自考国际商务英语课文必考词汇短语
国际商务英语 考点解析 自考
国际商务英语Lesson One考点解析1. 商务知识1) major differences between international business and domestic business (国际商务与国内商务的主要不同点)A.differences in legal system (法律体系的不同): The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law. 不同的国家通常拥有不同的法律体系，参与商务的一方或几方不得不根据外国的法律来调整自己的经营活动。
B.differences in currencies（货币的不同）: Different countries usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. 不同的国家通常使用不同的货币，参与商务的有关方必须选择使用哪种货币，就兑换等事宜作好一切必要的工作。
C.differences in cultural background（文化背景的不同）: +Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business. 文化差异包括语言、习俗、传统、宗教、价值观和行为方式的不同，往往给从事商务的人构成挑战甚至陷阱。
国际商务英语常用词语汇总
Aabide by the contract 遵守合同absolute advantage 绝对利益，绝对优势absolute contract 不附加条件的合同absolute inflation 绝对通货膨胀absolute priority 绝对优先absolute profit 绝对利润absolute quota 绝对配额absorb foreign capital/funds 吸收外资absorb idle fund 吸收游资accelerate growth 加速增长acceleration in money-circulation 货币流通的加快acceptance 承兑acceptance credit 承兑信用证account analysis 账目分析account balance 账户结余account of assets 资产账account of business 营业账account of cash 现金账户account of countries 国别账户accumulate funds 积累资金acting manager 代理经理acts of God 自然力actual total loss 实际全险additional tax 附加税adjustment调整，矫正ad valorem tax 从价税advancement 预付，垫付advertising 广告，广告业，广告学，广告法advertising war广告战advertising-media 广告媒介advising bank，notifying bank 通知行advisory service 咨询服务affiliated company 附属公司，联营公司affirmation of contract批准合同affix one’s signature to an agreement 在协议上签字after-sales service 售后服务after-tax income 纳税后收入agency abroad 国外代办处，国外代理agency agreement 代理协定，代理合同agent 代理人aggregate consumption/demand/efficiency 总消费/总需求/总效率aggregate GNP 国民生产总值aging-industry 落后工业，过时工业agreement 协议agreement between labor and management 劳资协议agreement on economical aid 经济援助协定agreement on scientific and technical cooperation 科学技术合作协定aid to trade贸易的四大辅助部门（指运输，银行，报销，会计或广告）aid without conditions attached 无附加条件的援助Air transport航空运输airway bill 航空运单all risks 一切险，全险，综合险allocate quota分配配额，国别配额allocation of expenditures 费用的分摊，支出分摊allocation of resources 资源分配allowance 折扣，减价，津贴，补助费already-issued bond已发行债券amount of export/import 出口额，输出额/进口额，输入额annual budget年度预算annual report 年度报告anticipatory L/C预支信用证ante-dated B/L 倒签提单anti-dumping tariff 反倾销关税税则anti-boycott law 反经济抵制法anti-subsidy duties 反补贴税anti-trust law 反托拉斯法applicant 申请人application for export/import license 进出口许可证申请applied economics 应用经济学appreciated currency 增值货币approval of export/import 批准出口/批准进口arbitration clause 仲裁条款arbitral decision /arbitral award 仲裁裁决arbitration committee仲裁委员会arbitration law 仲裁立法arbitration organization仲裁机构article prohibited for export 禁止出口物品Asiadollar 亚洲美元Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行assembling with imported components 来件装配assessment资产评估，税款评定，损失计算asset 资产asset liability ratio 资产负债比率associate company 联营公司，联号association of consumers 消费者协会attract funds 吸引资金auction 拍卖auctioneer 拍卖人auditing审计学，审核，查账Australian dollar 澳大利亚元average quality 平均质量Bback door dealing后门销售back to back credit 背对背信用证balance a budget 平衡预算balance amount 差额，余额balance between import and export 收支平衡balance of payment 国际收支平衡，国际收支差额表ban on export/import 禁止出口/禁止进口bank account 银行往来账户bank crisis 银行危机banker’s draft 银行汇票banking 银行业，金融，银行学barrier to trade 贸易壁垒barter 物物交换，以货易货basic commodities 基本商品basic industry基础工业basic law 基本法basic norms of the international order 国际秩序的基本准则be conducive to （peace）有益于（平和）bear expenses/risk 负担费用/承担风险bearer B/L不记名提单become debt-ridden 债台高筑Belgian Francs比利时法郎beneficiary受益人bid 递盘bidder 竞卖者bill of exchange（draft）汇单bill of lading提单bilateral trade/treaty 双边贸易/双边条约block and embargo 封销与禁运board of directors 董事会bond债券，公债，证券，契约，合约bonded warehouse 报税仓库bottleneck industry 薄弱环节产业brain drain 人才外流brand name 品牌breach of contract 违约Bretton Woods Agreement 布雷顿森林协定brokerage 经纪费business consolidated tax 工商统一税business correspondence 商业信函business law 商法business negotiation 洽谈业务business reputation 商业信誉business tax 商业税，营业税buyer’s credit 买方信贷CCanadian dollar 加拿大元capital 资本，股本，资方capital construction projects 基本建设项目cartel 卡特尔cease to be effective 停止生效census 人口普查，统计调查CIF(Cost，Insurance and Freight) 成本加保险费加运费CIF Ex Ship’s Hold 成本加保险费、运费、舱底交接CIF Landed 成本加保险费、运费、卸货费CIF Liner Terms成本加保险费、运费班轮条件CIP（Carriage Insurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至CFR(Cost and Freight) 成本加运费CFR landed 成本加运费、卸货费charter party B/L 租船提单CCPIT(China Council for the Promotion of International Trade)中国对外贸易促进委员会check（cheque）支票claim 索赔，债权，赔偿金额，要求权clean bill 光票clean B/L 清洁提单clean credit 光票信用证collecting bank 代收银行collective economy 集体经济collection 托收combat inflation 反通货膨胀combined transport 多式联运combined transport B/L 多式联运提单come into force/effect 生效commercial and industrial law and regulation 工商法规commercial counselor 商务参赞commercial credit 商业信用，商业信贷commercial invoice （commercial draft）商业发票commission 佣金Commodity Inspection Bureau 商检局common market 共同市场common progress and prosperity 共同进步，共同繁荣company credit 公司信贷company law 公司法comparative advantage 比价优势compatriot 同胞compensation agreement 补偿贸易协定compensation trade 补偿贸易comprehensive agreement全面协定concerted effort 共同努力conciliation commission 调解委员会，协调委员会conclude business 成交conditional acceptance 有条件的接受conditioned weight 公重confirmation 确认书confirming bank 保兑行confirmed letter of credit 保兑信用证congestion of port 港口拥挤consignment 寄售consignment note 寄售单，托运通知书consolidated industrial and commercial taxes 工商统一税consignee 收货人consignor，shipper托运人constructive total loss 推定全损consular invoice 领事发票consumer goods 消费品，生活资料container B/L 集装箱提单contract 合同contract responsibility system 承包责任制contract terms 合同条件，合同条款contracting parties 契约当事人，立约双方，立约各方contractor承包商，承造商，认约人contribution from member states 会员国缴纳的会费contributor 资助国，捐助人，纳税人cooperation and collaboration 合作与协作cooperative venture 合作企业counter offer 还盘counter sample对等样品，回样counter purchase 互购counter trade 对销贸易credit first 信誉第一creditor country 债权国C.T.D.（Combined Transport Documents）多式联运单据currency exchange 货币兑换currency regulation 外汇管理条例current market price 现时市价current price 现行价customary packing习惯包装customs barrier 关税壁垒customs duties关税customs invoice海关发票customs law 海关法，关税法律customs regulations 海关规章，海关条例customs seizures 海关扣押customs union 关税同盟cut throat competition你死我活的竞争，残酷竞争DDAF(Delivered At Frontier) 边境交货damage caused by heating and sweating 受热受潮险D/A（Documents against Acceptance）承兑交单D/D（Remittance by Banker’s Demand Draft）票汇D/P（Documents against Payment）付款交单D/P sight (Documents against Payment at Sight) 即期付款交单DDP(Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完税交货DES(Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港传上交货DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港码头交货debt 欠款，债务debt service ratio 还本付息比，偿债比率declaration for import/export 进口申报/出口申报defendant 被诉方Deferred Payment Credit 延期付款信用证deferred payment 延期付款demand over supply 供不应求，求过于供destabilizing factor不稳定因素developed country 发达国家developing country 发展中国家development of manpower/resources 人力开发，资源开发diplomatic immunities 外交豁免权diplomatic mission abroad 驻外使团direct B/L 直达提单discount 折扣，减价，体贴，铁水，贴现率dishonor 拒付disparity between the price of primary product and those of manufacture 初级产品与制成品价格之间的剪刀差distributor 分销商Documentary credit 跟单信用证donation country 捐赠国，援助国Dow Jones Average 道琼斯平均指数draft contract 合同草案，草约drain of foreign exchange 外汇消耗drain on supplies 脱销drastic reduction 大幅度削减drawee 受票人drawer 出票人drawing rights of IMF （国际货币基金的）特别提款权dual exchange market 两种外汇市场dual tariff system 双重关税率制dumping policy 倾销政策dumping price 倾销价格durable consumer goods耐用消费品dutiable 应缴税的，应征税的duty free goods 免税货物Eearning in foreign trade 外汇收入ease of credit 放款信贷，放款信用economic aid 经济援助economic complementarity 经济上互补economic order 经济秩序economic performance 经济成效economic planning 经济计划embargo and blockade 封锁禁运embezzlement and theft 贪污盗窃emerging nation 新兴国家employment rate 就业率EMP(European Main Ports) 欧洲主要口岸encourage investment 鼓励投资endorsement 背书enter into a contract签订合同enter into force 生效enterprise企业enterprise group 企业集团entrepot trade 转口贸易entrepreneur 企业家equality and mutual benefit 平等互利established international practice 公认的国际惯例established principle of international law 公认的国际法准则European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系European Union欧洲联盟，欧盟examination and approval 审批excessive growth 过度增长exclusive agent；sole agent 独家代理exclusive buyer 独家买主exclusive sales agreement 独家经销协定export permit 出口许可证export quota 出口配额export volume 出口量export-oriented 外向型，出口型EXW(Ex Works) 工厂交货Ffail to keep one’s promise 违约fair competition 公平竞争fake and inferior goods 伪劣产品F．A．Q.（Fair Average Quality）良好平均品质FAS(Free Alongside Ship) 装运港船边交货favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差favored treatment 优惠待遇FCA（Free Carrier）货交承运人final and binding on both parties 不可更改对双方均有约束力的finalize the business 成交financial center 金融中心Financial Times 英国《金融时报》firm offer 确盘，实盘FOB(Free On Board) 装运港船上交货FOB Liner Terms 装运港船上交货班轮条件FOB Under Tackle装运港吊钩下交货FOB Stowed 包括理仓费在内的装运港船上交货FOB Trimmed 包括平仓费在内的装运港船上交货FOBST(FOB Stowed and Trimmed)包括理仓费、平仓费在内的装运港船上交货First National City Bank 美国花旗银行first priority 第一优先项目Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 联合国粮农组织force majeure 不可抗力foreign currency外汇foreign exchange reserve 外汇储备foreign investment law 外资法，外国投资法foreign trade 对外贸易foreign trade law 外贸法formal agreement/clause正式协定/正式条款forward contract 远期交货合同Forty Eight Group 英国外贸48家集团framework 框架free trade zone 自由贸易区freight 运费freight prepaid 运费已付freight to collect；freight to be paid 运费待付French Francs 法国法郎futures commission merchant 期货佣金商futures exchanges 期货交易所futures trading；future transaction 期货交易Ggain and loss 损益gain profit 获利general agent 总代理general sanction 全面制裁Generalized System of Preference（GSP）普惠制generally accepted 公认的get into debt 负债give priority to 给……以优先government aid 政府援助government at all levels 各级政府government intervention 政府干预government loans政府贷款grade of goods 商品的等级grass-roots organization 基层组织gross domestic product（GDP）国内生产总值，国内总产值gross for net 以毛做净gross national product （GNP）国民生产总值gross weight 毛重HHague Rules 海牙规则half-finished goods 半成品handling capacity of ports 港口吞吐能力harbor facilities 港口设备hard currency 硬通货，硬货币hard times 萧条时期，不景气head office 总公司，总部hedging套期保值high commissioner 高级商务代表high-grade 品质优良的，第一流的high income country 高收入国家high standard of living 高生活水平hinterland 腹地，内地holdup in the sale of commodity 商品滞销home currency 本国货币home market 本国市场，国内市场Hong Kong dollar 港币，港元hook damage 钩损险host country 东道国human and non-human resources 人力物力资源Iill manage 管理不善illegal transaction 非法交易imbalance in the international economy 国际经济失调imbalance of trade 入超，贸易不平衡imitation brand 冒牌import license 进口许可improve the investment environment 改善投资环境in bulk 散装incorporated enterprise 法人企业indemnify 赔偿indent 订单independence and self-reliance 