, or marketing provide invaluablereal-world experience and help students build their professional networks. Some programs also encourage study abroad opportunities, allowing students to immerse themselves in different cultures and literary traditions.Undoubtedly, the English major is not for the faint of heart. It requires a strong work ethic, critical thinking skills, and a genuine love for language and literature. However, the rewards are numerous. We develop excellent communication and analytical abilities, which are highly valued in a wide range of careers, from education and journalism to law and business.As an English major, I've learned to embrace the challenges and embrace the journey. Each course, each assignment, and each discussion contributes to our growth as scholars and individuals. While the road may be winding, the destination is well worth the effort – a deep appreciation for the power of language and the ability to navigate its complexities with confidence and creativity.篇2Undergraduate English Teaching Guide for Regular Higher Education InstitutionsAs an English major, the path ahead is both exciting and challenging. This guide aims to provide insights and practical advice to help you navigate the journey, making the most of your undergraduate studies in this fascinating field.I. Embracing the Language: Immersion is KeyClassroom Learning: Attending lectures and participating actively in discussions is crucial. Engage with the material, ask questions, and seek clarification when needed. Remember, your professors are valuable resources – leverage their expertise.Language Practice: Learning a language is like mastering an art – practice is essential. Seize every opportunity to speak, write, and engage with English. Participate in language clubs, conversation groups, or find a language partner to enhance your fluency.Cultural Exploration: Language and culture are intrinsically intertwined. Immerse yourself in English-speaking cultures through literature, films, music, and social media. This exposurewill deepen your understanding and appreciation of the language's nuances.II. Developing Essential SkillsReading Comprehension: As an English major, you will encounter a vast array of texts, from classic literature to contemporary works. Develop active reading strategies, such as annotating, summarizing, and analyzing texts to enhance your understanding and critical thinking abilities.Writing Proficiency: Effective written communication is a vital skill for English majors. Hone your writing skills by practicing various genres, from academic essays to creative pieces. Seek feedback from professors and peers, and continuously refine your writing style.Oral Communication: Confidence in public speaking and oral presentations is crucial. Participate in class discussions, debates, and presentations to improve your verbal skills. Consider joining a public speaking club or attending workshops to further enhance your abilities.Research and Analysis: English studies often involve in-depth research and analysis. Learn to critically evaluate sources, synthesize information, and develop well-reasoned arguments.These skills will be invaluable in your academic and professional pursuits.III. Exploring SpecializationsLiterature Studies: Delve into the rich tapestry of literary works, from ancient classics to modern masterpieces. Analyze themes, styles, and historical contexts to gain a deeper appreciation for the written word.Linguistics: For those fascinated by the structure and evolution of languages, linguistics offers a captivating path. Explore areas such as phonology, syntax, semantics, and sociolinguistics to understand the intricate workings of language.Creative Writing: If you possess a flair for storytelling and a penchant for crafting compelling narratives, consider specializing in creative writing. Hone your skills in poetry, fiction, or scriptwriting, and explore avenues for self-expression.Language Teaching: Aspiring to share your passion for English with others? Specialize in language teaching methodologies, curriculum design, and language acquisition theories to become an effective educator.IV. Enhancing Your ProfileInternships and Work Experience: Gain practical experience by securing internships or part-time jobs related to your field of interest. These opportunities will not only enhance your skills but also provide valuable networking opportunities.Study Abroad Programs: Immersing yourself in anEnglish-speaking environment is an invaluable experience. Participate in study abroad programs or exchange semesters to broaden your cultural understanding and language proficiency.Extracurricular Activities: Engage in campus clubs, student organizations, or community service initiatives related to your interests. These activities will showcase your leadership skills, teamwork abilities, and commitment to personal growth.Professional Development: Attend workshops, conferences, and seminars to stay updated on the latest trends and advancements in your area of specialization. Seek opportunities to present your research or creative works to gain exposure and feedback.V. Embracing Lifelong LearningRemember, your undergraduate studies are merely the foundation of a lifelong journey of learning and self-discovery. Embrace a growth mindset and continuously seek opportunitiesto expand your knowledge and skills. Stay curious, open-minded, and adaptable to the ever-evolving landscape of language and literature.In conclusion, your path as an English major is a rewarding and enriching experience. Embrace the challenges, cultivate a passion for learning, and never lose sight of your goals. With dedication, perseverance, and an unwavering love for the English language, you will unlock a world of possibilities and leave an indelible mark on this captivating field.篇3Teaching Guide for Undergraduate English Majors at Regular UniversitiesAs an English major, I can't stress enough how crucial it is to have a well-structured and comprehensive curriculum that equips us with the necessary skills to thrive in our chosen field. This teaching guide aims to provide a roadmap for educators, ensuring that we, as students, receive a holistic and practical education that prepares us for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.Introduction to the ProgramThe English major should be designed to cultivate a deep appreciation for the language, literature, and culture of the English-speaking world. From day one, we should be immersed in an environment that encourages us to think critically, communicate effectively, and develop a global perspective.Core CoursesLanguage Studies:a. Grammar and Linguistics: A solid foundation in English grammar and linguistics is essential for understanding the intricacies of the language. These courses should cover topics such as syntax, morphology, phonetics, and semantics.b. Writing and Composition: Developing strong writing skills is crucial for English majors. These courses should cover various genres, including academic writing, creative writing, and professional writing.c. Oral Communication: Effective communication is a key aspect of mastering a language. Courses on public speaking, debate, and interpersonal communication should be integrated into the curriculum.Literature Studies:a. Literary Analysis: Courses on literary analysis should equip us with the skills to critically analyze and interpret literary works from various genres, periods, and cultures.b. British and American Literature: A comprehensive study of British and American literature, spanning from classical works to contemporary pieces, is essential for understanding the rich literary traditions of the English-speaking world.c. World Literature in Translation: Exposure to literary masterpieces from diverse cultures and languages, through translations, broadens our horizons and fosters a deeper appreciation for the universality of human experience.Cultural Studies:a. Intercultural Communication: In an increasingly globalized world, understanding and navigating cultural differences is paramount. Courses on intercultural communication should provide us with the tools to communicate effectively across cultures.b. Film and Media Studies: Exploring the role of film and media in shaping cultural narratives and social discourse is crucial for developing a well-rounded understanding of the English-speaking world.c. Sociolinguistics: Studying the relationship between language and society equips us with the ability to analyze how language is influenced by and influences various social, political, and cultural factors.Experiential LearningStudy Abroad Programs: Immersing ourselves inEnglish-speaking environments through study abroad programs is an invaluable experience. These programs not only enhance our language proficiency but also provide us with first-hand exposure to diverse cultures and perspectives.Internships and Practicums: Practical experience through internships and practicums in fields such as publishing, journalism, education, or translation should be integrated into the curriculum. These opportunities allow us to apply our knowledge in real-world settings and gain invaluable professional experience.Research and Independent Study: Encouraging research and independent study projects fosters critical thinking,problem-solving skills, and intellectual curiosity. These experiences prepare us for future academic pursuits or careers in research-oriented fields.Extracurricular ActivitiesStudent Clubs and Organizations: Participating instudent-led clubs and organizations focused on literature, creative writing, debate, or language exchange provides us with opportunities to explore our interests, develop leadership skills, and build a supportive community.Guest Lectures and Workshops: Inviting guest speakers, authors, and professionals from various English-related fields to conduct lectures and workshops exposes us to diverse perspectives and insights from industry experts.Peer Mentoring and Tutoring: Establishing peer mentoring and tutoring programs not only reinforces our own understanding but also cultivates a collaborative learning environment where we can support and learn from one another.Assessment and EvaluationContinuous Assessment: Implementing a continuous assessment system that includes various evaluation methods, such as essays, presentations, projects, and portfolios, ensures a comprehensive assessment of our progress and growth.Feedback and Reflection: Encouraging regular feedback from instructors and facilitating opportunities for self-reflectionand peer evaluation helps us identify our strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.Capstone Projects or Theses: Culminating the program with capstone projects or theses allows us to synthesize our knowledge and skills, showcase our abilities, and prepare for future endeavors in academic or professional settings.ConclusionBy following this teaching guide, universities can provide a well-rounded and practical education for English majors. We, as students, will be equipped with the necessary linguistic, literary, and cultural knowledge, as well as the critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills required to succeed in our chosen careers or further academic pursuits.Remember, the journey through an English major is not just about mastering the language; it's about cultivating a deeper understanding of the world, embracing diversity, and developing the ability to navigate and thrive in a global society. With a comprehensive and student-centered approach, we can emerge as confident and versatile individuals, ready to make our mark in the English-speaking world and beyond.。

外文文献及翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿DATABASEA database may be defined as a collection interrelated data store together with as little redundancy as possible to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion .the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data .A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base .One system is said to contain a collection of database if they are entirely separate in structure .A database may be designed for batch processing , real-time processing ,or in-line processing .A data base system involves application program, DBMS, and database.THE INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSThe term database is often to describe a collection of related files that is organized into an integrated structure that provides different people varied access to the same data. In many cases this resource is located in different files in different departments throughout the organization, often known only to the individuals who work with their specific portion of the total information. In these cases, the potential value of the information goes unrealized because a person in other departments who may need it does not know it or it cannot be accessed efficiently. In an attempt to organize their information resources and provide for timely and efficient access, many companies have implemented databases.A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of all the people you know. You may have recorded this data in an indexed address book, or you may have stored it on a diskette using a personalcomputer and software such as DBASE Ⅲor Lotus 1-2-3. This is a collection of related data with an implicit meaning and hence is a database.The above definition of database is quite general. For example, we may consider the collection of words that made up this page of text to be usually more restricted. A database has the following implicit properties:● A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot be referred to as a database.● A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of user and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested.● A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld. Changes to the miniworld are reflected in the database.In other words, a database has some source from which data are derived, some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is actively interested in the contents of the database.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts: (1) a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files; (2)a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add, delete, maintain, and update the data; and (3) an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems.●Managers who require more up-to-date information to make effective decisions.●Customers who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.●Users who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.●Organizations that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or p oorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “mange” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, user needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.DATABASE QUERYIf the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database ,as well as interrogate it ,this capability allows for managing personal database. However, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization .There controls are only available when a set of application programs is customized for each data entry and updating function.Software for personal computers that perform some of the DBMS functions has been very popular .Individuals for personal information storage and processing intended personal computers for us .Small enterprises, professionals like doctors, architects, engineers, lawyers and so on have also used these machines extensively. By the nature of intended usage ,database system on there machines are except from several of the requirements of full-fledged database systems. Since data sharing is not intended, concurrent operations even less so ,the software can be less complex .Security and integrity maintenance are de-emphasized or absent .as data volumes will be small, performance efficiency is also less important .In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is important is data independence. Data independence ,as stated earlier ,means that application programs and user queries need not recognize physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect , particularly for the personal computer user ,is that this greatly simplifies database usage . The user can store ,access and manipulate data at ahigh level (close to the application)and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine )details of data organization.DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUESSpatial data management has been an active area of research in the database field for two decades ,with much of the research being focused on developing data structures for storing and indexing spatial data .however, no commercial database system provides facilities for directly de fining and storing spatial data ,and formulating queries based on research conditions on spatial data.There are two components to data management: history data management and version management .Both have been the subjects of research for over a decade. The troublesome aspect of temporal data management is that the boundary between applications and database systems has not been clearly drawn. Specifically, it is not clear how much of the typical semantics and facilities of temporal data management can and should be directly incorporated in a database system, and how much should be left to applications and users. In this section, we will provide a list of short-term research issues that should be examined to shed light on this fundamental question.The focus of research into history data management has been on defining the semantics of time and time interval, and issues related to understanding the semantics of queries and updates against history data stored in an attribute of a record. Typically, in the context of relational databases ,a temporal attribute is defined to hold a sequence of history data for the attribute. A history data consists of a data item and a time interval for which the data item is valid. A query may then be issued to retrieve history data for a specified time interval for the temporal attribute. The mechanism for supporting temporal attributes is to that for supporting set-valued attributes in a database system, such as UniSQL.In the absence of a support for temporal attributes, application developers who need to model and history data have simply simulated temporal attributes by creating attribute for the time interval ,along with the “temporal” attribute. This of course may result in duplication of records in a table, and more complicated search predicates in queries. The one necessary topic of research in history data management is to quantitatively establish the performance (and even productivity) differences betweenusing a database system that directly supports attributes and using a conventional database system that does not support either the set-valued attributes or temporal attributes.Data security, integrity, and independenceData security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database of the database, called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.Data integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software or human error during the course of processing and involves database transaction which is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.An important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent.When a DMBS is used, the detailed knowledge of the physical organization of the data does not have to be built into every application program. The application program asks the DBMS for data by field name, for example, a coded representationof “give me customer name and balance due” would be sent to the DBMS. Without a DBMS the programmer must reserve space for the full structure of the record in the program. Any change in data structure requires changes in all the applications programs.Data Base Management System (DBMS)The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing and maintaining data base records is called a data base management system (DBMS). A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently.It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together .It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely ,some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema.The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model “.At the present time ,there are four underling structures for database management systems. They are :List structures.Relational structures.Hierarchical (tree) structures.Network structures.Management Information System(MIS)An MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.One of the most difficult tasks of the MIS designer is to develop the information flow needed to support decision making .Generally speaking ,much of the information needed by managers who occupy different levels and who have different levels and have different responsibilities is obtained from a collection of exiting information system (or subsystems)Structure Query Language (SQL)SQL is a data base processing language endorsed by the American NationalStandards Institute. It is rapidly becoming the standard query language for accessing data on relational databases .With its simple ,powerful syntax ,SQL represents a great progress in database access for all levels of management and computing professionals.SQL falls into two forms : interactive SQL and embedded SQL. Embedded SQL usage is near to traditional programming in third generation languages .It is the interactive use of SQL that makes it most applicable for the rapid answering of ad hoc queries .With an interactive SQL query you just type in a few lines of SQL and you get the database response immediately on the screen.译文数据库数据库可以被定义为一个相互联系的数据库存储的集合。

