2000-2008年同济大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

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同济大学博士生英语期末考试30篇阅读理解

同济大学博士生期末考试 30 篇阅读理解：第一篇
They say America is parched by a climate of hatred and they do not know what they are talking about, but they are right anyway. The real hatred in America is the hatred between the desk-diner, who distinctly ordered the cheeseburger with ketchup, not mustard, and the mumbling delivery boy who doesn't give a damn. Or between the man who needs change for a phone call and the merchant who not only refuses but refuses with a deliberation that suggests he has waited years for precisely this opportunity. Ponder the relationship between the man waiting outside a pay phone booth and the man snuggled up inside. The dialogue is silent but savage. If you like gratitude in unexpected spurts, try opening the door of the phone booth when it is yours, smiling at the person waiting and saying "I'll just be another minute." or "This call may take a while. Sorry to make you wait." The impact is as galvanic as if the Vietcong were to wake a sleeping GI patrol and say, "Fellow, we've just got our radio working. Would you like to come over and listen to the superbowl?" Americans used to ask themselves, "How nice can I be without seeming ridiculous?" Now we ask, "How rude can I be and still get away with it?" People don't accept apologies anymore. They simply enjoy the sweet string of hostility. If you want to spread some happiness, try hailing the next off-duty cab driver, whether you want him or not. That Cossack brush-off he waves you does not betoken apology or regret. It is pure thrill. People crave triumph, and if they cannot get it through personal victory, they'll get it through personal viciousness. Most people have never known any triumph higher than looking out the window of an express train as it zips past a local. Now, this actually happened. A furious woman with a nasal whine shrill enough to break glassware banged on the door of the apartment above hers and began one of those yelping threat-laden routines about shower curtains and seeping water and falling plaster and lawsuits and witnesses and full damage and everything. The sleeping man who answered waited until the crescendo peaked, then smiled and said, "How much?" The woman twitched. Her face retained color -- iridescent in fact -- and her hands kept flailing, but her audios was completely cut off. The man went to his coat, pull out his checkbook, returned to the door, and repeated, "How much?" The woman went back to her own apartment in defeat. She'd been robbed of her fun. Here she had her whole case unassailably built, and the fight was over before she

2000医博统考听力题解析原文

2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension ( 10 % )Section ADirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B DTalk One1. A. Heart attacks B. Strokes C. Drug addiction D. Cerebral haemorrhage2. A. About 860, 000 B. About 1. 5 millionC. About 1/2 of the total populationD. About 2/3 of the total population3. A. Easy to use B. Safe C. Economical D. Fast actingTalk Two4. A. Students B. Teachers C. Social workers D. Doctors5. A. They took a long-term course of social sciencesB. They took a one-day course of psychologyC. They rendered assistance to the disabledD, They explored the world of the handicapped6. A. To understand the handicapped B. To create compassion for the neededC. To share difficulties with the poorD. To take care of the disabled7. A. An insight into the psychology of the disabledB. More knowledge about needs and feelings of the handicappedC. Respect for the disabled for their abilitiesD. All of the aboveTalk Three8. A. The President and the hospital B. A visit to the hospitalC. President Abraham LincolnD. Lincoln and a wounded soldier9. A. Writing down a letter for him B. Dictating a letter for himC. Typing a letter for himD. Posting a letter for him10. A. The President signed the letterB. The President held the soldier’s hand tightlyC. The young man went peacefully through to his end.D. The young man recognized Lincoln.2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文Paper OnePart ⅠListening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefullyand choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B DTalk OneAn important new study reports that doctors now have a new drug called TPA for heart attacks. It may be better than any other heart drugs. Many doctors have been using a drug called streptokinase, which sometimes causes problems to patients. It can even cause bleeding in the brain. Streptokinase can save about 1/3 of the people with heart attack. But TPA will save about2/3. This means many people. About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year.One reason TPA can help more people is because of time. This new drug is easier and faster to use. It will give doctors more time in hospitals. Then they can study the problem well. People with heart problems can also keep some TPA at home. When a heart attack starts, they can take some TPA right away. Then they will have time to get to the hospital. This is important because about 860, 000 people in the United States die before they get to the hospital.There is another reason why TPA is good news for people with heart attacks. According to the study, it is much safer. It does not cause other problems like streptokinase. TPA works only on the heart. It does not have an effect on the blood or cause bleeding.Doctors plan to do more studies about TPA. They need to test this new drug on many more people with heart attacks. But in a few years, many doctors and hospitals will probably start using this exciting new drug.1. What problem can streptokinase cause?2. According, to the talk, how many Americans have heart attacks every year?3. Which is at mentioned as an advantage of TPA?Talk TwoSitting in wheelchairs, limping in special shoes and wearing glasses which stop them from seeing properly, thirty students from the City University of Hong Kong spent a day exploring the world of the handicapped. They were taking part in a one-day course journey into compassion, to help them to understand the problems faced daily by the handicapped. Student affairs officer, Rebecca Chen said it would help create a caring campus community. Ms Chen was inspired by a magazine article on how doctors and hospital in the United States were able to appreciate the psychology of the patients better after they themselves were treated as patients. The idea is that the direct experience of the situation should be the first step to learning rather than study theory.Students were sent out in pairs, one handicapped and one observer, to complete a list of every-day tasks. This included borrowing books from a library, exchanging money at a bank and buying a ticket at a railway station. Social work student, Carina Lin, said she could never have imagined how simple task become real challenges for the disabled. "After sharing some of their experiences today, I have become much more aware of the needs and feelings of the handicapped". Another student said that the experience has taught her to appreciate the ability of the handicapped. Many on the course seemed to have gained an insight into the psychology of the physically handicapped. But there was still much work to be done.4. Who were the participants of the program?5. What did they do according to the talk?6. Why did they take part in the program?7. What did the young people gain in the program?Talk ThreePresident Abraham Lincoln often visited hospitals to talk with wounded soldiers during the Civil War. Once doctors pointed out a young soldier who was near death and Lincoln went over to his bedside."Is there anything I can do for you?" asked the President.The soldier