独立自主和自力更生indicative mark 指示性标志indirect trade 间接贸易individual enterprise 个人企业individual income tax 个人所得税individual international commodity agreement 单项商品协定industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税industrial property 工业产权industrialization 工业化industrialized country 工业化国家inflation通货膨胀inflation rate 通货膨胀率inflow of fund 资金流入infrastructure 基础设施infringement of trade mark 商标权的侵犯injured party 遭受损失方inland market 内地市场inland water transportation 内河航运inner packing 内包装inquiry 询价，询盘inquiry sheet 询价单input 投入insecure investment 不安全的投资inspection of import and export commodities 进出口商品检验installment 分期付款institutional reform 体质改革insurance 保险insurance broker 保险经纪人insurance policy 保险单insurance certificate 保险证书insurer 承保人integrated regional cooperation 一体化区域合作integration of industry and trade 工贸结合intellectual property 知识产权interest-free 无息的interest rate 利息率interested parties 当事人，有关方面International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)国际复兴开发银行international banking 国际银行业务International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）国际商会International Standard Organization（ISO）国际标准局international convention 国际公约International Court of Justice 国际法庭International Customs Union 世界关税同盟International Development Association(IDA) 国际开发协会international economic order 国际经济秩序international finance 国际金融International Finance Corporation (IFC) 国际金融公司international investment 国际投资International Investment Bank 国际投资银行international market 国际市场International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms（Incoterms）国际贸易术语解释通则International Trade Center国际贸易中心international trust and investment 国际信托投资introduce foreign investment 引进外国投资investment 投资investment environment 投资环境investment in fixed assets 固定资产投资investor 投资者invisible export 无形出口，劳务出口invisible hand 无形之手invitation to bid 招标invitation to offer邀请发盘invitation to tender 招标invoice 发票issue bonds 发行债券issued stocks 已发行的股票Italian Lira意大利里拉Jjob creation 创造就业joint communique，joint declaration 联合公报，联合申明joint enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合资企业jointly operated by government and private individual 合资合营Klabor intensive 劳动密集型land bridge ，continental bridge 大陆桥large and medium-sized state-owned enterprise 国营大中型企业laws and regulations 法规lay time 装卸时间leading industries领先行业leasing 租赁least developed world 最不发达国家legal advisor 法律顾问lending country 贷款国length，capacity and weight 度量衡letter of guarantee 保函level of consumption 消费水平level of income 收入水平limited liability company 有限公司lift the embargo on 解禁liner bill of lading 班轮提单line of business 经营范围liner transport 班轮运输liner’s freight tariff 班轮运输表loan 贷款Lodge a claim 提出索赔Lome Convention 洛美协定long form bill of loading 全式提单long ton 长吨lose and gain 损益low income level 低收入水平low interest 低息legal weight 法定重量Mmacroeconomic policy 宏观经济政策mail transfer （M/T）信汇main business line 主要经营项目main currency 主要货币main industrial sectors 主要工业部门maintain good growth momentum 保持良好增长势头major items 大宗商品major project 重点工程make a bid 投标，递价make up each other’s dificiencies 取长补短make use of foreign funds 使用外资malignant inflation 恶性通货膨胀manufacturer’s invoice 厂商发票manufactured goods制成品market analysis 市场分析market control 市场管理marketing 销售学，营销学measurement ton 尺码吨measures of expediency 权益之计meet demand 满足需求member nation 成员国memorandum 备忘录，纪要，通知单merchandise trade 商品贸易metric ton 公吨Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation对外贸易经济合作部momentum of development 发展势头monetary and financial crisis 货币金融危机monopolize the market 垄断市场most favored nation （MFN）最惠国motive of international short-term capital国际短期资本流动multi-facet ，multi-channel cooperation 多层次，多渠道的合作multilateral agreement 多边协定multilateral trade 多边贸易multinational 多国的，跨国的，多国公司（的）mutually beneficial cooperation 互惠互利的合作mutually complementary 互补的mutual exchange of needed goods 互通有无municipalities with independent economic planning 计划单列市Nnational assets 国家资产national budget 国家预算national economy 国民经济national income 国民收入nationalization 国有化negotiating bank 议付银行net weight 净重neutral packing 中性包装new international economic order 国际经济新秩序newly added production capacity新增生产能力non-government trade agreement 民间贸易协定non-tariff measure/barrier 非关税措施/壁垒non-transferable L/C 不可转让信用证North America Free Trade Area （NAFTA）北美自由贸易区North-south trade 南北贸易nude packing 裸装Oobserve contractual obligation 遵守契约义务ocean and rail 海陆联运，海轮铁路联运ocean transport；marine transport 海洋运输offer 发盘office of commercial attache 商务专员处office of commercial counselor 商务参赞处office of commercial representative商务代表处official aid program 官方援助方案offshore trade transaction 境外贸易往来oil dollar 石油美元oil producing country 产油国old and unequal international economic order 旧的，不平等的国际经济秩序on board B/L；shipped B/L 已装船提单on deck B/L 舱面提单open a business 开业，开始营业open bidding 公开招标open coastal cities 沿海开放城市open negotiation credit 公开议付信用证opening bank，issuing bank 开证行opening wider to the outside world 进一步开放operate under capacity 开工不足operation and management 经营管理optional port 选择港order B/L 提示提单original B/L 正本提单original data原始数据overcapacity 开工不足overseas business 海外业务overseas investment 海外投资ownership system 所有权，所有制Ppackage deal 一揽子交易packing list 装箱单parcel post receipt 邮包收据parcel post transportation 邮包运输parent company 母公司，总公司，上级公司Paris House 巴黎证券交易所partial shipment 分批装运participating country参加国patent 专利patent law 专利法patent license 专利权，专利许可证pattern of trade 贸易格局，贸易方式payee 受款人payer 付款人paying bank 付款银行payment by installments 分期付款payment in advance 预付货款penalty 罚金People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行People’s Insurance Company of China（PICC）中国人民保险公司per capita income 人均收入permanent member of the Security Council 安理会常任理事国peso 比索（拉美一些国家主币）physical assets 有形资产physical delivery实际交货planned economy 计划经济political economics 政治经济学population explosion人口爆炸port of destination 目的港port of shipment 装运港potentialities in foreign trade 外贸潜力poverty-stricken area 贫困地区preferential system 特惠制度preferential treatment 优惠待遇premium 保险费presentation 提示primary，secondary and tertiary sectors in the economy 经济中初级、第二和第三产业部门primary exporting country 初级产品出口国principle of equal pay for equal work 同工同酬原则private business（enterprise）私营企业private sector of the economy 私有经济部门privatization私有化processing industry 加工工业processing trade 加工贸易product buyback产品回购prohibited goods禁运品prohibition and restricton禁运和限制promissory note本票protectionism保护主义protectionist measures 保护主义措施protective duty 保护性关税provisional treaty 临时条款public welfare 公共福利purchase contract（confirmation）购货合同（确认书）Qquality as per buyer’s sample 质量以买方样品为准quality as per seller’s sample 质量以卖方样品为准quality control 质量管理quality of labor force 劳动力素质quota 配额quotation 报价Rrail transport 铁路运输railway bill 铁路运单raise an embargo 解除禁运range of commodities 商品范围ratification of the budget 预算批准raw material 原料reach a compromise 达成妥协ready market 畅销real estate 房地产rebate 回扣received for shipment bill of lading 备运提单recipient country 受援国reciprocal agreement 互惠协定reciprocal credit 对开信用证rectification 调整，整顿rectify the economic order 治理经济秩序red figure 赤字reduction and exemption of taxes 税收减免reform of economic system 经济体制改革regional cooperation 区域合作regional development 区域发展regionalization 区域化registered trade mark 注册商标regulate the market 维持市场，整顿市场rely on one’s own efforts 自力更生remain in force 继续生效remittance 汇付remitting bank 汇出行renew a contract 续订合同research on markets 市场调查研究resort to arbitration 诉诸仲裁responsible for one’s own profits and losses 自负盈亏responsibility system 责任制restructure foreign trade 改革外贸体制retail price 零售价retaliatory tariff 报复性关税return of investment 投资收益率revise a contract 修改合同revocable letter of credit 可撤销信用证right of enterprise to independent action 企业独立自主权right of management 管理权right of recourse 追索权risk of clash & breakage 破损破碎险risk of leakage 渗漏险risk of odor 串味险risk of rust 锈损险risk of shortage 短量险road transport 公路运输round of negotiation 谈判回合Ssale by descriptions and illustrations 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by grade 凭等级买卖sale by specification 凭规格销售sale by sample 凭样销售sale by standard 凭标准买卖sales confirmation 销售确认书sales contract 销售合同sales volume 销售量sanction 制裁，批准，许可scissors difference 剪刀差scope of business 经营范围SDR（Special Drawing Right）特别提款权seaworthy packing 适合海运的包装seek a fair and reasonable solution 求得公平合理的解决seek common ground while reserving differences 求同存异self-employed person 个体经营者service business 服务性行业settlement of claim 理赔share-holder 股东，股票持有人shipping advice 装运通知shipping by chartering租船运输shipping mark 运输标志，唛头short from B/L 简式提单，略式提单short ton 短吨side-line business 副业Sight Credit 即期信用证sight draft 即期汇票signatory country 签约国Sino-foreign joint venture ，enterprises with Sino-foreign cooperation，and foreign enterprises中外合资企业，中外合营企业，外资企业（合称三资企业）small and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企业S/O（shipping order）装货单solely-owned enterprises 独资企业special economic zones 经济特区specification of goods 商品规格spot exchanges balance 现汇结存Standard International Trade Classification （联合国）标准国际贸易分类stale B/L 过期提单state treasury 国库券Standby Letter of Credit 备用信用证stock exchange 股票交易所storage and transportation 储运straight B/L记名提单strikes risk 罢工险submission to tender 投标supply over demand 供过于求surplus country 顺差国家sustained growth 持续增长symbolic delivery 象征性交货Swiss France 瑞士法郎Ttariff and non-tariff barrier 关税和非关税壁垒tariff custom union 关税同盟tax exemption 免费technological transfer 技术转让terms and conditions条款the metric system 公制theoretical weight 理论重量through B/L 联运提单time charter 期租船time draft（usance bill）远期汇票T. T.(telegraphic transfer) 电汇toll processing business with materials，sample or technical drawings supplied by buyers，and compensation trade 三来一补（来料、来样、来图加工和补偿贸易）total industrial output value 工业总产值total loss 全部损失，全损trade act 贸易法trade agreement 贸易协定trade embargo 禁止通商trade liberalization 贸易自由化trade mark 商标，商标专用权trade pattern 贸易格局trade protection 贸易保护trade terms 贸易术语，贸易条款trade volume 贸易额tramp 不定期租船transferable credit 可转让信用证transshipment 转船transshipment B/L 转船提单transit trade 过境贸易，转口贸易turnover 营业额two-way trade 双向贸易U unfavorable balance of trade 国际贸易逆差US dollar 美元unclean B/L; Foul B/L 不清洁提单unconfirmed letter of credit 不保兑信用证underwriter 保险公司usance letter of credit 远期信用证Vvalue-added tax 增值税volume of trade 贸易额，营业额voluntary offer 主动发盘voyage charter 程租船Wwar risk 战争险warning mark 警告性标志weak currency 弱币，软币weather working days 晴天工作日weight memo 重量单weight ton 重量吨wholesale price 批发价without recourse 无追索权World Bank 世界银行world monetary system世界货币制度world of industry and commerce工商界WPA(with particular average) 水渍险WTO(World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织W/W(warehouse to warehouse) 仓至仓条款Yyen 日元yield returns 利润收益yuan 元（中国货币）。
《国际商务英语》重点单词,词组
acquire v. 获得，得到
*acquisition n. 收购，被收购的公司或股份
acting adj. 代理的
activity n. 业务类型
actual adj. 实在的，实际的，确实的
compensate v. 补偿，酬报