语言学名词解释

一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。

2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。

It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。

3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。

4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。

数据挖掘顶级期刊简介

顶级会议第一KDD 第二SIAM ICDM中国计算机学会推荐国际学术刊物(数据库、数据挖掘与内容检索)序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1 TODS ACM Transactions on Database Systems ACM /tods/2 TOIS ACM Transactions on Information andSystems ACM /pubs/tois/3 TKDE IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering IEEE Computer Society /tkde/4 VLDBJ VLDB Journal S pringer-Verlag/dblp/db/journals/vldb/index.html二、B类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1 TKDD ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data ACM/pubs/tkdd/2 AEI Advanced Engineering Informatics Elsevier/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622240/3 DKE Data and Knowledge Engineering Elsevier/science/journal/0169023X4 DMKD Data Mining and Knowledge DiscoverySpringer/content/100254/5 EJIS European Journal of Information Systems The OR Society/ejis/6 GeoInformatica Springer /content/1573-7624/7 IPM Information Processing and Management Elsevier/locate/infoproman8 Information Sciences Elsevier /locate/issn/002002559 IS Information Systems Elsevier/information-systems/10 JASIST Journal of the American Society for Information Science and TechnologyAmerican Society for Information Science and Technology /Publications/JASIS/jasis.html11 JWS Journal of Web Semantics Elsevier /locate/inca/67132212 KIS Knowledge and Information Systems Springer /journal/1011513 TWEB ACM Transactions on the Web ACM /三、C类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1 DPD Distributed and Parallel Databases Springer/content/1573-7578/2 I&M Information and Management E lsevier /locate/im/3 IPL Information Processing Letters Elsevier /locate/ipl4 Information Retrieval Springer /issn/1386-45645 IJCIS International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems World Scientific/ijcis6 IJGIS International Journal of Geographical Information Science Taylor & Francis/journals/tf/13658816.html7 IJIS International Journal of Intelligent Systems Wiley/jpages/0884-8173/8 IJKM International Journal of Knowledge Management IGI/journals/details.asp?id=42889 IJSWIS International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems IGI/10 JCIS J ournal of Computer Information Systems IACIS/web/journal.htm11 JDM Journal of Database Management IGI-Global/journals/details.asp?id=19812 JGITM Journal of Global Information Technology Management Ivy League Publishing/bae/jgitm/13 JIIS Journal of Intelligent Information Systems Springer/content/1573-7675/14 JSIS Journal of Strategic Information Systems Elsevier/locate/jsis中国计算机学会推荐国际学术刊物(数据库、数据挖掘与内容检索)一、A类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1 TODS ACM Transactions on Database Systems ACM /tods/2 TOIS ACM Transactions on Information andSystems ACM /pubs/tois/3 TKDE IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering IEEE Computer Society /tkde/4 VLDBJ VLDB Journal S pringer-Verlag/dblp/db/journals/vldb/index.html二、B类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1 TKDD ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data ACM/pubs/tkdd/2 AEI Advanced Engineering Informatics Elsevier/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622240/3 DKE Data and Knowledge Engineering Elsevier/science/journal/0169023X4 DMKD Data Mining and Knowledge DiscoverySpringer/content/100254/5 EJIS European Journal of Information Systems The OR Society/ejis/6 GeoInformatica Springer /content/1573-7624/7 IPM Information Processing and Management Elsevier/locate/infoproman8 Information Sciences Elsevier /locate/issn/002002559 IS Information Systems Elsevier/information-systems/10 JASIST Journal of the American Society for Information Science and TechnologyAmerican Society for Information Science and Technology /Publications/JASIS/jasis.html11 JWS Journal of Web Semantics Elsevier /locate/inca/67132212 KIS Knowledge and Information Systems Springer /journal/1011513 TWEB ACM Transactions on the Web ACM /三、C类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1 DPD Distributed and Parallel Databases Springer/content/1573-7578/2 I&M Information and Management E lsevier /locate/im/3 IPL Information Processing Letters Elsevier /locate/ipl4 Information Retrieval Springer /issn/1386-45645 IJCIS International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems World Scientific/ijcis6 IJGIS International Journal of Geographical Information Science Taylor & Francis/journals/tf/13658816.html7 IJIS International Journal of Intelligent Systems Wiley/jpages/0884-8173/8 IJKM International Journal of Knowledge Management IGI/journals/details.asp?id=42889 IJSWIS International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems IGI/10 JCIS J ournal of Computer Information Systems IACIS/web/journal.htm11 JDM Journal of Database Management IGI-Global/journals/details.asp?id=19812 JGITM Journal of Global Information Technology Management Ivy League Publishing/bae/jgitm/13 JIIS Journal of Intelligent Information Systems Springer/content/1573-7675/14 JSIS Journal of Strategic Information Systems Elsevier/locate/jsis一、以下是一些数据挖掘领域专家牛人的网站，有很多精华，能开阔研究者的思路，在此共享：1.Rakesh Agrawal主页：/en-us/people/rakesha/ 数据挖掘领域唯一独有的关联规则研究的创始人，其主要的Apriori算法开启了这一伟大的领域。

计算机学术词汇英语

计算机学术词汇英语Computer Science Terminology in EnglishThe field of computer science is vast and ever-evolving, with a rich vocabulary that can be challenging for those new to the industry. Understanding the key terminology is essential for effectively communicating and collaborating within the technological landscape. In this essay, we will explore some of the most commonly used computer science terms and their meanings.One of the fundamental concepts in computer science is the "algorithm." An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a particular task. Algorithms are the backbone of computer programs and are essential for tasks ranging from data processing to decision-making. The efficiency and optimization of algorithms are crucial in ensuring the smooth and effective operation of computer systems.Another essential term in computer science is the "data structure." Data structures are the ways in which data is organized, stored, and manipulated within a computer system. They include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs, among others. The choice ofdata structure can significantly impact the performance and scalability of a computer program, as different structures are better suited for different types of operations and data.The concept of "programming languages" is central to computer science. Programming languages are the means by which humans communicate with computers, instructing them to perform specific tasks. From low-level languages like assembly to high-level languages like Python and Java, each programming language has its own syntax, semantics, and intended use cases. Understanding the differences and capabilities of various programming languages is crucial for software development and problem-solving.Closely related to programming languages are "compilers" and "interpreters." Compilers are programs that translate high-level programming languages into machine-readable code, while interpreters execute the code directly without the need for a separate compilation step. The choice between using a compiler or an interpreter depends on the specific requirements of the project and the desired performance characteristics.Another important term in computer science is "operating system." An operating system is the software that manages the hardware resources of a computer and provides a platform for running other programs. Examples of popular operating systems include Windows,macOS, and Linux. Understanding the features and capabilities of different operating systems is essential for system administration and software development.The concept of "computer hardware" is also crucial in computer science. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (hard drives, SSDs), and input/output devices (keyboards, mice, monitors). Knowing the functions and specifications of various hardware components is important for system design, troubleshooting, and performance optimization.In the realm of computer networking, the term "protocol" is widely used. Protocols are the rules and standards that govern the exchange of data between computer systems. Examples of common protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, and SMTP. Understanding network protocols is essential for developing network-based applications and ensuring secure and reliable communication between devices.The term "database" is also a fundamental concept in computer science. Databases are organized collections of data that are stored and managed electronically. They provide a structured way to store, retrieve, and manipulate information, and are essential for applications that require persistent data storage, such as e-commerce websites, social media platforms, and enterprise resourceplanning (ERP) systems.Another important term in computer science is "cybersecurity." Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and digital information from unauthorized access, theft, or damage. This includes the use of various techniques and technologies, such as firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems, to safeguard against cyber threats like hacking, malware, and data breaches.Finally, the concept of "artificial intelligence" (AI) has become increasingly prominent in the field of computer science. AI refers to the development of computer systems and algorithms that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI is being applied in a wide range of applications, from natural language processing to autonomous vehicles, and is a rapidly evolving area of computer science.In conclusion, the vocabulary of computer science is vast and multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of concepts and technologies. Understanding these key terms is essential for anyone working in or studying the field of computer science, as they form the foundation for effective communication, problem-solving, and innovation. By familiarizing oneself with these terms, individuals canbetter navigate the rapidly changing technological landscape and contribute to the ongoing advancement of computer science.。

JAVA外文翻译

英文原文:The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services .Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to prevent cross-corruption and improve security.The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developers no longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators tohome game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Everybody is probably familiar with eBay and Amazon have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites.You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code.Amazon has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, list price, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision.Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporatedecision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals and Knowledge Management Systems are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an application so that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF)specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supports J2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EE infrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBs designed for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on data from diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that containsinformation from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API.Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language, the time needed for application development is minimal.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringing together data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more withoffshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems.Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages.ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.中文翻译:Java编程语言和Java平台，已成为主要的实现电子商务功能的技术。