obviously didn’t recognize Lincoln, and with some effort, he was able to whisper: "Would you please write a letter to my mother?"A pen and paper were provided and the President carefully began writing down what the young man was able to say:"My dearest mother, I was badly hurt while I was doing my duty. I’ m afraid I’ m not goingto recover. Don’t grieve too much for me, please. Kiss Mary and John for me. May God bless you and father. "The soldier was too weak to continue, so Lincoln signed the letter for him and added, "Written for your son by Abraham Lincoln. "The young man asked to see the note and was astonished when he discovered who had written it. "Are you really the President?" he asked."Yes, I am, " Lincoln replied quietly. Then he asked if there was anything else he could do."Would you please hold my hand?" the soldier asked. "It will help me to see it through to the end. "In the hushed room, the tall gaunt President took the boy’s hand in his and spoke wa rm words of encouragement until death came.8. What is the story about?9. What did the president do for the young man?10. What happened at the end of the story?Section B Spot Dictation ( 10 %)Directions: In this section of the test, you will hear one passage. The passage will be read three times. On your answer sheet, you will read the same passage with 20 words missing. As you listen, read the passage on your ANSWER SHEET and fill in the blanks with the exact words on the tape. There might be more than one word in a blank.When someone asks you to his or her home, it is very clear who is the guest and who is the host, but invitations to restaurant for lunch, dinner, coffee, a drink, etc, sometimes present problems, and the customs vary in different parts of the United States.In many instances it is the inviter who pays, as one would expect, but in some instances each one pays his or her own check: You "go Dutch. " This is often the case with friends in informal situations, such as "Let’s go get a beer" or "Want a cup of coffee T" In some parts of the country, however, some people like to entertain friends by taking them to a restaurant for a dinner instead of having dinner at home. In this case, the host expects to pay and the guest may offer to leave the tip, which may be declined by the host. If so, just let the matter drop, If the invitation is expressed in fairly casual terms, such as: "Let’s go to Green willow for dinner", it may be more of a suggestion than an invitation, so you should be prepared to pay your part of the bill. If you want to invite someone for a meal at a restaurant, be explicit: "I’d like to take you to Green willow. " Americans should be explicit also, but they often assume you know the local customs in the matter. Ask a friend’s advice if you are not sure.。

2008年医学博士外语真题试卷.doc

2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man" s absence.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.A.In the housing office on campus.B.In the downtown hotel.C.At the rental agency.D.In the nursing home.A.Thrilled.B.Refreshed.C.Exhausted.D.Depressed.A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.C.To cruise, even without his friends.D.To take a flight to the Maldives instead.A.He" s got a revert.B.He" s got nausea.C.He" s got diarrhea.D.He" s got a runny nose.A.To suture the man" s wound.B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man" s wound.D.To take a closer look at the man" s wound.A.Mr. Lindley had got injured.B.Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend" s truck in the river.A.The patient will not accept the doctor" s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.A.It was more expensive than the original price.B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.A.Excited.B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.D.Concerned.A.She regrets buying the car.B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the ear.D.This is the car she has been wanting.A.He is seriously ill.B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.He has got bowel cancerB.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.A.To have a colonoscopy.B.To seek a second opinionC.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.A.A pretty minor surgery.B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.A.Thankful.B.Admiring.C.Resentful.D.Respectful.A.It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.it was given according to the man" s actual condition.D.it was effective because of a proper intervention.A.Smoking and lung Cancer.B.Lung cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit Smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.A.Current smokers exclusively.B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problem.D.At age 40 or over.A.156.B.269.C.7498D.9427A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.A.A hobby.B.The whole world.C.A learning experience.D.A career to earn a riving.A.Her legs were broken.B.Her arms were broken.C.Her shoulders were severely injured.D.Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.A.She learned a foreign language.B.She learned to make friendsC.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned living skills.A.She worked as skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in the clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten.B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.I am afraid that you" 11 have to______the deterioration of the condition.（分数：2.00）A.account forB.call forC.look forD.make for5.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous______of your time to the nursing home.（分数：2.00）A.afflictionB.alternativeC.allocationD.alliance6.Every product is______tested before being put into the market.（分数：2.00）A.expensivelyB.exceptionallyC.exhaustivelyD.exclusively7.Having clean hands is one of the______rules when preparing food.（分数：2.00）A.potentB.conditionalC.inseparableD.cardinal8.The educators should try hard to develop the______abilities of children.（分数：2.00）A.cohesiveB.cognitiveC.collectiveic9.Mortgage______had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.（分数：2.00）A.defectsB.deficitsC.defaultsD.deceptions10.The symptoms may be______by certain drugs.（分数：2.00）A.exaggeratedB.exacerbatedC.exceededD.exhibited11.Her story was a complete______from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.（分数：2.00）A.facilityB.fascinationC.fabricationD.faculty12.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out______.（分数：2.00）A.salvageB.safeguardC.sabotageD.sacrifice13.The government always______on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.（分数：2.00）A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The 19 th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.（分数：2.00）A.boostedernedC.clarifiedD.pioneered16.Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.sensitiveC.reasonableD.sensational17.The Chinese people hold their ancestors in great veneration .（分数：2.00）A.recognitionB.sincerityC.heritageD.honor18.I worked to develop the requisite skill for a managerial .（分数：2.00）A.perfectB.exquisiteC.uniqueD.necessary19.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.（分数：2.00）A.instanceB.indicatorC.appearanceD.option20.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.（分数：2.00）A.arduousB.demandingC.potentD.continuous21.The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.（分数：2.00）A.practicableB.reliableC.flexibleD.responsible22.Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.（分数：2.00）A.esteemB.appreciateC.evaluateD.approve23.The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .（分数：2.00）A.chillyB.dismalC.promisingD.fanatic24.These were vital decisions that bore upon the happiness of everybody.