compensatiБайду номын сангаасn n. 补偿，酬金
compete v. 比赛，竞争
competition n. 比赛，竞争
competitor n. 竞争者，对手
competitive adj. 竞争性的
boom n. 繁荣，暴涨
boost v. 提高，增加，宣扬
bottleneck n. 瓶颈，窄路，阻碍
bottom adj. 最后的，根本的
v. 到达底部，建立基础
bounce v. 支票因签发人无钱而遭拒付并退回
circular n. 传阅的小册子（传单等）
circulate v. 传阅
claim n./v. 要求，索赔
client n. 委托人，顾客
cold adj. 没人找上门来的，生意清淡的
commercialise v. 使商品化
audit n. 查账，审计
automate v. 使某事物自动操作
average n. 平均，平均水准
awareness n. 意识；警觉
B
backing n. 财务支持，赞助
backhander n. 贿赂
frozen asset n. 冻结资产
intangible assets n. 无形资产
商务英语必背单词、词组
商务英语必背单词、词组商务英语中的词汇和词组对于与国际商务相关的人士来说非常重要。
以下是一些必背的商务英语单词和词组，可以帮助你在商务场景中更流利地表达自己。
1. Business negotiations - 商务谈判- Negotiation skills - 谈判技巧- Bargaining power - 谈判实力- Win-win situation - 双赢局面- Mutual agreement - 相互协议2. Business meetings - 商务会议- Agenda - 议程- Minutes - 会议纪要- Presentation - 演示- Action items - 行动事项- Email correspondence - 邮件往来- Telephone conversation - 电话交流- Formal letter - 正式函件- Business etiquette - 商务礼仪4. Business travel - 商务旅行- Flight reservation - 航班预订- Car rental - 租车- Travel expenses - 差旅费用5. Business finance - 商务财务- Budgeting - 预算- Financial statement - 财务报表- Profit margin - 利润率- Return on investment - 投资回报率6. Business strategy - 商业策略- Market analysis - 市场分析- Market segmentation - 市场细分- Strategic planning - 战略规划以上仅是商务英语中的一些常用词汇和词组，希望对你提高商务英语能力有所帮助。
《国际商务英语》词汇部分
国际商务英语——词汇部分11.Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated,period,usu.a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2.Return—回报the gain from an investment,either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3.Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks,bonds,or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4.Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design,usu.at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5.Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill,esp.in a particular field;know-how.6.Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7.Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell,or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.8.Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs,including prohibitions and quotas,etc.9.Turnkey contract—one in which one of the parties agrees to supply,at the contract price,a complete product ready for use,such asa new home,factory,ship,etc.10.Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.21.Purchasing power—购买力of persons,the public,having the money to buy goods and services.2.Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3.spur—to urge or encourage4.average—of an ordinary,common or usual kind in quality or amount5.Productive—producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6.tap—to take what is needed from,to exploit7.Infrastructure—large-scale public services,such as water and power supplies,road,rail and radio communications,etc.needed to support economic activity,esp.industry,trade and commerce.8.recipient—a person or an organization etc.that receives something9.consumerism—considerable desire to make purchase for consumption10.PPP—purchasing power parity31liberalization—of trade,the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2integration—combining into the whole3tariff—tax levied by the customs4barriers to trade—any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.5mobility—capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6detour—绕道route that avoids a blocked road;deviation7banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank,usu.the country’s central bank.8erode—侵蚀wear away,eat into9envisage—picture(an event,action,etc)in the mind as a future possibility;imagine10veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something41affiliate—a subsidiary company controlled by another2assets—total resources of a business,as cash,accounts receivable,real estates etc.3world company—a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4facilities—something designed,built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service 5revenue—收益the total annual income of state6decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7nationalize—to bring under the control or ownership of a nation\8welfare—well-being9framework—organization structure10input—something that is put in business operation51service—something done to help or benefit others2abundant—plentiful,more than enough3specialization—to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4primary commodities—those commodities not processed,or only slightly processed,usually farm produce or raw materials 5incentive—that which incites,rouses or encourages a person6alternative—that may be had,used etc.in place of sth.else7intuitive—relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study8efficient—producing a desired or satisfactory result;able to perform duties well9endowment—a natural gift or ability10exploit—to develop the use of,make the best use of61drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported2highlight—to make prominent;to draw special attention3bulky—taking a lot of space,and often of a shape difficult to handle4perishable—easily to go bad5tariff—duties imposed on goods imported and exported6specific duties—duties levied on the basis of quantity,weight,size etc.of the goods7ad valorem duties—duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods8unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9maritime—connected with the sea or navigation10remittance—汇款money sent by post71law suit—legal prosecution2dispute—argument or controversy3remedy—method of putting right something that is wrong4amendment—修正changes made to something5Incoterms—a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6present—submit7premise—a tract of land including its buildings8heading—category9classification—the arrangement of things by groups10carriage—the price or cost of transportation81business line—goods dealt in by a company2voluntary offer—an offer made on the initiative of the offerer3contract—an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties 4indispensable—absolutely necessary5contract proper—the main body of a contract6contracting parties—signatories of an agreement7force majeure—[不可抗力]social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party8purchase contract—a contract made by the buyer9firm offer—an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer10offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made91.popular—liked and admired2.hyperinflation—恶性通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control3.inflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand,expansion of money supply,credit etc.4.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed oncompetitive imports5.bilateral—双边的of two sides6.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together7.expertise—expert skill or knowledge8.creditors—a person to whom one owns money9.transferable—possible to be handed over10.verified data—authentic materials101.debtor—a person who owes money2.default—fail to carry out an obligation3.dubious—doubtful,uncertain,questionable4.draft—an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money5.remittance—the sending of money or the money sent6.fluctuation—irregular movement of(prices,exchange rates etc.)7.drawer—the person who issues a draft,usually the exporter8.sound—financially satisfactory9.ban—prohibit,forbid10.drawee—付款人the person to whom a draft is drawn111.credit-worthiness—being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment2.substantial—large,great,considerable3.constitute—make up;amount to;form4.applicant of an L/C—the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C5.beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export6.discrepancy—difference;absence of agreement7.confirming bank—the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C8.bill of exchange—written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment9.underlying—forming the basis of10.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent121.clean credit—a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment2.cancel—not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon3.leading bank—major bank,most important bank4.impeccable—faultless5.insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts6.sight credit—a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft7.maturity—becoming due8.after sight—after presentation of draft9.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer10.sustain—suffer131.documentation—the presentation and use of shipping documents2.consignee—the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped3.shipping marks—what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation4.discrepancy—absence of agreement5.liability—what one is responsible for according to law6.apparent—according to appearance;seeming7.insurance policy—a document used for covering possible risks8.discount—amount of money that may be taken off the full amount9.title—right to the possession of a position or property10.invoice—a document for the general description of the goods and the price141alternative—a choice from two or more possibilities.2modes—different forms of transportation3fundamental—very important4ownership—legal right of possession5intermediate products—semi-manufactures6commercial intercourse—business dealings between individuals or firms7unload—getting goods off a carrier8package—combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit 9distribution—the marketing,transporting,merchandising,and selling of any item10destination—the terminal to which goods are sent151insured—a person covered by an insurance policy2premium—the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3potential loss—loss which is possible to incur4viability—ability to succeed in operation5claim—a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6margin—amount above what is estimated as necessary7underwriter—a person who carries on insurance as a business8consumption—the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable advantage 9compensation—something given or received as an equivalent for loss10pooling—a combination of funds formed for common advantage161field—a sphere of activity2incidence—occurrence3multi-modal transportation—transport that combines road,rail,sea and air4diminish—the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5indemnity—compensation for loss6subrogate—to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person 7legal