如何成为一名优秀的语言学者的英语范文

如何成为一名优秀的语言学者的英语范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Become an Excellent LinguistLinguistics is a fascinating field that involves the scientific study of language and its structure, including grammar, phonetics, and semantics. Becoming a successful linguist requires dedication, hard work, and a passion for languages. If you dream of becoming an excellent linguist, here are some tips to help you achieve your goals.1. Passion for languagesTo become a successful linguist, you must have a genuine passion for languages. This means immersing yourself in different languages, cultures, and dialects, and being curious about how languages work and evolve. You should constantly seek to expand your language skills and knowledge by reading books, watching foreign films, and listening to music in different languages.2. Study linguisticsStudying linguistics at a reputable university or college is a crucial step towards becoming an excellent linguist. A degree in linguistics will provide you with a solid foundation in the scientific study of language, including courses in phonetics, syntax, semantics, and sociolinguistics. Additionally, taking courses in related fields such as psychology, anthropology, and computer science can help you gain a deeper understanding of language and communication.3. Learn multiple languagesOne of the key skills of a successful linguist is the ability to speak multiple languages fluently. By learning different languages, you will not only expand your cultural horizons but also improve your cognitive abilities and communication skills. To become a proficient linguist, consider studying both widely spoken languages like English, Spanish, and Mandarin, as well as less commonly spoken languages that interest you.4. Conduct researchEngaging in linguistic research is an essential part of becoming an excellent linguist. Conducting research projects, writing academic papers, and presenting your findings at conferences will help you deepen your understanding of language and contribute to the advancement of the field. Youcan collaborate with professors, fellow students, and language experts to explore new topics, theories, and methodologies in linguistics.5. Attend conferences and workshopsAttending linguistic conferences, workshops, and seminars is a great way to network with other researchers, practitioners, and language enthusiasts. By participating in academic events, you can learn about the latest trends and developments in linguistics, share your own research findings, and receive valuable feedback from experts in the field. You may also have the opportunity to collaborate on research projects, publish papers in academic journals, and pursue advanced degrees in linguistics.6. Develop analytical and critical thinking skillsBecoming an excellent linguist requires strong analytical and critical thinking skills. You must be able to analyze complex language data, synthesize information from multiple sources, and evaluate different theories and hypotheses. By honing your analytical and critical thinking skills through coursework, research projects, and practical experiences, you will be better equipped to solve linguistic problems, make informed decisions, and communicate your ideas effectively.7. Gain practical experienceTo become a successful linguist, it is essential to gain practical experience in the field. You can intern at language schools, translation agencies, publishing companies, or research institutions to apply your linguistic knowledge in real-world settings. By working on language-related projects, teaching language classes, or assisting with language documentation efforts, you will develop valuable skills, build professional connections, and enhance your career prospects in linguistics.8. Stay up-to-dateFinally, to become an excellent linguist, you must stayup-to-date with the latest developments in the field. Subscribe to linguistic journals, follow prominent linguists on social media, attend online webinars, and participate in online forums to stay informed about new research, tools, and technologies in linguistics. By staying connected to the global community of linguists, you will continue to expand your knowledge, skills, and opportunities in the dynamic and evolving field of linguistics.In conclusion, becoming an excellent linguist requires dedication, hard work, and a lifelong commitment to learning and growing in the field. By following these tips and strategies, you can embark on a rewarding journey towards becoming asuccessful linguist and making a positive impact on the study of language and communication. Good luck on your linguistic endeavors!篇2Becoming an outstanding linguist is a challenging yet rewarding journey that requires dedication, passion, and hard work. Linguistics is a multidisciplinary field that studies language and its structure, meaning, and usage. Linguists play a crucial role in understanding the complexities of human communication and language development. In this article, we will explore the steps that one can take to become a successful linguist.1. Develop a passion for language: To excel in the field of linguistics, it is essential to have a genuine interest and passion for language. Linguists should be curious about the nuances of different languages, dialects, and communication patterns. Immersing oneself in various languages and cultures can help develop a deeper appreciation for the beauty and complexity of human language.2. Educate yourself: Pursuing a formal education in linguistics is a crucial step towards becoming a proficient linguist.A bachelor's degree in linguistics or a related field such ascognitive science, psychology, or anthropology can provide a solid foundation in language theory, phonetics, syntax, and semantics. Graduates may also choose to pursue a master's or doctoral degree to specialize in a particular area of linguistics.3. Learn multiple languages: Proficiency in multiple languages is a valuable asset for linguists. Learning different languages can enhance one's understanding of language structure, grammar, and phonetics. It also enables linguists to analyze and compare linguistic features across various language families. Linguists should strive to master both spoken and written forms of languages to conduct accurate linguistic research.4. Conduct research: Engaging in research projects and academic studies is essential for aspiring linguists. Research opportunities can include conducting fieldwork to document endangered languages, analyzing linguistic data sets, or participating in experimental studies on language acquisition. By contributing to the field of linguistics through research, linguists can deepen their knowledge and expertise in the field.5. Attend conferences and workshops: Participating in linguistic conferences, workshops, and seminars is a great way to stay updated on the latest research trends and developments inthe field. Networking with fellow linguists and scholars can provide valuable insights and mentorship opportunities. Presenting research findings at conferences can also enhance visibility and credibility within the academic community.6. Develop analytical and critical thinking skills: Linguistics requires strong analytical and critical thinking skills to analyze language data, identify patterns, and draw meaningful conclusions. Linguists should be able to evaluate linguistic theories, critique research methodologies, and propose innovative solutions to linguistic problems. Developing these skills through practice and collaboration with peers can help linguists excel in their field.7. Specialize in a subfield: Linguistics encompasses a wide range of subfields such as phonetics, semantics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics. Specializing in a specific subfield can help linguists focus their research interests and develop expertise in a particular area of linguistics. By delving deep into a subfield, linguists can make significant contributions to the field and advance knowledge in their chosen area of specialization.8. Stay current with advancements in technology: The field of linguistics is constantly evolving, with advancements intechnology shaping the way linguists study and analyze language. Familiarizing oneself with computational tools, software programs, and data analysis techniques can enhance research efficiency and accuracy. Keeping abreast of technological developments in the field can help linguists stay competitive and innovative in their work.In conclusion, becoming a successful linguist requires a combination of passion, education, research, and specialization. By following these steps and dedicating oneself to the study of language, aspiring linguists can make meaningful contributions to the field of linguistics and deepen our understanding of human communication.篇3How to Become an Excellent LinguistLanguage is an integral part of human communication, culture, and interaction. Linguists study the structure and evolution of languages, as well as how they are used in society. Becoming a successful linguist requires a combination of passion, dedication, and the acquisition of certain skills and knowledge. In this essay, I will outline the steps that aspiring linguists can take to become excellent in their field.1. Develop a Passion for LanguageThe first step towards becoming a successful linguist is to develop a genuine passion for languages. This could involve learning multiple languages, studying different language families, or delving into the intricacies of a specific language. Linguists should have a natural curiosity about language and a desire to understand how it works.2. Study LinguisticsA formal education in linguistics is essential for anyone wishing to become a linguist. Linguistics programs at universities offer courses in phonetics, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and other areas of language study. Additionally, students can benefit from studying related fields such as anthropology, psychology, and computer science, which can provide valuable insights into language and its use.3. Acquire Language SkillsIn addition to studying linguistics, aspiring linguists should also develop strong language skills. This could involve learning new languages, honing one's writing and communication skills, and becoming familiar with different language systems andstructures. A linguist must be able to analyze and interpret language data accurately, so good language skills are essential.4. Conduct ResearchResearch is a central component of linguistics, and aspiring linguists should start conducting research as early as possible. This could involve analyzing language data, working on research projects, or collaborating with other linguists in the field. Research experience is valuable for developing critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and a deeper understanding of language.5. Attend Conferences and WorkshopsAttending conferences, workshops, and seminars is a great way for linguists to stay current with developments in the field and network with other professionals. These events provide opportunities to present research, exchange ideas, and engage with the latest trends in linguistics. By participating in academic conferences and workshops, linguists can enhance their knowledge and build connections with other scholars.6. Publish ResearchPublishing research in academic journals is a key aspect of being a successful linguist. By sharing their findings with thewider academic community, linguists can contribute to the field and establish their expertise. Publishing research articles, book chapters, and conference papers demonstrates a linguist's commitment to advancing knowledge in linguistics and can help build a strong reputation in the field.7. Pursue Further EducationMany linguists pursue further education, such as a master's or doctoral degree, to deepen their expertise in a particular area of linguistics. Advanced degrees can provide opportunities for specialization, research, and teaching, as well as open doors to academic and research positions. Continuing education is essential for staying competitive in the field of linguistics and advancing one's career.In conclusion, becoming an excellent linguist requires a combination of passion, education, skills, and dedication. By developing a love for language, studying linguistics, acquiring language skills, conducting research, attending conferences, publishing research, and pursuing further education, aspiring linguists can build a successful career in the field of linguistics. With hard work and perseverance, anyone can become an expert in language study and make valuable contributions to the understanding of human communication.。

常用电脑专业英语1500词

• SIEM: Security Information and Event Management, a technology that collects and analyzes security data from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive view of an organization's security posture.
IP Address DNS URL
Browser
A unique identifier for a device on the internet, consisting of four numbers separated by periods.
Stands for Domain Name System, which translates human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP
IoT
Internet of Things, refers to the interconnection of physical devices with the internet, allowing them to collect and exchange data.
API
Application Programming Interface, a set of rules and protocols that allows software applications to communicate with each other.
01 03
Keyboard and mouse
Input devices for entering data and navigating the computer interface.