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.minedC.achievedD.influenced五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely【C1】______, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 【C2】______a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the【C3】______of a person" s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whetheror not he reaches those limits will depend on his【C4】______This view, not held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 【C5】______we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people【C6】______, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have【C7】______intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 【C8】______now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment【C9】______birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the【C10】______that people who live in close contact with each other,but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.quiteB.enoughC.sureD.so(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.intoC.from withinD.off(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.amountsB.qualitiesC.limitsD.scores(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.dispositionB.perceptionC.endowmentD.environment(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.in advanceB.for effectC.at randomD.under way(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.variousC.appropriateD.inborn(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.LookB.BelieveC.SuggestD.Imagine(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.andB.or ratherC.as well asD.but for(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.factB.eventC.conditionD.environment六、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean" s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren" t enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.High mortality rate of immune rejectionB.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplantD.A shortage of human organs(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualThere is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults —-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD.the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.（分数：10.00）(1).The researchers made a study on______.（分数：2.00）A.women" s menstrual cycleB.men" s preferred female imagesC.women" s visual preferences of menD.men" s masculine and feminine features(2).Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they______.（分数：2.00）A.grow to be more feminineB.are on oral contraceptivesC.are ready for conceptionD.are on menstruation(3).It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.（分数：2.00）A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycleD.the term or relationship they seek(4).Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Pen-ton-Voak implies, does not mean that______.（分数：2.00）A.visual preferences do existB.a woman acts this way is realityC.a man will buy into the phenomenonD.men and women prefer the same image(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Does a woman judge from a man" s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?WELL—do they or don"t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on? Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children. The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world" s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link. Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were. Which is not to say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain" s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week" s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example. A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants(书呆子)would conclude that it doesn" t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study. In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.（分数：10.00）(1).Both the question "Well—do they or don"t they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ______.（分数：2.00）A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent of bewilderment among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London(2).What would the author say of the results of the first study?（分数：2.00）A.Enlightening.B.Insignificant.C.Reassuring.D.Apparent.(3).What can be suggested from the results of the second study?（分数：2.00）A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D.There is no link between the first and second study.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes______.（分数：2.00）A.are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB.were found to have left much room for doubtC.could have implications in such countries as the USD.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future(5).To conclude, the author______.（分数：2.00）A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in BritainB.asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD.urges further investigations on the issueSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "（分数：10.00）(1).Healthy skin lies in______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-kept balance between two working processesB.the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC.a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD.the two steps of forming collagen(2).For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.to verify the aging of human beingsB.to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise(3).The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.（分数：2.00）A.MMPs to form fresh collagenB.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagenD.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke(4).As inferred from Morita" s results, smoking______.（分数：2.00）A.could stimulate tile production of fresh collagenB.is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC.tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD.may cause collagen to die by 60%(5).Monrita implies that his findings______.（分数：2.00）A.took less time than expectedB.were hard to accept in dermatologyC.were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyToday, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold"(his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don"t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson. Dad doesn" t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack," strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments , his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced thislife-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "（分数：10.00）(1).The author relates the story______.（分数：2.00）A.from a consumer" s point of viewB.with a view to punctuating patient rightsC.according to his own standards of health careD.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment(2).Apparently the author" s father______.（分数：2.00）A.did not like to be called by the first nameB.was not well taken care of as expectedC.was mistaken for somebody elseD.was treated like a businessman(3).As the author implies his father______.（分数：2.00）A.encountered so many impolite physiciansB.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospitalC.accepted the way he was greetedD.had his diagnosis made wrongly。