action—an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8leader—an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business9deposit—money paid as part payment that is owned10compulsory—that must be done171peg—to keep fixed or unchanged2redeem—to repay or pay off,esp.loan stock,debentures and preference shares or stock3settlement—the act of paying a bill,debt,charge,etc4exchange rate—the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5fluctuations—upward and downward movements in the economic system6gold reserves—the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.7money circulation—money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8devaluation—the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies9offset—to set one value against another or as equal to another10par—equal in value,on the same level181affiliate—a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2institutions—an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3productivity—power of being productive4loans—something lent on condition of being returned,especially a sum of money lent at interest5prerequisite—required as a condition for something else6cyclical—recurring in cycles7maturity—the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due8reserve—money held aside to meet future demand9investment—the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns10stringent—strict,that must be obeyed191quota—a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity2VER—an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country3acquisition—company expansion through the phrase of other business4synergy—benefits from combining different business,normally claimed by the promoters of mergers5rebate—reduce6intellectual property—certain non-tangible assets held,principally covering the areas of patent protection,registered trade marks and designs,and copy-right7tax holiday—a period of time during which tax is not levied8return—the gain from an investment,either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment9access—a way by which a place,esp.property,can be reached or entered or used10joint venture—a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms201market place—a place in which securities are sold and bought2securities—stocks and bonds3gilts—stocks issued by government4information—knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5qualifications—competence6membership—the state of being a member of a certain organization7practitioner—a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation8cost-effective—producing optimum results for the expenditure9shortfall—deficiency10equities—company stocks211ratify—make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2controversy—public argument about sth.which many people disagree with3biennial—happening every alternate year4clout—influence5anti-dumping—one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6mandate—authority given to perform a duty7stillborn—(of a child)dead at birth;(of an idea or a plan)not developing further8contracting party—a country or firm that signs a legal agreement9akin to—similar,related to10optimal—best or most favorable221terms of trade—the relation of export and import prices2preference—a practical advantage given to one over others3export earnings—money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4provisions—a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5tariffs—customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6invisible—trade in services7board—an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm 8permanent—lasting9counterpart—a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function 10forum—an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group。
自考国际商务英语课文必考词汇短语完整版
自考国际商务英语课文必考词汇短语HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】Transaction 交易 customs area 关税区in compliance with 遵从 conversion 货币兑换 visible trade 有形贸易resale 转售gross domestic product国内生产总值invisible trade 无形贸易 for short 缩写为account for 占…比例headquarters 总部 trap 陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资 stocks 股票 bonds 债券maturity （票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单licensing许可经营franchising 特许经营 trademark 商标advisable 可行的patent 专利royalty 专利使用费； copyright 版税licensor 给予许可的人licensee 接受许可的人 franchiser 给予特许的人franchisee 接受特许的人 logo 标志；标记 management contract 管理合同expertise 专门知识 bonus 红利；津贴；奖金 flat 一律的，无变动的value chain 价值链 contract manufacturing 承包工程turnkey project “交钥匙”工程clue 线索BOT（Build，Operate，Transfer）建设经营移交stand for 代表variant 变形/体potential 潜力 national income 国民收入bulk 大量的；大宗的GNP 国民生产总值 per capita income 人均收入 PPP 购买力平价consumerism 消费，消费主义 income distribution 收入分布Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织infra structure 基础设施Commonwealth of Independent States 独立国家联合体staple goods 大路货tap 开发hemisphere 半球observation（经观察而得到的）看法haven 避风港；安全之地 spur 促进creditor country 债权国proximity 临近ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟witness 亲历economic integration 经济一体化liberalize 使自由put up barriers 设置障碍 fall under分成几部分 freetrade area自由贸易区tariff rates 关税税率NAFTA北美自由贸易协定 customsunion 关税同盟detour 迂回；绕行common market 共同市场adoption 使用，采用euro 欧元 erode 侵蚀autonomy自治sovereign state 主权国家political entity 政治实体set thestage of 为、、做准备；促成monumental重要的，有纪念意义的 landmark 地标；里程碑 signatory 签字国；签字人settlement 结算banknotes 纸币；钞票circulation货币流通executive body 行政机构，执行机构 European Commission欧盟委员会 veto 否决commissioner 委员，特派员，专员 council of ministers部长理事会 empower 授予权力multi-polarization 多极化 tenet 原则；宗旨Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议cartel 卡特尔，联盟 OPEC 石油输出国组织globalization 全球化 frequency 频繁，频率 interactive 相互作用的element 要素；组成成分；元素 value价值观 acclaim 欢呼；欢迎；喝彩adverse 不利的；反对的 controversial引起争议的 instrumental 有作用的internationalization 国际化facilities 设施；设备；工具 label把称为；把归类employ 用；使用assets资产 incorporate 吸收；合并purpot 声称；自称 headquarters 总部international economic environment国际经济环境 double digit 两位数字survival 继续生存 embark（on）开始；从事gigantic 庞大的；巨大的intervene 干预；干涉 technicalimprovements 技术进步derivation 获得day-to-day running 日常管理decentralize 分散；放下（权利）wield操控；控制 jurisdiction 权利；管理范围 vehicle 工具；手段delegatepower to…对、、、授权 affiliate 分支机构；附属机构 mover 原动力，推动力define 下定义 services 劳务distri natural resources 自然资源abundant 丰富的 scarce缺少，缺乏primary commodities 初级产品incentive 刺激specialization 专业化constitute 构成，形成remainder 剩余的，余数hold 认为in terms of 在…方面illustrate 说明 table 表格，图表assume 假设 efficient 有效的，效率高的 occur 发生，产生law 规则，法则even if 即使 disadvantage 不利with respect to 关 exploit 利用，开发static 静止的endowment of nature 自然的赋予 up-to-date 现代的，新式的intuitive 直觉的，直观的appeal 吸引力absolute adantage 绝对利益comparative advantage 比较利益strategic 战略的 reduce 减少 bulky笨重的，庞大的perishable 易碎的protectionist 保护主义的 barrier障碍typical 典型的tariffs 关税 quota配额levy 征收，收取 coincide 巧合；偶合 customs union 关税联盟import duties 进口关税 exportduties 出口关税 ad valorem 按价；从价specific 从量的 compound duties 复税，混合关税 drawback 退税refund 偿还；退还 most-favoured-nation（MFN）treatment 最惠国待遇signatory 签字国concession让步tariffschedule 税率表；税则non-tariffbarrier 非关税壁垒 impose 加强unilaterally 单方面地label 标签，标记，标号 voluntary 自动的，主动的 forthcoming 即将到来的meaning of transport 运输工具 inland water vessels 内河船只 maritime 海洋的cargo compartment 货仓 charter租fleet 舰队insurance保险vulnerable 脆弱的 collision 碰撞pilferage 偷窃 explosion 爆炸place of historical interest 古迹accommodations 膳宿供应 immigrant移民remittance 汇款 undertake 承担climate 环境气氛；风气 degenerate 变坏；衰退 deal 交易draw up 制定；拟就 respective 各自的；分别的 subsequent 随后的，后来的interpretation 解释；说明 trade terms 贸易术语；交易条件 trading practices 贸易惯例litigation 诉讼，诉争entail 使人承担；使成为必要 amendment 修正案；修正条款addition 增加部分 revise 修正；修改 unitization 使成为一个单位maritime 海的；海上的consolidate 统一，合并 render使得；使成为negotiable 可转让的；可流通的vital 极其重要的，必不可少的 whereby 凭借那个，借以premises 生产场所；经营场所disposal 处理departure 离开，启程，出发quay 码头 substantive 实质性的set forth 陈述；阐明 binding 有约束力的 enforceable可实施的sue起诉 trade fairs 商品交易会trunk call 长途电话enquiry 询盘；询价quotation 报价 voluntarily 主动地，自愿地indispensable 必不可少的validity period 有效期 offer还盘unbinding 无约束力的 invalid 无效的 sales contract 销售合同sales （purchase） confirmation 售货（购货）确认书 setting up 构成，结构，格式consignment 寄售contracting parties 缔约方 force majeure不可抗力arbitration 仲裁cotton piece good 棉布 cottonyarns 棉纱hereby 于此 hereunder 于下article number 货号yard 码overleaf 反面 bleached 漂白的countertrade 对销贸易；反对贸易 allegedly被说成；据说 phenomenon 现象terminology 术语 generic 总称的net positions 实际寸头adduce 引证empirical 以经验为根据的 reciprocal互惠的；互相hyperinflation极度通货膨胀literally 照字地disarray 混乱conceptually 概念上地European Payment Union 欧洲支付联盟pre-specify 预先说明competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值in essence 实质上的intertemporal 不同时的be tied to 固定于photocopying machine 复印机intriguing引起兴趣的，有迷惑力的concurrently 同时发生的 a fractionof一点儿；一部分verify 一部分 sophisticated 经验丰富的 bypass 避开；置、、、于不顾expertise 专门知识leverage 杠杆作用tap 开发；开辟conceal 掩盖；隐藏perpetuate 使永久存在 processingtrade 加工贸易consignment 寄售赁agency 代理domestic 国内的 status 状况remittance 汇款debtor 债务人debit 借方；记入借方的款 financial standing财务状况default 违约；不履行职责ban禁止fluctuation波动hesitant 犹豫，不情愿dubious 可疑 integrity 正直；诚实periodic payment 分期付款 cashin advance 预付现金 draft 汇票（billof exchange）drawer 出票人drawee 受票人 payee受款人usance draft（tenor draft，termdraft）远期汇票 documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票bill of lading 提单 title tothe goods 货物所有权insurance policy 保险单documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment （D/P）付款交单 documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单sound 健全；良好 withdiscretion 慎重地；审慎地release 放开 gain controlover 得到对…的控制 objective 目的，目标impeccable 无缺点的 bilateral双边的 credit-worthiness 资信unique 独特的 security安全，保障 presentation 呈交；提示undertaking 承担applicant 开证申请人opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人 correspondentbank 往来行；关系行 advising bank通知行amendment 修改discrepancy 不符confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款 nominate 指定insufficient 不足的 submit提交stipulation 规定 expire满期；到期 unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运transshipment 转船 seal 印章underlying作为基础的obligation 责任，义务ultimately 最终category 种类 fallunder 归为…类 mechanism机制clean credit 光票信用证 non-tradesettlement非贸易结算 revocablecredit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证certainty 确定程度，肯定程度 alter改变commitment 承担的责任 cancel 取消，作废 consult with 与、、、协商revoke 撤销 consent 同意 extensively 广泛地indication 指明，表明confirmed credit 保兑信用证leading bank 主要银行double assurance 双重保障 involve 牵涉；涉及 sight credit 即期信用证usance credit 远期信用证impeccable 正确无误的 capital turnover 资金周转maturity 到期 discount 贴现 face value 面值transferable credit 可转让信用证 non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证middleman 中间人non-draft credit 无汇票信用证deferred payment 推迟付款revolving credit 循环信用证renew 恢复 reinstate 使复原 contracting parties 合同各方，缔约各方sustain 遭受，蒙受 insolvent 无支付能力的 bankrupt 破产的documents 单据 take delivery of 提（货） delay 延误，迟延discrepancy 不符conformity 一致，相符description 描述commission 佣金 discount 折扣 shipping marks 唛头seal 印章；图章 signature 签字 comply with 符合in general terms 用概括性的词语，用一般性词语表达 exceed 超过 memos 备忘录，便笺bill of lading 提单carrier 承运人 shipper 货主，托运人carriage 运输consignee 收货人 notifyparty 被通知人payable 应支付的，可支付的 devoid of没有，缺少 liability 责任；义务airway bill 空运提单 cargoreceipt 铁路运单，货运收据 insurancepolicy 保险单function 功能；作用 theinsured 被保险人 currency 货币settle 清算；结算fundamental 极其重要的efficiency 效率 primitive原始的in a broad sense 从广义上讲grocery 食品；杂货 distinct 与其他明显不同的；独特的natural product provinces 产品自然领域 urgency 紧迫；急迫 perform 执行；完成carrier 承运人。