外文翻译--关于万维网新时代的学报英文版

Web Semantics:Science,on the World Wide Web 1(2003)1–5EditorialA new journal for a new era of the World Wide WebWe are delighted to welcome you to the ﬁrst issue of the Journal of Web Semantics.With your help we aim to make this journal the premier publication for a new era of computing:one in which machine-readable semantics enable an intelligently capable Web.The “Semantic Web”is the most well known version of this new vision,and,despite its relative youth,has al-ready promoted a ﬂurry of action.From exciting new research to the deployment of industrial standards;from academic experimental prototypes to commer-cial endeavours:we are at the centre of a maelstrom of activity.The languages needed to deﬁne the Semantic Web;the architectural components and tools needed to build and maintain it;the content necessary to use it;and the applications that will exploit it –all these activities are happening at once and yet are interdepen-dent.This makes the Semantic Web an exciting place.First,a few questions:•What are “Web Semantics”,what technologies do we need to deliver semantics to the Web and how might they be used by Web-based applications?•Given the wide range and relative maturity of ac-tivities in the community,how will this journal provide the breadth and depth needed,and how will it itself become part of the Semantic Web?•How does this ﬁrst issue reﬂect the ambitions of the Semantic Web and set the tone for the Journal of Web Semantics?Now,a few answers.1.Science,services and agents on the World Wide WebThe urge to ﬁnd,collect,store and share information has always been with mankind.The Web has madethis easier than ever.It has revolutionized the way we seek information.It has brought democracy to publi-cation.It has speeded up the dissemination of facts,as well as ﬁctions,to a global community.It offers a ubiquitous interface to databases and document man-agement systems and a universal connective fabric for intranets as well as the Internet.The good news is that if you need a piece of in-formation it is sure to be available to you somewhere.The problem is how to ﬁnd it and how to integrate different pieces in a meaningful way.Document man-agement systems and search engines do not provide answers—they offer more or less relevant documents to be interpreted by the human reader.A query to a database only provides exact answers and cannot sug-gest results beyond its current content.To search for and link information,a person or some speciﬁc application must interpret the content of these information resources.To make the contents of documents and the links between them gener-ally machine -interpretable,to make the contents of databases interpretable on a conceptual level,we must associate with web resources metadata that conveys their semantics —hence the Semantic Web [1].The Semantic Web does not replace the Web;it offers an integrating descriptive fabric alongside the web for search engines,information brokers and ultimately ‘intelligent’agents.No one technology holds the monopoly of Web Semantics.For example:•Underpinning metadata with precise and shared se-mantics requires ontologies to provide a consensual,shared conceptualization of a domain based on a consensus building process (see [2]and Dill et al.in this issue).1570-8268/$–see front matter ©2003Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.websem.2003.09.0022Editorial/Web Semantics:Science,Services and Agents on the World Wide Web1(2003)1–5•Ontologies rely on formal knowledge representation languages that integrate aspects of formal languages with the requirements of the web.The Web On-tology Working Group of W3C,recently proposed OWL as the ontology language for the Semantic Web(see Horrocks et al.in this issue).•Web Services bring a computational element for accessing and executing software components and applications.Developments such as DAML-S[3] and The Web Service Modeling Framework[4]aim at integrating Semantic Web methods with Web Services,to enable automatic service discovery, conﬁguration and execution(see Sycara et al.in this issue).•Agents beneﬁt from the declarative framework; agent-based systems will evolve into effective sys-tems once more machine-interpretable content and intelligent services are available on the web[5].•Database view management,schema transforma-tion,schema integration,and query processing offer a plethora of experience in scaleable semantic technologies(see Melnik et al.in this issue).Com-bined with the strengths in transactions aspects and scalability,the database area will be an important contributor to the further development of Semantic Web applications[6].The web is not the only distributed computing infrastructure that can beneﬁt from semantics.We are beginning to see the integration of semantic as-pects into Peer-to-Peer Systems and the Grid.Peer selection or message routing can be optimized by having more semantic information available about the services a peer offers or the information a peer is stor-ing(see Aberer et al.in this issue).The merging of Grid capabilities with Web Services(the Open Grid Service Architecture)and developments in Semantic Grids enable the dynamic formulation of“Virtual Organizations”of Grid resources and the integra-tion of data from different sources in a semantically consistent way[7,8].Many application areas and industry sectors al-ready beneﬁt,or will come to do so,from the new semantic infrastructure that evolves.e-Commerce, or Enterprise Application Integration,gain a new level ofﬂexibility for running business-to-business applications or networked enterprises.e-Science,ex-ploiting semantic grid technologies,will allow new ways of cooperation among scientists and thus enable a new level of synergy between researchers working in different institutions and locations[9].New gen-eration knowledge management solutions in which knowledge management is an effortless part of day to day activities,and where appropriate knowledge is automatically delivered to the right people at the right time at the right granularity via a range of user devices,is another promising application area.The web and web-based applications will reach a new level of functionality only if web contents and Web Services are characterized in a way that delivers as much semantics as is needed to meet the application needs.2.Structure and contents of the journalNo one discipline holds the monopoly of Web Se-mantics.Distributed computing,data and knowledge management,artiﬁcial intelligence,digital libraries, language design and implementation,architecture, natural language processing—all play their role.It is the conﬂuence of these technologies that is the key,and so it is the key for the Journal of Web Se-mantics.We plan to bring together the best research from all disciplines aimed at capturing and exploiting semantics in distributed information management. The research is driven by applications and exposed through demonstrators;experimental prototypes are running alongside commercial developments;funda-mental research is working in consort with standards activities in W3C and other bodies.The journal will reﬂect all these streams of activity and their interaction to give a window on the whole of the state of the art. We aim to cover a dynamic and vibrant new area, and target an audience that needs to know the latest innovations while they are fresh.We plan to achieve this without sacriﬁcing quality by providing a mix of traditional research papers as well as high-quality letters and short articles that present important results with the shortest possible publication delays. Thus,the range of papers will reﬂect the diversity of activity,and maturity:Papers,Short or Long:These are traditional re-search papers describing novel research,large-scale experiments,or exciting systems of relevance to the journal’s readership.We have no speciﬁc paper limit;Editorial/Web Semantics:Science,Services and Agents on the World Wide Web1(2003)1–53we particularly encourage short papers on less mature but exciting innovations.Letters:Letters are one to two page notiﬁcations(of the kind found in Scientiﬁc publications like Science) focusing on a speciﬁc result or important innovation, theoretical or practical.Letters will be an important way for exciting results to get into refereed publication in the shortest possible time.Demonstrations:Demonstration papers are short papers describing a freely available demonstration, accompanied by a pointer to a site where the demon-stration runs,or from which it can be downloaded. Reviewers will check the quality of the demonstra-tion,and that the paper presents enough information to understand what it does and that it actually works. Our web site gives details of licensing arrangements. Ontologies:Ontology papers are expected to describe the development of a publicly available on-tology,what is in it,and why it is important.The ontology should be published in a standard language or that the details of its representation should be pub-lished and available to our readers.We will review the quality of the write-up,and the modeling quality of the ontology itself.You can help us make this journal relevant to your needs.If you have something you think belongs in the journal,but it does not easilyﬁt into one of these categories,contact one of the Editors-in-Chief.3.Practicing what we preachWe expect this journal to have a strong web presence where we practice what we preach.Thus we plan to use web technologies in a number of different ways: Rapid publication mixing e-journal and print jour-nal models.Final submissions will be posted on our web site immediately after acceptance.After typeset-ting they will appear in traditional print form,and on Elsevier’s web site and in their electronic archives—a major resource available in thousands of libraries around the world.Metadata mark-up using Dublin Core will be cre-ated for you,and you will have the opportunity to add any other metadata you wish using tools devel-oped by the community.Our paper repository will be displayable not just as text,but also as bibtex entries (and other formats as they become standard).We aim to make the journal site a sand-box for the commu-nity.Searching andﬁltering papers,using Semantic Web technologies,for generating custom pages containing the papers by a particular author or on a particular topic.Demonstrations and ontologies published in the journal will be made available linking back the authors’site and archiving a copy of the submission. Hence the most up to date version is visible,but the version at submission time is available.Our goal is to make this one of the most readable journals on your shelves and a repository of important resources on the web.4.This issueOurﬁrst issue purposely attempts to reﬂect the di-versity and range of research shaping Web Semantics, with representatives of most of our paper styles:ﬁve long research papers,each viewing the web in a differ-ent way,and two short papers describing an ontology and a demonstrator application.Knowledge representation is a major topic of Web Semantics.The challenge is to view the web as a huge knowledge base.In“From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The Making of a Web Ontology Language”Horrocks et al.introduce the OWL Web Ontology Language, a formal language for representing ontologies in the Semantic Web,recently announced by W3C as a candidate recommendation.OWL offers the features culled from the results of knowledge representation research,and was designed on top of RDF.The paper describes how OWL was born,what research issues have been solved,and what remains.Agent technology facilitates the use of Web Seman-tics,and Web Services are facilitated by the use of Web Semantics.The challenge is to view the web as a huge service-based multi-agent system.Sycara et al. in“Automated Discovery,Interaction and Composi-tion of Semantic Web Services”propose DAML-S for describing Semantic Web Services,which combines the web services architecture with Semantic Web. DAML-S provides an abstract description of Web Services,and can support matching and interaction among web services.The paper describes the imple-mentation of the DAML-S/UDDI Matchmaker and4Editorial/Web Semantics:Science,Services and Agents on the World Wide Web1(2003)1–5the DAML-S Virtual Machine to actually prototype Semantic Web Services.Database technology is another stream of Web Semantics.Sergey Melnik et al.develop a generic model management system called Rondo in“Devel-oping Metadata-Intensive applications with Rondo”. The challenge is to view the web as the integration of a huge number of online applications,services, and databases.These systems are tied together using mediators,mappings,database views,and transforma-tion scripts.Model management reduces the amount of programming needed for integrating applications. The paper introduces high-level operators to manip-ulate models and mappings between models,such as change propagation,view reuse,and reintegration. Semantic annotation is the key to create the seman-tic content of the Semantic Web.“A case for automated large-scale semantic annotation”by Dill et al.rises to the challenge to automatically create a huge volume of tagged web contents from existing web pages.The paper describes Seeker,a platform for large-scale text analysis,and SemTag,an application written on the platform that performs the automated semantic tag-ging of large corpora.Approximately264million web pages are tagged,generating around434million dis-ambiguated semantic annotations.Aberer et al.’s“Start making sense:The Chatty Web approach for global semantic agreements”de-scribes a step towards self-learning networks of peers establishing semantic operability automatically.The challenge is to harness the huge network of inter-connected data sources,and to come to negotiated agreements on semantics.Participating data sources incrementally develop global agreement in an evo-lutionary and completely decentralized process that solely relies on pair-wise,local interactions.The authors’claim their approach applies to any sys-tem which provides a communication infrastructure (websites or databases,decentralized systems,P2P systems)and offers the opportunity to study semantic interoperability as a global phenomenon in a network of information sharing parties.Ontology is a key to realizing semantic contents. Golbeck et al.have developed an ontology based on the National Cancer Institute’s Thesaurus.The need for a comprehensive terminology arose because terms were often locally developed within various sections of the Institute.To make the knowledge in the The-saurus more useful and accessible,the National Cancer Institute and the University of Maryland have worked together to produce an OWL ontology from the The-saurus.Tools are needed to accelerate the advance of Web Semantics.R.Guha and Rob McCool report on TAP, an experimental system for identifying and research-ing different technical issues such as scalable query languages,sharing vocabularies,bootstrapping knowl-edge bases,automated extraction of RDF from text, etc.TAP has been used to create large-scale semantic annotation as described by Dill and colleagues. Future issues will include papers on Semantic Grid, Natural Language Processing,Digital Library and more to greatly advance Web Semantics.We are at a key point in the Web’s journey.This journal plans to not only chart it’s path but hopefully inﬂuence it—this is only possible if it serves you and you contribute to it.We look forward to your papers and your engagement as we strive to make the Journal of Web Semantics the cypher for a new community. We would like to thank all the authors and the paper reviewers for their efforts in starting up this journal, Elsevier for their support in the creation and running of the journal,and Karon Mee and Simon Harper for running the Editorial ofﬁce.References[1]T.Berners-Lee,J.Hendler,ssila,The Semantic Web,Scientiﬁc American,May2001.[2]S.Staab,R.Studer(Eds.),Handbook on Ontologies,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,2003.[3]The DAML Services Coalition:DAML-S:Semantic Markupfor Web Services./services/daml-s/0.9/.[4]D.Fensel,Ch.Bussler,The web service modeling frameworkWSMF,merce Res.Appl.1(2)(2002)113–137.[5]J.Hendler,Agents and the semantic web,IEEE Intell.Syst.16(2(March–April))(2001)30–37.[6]A.Sheth,R.Meersmann,Amicalola Report:Database andInformation Systems Research Challenges and Opportunities in Semantic Web and Enterprises.SIGMOD Record31,4 December2002.[7]C.Goble,D.De Roure,The grid:an application of the semanticweb,SIGMOD Rec.31(4)(2002)65–70.[8]C.Kesselmann,The Grid,grid services and the semanticweb:technologies and opportunities,in:Proceedings of the1st International Semantic Web Conference(ISWC’02),Sardinia, LNCS2342,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,July2002.[9]J.Hendler,Science and the semantic web,Science(24January)(2003)299.Editorial/Web Semantics:Science,Services and Agents on the World Wide Web1(2003)1–55Stefan Decker Digital Enterprise Research Institute,IrelandCarole Goble∗Department of Computer Science University of Manchester,Oxford RoadManchester M139PL,UK∗Corresponding author E-mail address:*************(C.Goble)Jim Hendler University of Maryland,USAToru IshidaKyoto University,JapanRudi Studer University of Karlsruhe,Germany。