同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Technically,any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?First of all,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs(substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception,mood,and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants,depressants,or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception,distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.These are the substances often called psychedelic(from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.59.Substances abuse(line5,paragraph1)is preferable to drug abuse in that________.(A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used(B)drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers(C)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine(D)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60.The word pervasive(line1,paragraph2)might mean________.(A)widespread(B)overwhelming(C)piercing(D) fashionable61.Physical dependence on certain substances results from________.(A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time(B)exclusive use of them for social purposes(C)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases(D)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62.From the last paragraph we can infer that________.(A)stimulants function positively on the mind(B)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health(C)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances(D)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案及试题解析59.（D）意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。

考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-Unit4科普科研类【圣才出品】

考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-Unit4科普科研类【圣才出品】Unit 4 科普科研类Passage 1（同济⼤学2008年考博试题）In his 1976 study of slavery in the United State, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves’ achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings’ compel attention.Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth register. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, reve aled most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households: however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of theBlack family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.Gutman’s examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins’ marring is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationship were few as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive”kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.In sum, Gutman’s study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves’achievements, one that correctlyemphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.1. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?A. Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.B. Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.C. Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.D. Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.2. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?A. The heritage was formed primarily out of the experience of those slaves whoattempted to preserve the stability of their families.B. The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of those slaves whomarried their cousins.C. The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the Americanexperiences of slaves.D. The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generationof slaves.3. Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slavery in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?A. These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.B. These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.C. Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners oneconomic considerations.D. Plantation owners often married their cousins.4. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?A. The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and thendiscusses areas for possible new research.B. The author presents his thesis, draws on work of several historians for evidenceto support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis.C. The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses thosefeatures to put forth his own argument.D. The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes thestudy in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the study’s value.5. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage based on its content?A. The influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States.B. Gutman’s Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage andDevelop a Communal ConsciousnessC. Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject.D. The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music, and Religious Expression: Its GrowingInfluence.【答案与解析】1.D 第⼆段第⼀句提到Gutman recreates… mainly through an ingenious use of whatany historian should draw upon, quantifiable data…由此可看出作者认为历史学家应该⽤可计量的数据来做研究。

2008年同济大学考博冲刺班5套词汇题

TEST 11. Usually the recession will reduce the government’s ______.A. revenuesB. revengesC. discountsD. avenues2. Being impatient is ______ with being a good teacher.A. intrinsicB. ingeniousC. incompatibleD. inherent3. These measures are not good; they will ______ the hostility between the two groups.A. impedeB. persecuteC. mergeD. perpetuate4. She is the girl who the artist said ______ as a model for painting.A. gesticulatedB. postulatedC. posedD. proposed5. While traveling in America, she ______ herself of the opportunity to learn English.A. usheredB. utilizedC. usedD. availed6. In the face of an uncooperative Congress, the Chief Executive may findhimself ______ to accomplish the political program to which he is committed.A. neutralB. impotentC. impudentD. pious7. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house______ the terms of the contract.A. in the vicinity ofB. in quest ofC. in accordance withD. in collaboration with8. The boy ______ his fist and threatened to hit the little girl.A. clutchedB. clenchedC. grippedD. grabbed9. The law on drinking and driving is ______ stated.A. extravagantlyB. empiricallyC. exceptionallyD. explicitly10. The rain sent all the farmers who were working in the fields ______ for shelters.A. scamperingB. scurryingC. shuttlingD. shuddering11. The skyscrapers and the bright lights of the city ______ the two girls from the country.A. belittledB. perplexedC. puzzledD. bewildered12. If you throw a stone into the still water, you can see ______ spread in rings.A. ripplesB. ritualsC. revenuesD. expeditions13. We lived in a small village ______ a highway and infested with heavy-duty trucks.A. adjacent toB. attached toC. far fromD. adjourning to14. The jury ______ her of having committed the robbery and she wassentenced to ten years’ imprisonment.A. convictedB. reproachedC. chargedD. blamed15. Someone must have ______ about among my papers, for my drawer is ina mess.A. rampagedB. rehearsedC. rummagedD. alienate16. Starting with the ______ that there is life on the planet Mars, the scientistwent on to develop his argument.A. premiseB. pretextC. foundationD. presentation17. The author will have a ______ of 20 percent of the price of the book on all copies sold.A. guaranteeB. revenueC. retentionD. royalty18. The old lady has developed a ______ cough which cannot be cured completely in ashort time. A. perpetual B. permanent C. chronic D. sustained 19. There is no reason to insult and ______ the man simply because you donot agree with him. A. deface B. defame C. devalue D.default20. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ______ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiaryTEST 21. Every 15 minutes, the sun delivers to the earth enough ______ energy tomeet all of mankind’s power needs for a full year.A. radiantB. radicalC. randomD. radioactive2. A criminal at large is very dangerous and utterly ______ of conscience.A. devoidB. deficientC. impartialD. infallible3. The old man painted thirty ______, of which twenty are in the art gallery.A. coachesB. vansC. canvasesD. carriages4. We never trusted the girl because we always thought of her as such a______ character.A. spectacularB. graciousC. suspiciousD. spacious5. The girl puts the bread on top of the other groceries so that it does not get______ .A. splashedB. squashedC. collapsedD. condensed6. He was too ______ to admit he had been wrong.A. imperviousB. obstinateC. versatileD. fantastic7. The little boy is very much interested in music. He will most probably growto be a ______ musician. A. deduced B. dedicated C. deductedD. decorative8. The last ______ of the country’s population growth is discouraging.A. hypothesisB. surplusC. censureD. census9. The criminal ______ that he had been roughly treated by the arrestingofficer.A. clamberedB. insinuatedC. insulatedD. mourned10. If you ______ a book to someone, you say that the book is written forhim, as a way of showing affection or respect.A. subscribeB. distributeC. dedicateD. devote11. Money was to be provided for the new school through the ______ decisionof the town councilors. A. harmonious B. anonymous C.unanimous D. simultaneous12. Wolves were ______ mournfully in the nearby forest.A. snarlingB. howlingC. roaringD. barking13. The baby is just learning to walk and he’s always ______.A. tumbling overB. tumbling toC. smashing upD.stumbling on14. She ______ her English examination and passed all the others.A. flatteredB. flappedC. flunkedD. flanked15. Cancer of the liver, if malicious, in ordinary ______ , will surely lead todeath.A. fashionB. mannerC. parlanceD. balance16. If you are so senseless as to go on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, youmust expect to get ______. A. bruises B. scars C.scratches D. blisters17. Birds play a large part in plant reproduction by ______ seeds across large areas.A. dispersingB. disseminatingC. dispensingD.dispatching18. Do you think current affairs should be ______ with documentary?A. bracedB. tackledC. brakedD. bracketed19. From his childhood, Tom developed an ______ for the English language.A. aptnessB. acumenC. attributeD. aptitude20. The young and healthy football player has a (n) ______ constitution.A. robustB. obdurateC. slenderD. rigorousTEST 31. He was relieved to hear from his surgeon that the tumor was not malignant;it was ______.A. softB. gentleC. kindD. benign2. Even though she was over 60, she had very little ______ on her face.A. wrinklesB. frecklesC. ripplesD. folds3. Well prepared and confident, Tim appeared ______ by all the mediaattention.A. untouchableB. unimpeachableC. unabashedD.uncommitted4. It is necessary to strength the ______ of the allied countries.A. sociologyB. solidarityC. solidityD. solitude5. She tried to be angry, but she ______ herself by smiling.A. betrayedB. retreatedC. disclosedD. discerned6. After taking the pain-killer for three months, Doris was beginning towonder if she was ______ it. A. adhered to B. adapted to C. affected by D. addicted to7. The 16th century decorative style is ______ in that parts of human, animal,and plant forms are distorted and mixed.A. gregariousB. grotesqueC. obsolescentD. adolescent8. The soldier hopefully ______ something open with anxious hands only todiscover an empty can. A. rigged B. rippled C. raped D. ripped 9. The policemen went into the area to ______ criminals who were hiding there.A. flush outB. take leave ofC. make a mess ofD. fish out10. During the presidential election campaign, strategies and ______ are bothcrucial for public debate. A. auditory B. suspension C. oratory D.perspective11. At the memorial service, the president paid ______ to the professor’soutstanding contribution to the educational cause.A. tribuneB. attributeC. attitudeD. tribute12. In South Korea, the dissatisfied students ______ classes and helddemonstration in protest against corruption.A. assaultedB. anticipatedC. dismissedD. boycotted13. I am sire she will overcome the crisis because she is very ______ .A. insidiousB. sinisterC. resilientD. sententious14. The sunrise as seen from the top of the mountain was a tremendous______ .A. spectatorB. spectacleC. spectrumD. speckle15. The wagon trains had to ______ Indian territory to reach California.A. transposeB. traverseC. transferD. transmit16. There was a period of ______ prior to their divorce, during which she wentfor a trip around the world and he stayed at home.A. strangenessB. estrangementC. transmigrationD. frivolity17. The electricity failure ______ the production of the factory.A. corrodedB. lamedC. magnifiedD. crippled18. An ______ disease is one that can be passed from one person to another.A. affectiveB. infectiousC. prodigiousD. ingenious19. The thought of having to see the dead body made the girl ______.A. shrugB. shuttleC. shutterD. shudder20. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of______ love.A. eternalB. perpetualC. permanentD. durableTEST 41. The girl is afraid of him, because he looks ______ in his uniform.A. predicableB. formidableC. handyD. forthright2. The broken ______ of the truck is being repaired in the factory.A. allyB. shaftC. shutterD. trigger3. The crude typewriter on display in this museum is the______ of theelaborate machines in use today. A. assimilation B. proximity C.prototype D. regeneration4. You should do something ______, play golf, swim or ski.A. significantB. gloriousC. energeticD. powerful5. The edge of the desk should be ______ with the old one.A. simultaneousB. patrioticC. flushD. fluent6. The ______ behavior of Tom’s aroused great concern among hiscolleagues.A. aberrantB. hostileC. formidableD. abominable7. The ______ to the McLeod fortune will be a millionaire when Mr. McLeoddies.A. heirB. descendantC. patronD. heritage8. They have always regarded a man of ______ and fairness as a reliablefriend.A. robustnessB. temperamentC. integrityD. compactness9. Tyler’s definition of culture focuses on beliefs and behavior that peopleacquire not through biological ______ but by growing up in a particular society where they are exposed to a specific cultural tradition.A. heredityB. inheritanceC. legacyD. heritage10. The girls who are ______ in the classroom are like a flock of magpies.A. chatteringB. whisperingC. mutteringD.murmuring11. I thought that he would ______ his discussion in ten minutes.A. correlateB. departC. mingleD. terminate12. Professor Smith said to his students that no one should ______ themistakes.A. duplicateB. copyC. exposeD. intimate13. Members of aristocracy don’t ______ a great deal of power nowadays.A. manipulateB. wieldC. swayD. manage14. She was ______ from the competition because she had not complied withthe rules.A. disqualifiedB. exiledC. banishedD. forbidden15. The two men finished their work at the same time ______.A. by coincidenceB. at randomC. accidentD. on theoccasion16. These ______ attacks disturbed us and we consulted a physician.A. sinisterB. recurrentC. morbidD. pedantry17. History books are usually written in ______ style, describing political andsocial changes in chronological order.A. narrativeB. editorialC. argumentativeD.exaggerative18. I must ______ about the lack of police protection in this area.A. remonstrateB. iterateC. implementD. reinstate19. After the long illness, Mary’s mother is too ______ to climb the steps.A. feebleB. strongC. fatalD. hasty20. Running an automobile in a closed garage ______ the air.A. effacesB. vitiatesC. germinatesD. expiresTEST 51. His career ______ in his appointment as director.A. contaminatedB. culminatedC. contractedD. contacted2. If we say something is ______, we mean that we find it extremely pleasantor enjoyable.A. graciousB. gloomyC. giganticD. gorgeous3. His extreme ______ to dispute caused him to avoid argumentativediscussion with hiscolleagues. A. antithesis B. empathy C. antipathy D. eulogy4. The girl ______ when she couldn’t answered the question in the presenceof all herclassmates. A. flourished B. flattered C. flushed D. fluttered5. She ______ some salt on her food to make it taste better.A. sprinkledB. sprayedC. scatteredD. dispersed6. Somehow or other he always manages to ______ any hard work which hasto be done.A. get away withB. come in forC. duck out ofD. make lightof7. My grandmother has been ill for two months, so her health has ______.A. deterioratedB. diminishedC. dwindledD. lessened8. The continuous unrest was ______ the nation’s economy.A. exaggeratingB. aggravatingC. amendingD. fastening9. As ordinary people, scientists are by no means more honest or ______ thanother people, but as scientist, they attach special value to honest whilethey are in their working sphere.A. ethicalB. ethnicC. aestheticD. esthetic10. The charts, graphs and tables presented at the symposium made somestudents ______ .A. tongue-tiedB. cross-eyedC. double-mindedD. open-mouthed11. A ______ of pride shot through me as I surpassed all the other boys.A. thrillB. shrillC. screamD. throng12. He has not really answered the question, for what she said is not ______.A. eligibleB. pertinentC. persistentD. profitable13. You’d better wait inside the house until the storm ______.A. subscribesB. subduesC. subsidizeD. subsides14. The commission presented its report in January and this was broadly______ in July of that year.A. encasedB. encoredC. enduedD. endorsed15. According to the TV’s ______, this wire should go into this hole.A. formulationsB. regulationsC. constitutionsD. specifications16. It’s obvious from her cruel behavior that she has no ______.A. mortalityB. mortgageC. moraleD. morality17. Because of ______ hatred between some members of different racesintegration in the United States has been very difficult.A. harmoniousB. reciprocalC. obedientD. nominal18. You can’t depend on ______ in handing the thorny issues.A. the rule of thumbB. a slow handclapC. the ways and meansD. a bolt from the blue19. I wrote a book about chemistry in ______ with my wife.A. harmonyB. lineC. correspondenceD. collaboration20. Mary showed ______ when solving some difficult problems.A. ingenuousnessB. genuinenessC. sincerityD. ingenuity答案:Test 1 1---5 ACDCD 6---10 BCBDB 11---15 DAAAC 16---20 ADCBC Test 2 1---5 AACCB 6---10 BBDBC 11---15 CBACC 16---20 DBDDA Test 3 1---5 DACBA 6---10 DBDAC 11---15 DDCBB 16---20 BDBDATest 4 1---5 BBCCC 6---10 AACAA 11---15 DABAA 16---20 BAAABTest 5 1---5 BDCCA 6---10 CABAB 11---15 ABDDD 16---20 DBADD。

同济大学2005年考博英语真题及答案详解

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2914414/6C 7514303?76@/?/64!2C 17E 782723/9>3??219E2/<1@/01=93B :/60/5162C 1>C /?11;1G$G I C 3441?1@23/934@/9@1691E8630763?;>32C G N G 2C 11;1R 47E 782723/92/@/?/6Y G 2C 186/8162314/:@/?/61E4=6:7@14M G 2C 17::1@2/:@C 79A 1439@/?/639219432;Q G 1F816301924/9@/?/61E//=?E !/92>/531>39A 441876721E392301!7881762/2C 1531>16744303?76/6E 3::1619239@/?/6>/=?EE 1819E0/42?;/9G N G 2C 1@/?/601@C 79340/:2C 11;139=41722C 12301/:17@C531>39AY G >C 72D39E/:531>39AC 7E3001E 3721?;861@1E 1E17@C/:2C 1531>39A 4M G 2C 186/8162314/:2C 14=6:7@1<139A531>1EQ G >C 12C 162C 1/744119397623:3@37?/6972=67??3A C 2)G X :78164/9R 41;1C 74<119?//D39A7279/1???32,4=@C747?7>9/64C 6=<394C 7E />,>1@791F81@2G N G 72301?7A392C 1:/@=439A7<3?32;/:2C 11;1Y G 2C 13001E 3721?/44/:2C 1#7:216307A 1$/:2C 1:3642/39219432;?151?&G I C 1861419241?1@23/9C 7478876192?;<119861@1E 1E<;4/011F8?79723/9/:GN G 4/011F816301924>32C@/?/683A 01924Y G 2C 1972=61/:@/?/6M G 2C 1@/?/686/8162314/:5763/=44=6:7@14Q G 2C 101@C 79340/:1;1R 47E 782723/92/@/?/6$%::%;’.X 92C 1/8393/9/:079;N 0163@79479E[=6/81794!>1/9?;<1A 792/617??;1F8?/61/=6>/6?E392C 143FB 21192C@192=6;G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 10!2C 1473?/64/:2C 179@3192>/6?EE 3E9/21F8?/61E 34279287624/:2C 1H /6?E )2C 1;E 3E9/2C 7512C 191@14476;D9/>?1E A 1/64D3??4:/6?/9A417b /=691;4G P />1516!2C 181/8?1>C /C 7512C 34/8393/9761:/6A 12239A2>/308/62792:7@24/:C 342/6;Gc 36424/01/91R 4176?;4@31923424C 751793E 17>C 3@C34@/661@2!<=24@3192342439?7216@192=6314E /9/2<1?315132G c /61F708?1!7</=2"’#Y G M !7g 611D 4@3192342C 7E793E 17>C 3@C >17??<1?31512/E 7;G I C 11762C 0/51476/=9E2C 14=9G Y =2:/62C 1:/??/>39A$-##;17644@31923424E 3E9/2<1?31512C 34G X 92C 136/8393/9!2C 14=9@?176?;0/51E76/=9E2C 11762C G I C 1;E 34@/5161E2C 126=2C7A 739/9?;392C 1:3:21192C@192=6;GI C 141@/9E:7@2/:C 342/6;2C 72079;81/8?1:/6A 12342C 34(N 9@3192E /149/20179863032351G c /61F70B 8?12C 179@3192[A ;823794D91>7A 6172E 17?7</=22C 142764)2C 1;=41E2C 34D9/>?1E A 12/:39E2C 136>7;7@6/442C 1/@1794G I >/2C /=479E;1747A /7g 611D 4@3192342>C /?351E39[A ;82@7?@=?721E2C 1E 34279@176/=9E2C 11762C G I C 1614=?24/:C 34@7?@=?723/94>161@?/412/2C 1617?E 34279@1>1D9/>2/E 7;../2C 179@31924C 7E7A 6172E 17?/:4@31923:3@D9/>?1E A 1G I C 1;7?4/C 7E4D3??4>C 3@C1O =7?1E2C 14D3??4/:2/E 7;G c /61F708?1!$)##;17647A /79E<1:/61!:34C 1601939X 61?79E<=3?22C 136</724/:>//E79E?172C 16G I /E 7;4/01:34C 1601939X 61?79E423??07D1</724/:2C 14701E 143A 9G I C 1;=412//?479E0721637?4>C 3@C7619/2516;E 3::16192:6/02C 12//?479E0721637?4>C 3@C2C 13679@142/64=41E G H C ;-I C 179@3192E 143A 9/:2C 1</724>74A //E !79E>32C4D3??:=?473?/64!2C 141</724@79473?397??D39E 4/:>172C 16GM ?176?;?/9A <1:/612C 143F21192C@192=6;!81/8?1C 7E 2C 14D3??!2C 1D9/>?1E A 179E 2C 11O =380192>C 3@C>16191@14476;:/6?/9Ab /=691;4<;417G I C 1>/6?E?3E9/2C 7512/>732=923?2C 143F21192C @192=6;:/6324:36421F8?/6164.%G HC 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A427210192434@/94342192>32C2C 187447A 1-N G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 1>63216!>1/9?;<1A 792/617??;1F8?/612C 1>/6?E392C 143F21192C@192=6;GY G X 92C 1C 342/6;/:4@319@1!81/8?14/0123014C 7512/E 34@/5167:7@2741@/9E2301GM G I C 179@3192[A ;823794C 7E516;?322?1D9/>?1E A 17</=22C 142764GQ G I C 1>632167A 6114>32C 079;N 0163@79479E[=6/817941F@182:/62C 12>/:7@2401923/91E392C 1874B 47A 1G-G HC ;E /142C 1>63216=412C 11F708?1/:2C 1g 611D 4@3192342>C /@7?@=?721E2C 1E 34279@176/=9E2C 1>/6?E -N G P 1>79242/4C />2C 1863032351D9/>?1E A 1/:79@31924@31923424GY G P 1>79242/A 351791F708?1/:4/012C 39A>C 3@C?72164@31923424E 3E9/2<1?3151GM G P 1>79242/A 351791F708?1/:4@31923:3@D9/>?1E A 1>C 3@C>747573?7<?12/176?;1F8?/6164G Q G P 1>79242/4C />2C 724@319@1C 749/2<119E 151?/839A43A 93:3@792?;G’G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 1>63216!>C ;E /X 634C:34C 16019423??=41</724?3D12C 1</724>C 3@C2C 13679@142/64=41E $###;17647A /-N G Y /72407E 1/:>//E/6?172C 16761?3A C 279E:742GY G I C 191@14476;0721637?47611743?;7573?7<?1GM G I C 1;E /9R 2C 7512C 10/91;:/61F8194351</724GQ G I C 1E 143A 9/:2C 1</72434516;A //E G*G #Z 1/8?1:6/02C 179@3192>/6?E473?1E76/=9EN :63@7G I C 1;1519617@C 1EN 0163@7G $X 9;/=6/8393/9!C />同济大学"##%年考博英语真题32J">/=?E2C 1>63216/:2C 187447A 1:11?7</=22C 1413E 174-N G P 1C 74=41E2C 347479308/62792:7@22/86734179@3192@353?3S723/9GY G P 1E /149/2<1?31512C 10GM G X 9C 34/8393/9!79@31921F8?/6164E 3E9/2C 7512C 14D3??491@14476;:/6?/9Ab /=691;4GQ G X 9C 34/8393/9!2C 1;7618/443<?1G$%::%;’2X @792C 39D /:9/<12216@76116:/67;/=9A9/51?3422C 792/<1:/64/01;176474=487816G I C 1079>C />74/:@C 31:308/6279@12/01392C /41E 7;4>742C 1@C 31:4=11D !<=2X A 61>7?0/422/?/51C 30<1:/612C 611;1764C 7E 87441E G N407??1?E 16?;.@/24079>32C 7:?=4C 1E:7@179E7?7@/93@C =0/6!C 1E 6/51791>4=32CC 34476@740G ./0123014X 7?0/42:79@31E0;41?:<7@D 724@C //?7A 739!79EX >747?>7;4A ?7E>C 19:351B 2C 362;@701!:/63001E 3721?;2C 1@?/@D 076D1E2C 1C /=6>C 192C 18=<4/8191E !C 1>/=?E27D1C 34</>B ?16C 72:6/02C 1@/72B 67@D 79EE 34788176:/62C 362;039=2142/C 34:75/6321<76G P 348?7@1>/=?E<127D19<;2C 1A 192?179E@/=621/=4M /?/91?J 7=E 1G J 7=E 1>74@761:=?2/4112C 722C 191>61@6=32>74A 35199/42/6;>C 3@C@/=?E8/443<?;42612@CC 348/>164!79E3:C 1C 7E<119@C 31:4=<1E 32/6X E /=<23:X >/=?E1516C 751A /2:=62C 162C 797‘1>439Y 631:8767A 678C G N 22C 1426/D1/:43F !>C 19N 9E 164/9612=691E79EC =9A=8C 34</>?16!C 34:7@1>/=?EC 7512=691E7E 118164C 7E 1/:61E2/072@C2C 16/41C 1@76631E7?>7;439C 34<=2B 2/9C /?179EC 344C 7:24/:@6323@340!74C 14@7991E0;@/8;>32C816C 78472//:?7A 6792C 17E ?391!>/=?E C 7517@O =361E7279A/::6319E ?39144G J /612C 792>/;1764>192<;!79E0;9/51?!"#H %)D (-"()C 7E<1197@@1821E<;78=<?34C 16!<1:/61X E 34@/5161E/914?7@D 151939A !>C 192C 161>74C 76E ?;19/=A C 91>42/:3??2C 1P /0187A 14:/62C 1219/R @?