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 10
other risks
➢ political risks - war, quotas, foreign exchange control
➢ commercial risks - market change and exchange rate fluctuation
➢ language barriers
exporter
draft and the shipping document
bank
customer
importer’s bank
document will not be released to the importer until payment is affected
D/ P at sight
sales on this basis are usually paid for by periodic payment
the exporter must have sufficient financial strength to carry to cost of the goods until receiving payment
/
debtor /ˈdetə(r)/
debit /ˈdebɪt/
adj. 国内的 n. 状况 n. 汇款 n. 债务人 v. 将……记入 借方；n. 借方
financial standing standing n. 地位；级别；身份；名声
credit worthiness /ˈwɜːðinəs/ default /dɪˈfɔːlt/ ban /bæn/
fluctuation /ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
财务状况
资信可靠 状况
n. 违约 n./ v. 禁 止
自考商务英语1-3单元专业术语
U n i t1I n t e r n a t i o n a l b u s i n e s s1.customs area 关税区2.conversion 货币兑换3.visible trade 有形贸易4.invisible trade 无形贸易5.gross domestic product 国内生产总值6.FDI 外国直接投资7.portfolio investment 证券投资8.stocks 股票9.bonds 债券10.maturity （票据）到期11.certificate of deposit 大额存单12.licensing 许可经营13.franchising 特许经营14.trade mark 商标15.Patent 专利16.royalty 专利使用费，许可使用费，版税17.copyright 版权18.management contract 管理合同19.licenser 给予许可的人20.licensee 接受许可的人21.franchiser 给予特许的人22.franchisee 接受特许的人23.value chain 价值链24.turnkey project “交钥匙”工程25.BOT（build，operate，transfer）建设经营移交Unit 2Income level and the world maket1.Gross national product 国民生产总值2.Gross domestic product 国内生产总值3.National income 国民收入4.Per capita income 人均收入5.PPP (Purchasing power parity) 购买力评价6.Consumerism 消费，消费主义7.Income distribution 收入分布8.Infrastructure 基础设备9.Staple goods 大路货10.Invoice 开发票11.Creditor country 债权国Unit 3Regional economic integration1.Economic integration 经济一体化2.Free trade area 自由贸易区3.Customs union 关税同盟4.Tariff rates 关税税率5.Settlement 结算6.North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 北美自由贸易协定mon market 共同市场8.Banknotes circulation 货币流通9.Cartel 卡特尔 pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 亚太经济合作组织anization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 石油输出国组织12.European Commission 欧盟委员会13.Council of ministers 部长理事会14.Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议Unit 4 Economic GlobalizationShare holders 股东,所有人Economic globalization 经济全球化Board of directors 董事会Inputs 投入Economic environment 经济环境Parent company 母公司,总公司,上级公司Affiliate 分支机构,会员Day-to-day running 日常管理Multinational Corporation (enterprise) 跨国公司/企业Home country 母国Host country 东道国Unit 5 International Trade (1)Services 劳务Primary commodities 初级产品Specialization 专业化Absolute advantage 绝对利益Comparative advantage 比较优势Capital, land and labor 资本,土地和劳动力(生产三要素)Unit 6 International Trade (2)Tariff 关税Quota 配额Customs area 关税区Customs union 关税联盟Import duties 进口关税Export duties 出口关税Ad valorem duty 从价税Specific duty 从量税Compound duties 复合税,混合关税Drawback 退税Most-favored-nation (MFN) 最惠国Tariff schedule 税率表,税则Non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒Visible trade 有形贸易Invisible trade 无形贸易Unit 7Deal 交易trade terms 贸易术语trading practices 贸易惯例negotiable （票据，股票）可转让的，可流通的EDI 电子数据交换,customs clearance 结关dispatch 发送International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）国际商会roll on-roll off 滚装滚卸的Incoterms 国际贸易术语解释通则nagotiable transport document 可转让装运单据EXW 工厂交货,FCA 货交承运人,FAS 装运港船边交货,FOB 装运港船上交货CFR 成本加运费CIF 成本，保险费和运费CPT 运费付至,CIP 运费、保险费付至,DAF 边境交货,DES 目的港船上交货,DEQ 目的港码头交货,DDU 未完税交货,DDP 完税交货Unit8Inquiry 询盘、报价,Quotation 报价,validity period 有效期,offer 发盘,counter offer 还盘,offeree 收盘人,sales(purchase)contract 销售（购货）合同,sales (purchase)confirmation 销售（购货）确认书,consignment 寄售,contracting parties 缔约方,force majeure 不可抗力,arbitration 仲裁,business line 业务（经营）范围, contract proper 合同正文,article number 货号Unit 9Counter trade 对销贸易, Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀, Reichsbank 德国国家银行,cross-border contract 进出口合同, protectionism 贸易保护主义,financial market 金融市场,Clearing system 清算系统,net positions 实际头寸, compensation trade 补偿贸易,trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来帐户, barter 易货交易,counter purchase 互购贸易,Buyback 回购交易,Vertical 垂直的、生产销售全过程, centrally planned economies 中央计划经济国家, competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值, Volkswagen 大众汽车公司,Xerox Corporation 施乐公司,processing trade 加工贸易,consignment 寄售,leasing trade 租赁贸易,auction 拍卖,agency 代理Unit 10debtor 债务人debit 借方，将……记入借方financial standing 财务状况credit worthiness 资信可靠状况periodic payments 分阶段付款cash in advance 预付现金open accout 记账交易draft（bill of exchange）汇票drawer 出票人drawee 受票人payee 受款人usance draft (honor draft, term draft) 远期汇票documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment（D/P）付款交单documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单Unit11applicant 开证申请人opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人correspondent bank 往来行，关系行advising bank 通知行amendment 修改confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运transshipment 转船the uniform customs and parctice of documentary credits 跟单信用证统一惯例，或简称“统一惯例”in favor of 以……为受益人the carrying vessel 运载船只，载货船只Unit 12clean credit 光票信用证non-trade settlement 非贸易结算revocable credit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证maturity 到期，期满confirmed credit 保兑信用证leading bank 主要银行sight credit 即期信用证capital turnover 资金周转face value 面值transferable credit 可转让信用证non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证non-draft credit 无汇票信用证discount 贴现deferred payment 推迟付款revolving credit 循环信用证insolvent 无支付能力的Unit 13Documents 单据Take delivery of提（货）Commission佣金Discount折扣Shipping marks运输标记, 唛头Bill of lading 提单Carrier 承运人Shipper货主托运人Consignor托运人Carriage 运输Consignee收货人Notify party 被通知人Payable 应支付的Airway bill 空运提单Insurance policy 保险单Cargo receipt 货物收据Commercial invoice 商业发票Legal holder 合法持有人Insurance certificate 保险证书Customs invoice海关发票Consular invoice领事发票Consular visa 领事签证Shipping advice装船通知Certificate of health 健康证书Certificate of disinfection 消毒证书Certificate of origin 货物原产地证明书Veterinary certificate 兽医证书Unit 14Documentation 单据的制作或使用Finished products 制成品Deregulation 解除控制，撤消管制规定Productivity 生产率Cost economies 节约成本Intermediate products 中间产品Natural product province 产品自然领域Inventory 存货库存Logistics 物流Just-in-time inventory system 零库存Common carrier 公共承运人Contract carrier 契约承运人Private carrier 自有承运人Unit 15Insured 被保险人Insurer 承保人Claim 索赔Client 客户Margin 保证金Draw 提取Jeopardy 风险，危险Literature 文献，说明书（此处指商品目录，价目表）Underwriter 保险公司Known premium 已知的保险费Pool 基金，共用款Cargo insurance 货物保险Marine insurance 海运保险Unit 16Port of origin 货物原产地港口V oidable 可使无效的，可以取消的Indemnity 损失赔偿Ruin 毁灭Insurable interest 可保险权益Terms of sale 价格条件All risks 全险Principle of utmost good faith 最大诚信原则Subrogation 代位,取代Contribution 损失费用分摊原则Proximate cause of the loss 近因原则Forwarding charges 交货费用Free from particular average 平安险With particular average 水渍险Unit 17Exchange rate 汇率Gold standard 金本位制Peg 钉住，挂钩Par value 平价Reserve currency 储备货币Clean float 清洁浮动，自由浮动Dirty float 肮脏浮动，管理浮动Discount 贴现Idle funds 游资Indirect quote 间接标价Direct quote 直接标价Buying rate 买入价Selling rate 卖出价Medial rate 中间价Unit 18Financial resources 资金Finance 提供资金Earnings 收益,盈利Private sector 私营经济Balance of payments 国际收支Equity investment 股权投资Grace period 优惠期Capital infrastructure (资本密集型)基础设施World Bank Group 世界银行集团International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) 国际复兴开发银行International Development Association(IDA) 国际开发协会International Finance Corporation(IFC) 国际金融公司Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA) 多边投资担保机构Unit 19returns 收益，回报customer mobility 客户流动inventory 存货tax holiday 免税期green-field strategy 绿地战略acquisition 并购joint venture 合资企业Unit 20investor 投资者securities 有价债券finance 融资equities 权益，普通股broker 经纪人jobber 股票买卖经纪人hedge 套期保值shortfall 亏空，不足，财政赤字stock exchange 证券交易所long-term capital 长期资本secondary capital market 二级资本市场primary capital raising 初级资本筹集market floor 交易所market maker 市场交易人listed market 挂牌市场income tax 所得税gilt-edged stocks options 金边债券期权cost-effective 节约成本public sector borrowing requirement 公共部门借贷需求books 帐本value added tax (V AT) 增值税institutional investors 机构投资商Unit 21most-favored nation clause 最惠国条款generalized system of preferences 普惠制non-discriminate 非歧视contracting party 缔约国tariff quota 关税配额trade-related 与贸易有关的standard of living 生活水平full employment 充分就业tariff concession 关税减免Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合Counter-veiling measures 反补贴措施Anti-dumping 反倾销National treatment 国民待遇Unit 22The united nations conference on trade and development1.Escape clauses 免责条款2.United nations general assembly 联合国大会3.Invisibles 无形贸易4.Non-discrimination principle 非歧视原则5.Terms of trade 贸易条款6.New international economic order 新国际经济秩序7.Differential treatment 差别待遇8.Preferential customs tariffs 特惠税9.Transfer of technology 技术转让10.。
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
自考外贸函电100组重点必考词汇