Oracle BPM 套件：一份关于 Oracle Corporation 的商业流程管理工具的介绍

An Ontological Approach to Oracle BPMJean Prater, Ralf Mueller, Bill BeauregardOracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA **********************,***********************,*****************************The Oracle Business Process Management (Oracle BPM) Suite is composed oftools for Business Analysts and Developers for the modeling of BusinessProcesses in BPMN 2.0 (OMG1 standard), Business Rules, Human Workflow,Complex Events, and many other tools. BPM operates using the commontenants of an underlying Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) runtimeinfrastructure based on the Service Component Architecture (SCA). OracleDatabase Semantic Technologies provides native storage, querying andinferencing that are compliant with W3C standards for semantic (RDF/OWL)data and ontologies, with scalability and security for enterprise-scale semanticapplications.Semantically-enabling all artifacts of BPM from the high-level design of aBusiness Process Diagram to the deployment and runtime model of a BPMapplication promotes continuous process refinement, enables comprehensiveimpact analysis and prevents unnecessary proliferation of processes andservices. This paper presents the Oracle BPM ontology based upon BPMN 2.0,Service Component Architecture (SCA) and the Web Ontology Language(OWL 2). The implementation of this ontology provides a wide range of usecases in the areas of Process Analysis, Governance, Business Intelligence andSystems Management. It also has the potential to bring together stakeholdersacross an Enterprise, for a true Agile End-to-End Enterprise Architecture.Example use cases are presented as well as an outlook of the evolution of theontology to cover the organizational and social aspects of Business ProcessManagement.1.IntroductionIn the 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, the movie’s antagonist, HAL, is a computer that is capable not only of speech, speech recognition, and natural language processing, but also lip reading, apparent art appreciation, interpreting and reproducing emotional behavior, reasoning, and playing chess, all while maintaining the systems on an interplanetary mission. While the solution we present in this paper does not possess all of the capabilities of HAL, the potential benefits of combining semantic technology with Oracle BPM provides the ability to define contextual relationships between business processes and provides the tools to use that context so that ‘software agents’ (programs working on behalf of people) can find the right1 Object Management Group, see 2 Jean Prater, Ralf Mueller, Bill Beauregardinformation or processes and make decisions based on the established contextual relationships.Organizations can more efficiently and effectively optimize their information technology resources through a service-oriented approach leveraging common business processes and semantics throughout their enterprise. The challenge, however, with applications built on Business Process Management (BPM) and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) technology is that many are comprised of numerous artifacts spanning a wide range of representation formats. BPMN 2.0, the Service Component Architecture Assembly Model, Web Service definitions (in the form of WSDL), XSLT transformations, for example are all based on well defined but varying type models. To answer even simple queries on the entire BPM model, a user is left with a multitude of API’s and technologies, making the exercise difficult and highly complicated. Oracle has developed an ontology in OWL that encompasses all the artifacts of a BPM application and is stored in Oracle Database Semantic Technologies that provides a holistic view of the entire model and a unified and standardized way to query that model using SPARQL.Oracle is actively involved in the standards process and is leading industry efforts to use ontologies for metadata analysis. Oracle is also investigating the integration of organizational and social aspects of BPM using FOAF2. BPMN 2.0 task performers can be associated with a FOAF Person, Group or Organization and then used in Social Web activities to enable Business Users to collaborate on BPM models.1.1 BenefitsThe benefits of adding semantic technology to the database and to business process management in the middleware, driven by an underlying ontology are three fold:1.It promotes continuous process refinement. A less comprehensive processmodel can evolve into a complete executable process in the same model.2.It makes it easy to analyze the impact of adding, modifying or deletingprocesses and process building blocks on existing processes and webservices.3.It helps prevent unnecessary proliferation of processes and services. Combining semantic technology and business process management allows business users across organizational boundaries to find, share, and combine information and processes more easily by adding contextual relationships.1.2 Customer Use CaseThe US Department of Defense (DoD) is leading the way in the Federal Government for Architecture-driven Business Operations Transformation. A vital tenet for success is ensuring that business process models are based on a standardized representation, thus enabling the analysis and comparison of end to end business processes. This will lead to the reuse of the most efficient and effective process patterns (style guide), comprised of elements (primitives), throughout the DoD Business Mission Area. A key principle in DoD Business Transformation is its focus on data ontology. The 2 The Friend of a Friend (FOAF) project, see An Ontological Approach to Oracle BPM 3 Business Transformation Agency (BTA), under the purview of the Deputy Chief Management Officer (DCMO), has been at the forefront of efforts to develop a common vocabulary and processes in support of business enterprise interoperability through data standardization. The use of primitives and reuse of process patterns will reduce waste in overhead costs, process duplication and building and maintaining enterprise architectures. By aligning the Department of Defense Architecture Framework3 2.0 (DoDAF 2.0) with Business Process Modeling Notation 2.0 (BPMN 2.0) and partnering with industry, the BTA is accelerating the adoption of these standards to improve government business process efficiency.2.The Oracle BPM OntologyThe Oracle BPM ontology encompasses and expands the BPMN 2.0 and SCA ontologies. The Oracle BPM ontology is stored in Oracle Database Semantic Technologies and creates a composite model by establishing relationships between the OWL classes of the BPMN 2.0 ontology and the OWL classes of the SCA runtime ontology. For example, the BPMN 2.0 Process, User Task and Business Rule Task are mapped to components in the composite model. Send, Receive and Service Tasks, as well as Message Events are mapped to appropriate SCA Services and References and appropriate connections are created between the composite model artifacts. Figure 1 illustrates the anatomy of the Business Rule Task “Determine Approval Flow” that is a part of a Sales Quote demo delivered with BPM Suite.Figure 1: Anatomy of a BPMN 2.0 Business Rule Task4The diagram shows that the Business Rule Task “Determine Approval Flow” is of BPMN 2.0 type Business Rule Task and implemented by a SCA Decision Component that is connected to a BPMN Component “RequestQuote”. Also of significance is that the Decision Component exposes a Service that refers to a specific XML-Schema, which is also referred to by Data Objects in the BPMN 2.0 process RequestQuote.bpmn.3See /products/BEA_6.2/BEA/products/2009-04-27 Primitives Guidelines for Business Process Models (DoDAF OV-6c).pdf4 Visualized using TopBraid Composer TM4 Jean Prater, Ralf Mueller, Bill Beauregard3.An Ontology for BPMN 2.0With the release of the OMG BPMN 2.0 standard, a format based on XMI and XML-Schema was introduced for the Diagram Interchange (DI) and the Semantic Model. Based on the BPMN 2.0 Semantic Model, Oracle created an ontology that is comprised of the following5:•OWL classes and properties for all BPMN 2.0 Elements that are relevant for the Business Process Model.6The OWL classes, whenever possible,follow the conventions in the BPMN 2.0 UML meta model. OWL propertiesand restrictions are included by adding all of the data and object propertiesaccording to the attributes and class associations in the BPMN 2.0 model.7•OWL classes and properties for instantiations of a BPMN 2.0 process model. These OWL classes cover the runtime aspects of a BPMN 2.0process when executed by a process engine. The process engine createsBPMN 2.0 flow element instances when the process is executed. Activitylogging information is captured, including timestamps for a flow elementinstance’s activation and completion, as well as the performer of the task. The implicit (unstated) relationships in the Oracle BPM ontology can be automatically discovered using the native inferencing engine included with Oracle Database Semantic Technologies. The explicit and implicit relationships in the ontology can be queried using Oracle Database Semantic Technologies support for SPARQL (patterns matching queries) and/or mixed SPARQL in SQL queries. [6] Example SPARQL queries are shown below:Select all User Tasks in all Lanesselect ?usertask ?lanewhere {usertask rdf:type bpmn:UserTask .usertask bpmn:inLane lane}Select all flow elements with their sequence flow in lane p1:MyLane (a concrete instance of RDF type bpmn:Lane)select ?source ?targetwhere {flow bpmn:sourceFlowElement source .flow bpmn:targetFlowElement target .5 All of the classes of the BPMN 2.0 meta model that exists for technical reasons only (model m:n relationship or special containments) are not represented in the ontology6 The work in [2] describes an ontology based on BPMN 1.x for which no standardized meta model exists7 Oracle formulated SPARQL queries for envisioned use cases and added additional properties and restrictions to the ontology to support those use casesAn Ontological Approach to Oracle BPM 5 target bpmn:inLane p1:MyLane}Select all activities in process p1:MyProcess that satisfy SLA p1:MySLA select ?activity ?activityInstancewhere {activity bpmn:inProcess p1:MyProcess .activityInstance obpm:instanceOf activity .activityInstance obpm:meetSLA p1:MySLA}A unique capability of BPMN 2.0, as compared to BPEL, for instance, is its ability to promote continuous process refinement. A less comprehensive process model, perhaps created by a business analyst can evolve into a complete executable process that can be implemented by IT in the same model. The work sited in Validating Process Refinement with Ontologies[4] suggests an ontological approach for the validation of such process refinements.4.An Ontology for the SCA composite modelThe SCA composite model ontology represents the SCA assembly model and is comprised of OWL classes for Composite, Component, Service, Reference and Wire, which form the major building blocks of the assembly model. Oracle BPM ontology has OWL classes for concrete services specified by WSDL and data structures specified by XML-Schema. The transformation of the SCA assembly model to the SCA ontology includes creating finer grained WSDL and XML-Schema artifacts to capture the dependencies and relationships between concrete WSDL operations and messages to elements of some XML-Schema and their imported schemata.The SCA ontology was primarily created for the purpose of Governance and to act as a bridge between the Oracle BPM ontology and an ontology that would represent a concrete runtime infrastructure. This enables the important ability to perform impact analysis to determine, for instance, which BPMN 2.0 data objects and/or data associations are impacted by the modification of an XML-Schema element or which Web Service depends on this element. This feature helps prevent the proliferation of new types and services, and allows IT to ascertain the impact of an XML-Schema modification.5.The TechnologiesAs part of the customer use case, as referenced in section 1.2 above, we implemented a system that takes a BPM Project comprised of BPMN 2.0 process definitions, SCA assembly model, WSDL service definitions, XML-Schema and other metadata, and created appropriate Semantic data (RDF triples) for the Oracle BPM ontology. The6 Jean Prater, Ralf Mueller, Bill Beauregardtriples were then loaded into Oracle Database Semantic Technologies [3] and a SPARQL endpoint was used to except and process queries.6.ConclusionOracle BPM ontology encompasses and expands the generic ontologies for BPMN 2.0 and the SOA composite model to cover all artifacts of a BPM application from a potentially underspecified8process model in BPMN 2.0 down to the XML-Schema element and type level at runtime for process analysis, governance and Business Intelligence. The combination of RDF/OWL data storage, inferencing and SPARQL querying, as supported by Oracle Database Semantic Technologies, provides the ability to discover implicit relationships in data and find implicit and explicit relationships with pattern matching queries that go beyond classical approaches of XML-Schema, XQuery and SQL.7.AcknowledgementsWe’d like to thank Sudeer Bhoja, Linus Chow, Xavier Lopez, Bhagat Nainani and Zhe Wu for their contributions to the paper and valuable comments.8.References[1] Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) Version 2.0,/spec/BPMN/2.0/[2] Ghidini Ch., Rospocher M., Serafini L.: BPMN Ontology,https://dkm.fbk.eu/index.php/BPMN_Ontology[3] Oracle Database Semantic Technologies,/technetwork/database/options/semantic-tech/[4] Ren Y., Groener G., Lemcke J., Tirdad R., Friesen A., Yuting Z., Pan J., Staab S.:Validating Process Refinement with Ontologies[5] Service Component Architecture (SCA), [6] Kolovski V., Wu Z., Eadon G.: Optimizing Enterprise-Scale OWL 2 RL Reasoning in aRelational Database System, ISWC 2010, page 436-452[7] “Use of End-toEnd (E2E) Business Models and Ontology in DoD Business Architectures”;Memorandum from Deputy Chief Management Office; April 4, 2011, Elizabeth A.McGrath, Deputy DCMO.[8] “Primitives and Style: A Common Vocabulary for BPM across the Enterprise”; DennisWisnosky, Chief Architect & CTO ODCMO and Linus Chow Oracle; BPM Excellence in Practice 2010; Published by Future Strategies, 20108A BPMN 2.0 model element is considered underspecified, if its valid but not all attribute values relevant for execution are specified.。

semantic知识点总结

semantic知识点总结Definition and Importance of SemanticsSemantics is the study of meaning in language and the interpretation of words, phrases, and sentences. It examines how words and symbols convey meaning, how meanings are structured and organized, and how meanings are used in communication. Semantics is a fundamental aspect of language and communication, as it enables people to understand and convey meaning effectively.The importance of semantics lies in its role in language comprehension, communication, and reasoning. It allows individuals to understand the meaning of the words and sentences they encounter, to interpret and infer meaning from context, and to express themselves effectively. Semantics also plays a crucial role in the development of language, as it helps children and language learners to acquire and understand the meanings of words and symbols.Role of Semantics in Language UnderstandingSemantics plays a crucial role in language understanding, as it enables individuals to comprehend the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It involves several key processes, including lexical semantics (the meanings of individual words), compositional semantics (the derivation of meaning from word combinations), and pragmatic semantics (the use of language in context).Lexical semantics focuses on the meanings of individual words and how they are organized and structured in the mental lexicon. It examines the different types of word meanings, including denotation (the literal meaning of a word) and connotation (the associated or suggested meanings of a word). Lexical semantics also explores the relationships between words, such as synonyms (words with similar meanings) and antonyms (words with opposite meanings), and the polysemy (multiple meanings) and homonymy (same form, different meanings) of words.Compositional semantics is concerned with how the meaning of a phrase or sentence is derived from the meanings of its constituent words and the syntactic structure of the sentence. It involves processes such as semantic composition, which combines word meanings to form sentence meanings, and semantic ambiguity resolution, which resolves multiple possible interpretations of a sentence. Compositional semantics also considers the influence of context and pragmatic information on meaning derivation, such as the use of inference and presupposition in language understanding.Pragmatic semantics focuses on the use of language in context and the interpretation of meaning in communication. It considers how speakers and listeners use context, background knowledge, and communicative intentions to convey and infer meaning. Pragmatic semantics also examines various communicative phenomena, such as implicature (indirect or implied meaning), speech acts (the performative function of language), anddiscourse coherence (the organization and connection of utterances in a conversation or text).Aspects of Semantic Knowledge in Linguistics and Cognitive ScienceSemantic knowledge is a central topic in linguistics and cognitive science, as it provides insights into the nature, structure, and processing of meaning in language and cognition. It encompasses various aspects of language and cognition, including lexical semantics, conceptual semantics, and computational semantics.Lexical semantics is the branch of semantics that focuses on the meanings of individual words and how they are organized and structured in the mental lexicon. It examines the different types of word meanings, semantic relations between words, and the representation and processing of word meanings. Lexical semantics also considers the influence of semantic properties, such as imageability (the ease with which a word evokes mental images) and concreteness (the degree to which a word refers to tangible objects or experiences), on word processing and memory.Conceptual semantics is concerned with the representation and organization of concepts and meanings in the mind. It explores how people categorize and classify the world, how they form and distinguish concepts, and how they encode and retrieve meaning from memory. Conceptual semantics also investigates the relationships between language and thought, such as the influence of linguistic categories and structures on conceptual organization and the influence of conceptual knowledge on language comprehension and production.Computational semantics is the area of semantics that addresses the computational modeling and processing of meaning in language and cognition. It focuses on developing formal and computational models of meaning representation, meaning inference, and meaning generation. Computational semantics also considers the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques, such as semantic parsing, semantic role labeling, and semantic similarity measurement, to extract and analyze semantic information from texts and to build intelligent systems that understand and generate natural language.In addition, there are other important aspects of semantic knowledge in linguistics and cognitive science, such as cross-linguistic semantics (the study of semantic universals and variation across languages), diachronic semantics (the study of semantic change over time), and psycholinguistic semantics (the study of the cognitive processes and mechanisms underlying language understanding and production). These aspects contribute to our understanding of how meaning is structured and processed in language and cognition and how semantic knowledge is represented and used in different linguistic and cognitive contexts.In conclusion, semantic knowledge is a crucial aspect of human cognition and communication. It plays a central role in language understanding, as it enables individuals to comprehend and convey meaning effectively. Semantic knowledge encompasses variousaspects of language and cognition, such as lexical semantics, conceptual semantics, and computational semantics, and provides insights into the nature, organization, and processing of meaning in language and cognition. By exploring and understanding semantic knowledge, we can gain a deeper understanding of how language and thought are intertwined and how we make sense of the world through meaning.。