/@D 1E 323/9!2C 7278/12079O =1C 7EE =A2C /41E 1:7@14/:E 34788/3921E 476@740G H C 197;/=9A079!N 9E 164/9C 7E8=<?34C 1E75/?=01/:26794?723/94:6/0W 16?7391)C 1C 7E4192322/.>39<=69172I C 1Z 391479EC 1C 7E<1191921627391E2C 161:/621779ED39E>/6E 4<;H 7224B Q =92/9!2C /=A C X E /9R 22C 39D C 1>747??/>1E2/4112C 18/12G P 19151661:1661E2/2C 11834/E 17A 739!<=2X <1A 792/E 121@239C 307C 764C<=28721697?78861C 1943/9:/679/2C 16;/=9A079!:?=4C 1E>32C863E 1397:3642<//D !>C /03A C 24=::162C 14701E 34788/3920192G HC 19X @7012/6143A 9C 1481927?/9A230176A =39A>32C01!79EX 2C 39D C 34617?6174/9:/626;39A2/86151920;E 18762=61>742C 72C 1:/6147>7230103A C 2@/01>C 199/51?>63239A>/=?E:73?0179EX >/=?E911E !?3D1C 3041?:!7O =31279E41@=61?3:1>32C2C 18=<4/81939A72C 7?:B 8742:35179E2C 1@/7?4122?39A392C 1A 6721G,Gg 1/6A 1N 9E 164/9R 421@C 93O =1392673939AC 347443427924>742/G N G 4279E/5162C 10>C 3?12C 1;>/6D1E79E07D1=98?17479261076D4Y G A //=2:/67E 639D 79E?122C 104/?512C 136/>986/<?104M G 86/5/D12C 10392/E 34?3D39AC 30Q G =41<32216C =0/62/E 67>2C 1367221923/92/2C 13603427D14$#G I C 1>63216617?3S1E7:216>76E 42C 72GN G M /?/91?J 7=E 1>/=?EE 1?3<16721?;C 75186151921EC 30:6/063439A39C 3486/:1443/9Y G M /?/91?J 7=E 1>742//@7=23/=42/A 3517;/=9A>632167@C 79@12/E 34239A =34CC 3041?:M G C 1@/=?E9/2C 751A /91/9>/6D39A:/62C 191>4878163:M /?/91?J 7=E 1C 7E9/227D19/516:6/0N 9B E 164/9Q G @C 31:4=74=4=7??;G N G 61E392C 1:7@1:6/0C 175;E 639D39AY G 0/61@/94@3/=4/:2C 1>63216R 403427D14M G 0/61A //E B C =0/61E2/>76E 4C 30Q G 7?322?1@761?14439617E 39A2C 1>63216R 4@/8;$"G I C 16174/9:/6N 9E 164/9R 4476@7423@C =0/6>742C 72C 1G N G 19531E2C 1>63216:/6C 7539A8=<?34C 1E79/51?Y G C 7EC 7E75/?=01/:8/126;61b 1@21E<;78=<?34C 16335"M G C 7E9/2<1197<?12/:=?:3??C 34176?;70<323/94Q G >74</61E>C 192C 161>749/219/=A C91>42/:3??2C 187816$)G I C 1>632162C 39D42C 72N 9E 164/92631E2/8164=7E 1C 302/427;/9<1@7=41G N G C 1>747:673E2C 72C 1>/=?E:39E@6172351>63239A79=961>76E 39A@76116Y G C 1>747:673E/:?/439A4=@C757?=7<?1108?/;11M G C 12C /=A C 22C 1>63216>742//8?1741E>32CC 3041?:Q G C 1>74E 34788/3921E<;C 346143A 9723/9$%::%;’3I /E 7;2C 142=E ;/:?79A =7A 139/=64@C //?4344/01>C 72@/9:=439A G X 2342C 10/42267E 323/97?/:4@C /?74B 23@4=C 19079;/:/=6267E 323/949/?/9A 16:32/=6911E 4G V /=2/>C /02C 14187A 147617E E 61441E4817D [9A ?34C79E7612C 161:/61397>/641@7412C 7979;/2C 16?321672181/8?1GZ 1/8?18/9E 1639A2C 1/63A 39/:?79A =7A 1:/62C 1:36422301=4=7??;766351722C 1@/9@?=43/92C 7232E 151?B /81EA 67E =7??;7474;4210/:@/951923/97?3S1EA 6=924!C 34414!79E@631479E0=42C 751<1197516;430B 8?17::736392C 1<1A 39939A G Y =2>C 19>1/<416512C 1?79A =7A 1<1C 753/6/:>C 72>161A 76E74863032351@=?B 2=614!>1:39E324263D39A ?;1?7</672179E@/08?3@721E G .21:7944/9!2C 11F8?/616473E2C 72#39/6E 162/A 127B ?/9A6174/97<?;>1??79[4D30/0=42C 751722C 1238/:C 342/9A =175/@7<=?76;/:0/612C 79$####>/6E 4!0=@C?76A 162C 792C 17@23515/@7<=?76;/:7975167A 1<=439144079>C /4817D4[9A ?34C G $J /61/B 5162C 141[4D30/>/6E 4761:760/61C 3A C ?;39:?1@21E2C 792C /41/:79;/:2C 1>1??B D9/>9[=6/8179?79A =7B A 14!:/67439A ?19/=9@79<148/D1/6>63221939415167?C =9E 61EE 3::16192:/604!17@CC 7539A7861@341017939AE 3::16192:6/02C 72/:79;/2C 16G I C 1:/604/:2C 1516<4761151907619=016/=4G I C 1[4D30/?79B A =7A 134!2C 161:/61!/91/:2C 10/42E 3::3@=?2392C 1>/6?E2/?1769!>32C2C 1614=?22C 727?0/429/267E 164/61F8?/6164C 75115192631E2/?176932G M /941O =192?;2C 161C 74A 6/>9=8!3939216@/=641<12>119[4D30/479E>C 3214!7b 76A /94303?762/2C 183E A 39[9A ?34C =41E39M C 397!>32C 75/@7<=?76;/::6/0)##2/-##=939B :?1@21E>/6E 4!0/42/:2C 10E 16351E:6/0[4D30/<=24/01E 16351E:6/0[9A ?34C !Q 7934C !.87934C !P 7>73B 37979E/2C 16?79A =7A 14G X 2342C 34b 76A /9>C 3@C34=4=7??;61:1661E2/<;26751?16474#2C 1[4D30/?79B A =7A 1G $N 9EZ 6/:144/6I C 7?<32S16/:M /819C 7A 19!>C /E 3E27D12C 126/=<?12/?1769[4D30/!411042/19B E /6411F8?/616R 4531>>C 19C 1>63214(#I C 1?79A =7A 1348/?;4;92C 123@G $I C 1A 670076341F26101?;63@C39:?1F3/97?:/604!2C 1@/9b =A 723/94/:7@/00/9516<<139A41651E<;7</=2)%#4=::3F14!1O =357?1922/816B 4/97?86/9/=9479E516<19E 39A 4G c /62C 1E 1@?1943/9/:79/=92C 161761$%#4=::3F14*:/6E =7?79E8?=67?!?/@7?@7414!79E8/44144351:?1F3/9+G I C 1E 10/94267235186/9/=94C 75141876721:?1F3/94G I C 1E 16357235119E 39A 41::1@2351392C 15/@7<=?76;79E2C 1@/9426=@23/9/:419219@14/6419219@14B ?3D1>/6E 470/=922/72?1742"%#G ‘/2>32C 4279E 39A7??2C 141@/9426=@235181@=?37632314!2C 1A 6700723@7?79E4;92C 123@4;42103461B 076D7<?;@/9@34179E !39324/>9>7;!?/A 3@7?G$&G I C 143S1/:2C 1[4D30/?79A =7A 148/D19<;0/42>C 321434G N G 48/D1939[9A ?79E !Q 19076D !.8739!79EP 7>733Y G ?1442C 792C 143S1/:2C 1?79A =7A 148/D19<;[4D30/4M G C 3A C ?;39:?1@21EQ G 39142307<?1$%G ./01/:2C 1153E 19@17</=2?79A =7A 1392C 187447A 13427D19:6/02C 1/<4165723/94/:G N G ?39A =3424Y G [4D30/4M G <=439144019Q G 863032351@=?2=614$-G I C 17=2C /6R 4/5167??8/392342C 72G N G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<1?76A 1!@/08?1F !79E@/08?3@721EY G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<1?76A 1!@/08?1F !79E?/A 3@7?M G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<1?76A 1!/?E !79E?/A 3@7?Q G 863032351?79A =7A 1407;<14303?762/83E A 39[9A ?34C同济大学"##%年考博英语真题33!"$%::%;’4I C 17A 172>C 3@C;/=9A@C 3?E 619<1A 392/07D10/67?E 34@63039723/947</=2C 760:=?7@23/94@/0032B 21E7A 739422C 1041?514/6/2C 164C 74<1192C 1:/@=4/:61@192614176@C 392/2C 10/67?E 151?/80192/:@C 3?B E 619G ^923?61@192?;!@C 3?E84;@C /?/A 34244=88/621E83/9116E 151?/801927?342]179GZ 37A 1239C 34C ;8/2C 14342C 72<1@7=41/:2C 13630072=632;!@C 3?E 619=9E 167A 141519E /9/227D1392/7@B @/=922C 13921923/94/:78164/9@/0032239A7@@3E 1927?/6E 1?3<16721C 760!<=2672C 164308?;7443A 98=934C B 0192:/626794A 61443/94/92C 1<7434/:2C 107A 932=E 1/:2C 191A 72351@/941O =19@14@7=41E GN @@/6E 39A2/Z 37A 12!@C 3?E 619=9E 167A 141519/@@=8;2C 1:3642427A 1/:0/67?E 151?/80192!>C 3@C34@C 767@2163S1E<;0/67?7<4/?=2340*6=?1407E 1<;7=2C /6323140=42<1/<1;1E +79E30039192b =423@1*3:6=?14761<6/D19!8=934C 0192>3??<10121E/=2+G ^923?;/=9A@C 3?E 619072=612C 1360/67?b =E A 01924761<741E192361?;/92C 11::1@2672C 162C 792C 1@7=41/:726794A 61443/9G P />1516!3961@192614176@C !_1741;:/=9E2C 7243FB ;176B /?E @C 3?E 6199/2/9?;E 34239A =34C<12>1197@@3E 1927?79E 3921923/97?C 760!<=27?4/b =E A 13921923/97?C 7607497=A C 2316!61A 76E ?144/:2C 170/=92/:E 707A 186/E =@1E G Y /2C/:2C 141:39E 39A 441102/39E 3@7212C 72@C 3?E 619!7279176?3167A 12C 79Z 37A 12@?7301E !7E 579@1392/2C 141@/9E427A 1/:0/67?E 151?/80192!0/67?7=2/9/0;!39>C 3@C2C 1;7@@1824/@37?6=?14<=2531>2C 10740/6176<32676;2C 79E /@C 3?E 619392C 1:3642427A 1G_1741;R 4614176@C 6734142>/D1;O =1423/94:/6E 151?/801927?84;@C /?/A 34247</=2@C 3?E 619=9E 167A 141519(E /2C 1;61@/A 93S1b =423:3@723/94:/6C 760:=?7@23/94!79EE /2C 1;07D1E 34239@23/94<12>119C 760:=?7@242C 7276186151927<?179E2C /417@242C 72C 751=9:/614119C 760:=?@/941O =19@14-.2=E 31439E 3@7212C 72b =423:3@723/941F@=439AC 760:=?7@23/9403A C 239@?=E 18=<?3@E =2;!41?:B E 1:1941!79E86/5/@723/9G c /61F708?1!‘14E 7?179Ed =?1@/9@?=E 1E2C 72@C 3?E 619>161@787<?1/:@/943E 1639A >C 12C 16/69/2797A A 6144/6R 47@23/9>74b =423:31E<;8=<?3@E =2;(:351;176/?E 4617@21E516;E 3::16192?;2/#Y /9931>61@D4N 99R 4861219EC /=41$E 1819E 39A/9>C 12C 16Y /9931E 3E32#4/4/01</E ;>/9R 2:7??/51632$/6<1@7=41Y /9931>7921E #2/07D1N 99:11?<7E G $I C =47@C 3?E/::351<1A 3942/=9E 164279E2C 72@16B 2739C 760:=?7@23/94!2C /=A C3921923/97?!@79<1b =423:31E )2C 1@/942673924/:0/67?7<4/?=23409/?/9A 164/?1?;A =3E 12C 136b =E A 01924GZ 4;@C /?