1、Insurance后接所投保的货物用0n；接投保的险别用against；接保险费或者保险费率用at；接保险公司或者机构用with；2、WIth particular Average水渍险3、espedite加快,促进,发出4、Sth.need doing/sth.need to be done需要做某事5、On the market可买到的，在出售的In the market for sth.有意购买某物6、Lie down躺下Lay down阐述，声明，规定7、Help sb.do sth./help sb.To do sth帮助某人干某事8、Few and far between稀少Rare罕见的，珍贵的9、Amend sth.to read...将...修改为...10、Do one’s utmost to do sth.尽某人的最大努力去做某事11、See one’s way to doing sth有能力并愿意做某事12、Entitle sb.to sth.给予某人获得某事物或做某事的权利，使某人有资格获得某事物或做某事13、Available by draft at sight凭即期汇票支付14、Put off推迟，使延期Put down镇压，写下Put in安装Put sth.Thtough顺利完成某事15、Turn down拒绝16、There is/have difficulty in doing sth.在做某事方面有困难17、Capacity生产量，生产能力At full capacity以全部力量，满负载18、Approach sb.to do sth.让某人做某事19、Unless otherwise stated除非另有声明或约定20、See one’s way to doing sth.有能力并愿意做某事21、On presentation of sth.出示......，拿出.....22、Stand the competition经得起竞争23、Be confident that+从句，表确信24、Happen to碰巧...25、Be able to do sth.能够做某事Be capable of+动词的ing形式26、In due course=duly在适当的时候，及时地27、Expire期满，到期adhere to遵守，信守，坚持28、Pay付款，支付guarantee保证，担保29、Provide提供，供应Provide sth.for sb.Provide sb.With sth.30、Allow给予（钱或时间）Allow sb.Sth.给予某人某物Allow sb.a discount给某人....折扣31、Inform sb.Of sth.告知某人某事32、Commission佣金consignment发送的货物Committee委员会signature签名，签字33、At one’s request/at the request of sb.应某人的请求34、Approach sb.to do sth.让某人做某事35、It+be+被强调的部分+that+原句剩余的部分36、Place an order with sb.向某人下订单37、On presentation of sth.表示出示...，拿出...38、Lower by降低39、Transit运输transmit传输，传播40、Pass on将某物转嫁给某人Transfer sth.to sb.将某物（特别是责任、权力等）转让给某人41、Capacity生产量，生产能力All full capacity以全部力量，满负载42、There is/have difficulty in doing在做某事方面有困难43、Accuse sb.Of doing sth.指责某人干了某事44、Claim for索赔的原因或索赔的金额Claim on对某批货物索赔Claim against向某人索赔45、Faifure to do sth.忽略，不履行，没做到46、Attribute to...归因于47、Prevent sb.（from）doing sth.阻止某人干某事48、Sth.Need doing/sth.need to be done需要做某事49、On the market可买到的，在出售的In the market for sth.有意购买某物50、As last最后51、Help sb.do sth./help sb.to do sth.帮助某人干某事52、Postpone使延期，推迟detain耽搁，延误Block障碍delay延误，推迟53、Press sb.for sth.催促某人做某事54、Be short of supply供应短缺55、Be aware of sth./be aware that+句子意识到56、Went without没有，放弃，缺少57、Succeed in doing sth.在...方面取得成功58、Under the circumstance在这种情况（情形）下59、Have no ways/choice but to do sth.别无选择，只有.....60、Increase提高，增加，一般指数量Enlarge使某物扩大，放大Expand扩大（尺码、数量、体积、程度等）Extend某物的延长或时间的延展61、In terms of就....而论，在.....方面62、Find sth./sb.+adj.发现或感觉某事物/某人......63、Because of由于，因为In spite of尽管，虽然Replace sth.取代某物Instead of代替，而不是...64、Fall into sth.某事物可分为.......；养成（习惯）Fall under列入某项下Fall in倒塌Fall to doing sth.开始做某事65、So as to do sth.为了做某事66、Acquaint sb.With sth.使某人熟悉某事物67、For export为了出口68、The service after selling售后服务69、In compliance with依从.....按照.....70、In confident that+从句确信....71、Confidential机密的72、Handle/deal with/trade in/be in the line of经营（某种或某类商品）73、Assure sb.Of sth.向某人保证某事74、Agree with sth.与某事物相符合，相一致Agree to sth.赞成或答应某事75、In due course=duly在适当的时候，及时地76、Subject to...以....为准，以.....为条件77、Hear from sb.收到某人的信78、Within this period在这段时期以内79、Credit standing资信状况80、Stand the competition经得起竞争81、Happen to...碰巧....82、Enjoy priority in...在....方面享有优先权Take priority in...在....中占优先地位Give priority to....给....以优先权，优先考虑83、Be agreeable to sth.与....相符的84、At one's request应....的要求On request一经要求就....85、Be valid（open/good/firm）for+时间段有效期为.....86、Expire期满，到期87、Offer for某货的报盘88、On schedule按时，如期89、At seller’s option由买方选择90、In the market for sth.想要购买某物91、In need of sth.需要...92、Ahead of schedule提前Behind scheedule迟于预定时间On schedule按期，如期93、Break down失灵，失控；停止运转；抛锚94、Faifure to do sth.忽略，不履行，没做到95、In one’s opinion/in the opinion of sb.在某人看来......96、Accuse sb.Of doing sth.指责某人干了某事97、Damage to sth.......的损失、损害、损毁98、As regards关于，至于，提到99、In superior to sb./sth.优于某人某物100、In transit在运输途中。
英语本科自考【复习资料】05844国际商务英语(词汇部分 )
国际商务英语复习题库unit one International businessI .Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.commercial risk 贸易风险opportunity cost 机会成本absolute advantage 绝对优势intellectual property 人才资源1.visible trade有形贸易2. credit inquiry信用调查3. letter of credit信用证4.balance of trade贸易顺差5.sales contract销售合同 6.bill of lading提单7.consular invoice领事发票8. draft汇票1.counter-offer 还盘2.firm-offer 实盘3.enquiry 询盘4.offeror 发盘人5. cooperative negotiation 合作谈判6.offer without engagement 虚盘7.acceptance 承兑1.insurance premium 保险费2.certificate of origin 原产地证书3.metric ton 公吨4. inland freight 内陆运费5. FOB Under T ackle FOB 吊钩下交货1. cost structure 费用结构2. cost of production 生产成本3.profit margin 利润率4. selling cost 销售费用1.liner transport 班轮运输2. sea waybill 海运提单3. shipper 托运人4. shipping marks 运输标志5. war risks 战争险6. natural calamity 自然灾害7.total loss 全损8. sue and labor expenses 施救费用1. promotion 促销2.international marketing 国内营销3.product differentiation 产品差异化4. sociocultural factors 社会文化因素5. market structure 市场结构1. financial instruments 金融工具2. crossing cheque 划线支票3. sight bill 即期票据4. commercial invoice 商业发票5. shipping documents 船运单据6. consular invoice 领事发票7. insurance policy 保单1.remitting bank 汇出行2. consignment 寄售3.D/P 即期付款交单4. D/A 承兑交单5. credit assessment 信用评估6. performance guarantee 履行合同保证金7. overdraft guarantee 账号透支保函1.export commodities fairs 出口商品交易会II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.国际商务international business 商业借贷commercial credit 双重征税double taxation 世贸组9.trade barrier贸易壁垒10.tariff关税11.export trade出口贸易12.letter of credit信用证13. transit trade过境贸易14.entrepot trade转口贸易15.certificate of origin原产地证书8.询盘enquiry 9. 还盘counter-offer 10.受盘人offered 11.发盘人offeror 12.虚盘offer without engagement 13. 实盘firm-offer6. 技术转让technological transfer7.内河航运inland water transportation8. 贸易协定trade agreement5.支付货币money of payment6. 硬货币hard 6. 市场细分market segmentation7.营销战略marketing strategy8. 消费者行为customer behavior9. 营销组合marketing mix 10.营销环境marketing environment 11. 目标市场target market12.营销研究market research currency 7.汇率exchange rate 8. 折扣discount9.期货/现货市场spot market9. 物权凭证document of title 10. 清洁提单clean bill of lading 11. 投保人policy-holder 12. 共同海损general average 13. 水渍险WPA ( with particular average)8. 价格术语term of price 9. 本票promissory note 10. 背书endorsement 11. 承兑人acceptor12. 受票人drawee 13. 商业单据commercial documents 14.提单bill of lading 15. 原产地证明certificate of origin 16.海关发票customs invoice10. 保兑行confirming bank 11. 议付行negotiating bank 12. 国际保理international factoring13. 银行保函bank guarantee 14. 光票托收clean collection 15规格、明细单specificationIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.AQSIQ is abbreviation for The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局（简称国家质检总局）p29（卷一）32. international trade, also known as world trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.P1733 Balance of trade indicates the balance between the export value and the import value in a given period.P20（卷四）34.Incoterms is abbreviation for International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 国际贸易术语解释通则P21（卷二）35. A packing list is a document made out by the seller stating the detailed content of each individual shipment.P33 (卷三）IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.positional bargaining is based on fixed, opposing viewpoints and tends to result in compromise or no agreement at all 立场型谈判P46（卷一）32 Contract P65 A contract is an agreement that creates an obligation, which is a binding, legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties.33.offer with engagement P61 is the kind of offer, in which the offeror's intention of making a contract is definitely indicated, and under which the offeror cannot revoke or amend what he has offered during the validity of the offer.IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.FOB--- free on board (d port of shipment)CIF---P83 cost, insurance and freight (d port of destination) 成本加保险费加运费（指定目的港）CIP--- P89 carriage and insurance paid to (d place of destination)运费，保险费付至IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.customs duties P112 are taxes imposed by a government on the import or export of products or services, whose cost factors must be taken into account by the exporter when he prices his products.（卷一）marginal cost P115 is the variable costs per unit of the production 边际成本，是增加一单位（output) 随即而产生的成本增加，其等于总成本的变化量除以对应产量的变化量。
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 18
the World Bank - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
three affiliates
the International Development Association (IDA)
the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) established in 1945 source of its capital:
subscribed by its members finances its lending operations
channel /ˈtʃæn(ə)l/ (n. 频道；海峡)
financial resources / ……
subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ (订阅) subscription /səbˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/ n.
※finance /faɪˈnæns/
adj. 多边的 v. 开辟途径 资金 v. 任捐 v. 提供资金
the significance of the World Bank
financed all kinds of capital infrastructure
its development strategy emphasizes investments that can directly affect the well-being of the masses of poor people of developing countries by making them more productive and by integrating them as active partners in the development process
商务英语基础词汇及短语,建议收藏!
商务英语基础词汇及短语,建议收藏!商务英语是英语在商务场合中的应用，涉及到商业、贸易、金融等领域的交流。
以下是一些基础的商务英语词汇和短语，希望对您有所帮助：1. 商务英语词汇：商务谈判：协商、出价、还价、条款、合同贸易：进口、出口、关税、报关、货运市场营销：市场、营销策略、广告、促销、品牌金融：货币、汇率、股票、债券、投资2. 商务英语短语：We would like to establish business relations with you.We are interested in your products and would like to negotiate a deal.Your offer is acceptable, and we would like to place an order.The contract is ready for signing.We hope to have a long-term合作relationship with you.We would like to propose an idea for your consideration.We agree to your terms and conditions.We regret to inform you that we cannot accept your offer.We are looking forward to your reply.Thank you for your time and consideration.以上只是一些基础的商务英语词汇和短语，实际应用中可能还需要了解更多专业术语和表达方式。
希望这些信息能帮助您更好地进行商务交流。
自考国际商务英语考试必备,自己整理
《国际商务英语》重点复习资料
祝您学业、事业成功！《国际商务英语》复习资料Lesson 1♦In compliance with: in conformity to♦For short: in abbreviation♦Portfolio (n.): securities♦Franchise (vt.): authorize the privilege to sb.♦Lease (vt. / n.): rent ~ sth. to sb.house ~, long-term ~♦Royalty (n.): a share in the profit made from intellectual property♦Advisable (adj.): proper, good, wise-- It’s not ~ to make him angry.♦Access to sth.: the right to use sth.have / gain ~ to sth.-- Only staffs have access to the backstage.♦Participate (vi.): attend, take part in~ in some activity♦Flat (adj.): fixed~ rate♦Bonus (n.): additional payment 补助，津贴，分红，奖金♦Expertise (n.): expert advice, profession skills♦Give rise to: cause♦Cost plus: additional fee to the cost♦Variant (n. / adj.): changed factor, differentLesson 2♦Assess (vt.): estimate the value♦Clue (n.): tip to find out the solution♦dividend (n.): share, surplus, bonus♦distort (vt.): twist♦parity (n.): equation♦tap (vt.): develop♦bear sth. in mind: keep thinking of sth.♦haven (n.): safe place, harbor♦populous (adj.): having a large population♦diversify (vt.): make sth. various♦spur (vt.): stimulate♦complementary (adj.): forming as a whole♦suffice (vi.): be able-- The food can suffice till next week.♦proximity (n.): closeness~ to sth.♦observations (n.): result, opinions from observingLesson 3●Witness (vt. / n.): testify 见证，目击●Liberal + ize (vt.): make sth. free 自由化●Fall under: be classified as 归类为●Detour (n.): a temporary route instead of main route 绕路，迂回●Adoption (n.): accepting 采用，采纳●Erode (vt.): wear away 腐蚀●Autonomy (n.): self-governing 自治⏹Autonomous region●sovereign state: independent country 主权国家●political entity: 政治实体●set the stage for: provide basis for 为。
自考国际商务英语05844必背商务术语