MarkLogic 8 用户指南说明书

Table of ContentsAbout1 Chapter 1: Getting started with marklogic2 Remarks2 Versions2 Examples2 Installation or Setup2 Chapter 2: Marklogic 8 Features4 Remarks4 Examples4 New features in MarkLogic 84 Chapter 3: Search in MarkLogic5 Remarks5 Examples5 Fetching all the documents with word "marklogic"5 Fetching all the documents with word "marklogic", document in collection "first-collection5 Fetching all the documents with a particular value of an element5 Checking presence of elements and attributes in documents5 Chapter 4: Very simple CRUD examples for XML documents7 Examples7 Create a simple document7 Read/access our sample document7 Update the simple document8 Bonus: Simple Search example (Another way to read)8 Delete - Last, but not least9 Chapter 5: Working with fn:count, xdmp:estimate and cts:frequency11 Remarks11 Examples11 Using fn:count() to get the number of matching documents11 Using xdmp:estimate() to get the number of matching documents11 Counting documents when fragments are defined11Credits13AboutYou can share this PDF with anyone you feel could benefit from it, downloaded the latest version from: marklogicIt is an unofficial and free marklogic ebook created for educational purposes. All the content is extracted from Stack Overflow Documentation, which is written by many hardworking individuals at Stack Overflow. It is neither affiliated with Stack Overflow nor official marklogic.The content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, and the list of contributors to each chapter are provided in the credits section at the end of this book. Images may be copyright of their respective owners unless otherwise specified. All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective company owners.Use the content presented in this book at your own risk; it is not guaranteed to be correct nor accurate, please send your feedback and corrections to ********************Chapter 1: Getting started with marklogic RemarksThis section provides an overview of what marklogic is, and why a developer might want to use it. It should also mention any large subjects within marklogic, and link out to the related topics. Sincethe Documentation for marklogic is new, you may need to create initial versions of those relatedtopics.VersionsExamplesInstallation or SetupDetailed instructions on getting MarkLogic set up or installed can be found in the Installation Guide . The full offering of documentation is available via The overall setup process involves1.Installing the binary/rpm2.Starting the services3.Configuring first and subsequent hostsA "Hello World" example is not really necessary to verify setup. The setup process includes verification of success, in that once installed, the user will navigate a browser to the administrative interface. If something has been missed, the services are not started, or something went wrong with the installation process, the interface will not come up. Full step-by-step procedures are included in the document referenced.Once installed and basic configuration is in place, a great tool to get started with interacting with the system is called "Query Console" and is available via browser, usually at port 8000. The typical URL for an instance installed on a developer's local machine ishttp://localhost:8000/qconsoleThis powerful tool has a separate document available here.Read Getting started with marklogic online: https:///marklogic/topic/5308/getting-started-with-marklogicChapter 2: Marklogic 8 FeaturesRemarksThis section provides an overview of what's new in MarkLogic 8 and its other updated versions. Use case for each feature also needs to be added.ExamplesNew features in MarkLogic 8•Server-Side JavaScript•Native JSON•Samplestack Sample Application•Temporal Documents•REST Management•API Improvements•More Semantics Features, Including SPARQL 1.1, Inferencing, and SPARQL UPDATE •Node.js Client API•REST and Java Client API Improvements•Enhanced HTTP Server Features•Flexible Replication Enhancements•Incremental Backup•Document Library Services (DLS) Improvements•MLCP EnhancementsRead Marklogic 8 Features online: https:///marklogic/topic/5386/marklogic-8-featuresChapter 3: Search in MarkLogicRemarksThis section provides an overview of search in MarkLogic. Intent is to cover cts:search, search:search and qbe with use cases and examplesExamplesFetching all the documents with word "marklogic"cts:search(fn:doc(),cts:word-query("marklogic"))Fetching all the documents with word "marklogic", document in collection "first-collection"This can be done in the following two ways -cts:search(fn:collection("first-collection"),cts:word-query("marklogic"))In this, the scope is changed from all the documents to documents in collection "first-collection" only.In the second approach, use of cts:collection-query has been made. This should give better performance than the first approach.cts:search(fn:doc(),cts:and-query((cts:collection-query("first-collection"),cts:word-query("marklogic")))Fetching all the documents with a particular value of an elementThis query returns all the documents with element "company" and its value as "marklogic"cts:element-value-query(xs:QName('company'), 'marklogic'))Checking presence of elements and attributes in documentsThe following query returns the documents which have an element named "company" -cts:element-value-query(xs:QName('company'), '*', ("wildcarded")))The following query returns the documents which have an element named "company" with an attribute named "name" -cts:element-attribute-value-query(xs:QName('company'), xs:QName('name'), '*', ("wildcarded")))Read Search in MarkLogic online: https:///marklogic/topic/5401/search-in-marklogicChapter 4: Very simple CRUD examples for XML documentsExamplesCreate a simple documentThis very simple snippet of XQuery can be executed in QueryConsole using the built-in "Documents" database as a sandbox. Each piece of the snippet has a comment to explain what the following line of code means.xquery version "1.0-ml";(: Let's first insert a simple document to get started :)(: You need a URI- the location where the document is found in the database :)let $uri := "/stuff/mysimpledocument.xml"(: Documents need content. This is a simple XML node :)let $doc :=<my-document><body>Very simple example</body></my-document>(: Permissions are a big topic. For now, we'll use the default permissions. :)let $permissions := xdmp:default-permissions()(: Document collections are optional. One or more can be specified :)(: Adding a collection for further examples that will use it. :)let $collections := "simple-example"(: Now we're just going to insert this document in the database :)let $insert := xdmp:document-insert($uri,$doc,$permissions,$collections)return <message>Document saved to {$uri}</message>When this is executed, the console returns<message>Document saved to /stuff/mysimpledocument.xml</message>Now that the document exists, we can test additional operations...Read/access our sample documentIf we know the desired URI of the document we are looking for:fn:doc("/stuff/mysimpledocument.xml")Returns the full document from the database, using the URI to locate it.Since this is XQuery, we can use XPath to find the document when we know about the structure, but not the URI:/my-documentReturns the element "my-document" and its contents...Update the simple documentWe will now add some additional XML nodes to the "my-document" element and update the document. The snippet again contains comments to explain what is happening.xquery version "1.0-ml";(: We are preserving the same URI as we used originally :)let $uri := "/stuff/mysimpledocument.xml"(: Need to get the existing contents so we can append to those :)let $orig-content := fn:doc($uri)/my-document(: Documents need content. This is a simple XML node :)let $new-content :=<notes><note>Anything can be changed</note><note>New content is added in this example, but we could replace it all too</note></notes>(: Now to build the new xml. There's lots of ways to do this :)(: line 17 inserts the original contents into this new node construct :)(: line 18 inserts the $new-content after the original contents :)let $new-doc-content :=<my-document>{$orig-content/node()}{$new-content}</my-document>(: Leave permissions untouched... :)let $permissions := xdmp:document-get-permissions($uri)(: Leave collections untouched... :)let $collections := xdmp:document-get-collections($uri)(: Now we're just going to insert this document in the database :)let $insert := xdmp:document-insert($uri,$new-doc-content,$permissions,$collections)return <message>Document {$uri} updated</message>When executed, this returns the message<message>Document /stuff/mysimpledocument.xml updated</message>Now run the different read commands above to see the updated content. It should look like this:<my-document><body>Very simple example</body><notes><note>Anything can be changed</note><note>New content is added in this example, but we could replace it all too</note></notes></my-document>Bonus: Simple Search example (Another way to read)MarkLogic is first and foremost a search engine, so let's use two different methods to search for this document.Using search:search()This gives a peek into using search:search() to develop search applications. This library provides Google-like search results and will likely speed up your development of simple search tools. More information and a deeper dive can be found here.xquery version "1.0-ml";import module namespace search = "/appservices/search"at "/MarkLogic/appservices/search/search.xqy";(: What is search without a keyword? :)let $term := "very simple"return search:search($term)The result looks a bit confusing, but you can see that it returns one result, our example document. Using cts:search()More advanced search situations might call for more granular search capabilities. This is just to whet your appetite for what is available in search. More detailed information is found here.xquery version "1.0-ml";(: What is search without a keyword? :)let $term := "very simple"(: Complex queries can be made from individual cts queries. Here, we just have one simplequery :)let $query := cts:word-query($term,"case-insensitive")(: Return the documents that match the query :)return cts:search(fn:doc(),$query)This is an incredibly simple example. BTW, if we want to get back the URI for the matching documents, instead of the documents themselves, we can change the last line of this snippet to-returnfor $result in cts:search(fn:doc(),$query)return fn:base-uri($result)Delete - Last, but not leastTo round out simple examples of CRUD operations, we present the following examples. Always use great care in deleting documents.(: When we know the URI, we can delete it very easily :)let $uri := "/stuff/mysimpledocument.xml"return xdmp:document-delete($uri)or simplified:xdmp:document-delete("/stuff/mysimpledocument.xml")You can certainly use XPath to find the document, get the URI of it, and then delete it with something like this, but the danger is that any documents that are returned by the XPath expressions will be removed. Not always a good thing.(: Use caution when using XPath to select target docs to delete :)for $doc in /my-documentreturn xdmp:document-delete(fn:base-uri($doc))Want to delete all documents? This will do it, but be very careful you know what database your code will execute against.for $doc in fn:doc()return xdmp:document-delete(fn:base-uri($doc))Read Very simple CRUD examples for XML documents online:https:///marklogic/topic/5498/very-simple-crud-examples-for-xml-documentsChapter 5: Working with fn:count, xdmp:estimate and cts:frequencyRemarksThis section provides an overview of fn:count, xdmp:estimate and cts:frequency along with examples and use casesExamplesUsing fn:count() to get the number of matching documentsThe XML document, I will be using throughout the examples is -<a><b>test-value</b><d>fragment-d</d><c-root><d>fragment-d</d><e>fragment-e</e></c-root></a>The following queries returns the number of documents with value fragment-d for element d -•Using a cts:searchfn:count(cts:search(fn:doc(), cts:element-value-query(xs:QName("d"), "fragment-d")))•Using XPathfn:count(fn:doc()[//d="fragment-d"]))Using xdmp:estimate() to get the number of matching documentsxdmp:estimate(cts:search(fn:doc(), cts:element-value-query(xs:QName("d"), "fragment-d"))) xdmp:estimate can not be used on XPaths unlike fn:count is used in previous example xdmp:estimate actually gives the number of matching fragmentsCounting documents when fragments are definedThe XML document to consider in this example -<a><b>test-value</b><d>fragment-d</d><c-root><d>fragment-d</d><e>fragment-e</e></c-root></a>A fragment root is declared on <c-root>If this is the only document in the database, xdmp:estimate and fn:count are going to behave differently -xdmp:estimate(cts:search(fn:doc(), cts:element-value-query(xs:QName("d"), "fragment-d"))) Result of the above query will be 2 (Number of fragments)fn:count(cts:search(fn:doc(), cts:element-value-query(xs:QName("d"), "fragment-d"))) Result of the above query will be 1 (Number of documents)In terms of performance xdmp:estimate is much better than fn:count as it takes theadvantages of indexes while resolving the search resultsRead Working with fn:count, xdmp:estimate and cts:frequency online:https:///marklogic/topic/6300/working-with-fn-count--xdmp-estimate-and-cts-frequencyCredits。

数据库研究英文作文

数据库研究英文作文英文：As a database researcher, I have always been fascinated by the power and potential of data. Databases are the backbone of any modern organization, providing a secure and efficient way to store, access, and manage vast amounts of information. From small startups to multinational corporations, every business relies on databases to make informed decisions and drive growth.One of the most exciting developments in database research today is the emergence of NoSQL databases. Unlike traditional SQL databases, which rely on a rigid schema to organize data, NoSQL databases are more flexible and scalable, allowing for faster and more efficient processing of unstructured and semi-structured data.For example, consider a social media platform like Facebook. With billions of users and trillions of pieces ofcontent, Facebook needs a database that can handle massive amounts of data in real-time. A NoSQL database like Cassandra or MongoDB is perfect for this, as it can quickly and easily scale to meet the demands of a rapidly growing user base.However, it's important to note that NoSQL databases are not a one-size-fits-all solution. Depending on the specific needs of an organization, a traditional SQL database may still be the best choice. For example, a financial institution that requires strict data integrity and consistency may prefer a SQL database like Oracle or MySQL.Ultimately, the choice of database depends on a variety of factors, including scalability, performance, security, and cost. As a researcher, my goal is to continue exploring new and innovative ways to harness the power of data and help organizations make better decisions.中文：作为一名数据库研究人员，我一直被数据的力量和潜力所吸引。

讨论英语学科的英文作文

讨论英语学科的英文作文英文回答：English, as a global language, holds immense significance in today's interconnected world. Its proficiency not only enhances communication but also opens doors to myriad opportunities for personal and professional growth. As a subject in education, English plays a vital role in developing critical thinking, analytical skills, and a profound appreciation for diverse cultures.The study of English encompasses a wide spectrum of disciplines, including grammar, vocabulary, literature, and composition. Through these domains, students delve into the intricate workings of language, exploring its structure, semantics, and usage. They analyze literary masterpieces, gaining insights into human nature, societal issues, and the beauty of creative expression. Additionally, writing assignments foster critical thinking and the ability to convey ideas effectively.English education empowers individuals to navigate a complex information landscape. It enhances their reading comprehension, allowing them to critically evaluate sources and extract knowledge. Moreover, it equips students with the skills to communicate confidently in various contexts, whether in academic settings, professional environments, or international exchanges.Beyond its practical benefits, English fosters cultural awareness and appreciation. By engaging with literature from diverse backgrounds, students develop empathy and understanding for different perspectives. They recognize the interconnectedness of human experiences and the importance of respecting cultural differences.In conclusion, English is an indispensable subject in today's education system. Its study promotes critical thinking, analytical skills, effective communication, and cultural awareness. By mastering the English language, individuals not only enhance their personal and professional capabilities but also contribute to a moreinformed and compassionate global society.中文回答：英语学科在教育中的重要性。

数据库选择题答案

数据库选择题答案1. A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a system that manages relational databases and allows users to interact with data stored in these databases. It provides a structured way to organize and manage data, making it easier to query, update, and analyze.2. Structured Query Language (SQL) is a programming language used to manage and manipulate data in a relational database. It provides a standardized way to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data from databases.3. The main components of a relational database system include:- Database: A collection of related data organized and stored in a structured format.- Tables: A database consists of one or more tables, which hold the data.- Rows: Each row in a table represents a record or instance of data.- Columns: Each column in a table represents a specific attribute or field of the data.- Primary key: A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table.- Foreign key: A foreign key is a reference to a primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables.4. The advantages of using a relational database management system are:- Data integrity: RDBMS ensures data integrity by enforcing constraints and rules on data manipulation.- Data consistency: RDBMS maintains a consistent view of data across the database, ensuring that changes are propagated correctly.- Data security: RDBMS provides features like access control and encryption to protect data from unauthorized access.- Scalability: RDBMS allows for the efficient management of large amounts of data and can scale to accommodate growing needs.- Query flexibility: SQL provides a powerful and flexible way to query and retrieve data from databases.- Data independence: RDBMS separates the physical and logical representation of data, allowing for easier management and modifications.5. When choosing a database system, several factors need to be considered:- Data requirements: Assess the type of data, volume, and complexity to determine the most suitable database system.- Performance: Consider the expected workload and performance requirements to select a database system that can handle the anticipated load.- Scalability: Determine if the database system can scale to accommodate future growth in data volume and user concurrency.- Availability: Evaluate the high availability features andbackup/recovery mechanisms provided by the database system.- Cost: Consider the licensing fees, hardware requirements, and maintenance costs associated with the database system.- Vendor support: Look for a reputable vendor that offers reliable technical support and regular updates for the database system.- Integration capabilities: Assess the compatibility and integration options with other systems and applications in the environment.6. The popular relational database management systems include:- Oracle Database: A widely used RDBMS known for its scalability, reliability, and advanced features.- MySQL: An open-source RDBMS suitable for small to medium-sized applications.- Microsoft SQL Server: A commercial RDBMS with excellent integration capabilities and comprehensive tooling.- PostgreSQL: An open-source RDBMS known for its robustness, extensibility, and support for advanced SQL features.7. Non-relational databases, also known as NoSQL databases, are an alternative to traditional relational databases. They are designed to handle large-scale data storage and processing requirements. Some popular types of NoSQL databases include:- Key-value stores: These databases store data in a key-value format for fast retrieval.- Document databases: These databases store and retrieve data in JSON-like documents.- Wide-column stores: These databases store data in tables with columns that can vary per row or record.- Graph databases: These databases are optimized for managing relationships between data elements.In conclusion, a relational database management system (RDBMS) is a powerful tool for organizing and managing data. When choosing a database system, it is important to consider factors such as data requirements, performance, scalability, availability, cost, vendor support, and integration capabilities. Popular RDBMS options include Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL. Additionally, NoSQL databases provide alternative solutions for specific data storage and processing needs.。

数据库系统概念(database system concepts)英文第六版第一章

l Network model l H i e r a r c h i c a l model
Relational Model
n R e l a t i o n a l model (Chapter 2)
• Columns
n Example of t a b u l a r d a t a i n t h e r e l a t i o n a l model
n Two c l a s s e s of languages l Procedural – u s e r s p e c i f i e s what d a t a i s r e q u i r e d and how t o get those data l Declarative (nonprocedural) – user specifies what data i s r e q u i r e d without s p e c i f y i n g how t o g e t those data
l Difficulty in accessing data 4 Need t o w r i t e a new program t o c a r r y out each new t a s k
l Data i s o l a t i o n — multiple f i l e s and formats l Integrity problems
l Concurrent access by multiple users 4 Concurrent access needed f o r performance 4 Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies – Example: Two people reading a balance (say 100) and updating i t by withdrawing money (say 50 each) a t the same time

自己发明了盲文英语作文

自己发明了盲文英语作文Title: Innovating Braille English Composition。

Innovation is the hallmark of progress, and today, I'm excited to introduce a groundbreaking concept: Braille English Composition. In a world where communication is key, ensuring inclusivity for all individuals, including those with visual impairments, is paramount. Hence, I've devised a system that combines the elegance of Braille with the richness of English composition, providing a platform for visually impaired individuals to express themselvesfluently and creatively.At the core of Braille English Composition (BEC) lies the fusion of Braille characters with English words and grammar structures. Each Braille character represents not just a letter or a punctuation mark, but also carries the nuances of English language usage. Through a carefully crafted system of symbols and rules, BEC enables the seamless translation of English texts into Braille and viceversa, preserving the essence and flow of the language.One of the key challenges in creating BEC was to maintain the integrity of English syntax and semantics while adapting it to the tactile nature of Braille. This involved developing a set of guidelines for mapping English grammar rules to Braille symbols, ensuring coherence and clarity in expression. Additionally, special attention was given to idiomatic expressions, figurative language, and literary devices to ensure that the richness of English literature is fully accessible to Braille readers.Moreover, BEC incorporates innovative features to enhance the writing experience for visually impaired individuals. For instance, tactile feedback mechanisms are integrated into Braille displays, providing users withreal-time input on their writing, akin to the sensation of pen on paper for sighted individuals. Furthermore, voice-to-text technology is seamlessly integrated into the BEC interface, allowing users to dictate their thoughts and ideas with ease, which are then translated into Braille in real-time.The impact of Braille English Composition extends far beyond individual expression. By providing visually impaired individuals with a tool to engage in English composition, BEC opens doors to educational and professional opportunities previously inaccessible to them. Imagine a visually impaired student confidently writing essays, participating in debates, or even pursuing a career in journalism or creative writing, empowered by the ability to express themselves fluently in English.In addition to its practical applications, BEC serves as a testament to the power of innovation in fostering inclusivity and diversity. By recognizing the unique needs of visually impaired individuals and developing tailored solutions, we can create a more equitable society where everyone has the opportunity to contribute and thrive. As we continue to refine and expand the capabilities ofBraille English Composition, let us embrace the transformative potential of technology to break down barriers and build a more inclusive future for all.。

数据库研究方法

数据库研究方法Database Research MethodologyDatabase research methodology refers to the systematic approach employed in the study of databases, encompassing techniques and procedures for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It is a crucial aspect of information science and computer science, facilitating the understanding and optimization of database systems.数据库研究方法是指对数据库进行系统研究的方法，包括数据收集、分析和解释的技术和程序。

它是信息科学和计算机科学的重要方面，有助于理解和优化数据库系统。

At the core of database research methodology lies the identification of research questions and objectives, which guide the entire process. These questions often revolve around the performance, scalability, security, and usability of databases.数据库研究方法的核心在于确定研究问题和目标，这指导着整个研究过程。

这些问题通常围绕数据库的性能、可扩展性、安全性和可用性展开。

Data collection is a vital step, involving the extraction of relevant information from various sources, such as existing databases, surveys, or experiments. This process requires careful consideration of data quality and representativeness.数据收集是至关重要的一步，涉及从各种来源提取相关信息，如现有数据库、调查或实验。