商务术语1 ………………customs area关税区conversion货币兑换visible trade有形贸易invisible trade无形贸易gross domestic product国内生产总值FDI外国直接投资portfolio investment证券投资stocks股票bonds债券maturity到期certificate of deposit大额存单licensing许可经营franchising特许经营trade mark商标patent专利royalty专利利用费copyright版权management contract治理合同licenser给予许可的人licensee同意许可的人franchiser给予特许的人franchisee同意特许的人value chain价值链turnkey project交钥匙工程BOT建设、经营、移交（Build,Operate,Transfer）2 ………………gross national product (GNP)国民生产总值gross domestic product(GDP)国内生产总值national income国民收入per capita income人均收入per capita GDP人均GDPPPP购买力平价consumerism消费主义income distribution收入散布infrastructure基础设施staple goods大路货invoice开发票creditor country债权国3 ………………economic integration经济一体化free trade area自由贸易区customs union关税同盟tariff rates关税税率settlement结算North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)北美自由贸易协定common market一起市场banknotes circulation货币流通cartel联盟Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)亚太经贸合作组织European Commission欧盟委员会council of ministers部长理事会Dual-Ministerial Meeting双部长会议4 ………………share holders股东economic globalization经济全世界化board of directors董事会inputs投入economic environment经济环境parent company母公司affiliate附属机构day-to-day running日常治理multinational corporation (enterprise)跨国公司home country祖国host country东道国5 ………………services劳务primary commodities低级产品specialization专业化absolute advantage绝对利益comparative advantage比较利益capital资本land and labor土地和劳动6 ………………tariff关税quota配额customs area关税区customs union关税联盟import duties入口关税export duties出口关税ad valorem duty从价税specific duty从量税compound duties混合关税drawback退税most-favored-nation (MFN)最惠国tariff schedule税率表non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒visible trade有形贸易invisible trade无形贸易7 ………………deal交易trade terms贸易术语trading practices贸易老例negotiable可转让的EDI电子数据互换Electronic Data Interchange customs clearance结关dispatch发送发货International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)国际商会roll on-roll off traffic滚装滚卸的Incoterms国际贸易术语negotiable transport document可转让装运单据FOB装运港船上交货CFR本钱加运费CIF本钱、保险费加运费EXW工厂交货FCA货交承运人FAS装运港船边交货CPT运费付至CIP运费、保险费付至DAF边境交货DES目的港船上交货DEQ目的港码头交货DDU未完税后交货DDP完税后交货8 ………………inquiry询盘quotation报价validity period有效期offer出价counter offer还盘offeree收盘人sales (purchase) contract销售（购货）合同sales (purchase) confirmation售货（购货）确认书consignment寄售contracting parties缔约方force majeure不可抗力arbitration仲裁business line业务范围contract proper合同正文article number货号9 ………………counter trade对销贸易hyperinflation极度通货膨胀Reichsbank德国国家银行cross-border contract进出口合同protectionism贸易爱惜主义financial market金融市场clearing system清算系统net positions实际头寸compensation trade补偿贸易trade credit accounts贸易信贷往来账户barter易货贸易counter purchase反向购买，互购buyback贺岁交易vertical垂直centrally planned economies中央打算经济competitive devaluation竞争性贬值Volkswagen公共汽车公司Xerox Corporation施乐公司processing trade加工贸易consignment寄售leasing trade租赁贸易auction拍卖agency代理10 ………………debtor 债务人debit借方financial standing账务状况credit worthiness资信靠得住状况periodic payments分时期付款cash in advance预付现金open account记账交易draft (bill of exchange)汇票drawer 出票人drawee受票人payee受款人usance draft （tenor draft ,term draft）远期汇票documentary draft跟单汇票clean draft光票documentary collection跟单托收documents against payment (D/P)付款交单documents against acceptance (D/P)承兑交单11 ………………applicant开证申请人opening bank开证银行beneficiary受益人correspondent bank关系行，往来行advising bank通知行amendment修改confirming bank保况行reimburse付款unit price单价partial shipment分批装运transshipment 转船the uniform customs and practice of documentary credits跟单信誉证统一老例in favor of支持the carrying vessel装运船只12 ………………clean credit光票信誉证non-trade settlement非贸易结算revocable credit可撤销信誉证irrevocable credit不可撤销信誉证maturity到期confirmed credit保兑信誉证leading bank要紧银行sight credit即期信誉证usance credit远期信誉证capital turnover资金周转face value面值transferable credit可转让信誉证non-transferable credit不可转让信誉证non-draft credit无汇票信誉证discount贴现率deferred payment推延付款revolving credit循环信誉证insolvent无支付能力的13 ………………documents单据take delivery of提（货）commission佣金discount折扣shipping marks唛头bill of lading提单carrier 承运人shipper托运人，货主consignor托运人carriage运输consignee收货人notify party被通知人payable应支付的airway bill空运提单insurance policy (certificate)保险单cargo receipt铁路运单commercial invoice商业发票legal holder合法持有人insurance certificate保险凭证customs invoice海关发票consular invoice领事发票consular visa领事签证shipping advice装船通知certificate of quality品质证书certificate of weight重量证书certificate of quantity数量证书certificate of health健康证书certificate of disinfection消毒证书certificate of origin原产地证书veterinary certificate兽医证书14 ………………documentation文件finished products制成品deregulation解除操纵productivity生产率cost economies节约本钱intermediate products中间产品natural product province产品自然领域inventory存货，库存logistics物流just-in-time inventory system零库存common carrier公共承运人contract carrier 契约承运人private carrier自有承运人15 ………………insured 被保险人insurer承保人claim索赔client顾客margin保证金draw提取，支取jeopardy风险literature文学，高作underwriter保险公司known premium已知的保险费pool统筹的资金cargo insurance货物保险marine insurance海上保险16 ………………port of origin原产地口岸，始发港voidable能够取消的indemnity损失补偿ruin损坏，破坏insurable interest可保险权益terms of sale价钱条件all risks全险principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原那么subrogation取代contribution捐献proximate cause of the loss致使损失的直接缘故forwarding charges交货费用free from particular average单独海损不赔with particular average单独海损补偿17 ………………exchange rate汇率gold standard金本位制peg挂钩，钉住par value平价reserve currency储蓄货币clean float清洁浮动dirty float龌龊浮动discount贴现idle funds游资direct quote直接标价indirect quote间接标价buying rate买入价selling rate卖出价medial rate中间价18 ………………financial resources资金finance提供资金earnings收益private sector私营经济balance of payments国际收支equity investment股权投资grace period优惠期capital infrastructure大体设施资金World Bank Group世界银行集团International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)国际振兴开发银行International Development Association （IDA）国际开发协会International Finance Corporation (IFC)国际金融公司Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)多边投资担保机构19 ………………returns收益customer mobility客户流动inventory存货tax holiday免税期greenfield strategy绿地战略acquisition并购joint venture合伙企业20 ………………investor 投资者securities有价证券finance资金equities股票broker经纪人jobber股票生意经纪人hedge爱惜，防御shortfall亏空shock exchange证券交易所long-term capital长期资本secondary capital market二级资本市场primary capital raising对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动market floor交易场地market maker市场庄家listed market挂牌证券交易市场income tax所得税gilt-edged stocks/securities金边证券options期权cost-effective合算的public sector borrowing requirement公共部门融资缺口books预订value added tax (VAT)增值税institutional investors事业机构投资商21 ………………most-favored nation clause最惠国条款generalized system of preferences普惠制non-discriminate非歧视的contracting party缔约方tariff quota关税配额trade-related贸易相关standard of living生活水平full employment充分就业tariff concession关税减让Uruguay Round乌拉圭回合谈判counter-veiling measures反补助方法anti-dumping反倾销national treatment国民待遇22 ………………escape clauses免责条款United Nations General Assembly联合国大会invisibles无形的non-discrimination principle (principle of non-discrimination treatment)非歧视性原那么terms of trade贸易条件new international economic order国际经济新秩序differential treatment区别对待preferential customs tariffs特惠税transfer of technology技术转让。
国际商务英语短语
●国际商务英语短语总结●绝对利益absolute advantage●证券交易所stock exchange●共同X the common pool●关税区customs area●特惠税preferential customs tariff ●增值税VAT(Value Added T ax)●所得税income tax●从量税specific duty●从价税ad valorem tax●混合税，复合税compound duties●贸易壁垒trade barriers●统一关税制度uniform tariff system ●非关税壁垒non-tariff barrier●免责条款escape clauses●分批装运partial shipment●国际价格协议international price agreement ●结构调整贷款Structural Adjustment Facility ●有形贸易visible trade●分期付款periodic payments●产品的自然领域natural product provinces●最惠国条款the most-favored nation clause ●国际货币X组织international monetary fund●海关发票customs invoice●代位追偿subrogation●贸易争端trade disputes●无差异待遇non-discrimination principle ●农产品farm produce●清洁提单clean bill of lading●多式联运multimodal transport●滚装滚卸运输roll-on and roll-off traffic●货交承运人FCA(Free Carrier)●自有承运人private carrier●契约承运人contract carrier●〔公共〕承运人common carrier●发货人，托运人，货主consignor●运货船只carrying vessel●近海运输short-sea maritime transport ●起运港port of shipment ●头寸net position●X投资equity investment●无形贸易invisible trade●商业全球化globalization of business●电子数据交换EDI●保证金margin●国际经济环境international economic environment ●业务范围business line●清算系统clearing system●根底设施capital infrastructure●出口潜力export potential●布雷顿森林会议The Bretton Woods Convention●制成品finished goods●有效期the validity period●风险转移机制risk transfer mechanism●资金financial resources●有价保单valued policy●大额存单certificate of deposit●套期保值hedging●私营经济private business●国际经济新秩序new international economic order ●初级产品primary commodities●主要银行the leading bank●原材料raw materials●国际复兴开发银行IBRD●提单bill of lading ●规模经济economies of scales●经济增长economic growth●国际商品协定international commodity agreement ●游资〔又称热钱〕idle funds●记账交易open account●可保权益insurable interest●缓冲库存贷款Buffer Stock Financing Facility●贸易条件〔进出口比价〕terms of trade●跨国公司母公司parent MNC●销售合约sales contract●海上保险marine insurance●世界贸易组织WTO(World Trade Organization)●贸易伙伴trading partners●贸易洽谈会trade fairs●生产方法production approach●普惠制Generalized System of Preferences ●议付行negotiating bank●最大诚信utmost good faith●董事会board of directors●唛头shipping mark●净重net weight●中期贷款extended fund facility●双边谈判bilateral negotiation●特约条款special clause●互购贸易counter purchase●加工产品processed product ●还款counter offer●竞争性贬值competitive devaluation●年销售量annual sales●金融市场financial market●初级产品primary commodities●承兑交单documents against acceptance ●保险单insurance policy●对销贸易反向贸易counter trade●极度通货膨胀hyperinflation●欧洲支付联盟European Payment Union●寄售consignment●借方debit●受票人drawee●分批装运partial shipment●企业家entrepreneur●顾客client●肮脏浮动dirty float●中间价medial rate●汇率exchange rate●有价证券securities●国民待遇national treatment●反补贴措施counter-veiling-measures ●殖民地colony●领土territory●知识产权intellectual property●经济全球化economic globalization ●优惠期、宽限期grace period●〔汇率〕间接标价indirect quote●资本市场capital market●反倾销anti-dumping●中间产品intermediate product ●补偿贸易compensation trade ●有价证券securities●经济一体化economic integration ●母公司parent company●还盘counter offer●保兑行confirming bank●充分就业full employment●修改amendment●金本位制gold standard●金边债券gilt-edged stocks●贴现率折扣率discount rate●本钱节约，节约本钱cost economies●世界银行the World Bank●互利贸易mutually beneficial trade ●装船通知shipping advice●追溯到be traced back to●原产地港口port of origin●原产地证书certificate of origin●货物保险cargo insurance●商品交易会trade fairs●目的地destination ●以迂回的方法in a detour●竞争性贬值competitive devaluation ●客户流动customer mobility●股东、X持有人share holders●潜在损失potential loss●疏忽的negligent●债权国creditor country●国际合约international contract ●定期付款，分阶段付款periodic payments●被保险人the insured●人口方案population planning●根底设施工程infrastructure project ●破产go bankrupt●土地和劳动力land and labor●品质证书certificate of quality●贸易信贷往来账户trade credit account●信用证the letter of credit●跟单信用证documentary letter of credit ●跟单信用证documentary credit●循环信用证revolving credit●即期信用证sight credit●可撤销信用证revocable credit●保兑信用证confirmed letter of credit●远期信用证usance credit。
商务英语考试中重点词汇的讲解
商务英语考试中重点词汇的讲解
商务英语考试中重点词汇的讲解
1.consideration n.考虑；报酬；补偿；对价
【商务英语】economic considerations 经济利益
general considerations 总则
pecuniary consideration 金钱报酬
consideration money 报偿奖金
【例句】The cost of consumption articles is the first consideration, as far as most ordinary people are concerned.
就多数普通百姓而言，首先要考虑的是消费品的价格。
2.consignee n.受托者；收件人；代销人
【商务用语】customs consignee 海关委托人
named consignee 指定的收货人
3.consolidated adj.加固的`；整理过的；统一的
【商务用语】consolidated annuities 统一公债
consolidated fund 公积金
consolidated returns 合并收益
consolidated trade catalog 商品总目录
4.consortium n.联盟；国际财团；联营企业
【商务用语】banking consortium 银行团；财团
container-consortium 集装箱联合企业
consortium of underwriters 证券承受财团
5.constitution n.宪法；章程；贯彻
【商务用语】economic constitution 经济法。
自考“国际商务英语”重点词汇(4)
dismissal n. 打发走
dispatch n./v. 调遣
display n./v. 展出，显示
dispose v. 安排，处理(事务)
dispose of 去掉，清除
distribution n. 分配，分发，分送产品
自考“国际商务英语”重点词汇（4）
direct cost n. 直接成本
direct mail n. (商店为招揽生意而向人们投寄的)直接邮件
direct selling n. 直销，直接销售
directory n. 指南，号码簿
discount n. 折扣，贴现
*diversify v. 从事多种经营;多样化
divest v. 剥夺
dividend n. 股息，红利，年息
division n. 部门
*dog n. 滞销品
down-market a./ad. 低档商品的
*down-time/downtime n. 设备闲置期
DP(=Data Processing) n. 计算机数据处理，计算机数据处理部门
dramatic adj. 戏剧性的
drive n. 积极性，能动性
due adj. 应付的，预期的
dynamic adj. 有活力的
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Transaction 交易 customs area 关税区 in compliance with 遵从 conversion 货币兑换 visible trade 有形贸易 resale 转售gross domestic product 国内生产总值 invisible trade 无形贸易 for short 缩写为accountfor 占…比例headquarters 总部 trap 陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资 stocks 股票bonds 债券maturity （票据等）到期，到期日 certificate ofdeposit 大额存单 licensing 许可经营franchising 特许经营 trademark 商标 advisable 可行的patent 专利royalty 专利使用费； copyright 版税licensor 给予许可的人licensee 接受许可的人 franchiser 给予特许的人franchisee 接受特许的人logo 标志；标记management contract 管理合同 expertise 专门知识 bonus 红利；津贴；奖金 flat 一律的，无变动的value chain 价值链 contractmanufacturing 承包工程turnkey project “交钥匙”工程clue 线索 BOT （Build ，Operate ，Transfer ）建设经营移交stand for 代表variant 变形/体 potential 潜力 national income 国民收入bulk 大量的；大宗的GNP 国民生产总值 per capita income 人均收入 PPP 购买力平价consumerism 消费，消费主义income distribution 收入分布Organization of EconomicCooperation and Development经济合作与发展组织infra structure 基础设施Commonwealth ofIndependent States 独立国家联合体staple goods 大路货tap 开发hemisphere 半球observation （经观察而得到的）看法 haven 避风港；安全之地 spur 促进creditorcountry 债权国proximity 临近ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟witness 亲历economic integration 经济一体化liberalize 使自由put up barriers 设置障碍fall under分成几部分free trade area自由贸易区tariff rates 关税税率NAFTA北美自由贸易协定customs union 关税同盟detour 迂回；绕行common market 共同市场adoption 使用，采用euro 欧元erode 侵蚀autonomy 自治sovereign state 主权国家political entity 政治实体set the stage of 为、、做准备；促成monumental 重要的，有纪念意义的landmark 地标；里程碑signatory 签字国；签字人settlement 结算banknotes 纸币；钞票circulation货币流通executivebody 行政机构，执行机构European Commission欧盟委员会veto 否决commissioner委员，特派员，专员council ofministers 部长理事会empower 授予权力multi-polarization 多极化tenet 原则；宗旨Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议cartel 卡特尔，联盟OPEC石油输出国组织globalization 全球化frequency 频繁，频率interactive 相互作用的element 要素；组成成分；元素value 价值观acclaim欢呼；欢迎；喝彩adverse 不利的；反对的controversial 引起争议的instrumental 有作用的internationalization 国际化facilities 设施；设备；工具label 把称为；把归类employ用；使用assets 资产incorporate 吸收；合并purpot声称；自称headquarters 总部international economicenvironment国际经济环境double digit 两位数字survival 继续生存embark（on）开始；从事gigantic 庞大的；巨大的intervene 干预；干涉technicalimprovements 技术进步derivation 获得day-to-dayrunning 日常管理decentralize 分散；放下（权利）wield 操控；控制jurisdiction 权利；管理范围vehicle 工具；手段delegatepower to…对、、、授权affiliate 分支机构；附属机构mover 原动力，推动力define 下定义services 劳务distri natural resources 自然资源abundant 丰富的scarce 缺少，缺乏primary commodities 初级产品incentive 刺激specialization 专业化constitute 构成，形成remainder 剩余的，余数hold 认为in terms of 在…方面illustrate 说明table表格，图表assume 假设efficient 有效的，效率高的occur 发生，产生law 规则，法则even if 即使disadvantage 不利with respect to 关exploit 利用，开发static 静止的endowment of nature 自然的赋予up-to-date 现代的，新式的intuitive 直觉的，直观的appeal 吸引力absolute adantage 绝对利益comparative advantage 比较利益strategic 战略的reduce减少bulky 笨重的，庞大的perishable 易碎的protectionist 保护主义的barrier障碍typical 典型的tariffs 关税quota 配额levy征收，收取coincide 巧合；偶合customs union关税联盟import duties 进口关税export duties 出口关税ad valorem 按价；从价specific 从量的compoundduties 复税，混合关税drawback 退税refund 偿还；退还most-favoured-nation（MFN）treatment 最惠国待遇signatory 签字国concession让步tariff schedule 税率表；税则non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒impose 加强unilaterally 单方面地label 标签，标记，标号voluntary 自动的，主动的forthcoming 即将到来的meaning of transport 运输工具inland water vessels 内河船只maritime 海洋的cargocompartment 货仓charter租fleet 舰队insurance保险vulnerable 脆弱的collision碰撞pilferage 偷窃explosion 爆炸place ofhistorical interest 古迹accommodations 膳宿供应immigrant 移民remittance 汇款undertake 承担climate 环境气氛；风气degenerate 变坏；衰退deal 交易draw up 制定；拟就respective 各自的；分别的subsequent 随后的，后来的interpretation 解释；说明trade terms 贸易术语；交易条件trading practices 贸易惯例litigation 诉讼，诉争entail 使人承担；使成为必要amendment 修正案；修正条款addition 增加部分revise 修正；修改unitization 使成为一个单位maritime 海的；海上的consolidate 统一，合并render使得；使成为negotiable 可转让的；可流通的vital 极其重要的，必不可少的whereby 凭借那个，借以premises 生产场所；经营场所disposal 处理departure 离开，启程，出发quay 码头substantive 实质性的set forth 陈述；阐明binding 有约束力的enforceable可实施的sue起诉trade fairs 商品交易会trunkcall 长途电话enquiry 询盘；询价quotation报价voluntarily 主动地，自愿地indispensable 必不可少的validity period 有效期offer还盘unbinding 无约束力的invalid 无效的sales contract 销售合同sales （purchase）confirmation售货（购货）确认书setting up 构成，结构，格式consignment 寄售contracting parties 缔约方force majeure不可抗力arbitration 仲裁cottonpiece good 棉布cottonyarns 棉纱hereby 于此hereunder 于下articlenumber 货号yard 码overleaf 反面bleached 漂白的counter trade 对销贸易；反对贸易allegedly被说成；据说phenomenon 现象terminology 术语generic 总称的net positions 实际寸头adduce引证empirical 以经验为根据的reciprocal 互惠的；互相hyperinflation极度通货膨胀literally 照字地disarray 混乱conceptually 概念上地European Payment Union 欧洲支付联盟pre-specify 预先说明competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值in essence 实质上的intertemporal 不同时的be tied to 固定于photocopying machine 复印机intriguing引起兴趣的，有迷惑力的concurrently 同时发生的 a fraction of一点儿；一部分verify 一部分sophisticated 经验丰富的bypass 避开；置、、、于不顾expertise 专门知识leverage 杠杆作用tap 开发；开辟conceal 掩盖；隐藏perpetuate 使永久存在processing trade 加工贸易consignment 寄售赁agency代理domestic 国内的status 状况remittance 汇款debtor 债务人debit 借方；记入借方的款financialstanding 财务状况default 违约；不履行职责ban禁止fluctuation波动hesitant 犹豫，不情愿dubious 可疑integrity 正直；诚实periodicpayment 分期付款cash in advance 预付现金draft 汇票（bill of exchange）drawer 出票人drawee 受票人payee受款人usance draft（tenor draft，termdraft）远期汇票documentarydraft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票bill of lading 提单titleto the goods 货物所有权insurance policy 保险单documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment（D/P）付款交单documentsagainst acceptance（D/A）承兑交单sound 健全；良好with discretion 慎重地；审慎地release 放开gain control over 得到对…的控制objective 目的，目标impeccable 无缺点的bilateral 双边的credit-worthiness 资信unique 独特的security 安全，保障presentation 呈交；提示undertaking 承担applicant 开证申请人opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人correspondent bank 往来行；关系行advising bank 通知行amendment 修改discrepancy 不符confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款nominate 指定insufficient 不足的submit提交stipulation 规定expire 满期；到期unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运transshipment 转船seal 印章underlying作为基础的obligation 责任，义务ultimately 最终category 种类fall under 归为…类mechanism 机制clean credit 光票信用证non-trade settlement非贸易结算revocable credit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证certainty 确定程度，肯定程度alter 改变commitment 承担的责任cancel 取消，作废consult with 与、、、协商revoke 撤销consent 同意extensively 广泛地indication 指明，表明confirmed credit 保兑信用证leading bank 主要银行double assurance 双重保障involve 牵涉；涉及sight credit 即期信用证usance credit 远期信用证impeccable 正确无误的capital turnover 资金周转maturity 到期discount 贴现face value 面值transferable credit 可转让信用证non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证middleman 中间人non-draft credit 无汇票信用证deferred payment 推迟付款revolving credit 循环信用证renew 恢复reinstate 使复原contracting parties 合同各方，缔约各方sustain 遭受，蒙受insolvent 无支付能力的bankrupt 破产的documents 单据take delivery of 提（货）delay 延误，迟延discrepancy 不符conformity 一致，相符description 描述commission 佣金discount 折扣shipping marks 唛头seal 印章；图章signature 签字comply with 符合in general terms 用概括性的词语，用一般性词语表达exceed 超过memos 备忘录，便笺bill of lading 提单carrier 承运人shipper 货主，托运人carriage 运输consignee 收货人notify party 被通知人payable 应支付的，可支付的devoid of 没有，缺少liability 责任；义务airway bill 空运提单cargo receipt 铁路运单，货运收据insurance policy 保险单function 功能；作用the insured 被保险人currency 货币settle 清算；结算fundamental 极其重要的efficiency 效率primitive 原始的in a broad sense 从广义上讲grocery 食品；杂货distinct与其他明显不同的；独特的natural product provinces 产品自然领域urgency 紧迫；急迫perform 执行；完成carrier 承运人。