专业译文

专业译文：外文原文Databases technology development and tendencyAbstractThe database technology has developed the relative is an extremely important technology, obtained the widespread application in very many domains. Summary introduction database development historical development present situation and development tendency.Database technology from 60's intermediate stages until now then not to 40 years history, but its development speed is quickly other technologies. It from the first generation of level, the network database, the second generation of relations database has developed to today take object-oriented as the main model database, namely third generation database. The database technology and the network communication, the object-oriented programming technology, the parallel machine technology, the artificial intelligence technology melted mutually, seeps mutually, promoted the database technology widespread application.Database technology historical evolutionNetted databasesThe netted database will record took the data the basic memory unit, a record might contain certain data items. These data items may be multiple-valued or the compound data, former is called the vector, latter is called the redundant group. Each record has an only content identifier, namely DBK, it saves the human database when a record automatically entrusts with by the system. DBK is the recording logical address, may use the substitute person which makes the recording, perhaps uses in seeking the record. In the lattice data model, the data relation with is expressed. The netted database is department's set, its memory structure sums up as department's realization method. The most commonly used method is a chain, namely connects in turn regarding each train value from the first start of record with the direction Yuan is the recording to form a chain respectively. The netted database is one kind ofnavigation like database, the user when the execution concrete operation not only needs to explain any, but also must explain how does, for example not only must indicate the search object in the search sentence, moreover also must stipulate the access path.Levels databasesBecause in real world very many matters are defer to the level relations to organize, after therefore follows closely the netted database but appears is the level database system. The level data model has simulated the real world level organization, according to the level deposit and withdrawal data, most basic data relations is the level relations, it represents between two records pair of many relations, also is called the parents children to relate (PCR). In a database system only has a record not to have the parents, is called the root node, other recording only have parents. In the level model, from a pitch point to his/her parents' mapping is only, therefore (root node is an exception) regarding each recording said, only must point out it the parents, may express the level model tree shape overall construction. Compared with famous level database system when is iBM Corporation.IMS (Information Management System), produces from the end of the 60's until now, it has developed to the IMSV6 edition, and receives in the application in the WWW company to continue to act the new role.Relational databasesThe user when carries on the deposit and withdrawal operation to the netted database and the level database, must be clear about the data the memory structure, indicates the access path specifically. In order to make up outside these insufficiencies, at the beginning of the 70's IBM Corporation put forward the relational model concept. In relational model, regardless of is the entity entity relation - relates by the sole structure type expressed. In the actual relational database, the relations also is called the table, a relational database is composed by certain tables. For be accurate but vividly expressed the database criterion, in 1974 IBM Corporation has drawn up the simple key words grammar, with by explained conforms to the relational database criterion data definition, namely SQL (Structured Query Language) the language, itonly requests the user to point out makes any but not to need to point out how does. The SQL language is in a database history milestone.Databases and its correlation technology present situations analysisAlong with the database system daily popularization and the user request unceasing enhancement, relational database some limitations, for instance does not favor the expression complex construction of data, is unable to contain the more data type and so on, caused it already to be unable to adapt the modern information system application development request. If the past was the data bank technology development has led application development, then today then was the application in turn impelled the database technology further transformation.Object-oriented databasesObject-oriented is one kind of understanding, the description thing methodology. It origins from the programming language, and rapidly seeps to computer science each domain. The object-oriented method the entity object which existed by the objective world in realizes well for the basic has been abstract, mechanism and so on seal, complex control, information hiding. At present had some successful pure object-oriented database products, for instance CA Jasmine, in addition, many relational databases product also in its new edition has joined regarding the object-oriented support.Internet databaseAt present the nearly all large-scale databases factory all may provide under the Internet environment the database application, even develops the edition which and Inter - net seamless links up, Oraele Corporation promotes based on Internet database Oracle8i is an extremely typical example specially.Multimedia databasesHave formed in the database family's new members take the digitization and the data compression as the foundation multimedia technology and the data bank technology union, the multimedia database appearance enormously has enriched the database memory and the performance content and the form, further has opened up the data bank technology application domain. The system supports which themultimedia database applies in the library, the museum and so on, might enormously raise the existing service level. Compares with the traditional database, the multimedia database technical content is higher, namely requests the multimedia database management system to be able to support and to realize in the system the different media mix as well as the new old media exchange and so on, all these regarding the user said is transparent.Motion databases“The information anywhere” is now a society's big characteristic. Anybody can in the place which any may access the net visit to the backstage huge database, uses the tool is merely small grasps calculating device PDA (individual data assistant) or on the palm the computer (HPC), but the future load merely will be a mobile phone possibly, the people might process the service anytime and anywhere, will transmit the information. The motion computation emerged has initiated a data bank technology breakthrough, many motion databases perhaps the database motion computation edition arose at the historic moment, for instance the IBM DB2 satellite version and roamed the version to be possible to use in Palm OS or migration and so on Windows CE calculates the platform. The present motion database uses on generally the palm the equipment, through wired or wireless means of communication downloading host data, again realizes the specific application by own data management and the processing system, by adapts the motion work as well as the special environment demand. Except that outside above these, but also has the alliance type database, the distributional database, the parallel database, the knowledge library technology, the fuzzy data bank technology, the succession database, the project data bank technology, the statistics data bank technology, the graph database as well as the space data bank technology and so on. The becoming an information based society society in the certain significance also is the digitized society, this cannot leave to the numeral the control and processing, cannot leave to the database technology and the product dependence, at the same time it also will actuate the database technology to continue to front to make great strides forward.Oracle8i database and library applicationOracle8i is based on the Internet computation high performance database, it used the newest technology to strengthen the database system management function, and extended the traditional superiority to Internet, the excavation development information capital. Source, simplification migration computation. Oracle8i unifies directly the Web information management tool with the database system, using Web DB guaranteed the non- technical user also can very easily establish, the deployment and nimbly monitor the Web database application procedure and the content actuation Web stand. Through a simple forerunner style contact surface, it will instruct the development personnel to found, to edit and deletes each kind of HTML according to the step the composition part. Oracle8i hypothesized machine (VM) introduces directly Java to the database in, realized saved and carries out the Java code ability on the server, Oraele all users may in any level, for instance in the user contact surface, in the application logic or the database logic obtained 300 rhymes Java support. The subscriber's premises only must use the standard the browser to be possible to visit the data. IFS (Internet filing system) is a Oracle8i bold innovation, its new relational database ultra management ability and document. The system usability unifies, enables the user to be able in the database internal storage, the search, the visit and the integration document management system, but the entire organization may select one unified method to manage and to visit each main engine the information resource. This module has the operating system the document management function, causes the document management to have database all margins of safety, at the same time even more simplifies. Its profound significance lies in, the database function will be able to be more formidable, but regarding will hold. Will make the system the dependence to be able to reduce. Processes (OLTP) at the on-line business to apply and the data warehouse technology. The aspect, Oracle8i has also carried on a series of developments, provides from many data pools for the user withdraws, the purification, the transformation and the centralism data method, in order to user simply conveniently maintenance and structural data warehouse. Electronic transaction. Expands in the DLTP foundation, and pursues to 7×24 the hour uninterrupted service support. The digital library is not the source from in library oneself, but is the productwhich the becoming an information based society society goes forward unceasingly, its appearance has brought the new turning point for the library enterprise development. The so-called digitized library is refers to these to provide the content to be rich, to pass through the entire foreword, the multimedia form digitized information organization. First, it should have the memory magnanimous information the ability. It should have the advanced information processing method, altogether the information should be passes through the entire foreword, but is not chaotic I third, its goal is provides the highly effective convenience for the user the service. Therefore, digital library three bases. The foundation characteristic is the resources digitization, deposit and withdrawal and manages distributionally. The Beijing University numeral library uses Dracle8i to take its database server. The user on-line submits the request through the browser, like inquires someone Specific data. The system through the Web server analysis user instruction, and the user which needs to analyze specially requested transmits to the Web gateway, again from the Web gateway explanation execution, then transmits it to applies the server. This server receives the request which the Web gateway and the management end sends in, carries on the deposit and withdrawal through JDBC to the database, meets the user need. Organization and so on Beijing University library the reason that chooses Oracle8i, mainly because it is face the Internet computation environment database. It the new characteristic to in the traditional Oracle server, thus became to be suitable for the web information management system product. It supports the multimedia data which the Web senior application needs, supports load request which the Web stand is busy also grows unceasingly. At present, Oraele Corporation is impelling Java to become the next generation application the standard, it (including the Oracle8i server) supports Java in each level. At the same time, Oracle8i also the formidable new function will introduce to the on-line business processes (OLTP) and during the data warehouse application. In addition, Oracle has provided an open standard overhead construction using the server, is the development deployed on Web the application ideal platform, its expandability, the distributional overhead construction and the high database integration are support essential business and the transaction application foundation.At present, the Beijing University numeral library movement is good, basically had achieved prearranges the request.Databases technologies production and developmentThe database technology is the data management Sheng new technology, the database management system (DBMS) is a present age computer system important constituent. The data bank technology production is not accidental, but is the database administration inevitable product. The data management method has experienced the manual management stage (to the 60's intermediate stages), the filing system stage (to the 60's later period) and the database system stage (to the present stage), each management all is to the preceding management supplement and the consummation. But in the database system stage, the computer technology swift and violent development, the computer widely applies in the business management, the data process load increases suddenly, the by now data management request data had a higher independence, higher sharing, this was causes the database technology development the immediate cause. The database administration technology is that the user has provided more widespread data sharing, has provided the higher procedure independence for the application procedure, and has provided the convenient user connection for the user and so on. DBMS has following three models system.Levels databases systemThe level database management system is DBMS which in the database system appears most early, the level model is simulates the real world to organize the thing according to the level structure but the structure one kind of model, it is in fact as soon as plants trees the structure, its overall construction of data is by certain basic level structures (namely tree) collection. This kind of structure has the level clea rly, is easy to understand and so on the merit, moreover has satisfied the realistic data management request. This kind of model characteristic is; Has also only has a point not to have the parents; Other points have also only have parents. This also enables all levels model the management system management system all only to process 1: Nentity relations. IMS is IBM Corporation is the large-scale database management system which the Apollo project but designs, is level model typical representative.Now has developed to IMS V6.Networks databases systemThe network database system uses the network model, this kind of database model structure drawing is an oriented graph. The network model characteristic is, may have above the point not to have the parents; Some point has at least is more than parents. This also enables this kind of database model the management system management system to process. The nentity relation, it can solve between the entity this complex relation means is decomposes the network structure is called the department the set, namely describes between the entity relation with the system, expresses between the record value relation with the train value. In the world proposed most early the lattice database management system plan is CODASYI is DBTG.Relational databases systemIn the traditional database 3 kind of data model, affects in a big way, applies the most widespread data model is the relational model. The relations data model, the easy to operate, the data independence is high, it has the level and the lattice no mathematics foundation. The relational database young may be is the beginning of the 60's. After that had many experts to carry on the research discussion to this kind of database, but the system but was strict makes the analysis to the data relational model is US'S IBM Corporation's Researcher E F Codd. He started from the l970 year to publish many articles to prove this kind of model continuously, has laid the relational database technology rationale. Among them, he in l976 year publication "R relations: The database relations theory "is regarded as a milestone -like paper, he proposed the relational standardization concept, and proposed takes the data manipulation language with the relational algebra and the relational calculation and so on. In this time, many databases experts have made the deep person's research to the relational model theory, has yielded the rich fundamental research result, has obtained a series of developments model. System has System R most early, the most famous which IBM Corporation develops, IN - GERS which the US UC uncle Clayed branch school develops. The data management quantity increases unceasingly, the relationaldatabase theory unceasing development and the consummation, cause some merchants keenly to realize the huge opportunity which contains in this domain. This has accomplished one batch of famous databases software’s developer, like besides early IBM Corporation, Oracle Corporation which afterwards establishes, Informix Corporation. Sybase Corporation and so on, they all attempt in database this market to obtain thick soup. Developer being situated between, the computer technology swift and violent development, in turn had to the database theory development positive impetus function.Now the database technology presents characteristicThe database technology unceasing consummation and the progress cause the database application the domain to be more and more widespread, but the different database application domain is different to the database administration request, therefore this also in turn is impelling the database technology further consummation. In the recent data management situation. along with the recent data, the new method makes the human, the database technology is to present the following characteristic.Data distributions by central to distributional developmentTraditional central database data storage on single computer, but distributional database then is a product which the data bank technology and the computer network technology unifies, it is distributes the data in a computer network each computer, network each pitch point has the independent handling ability, and has the execution partial application the ability. Below it has the characteristic: Both can carry on the overall situation management to the data, and can cause various pitch points independently to manage this pitch point data; The data has the independence also the distribution is transparent; Has increased the data capacity; Enhanced the data reliability and the usability; Improved the system performance and the parallel processing ability. Sybase database is current applies one of most widespread distributional systems.Object-oriented methods and the technology the database by the clothThe relational database management system has the solid rationale, may satisfy many applications, but the technical development and the progress impel the databaseapplication by the traditional domain to domain and so on CAD, CAM, CIMS, CASE to expand. But in these domains. not only data itself structure and memory form respectively different, moreover the different domain the processing technology request compared to was also ordinary to the data thing management environment complex much, this proposed to the data bank technology the new request, mainly included: Complex object definition; Recent data type definition and processing; System pattern definition and revision; To large-scale object memory and operation; Defines the new memory method and so on. All these are not depends upon the tradition data bank technology to be able to solve, thus the people the object-oriented method introduction database domain but has formed the object-oriented database management system (0ODBMS). Its total goal is the data bank technology and face the object technology integration in the identical system, causes 0ODBMS first is a database system, namely the system has the database system handling ability, next also is an object-oriented system, namely contains the object the concept, the method and the technology. Compares with the traditional database, OODBMS in complex aspect and so on system simulation, expression and handling ability has the superiority, the deficiency is the theory technology quite is not mature, the insufficient consummation. But along with the data bank technology and face the object technology unceasing development and the consummation, 0ODBMS will certainly to obtain the widespread application.Multimedia technical introduction database domainThe multimedia technology is a product which computer technology, the phantom technology and the communication unifies, the multimedia data has the type complex information content to be big, timeliness, and the interaction and so on the characteristic. Along with Internet development, the people more and more rely on in gain the multimedia information from the net to take own data pool. Therefore appeared multimedia technical and the multimedia database management system which the data bank technology organic synthesis but forms. The multimedia database needs the inherent characteristic which expressed the data object to map the corresponding expression form, ought to be able to process the data object each kindof expression form. It including the data object, the data object explanation as well as the method fundamental components which is connected with the object.Database technologies development tendencyAfter 3O many years development, the database technology already obtained the enormous consummation, in particular in relations database management system. But along with the database technology to the new application domain seepage, the new technology unceasingly will emerge the data bank technology to obtain a bigger development unceasingly in following several aspects.Objects relational database (0RDB)The relational database is nearly the current database system standard, the relational language and the conventional language nearly may complete the free database operation together, but in its succinct modeling ability, the limited data type, the programming the construction of data restriction and so on becomes the relations database display function actually the bottleneck. The object-oriented method origins from the programming language, itself is describes the complex objective world take the real world entity object as the fundamental element, but the function was inferior to the database is flexible. Therefore the object-oriented modeling ability and the relational database function will carry on the organic synthesis but to conduct the research will be a data bank technology development direction. At present, because the object-oriented database and an object relational database each has its strong points, object-oriented model concept some confusions, lacks the clear unification the concept, therefore the theorists, the industrial world still had the different viewpoint, in the market the mature product were not many.Data warehouses (DW) technologyData warehouse and its. The little brothers "the data market is now the database discussion group and the commercial publishing house's hot topic of discussion. Data warehouse first ancestor Bill Inman to under the data warehouse institute definition is: The data warehouse is faces the subject, is stable, the synthesis asks the cha nge as necessary the data acquisition. The foundation data warehouse essential target is ; Causes various data pool the data regarding these urgent needs human - executiveofficer, manager, the analyst to be easy to visit by helps them to make conforms to the law of development decision-making. Correspondingly only is a product says in the database, the data warehouse is a comprehensive solution, is a decision system implementation process. It carries on analysis processing to the memory magnanimous data and can change into it the useful information by to supply the use. Founds a data warehouse or below the data market requirement some basic steps: (1) Definite data pool; (2) Is clear about the goal database design the design; (3) Carries on the expansion, the transformation and the purification operation to the source data;(4) Provides and the support analysis tool for the user. The data warehouse is a domain which in the data management technology and the market is on the rise, constructs a database not only with the database technology with the product related, but also involves to many correlations questions, like the enterprise history data collection, the processing, the management as well as the enterprise own data system extends and so on. Along with enterprise's development, the business data capacity can increase unceasingly inevitably, the data warehouse technology application also will certainly more and more widely, this in turn can promote the data warehouse technology progress.Real-time databases (RTDB) technologyThe real-time database production has its historical background. Although three is big take the relations as representative after a database obtains the enormous success in the traditional application domain, however it has the fatal weakness actually in some business information to the time request high application domain. Traditional real-time system (RTS) although the support duty fixed time limits, but in the maintenance mass data’s, guaranteed the data the integrity and the unifor m aspect also have the insufficiency. In many applications domains, like the electronic bank, the weapon guidance, the real-time simulation and so on, these domains both need to maintain the mass data’s, and must guarantee these active timeliness ,only use d the data bank technology or RTS by now cannot effective processing these business therefore to real-time database management system (RTDBMS) the research also utilized but lives. RTDBMS is the traditional database system and the RTS one kindof seamless integration, it involves to a series of technical, the method and the correlation theory enhancement and the consummation. Because RTDBMS itself also is DBMS, therefore it has general DBMS the characteristic, but it and DBMS also have the enormous difference, its most basic difference lies in RTDBMS to the data and in the business fixed time limit. Traditional DBMS request data absolutely correct, system reliability high, the user connection is good; RTDBMS surpasses the data and business fixed time limit aspect actually, when the necessity rather sacrifices the data the absolute accuracy also to have to guarantee the data message fixed time wanted RTDBMS to integrate the database technology and the real-time business processes the technology, therefore it will certainly to the traditional database system to get up greatly impetus function, thus impetus database technology in modern information society more widespread application.Web database (Web-DB)Along with Internet starting, the electronic documents, the picture, the video frequency, the spatial information, Internet/Web and so on the application like tide inrushes the IT profession, enables the people to be possible to obtain the massive information through the network, these information come from each kind of database. Web and the existing database union technology key is deposits and withdraws the database interior with the Web browser contact surface the data. The connection for its essential technology, the mature Web database interface product has Web net and a data bank technology and so on the CGI, Netscape, LiveWires and WebDBC unification into new research topic at present. Now the society has to the data bank technology the widespread application demand, this will certainly to the data bank technology to play the enormous impetus role. Network technology starting, will certainly the data bank technology to course the more widespread application domain.。