/A 3424C 751E 12160391E2C 72E =639AD39E 16A 76219@C 3?E 619?17692/07D14=<2?1E 34239@23/9439B 5/?539AC 760G Q 76?1;/<41651E2C 7270/9A7@24395/?539A=93921923/97?C 760!43FB ;176B /?E@C 3?E 619b =421921B 639AD39E 16A 76219@/=?E9/2E 3::161923721<12>119:/614117<?1!79E2C =486151927<?1!C 76079E=9:/61411B 7<?1C 760:/6>C 3@C2C 1816812672/6@799/2<1<?701E G .15190/92C 4?7216!C />1516G Q 76?1;:/=9E2C 722C 1414701@C 3?E 619@/=?E07D1</2CE 34239@23/94!2C =4E 10/94267239A2C 722C 1;C 7E<1@/010/67??;7=B 2/9/0/=4G$’G H C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A<142E 14@63<142C 187447A 1747>C /?1-N G N 9/=2?391:/6:=2=61614176@C GY G N 91F879E 1EE 1:39323/9/:@/00/9?;034=9E 1642//E21604GM G N 9797?;434/:7E 348=21<12>1192>/2C 1/63424GQ G NE 34@=443/9/:614176@C:39E 39A 43979/9A /39A39O =36;G$*G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 187447A 1!Q 76?1;:/=9E2C 727:216415190/92C 4/:D39E 16A 7621943F ;176/?E 47@O =361E>C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A7<3?32314-N G Q 3::1619237239A<12>119:/614117<?179E=9:/614117<?1C 760GY G X E 1923:;39A>32C2C 1816812672/6/:7C 760:=?7@23/9GM G ]=423:;39AC 760:=?7@23/942C 72614=?2:6/086/5/@723/9GQ G [57?=7239A2C 107A 932=E 1/:91A 72351@/941O =19@14614=?239A:6/02C 1<617D39A/:6=?14G$,G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 187447A 1!Z 37A 1279E_1741;>/=?E9/2C 7517A 611E/9>C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A -N G I C 1D39E 4/:1F@=414@C 3?E 619A 351:/6C 760:=?7@242C 1;@/0032GY G I C 17A 172>C 3@C@C 3?E 619<1A 392/E 34@63039721<12>1193921923/97?79E=93921923/97?C 760G33."M G I C 13921923/94@C 3?E 619C 7513981681267239AC 760GQ G I C 1@36@=04279@14=9E 16>C 3@C@C 3?E 6198=934CC 760:=?7@24G"#G X 2@79<139:1661E:/602C 187447A 12C 72Z 37A 12>/=?E<1?3D1?;2/7A 611>32C>C 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A42721019247</=22C 18=934C 01922C 72@C 3?E 619=9E 16415197443A 92/>6/9A E /39A -N G I C 14151632;/:2C 17443A 91E8=934C 019234E 12160391E<;2C 1816@1351E07A 932=E 1/:91A 72351@/9B 41O =19@140/612C 79<;79;/2C 16:7@2/6GY G I C 18=934C 0192342/<17E 039342161E3001E 3721?;:/??/>39A2C 126794A 61443/9GM G I C 1@C 3?E 6197443A 98=934C 0192?14476<326763?;2C 792C 1;E />C 192C 1;617@C 2C 17A 1/:0/67?7=2/9B /0;GQ G I C 18=934C 0192:/67@24/:=93921923/97?C 76034?1444151612C 793234:/67@24395/?539A7@@3E 1927?C 760G$%(7#+(%*:H %79-*G (-=N *;H 9:>9*7-<>9*’:’I C61187443/94!4308?1<=2/516>C 1?039A ?;426/9A !C 751A /51691E0;?3:1(2C 1?/9A 39A:/6?/51!2C 14176@C:/6D9/>?1E A 1!79E=9<1767<?1832;:/62C 14=::1639A/:079D39E G I C 14187443/94!?3D1A 6172>39E 4!C 751<?/>901C 32C 1679E2C 32C 16!397>7;>76E@/=641!/5167E 118/@179/:79A =34C !617@C 39A2/2C 1516A 1/:E 148736GX C 7514/=A C 2?/51!:3642!<1@7=4132<639A 41@4274;,1@4274;4/A 61722C 72X >/=?E/:219C 75147@63:3@1E 7??2C 16142/:?3:1:/67:1>C /=64/:2C 34b /;G X C 7514/=A C 232!91F2!<1@7=413261?31514?/91?391442C 7221663<?1?/91?3914439>C 3@C/914C 351639A@/94@3/=49144?//D4/5162C 1630/:2C 1>/6?E392/2C 1@/?E=9:72C /07<?1?3:1?1447<;44G X C 7514/=A C 232!:397??;!<1@7=41392C 1=93/9/:?/51X C 7514119!3970;423@039372=61!2C 1861:3A =639A5343/9/:2C 1C 175192C 7247392479E8/124C 751307A 391E G I C 3434>C 72X 4/=A C 2!79E2C /=A C3203A C 241102//A //E:/6C =079?3:1!2C 3434>C 7272?742X C 751:/=9E GH 32C1O =7?87443/9X C 7514/=A C 2D9/>?1E A 1G X C 751>34C 1E2/=9E 164279E2C 1C 17624/:019G X C 751>34C 1E2/D9/>>C ;2C 1427644C 391G N?322?1/:2C 34!<=29/20=@C G X C 7517@C 3151E GU /5179ED9/>?1E A 1!4/:76742C 1;>1618/443<?1!?1E=8>76E61>76E2C 1C 175194G Y =27?>7;4832;<6/=A C 201<7@D 2/1762C G [@C /14/:@6314/:873961516<16721E390;C 1762G M C 3?E 61939:70391!53@23042/6B 2=61E<;/886144/64!C 1?8?144/?E81/8?17C 7?1E<=6E 192/2C 1364/94!79E2C 1>C /?1>/6?E/:?/91?39144!8/5162;!79E873907D170/@D16;/:>C 72C =079?3:14C /=?E<1G X ?/9A2/7??1537212C 1153?!<=2X @799/279EX 2//4=::16GI C 34C 74<1190;?3:1G X C 751:/=9E32>/62C ?3539A !79EX >/=?EA ?7E ?;?351327A 7393:2C 1@C 79@1>161/:B :161E2/01G$%(7!O(979*;I /83@(K 9X 086/539AM C 3914181/8?1R 4h =7?32;H/6E 4?3032("%#B )##试题详解$%(7"?’%@9*;<-=&(’>’*:9-*$%::%;’!参考译文当你在日常生活和试验中看到颜色!会惊奇两种完全不相干的事实"我们看到的颜色是变化的!主要取决于它与其他同时看到的颜色之间的关系"颜色与直接的刺激之间没有固定的关系"另一方面!颜色的表面属性在很多照明颜色面前!变化不大!基本上*不总是+在白天看着就像人造光线一样"这些事实可能主要是由于前面提到过的颜色适应机制"同义转换细节推断结论处设题333"连线直击861419279E7881767479#7:216307A 1$4=81630B8/41E/92C 141@/9E G I C 11::1@29/2/9?;348614B192/5162C 17@2=7?7617@7=439A2C 1#?/@7?7E 7827B23/9$<=27?4/48617E 4>32CE 1@617439A42619A 2C2/7E b /3939A76174/:2C 11;12/86/E =@1#?72167?7E 78B2723/9G $N ?4/!<1@7=41/:2C 1816434219@1/:2C 11::1@23:2C 11;1344C 3:21E 76/=9E:6/0/91/C 3@C761724303?76<63A C 2914414/6C 7514303?76@/?/64!2C 17E 782723/9>3??219E2/<1B@/01=93:/60/5162C 1>C /?11;1G&G I C 1861419241?1@23/9C 7478876192?;<119861@1E 1E<;4/011F8?79723/9/:G N G 4/011F816301924>32C @/?/683A B 01924Y G 2C 1972=61/:@/?/6M G 2C 1@/?/686/8162314/:5763/=44=6B :7@14Q G 2C 101@C 79340/:1;1R 47E 782723/92/@/?/6*推理判断+答案详解$G N !3精析4主旨大意题"原文首段从颜色入手!谈到与颜色有关的事实!关键是首段的最后一句话提到fE =12/2C 101@C 79340/:@/?/67E 782723/9G 接下去的段落也是基于这个中心来写的!段首句中的617E B b =420192就是选项N 中7E 782723/9的同义词"也就是说!整个节选部分的关键词是@/?/67E 782723/9"后面一段更是提到?/@7?7E 782723/9和?72167?7E 782723/9""G Y !3精析4细节分析题"题干问及在看两次的时候!一个有颜色的物体看上去是相似的还是不同的主要取决于什么条件"这个问题定位在第二段的开头!就是把原文的@/?/61E7617换成了题目中的@/?/61E /39A !2C 1C 3A C 162C 139219432;!79E2C 1?76A 162C 17617!2C 1A 6172162C 11::1@2>3??<13921604/:324816434219@1392C 14=@@11E 39A531>39A432=723/9G 这个含义与选项Y 中的>C 72D39E/:531>39A861@1E 1E17@C f 是一致的"前后两次看到的状况*比如时间长短!区域的大小+会产生影响")G M !3精析4细节分析题"在谈及到H63A C 2和.@C /=219的结论时!原文认为!当目光转移到光线相对比较暗的地方!在第一区域*明亮的区域+失却的灵敏度还有!就会以#残留影像$的方式在第二区域*暗的区域+出现"关键的问题是2C 1?/44/:4194323532;>3??<18614192!在选项M 里用了61A 739一词来表示灵敏度的恢复存在"&G Q !3精析4推断题"原文是节选!在首段的最后有两个词01923/91E176?316表明了前文曾经提及到的内容!即(01@C 79340/:@/?/67E 782723/9"$%::%;’.参考译文很多美国人和欧洲人都认为!人类是在$-世纪开始世界探险的"在他们看来!古时候的水手们没法深入地探求这个世界!他们甚至没有远洋航海所需要的必备技能"但是!持这种观点的人忘记了两个重要的历史事实"第一个事实(早期科学家的一些观点是正确的!但是后来的科学家们并不认可"大约公元前"’#年!一位希腊的科学家曾经认为!地球绕着太阳转"这一点我们现在已坚信无疑"但在其后的$-##年时间里!其他的科学家们却否认这一点!反倒认为应该是太阳绕着地球转"直到$%世纪!人们才又重新揭示了真相"第二个被多数人遗忘的事实(古老并不意味着原始"古埃及人对星星了解甚多!他们利用这方面的知识在海洋上识别确认方向"两千年以前!一位住在埃及的希腊科学家计算了地球的周长"他的计算结果接近我们目前知道的长度"也就是说!古时候的人们具有相当的科学知识!以及当今人类有的技能"$)##年以前!或者再早些!爱尔兰的渔民们就用木头和皮革制造船只!现在爱尔兰的一些渔民们仍然用同样的设计造船"使用的工具和材料与他们祖先的几乎没有什么两样"这是因为!船只在设计上是合理的"有经验的水手可以在不同的天气状况下驾驶这样的船只"显然!$-世纪前的人们已经具备了远洋航海的技术&知识和设备"那些探险家们可等不及到$-世纪再扬帆起程"举例处设问举例处设问同义转换推理判断细节处设问同义转换综合推断综合推断同义转换33I"答案详解,G Q !3精析4细节分析题"文中对安德森的描述除了相貌特征外就是他去酒馆!让新来的手下自己干活"喝酒回来就会检查手下的活!并用自己带有讽刺的幽默指出他的问题"文中的细节提示是在第一段第四句f>32C7?7@/93@C =0/6!C 1E 6/51791>4=32C C 34476@740G 选项N 的后半句是对的!但事实是手下工作的时候他并不在场监督"$#G Y !3精析4事实理解题"当安德森离开后!M /?/91?总是很小心!C 1>74@761:=?2/4112C 191>61@6=32>74A 35199/42/6;>C 3@C @/=?E8/443<?;42612@C C 348/>16G 选项中的@7=23/=4是原文@761:=?的同义替换词!A 3517@C 79@12/E 34239A =34CC 3041?:是原文中A 35199/42/6;>C 3@C@/=?E8/443<?;42612@C C 348/>16的同义替换"但这并不表明M /?/91?在阻止我的提拔!选项N 错误"$$G M !3精析4事实理解题"文中对于安德森的描述!他的幽默很刻薄!有时候我都想回学校了"但他从酒馆回来C 344C 7:24/:@6323@340>/=?EC 7517@O =361E7279A/::6319E ?39144G 也就是说!他对我的批评还多少有些留情"在选择的时候!要注意抓住文中作者对安德森工作风格中的C =0/6一词的焦点"$"G M !3精析4推理题"作者在短文后面提到安德森自己曾经的经历!他出版翻译集!但没有得到认可!作为报纸的编辑他就格外严格要求他的手下"选项M 中的他没有实现早期的梦想!是我们对作者表述的分析推理"$)G N !3精析4事实理解题"文中最后作者自己说出了原因C 1:/6147>7230103A C 2@/01>C 199/51?>632B39A>/=?E:73?01G 安德森是为他好!担心他的未来"重点词汇及短语4C 7:21’1,:22).!*非正式用语+嘲笑(嘲讽的评论)讽刺:?7A 67921&:?1%46)922%.!非常的!不能容忍的!恶名昭著的!公然的079O =n 1&0.+D1%2%.!*用在名词后面+愿望落空的!不成功的W 16?7391151)&?192!魏伦5保罗(*$*&&B $*,-+法国象征主义诗人!其作品以优雅的抒情体而出名?7@/93@1?)&D .9%D 2%.!*用词+简洁的!简明的.>39<=691!斯温伯恩!阿杰诺5查尔斯(*$*)’B $,#,+英国诗人及批评家!常写乐体诗或色情诗来抨击维多利亚时代的道德规范I C 1Z 3914!皮内斯岛(古巴西南部的加勒比海的一个岛屿"由哥伦布在$&,&年发现!后来成为监禁地和海盗聚集地"古马和美国都曾对其要求领土权!后来通过$,"%年的协约才确定为古巴的领土$%::%;’3参考译文今天!在学校里学习语言多少让人有些困惑"即便很多其他的传统课程都不再能满足学生们的需求!语言还是最传统的学校教育课程"你和那些听这个讲座的人说英语!比任何其他的有文化的人处境都要糟糕"思考语言的起源的那些人通常会得出这样的结论(语言是由咕哝声&嘶嘶声&哭声等逐步发展起来!约定俗成!而在最初这是件极其简单的事"但当我们观察我们认为是原始文化的语言行为时!认为它是相当精细复杂的事"探险家.61:7944/9说#爱斯基摩人为了彼此交流相处!需要知道一万多词汇!比一般说英语的商人需要的常用词汇要多得多"$另外!爱斯基摩语言的曲折变化比其他大家熟知的欧洲语言要多"比如一个简单的名词就可以用几百种不同的形式说或写!而这些不同的形式都有各自精确的含义"动词的形式就更多了"所以!爱斯基摩语言是世界上最难学的语言之一!几乎没有什么商人或探险家尝试着去学习"这样一来!在爱斯基摩人和白人交流中就产生了一种类似于中国的洋泾浜英语的混杂语言"这其中大概有)##到-##个没有曲折变化的词汇!它们中大多数是来自爱斯基摩语!也有的是源自英语&丹麦语&西班牙语&夏威夷语及其他"很多游者把这种混杂语言称作#爱斯基摩语言$"哥本哈根的I C 7?<32S16教授也觉得学爱斯基摩语太困难!他赞同探险家的观点!认为(这种语言是多词合成的"语法的曲折变化形式相当丰富!普通动词的变形有大概)%#种后缀!这和人称代词及动词结尾相等"名词的词形变化有大概$%#种后缀*用来表示双数格&复数&基本格&所有格等+"指示代词有独立的词形变化"在构词和句子结构以及复合词中起作用的词的派生结尾加起来至少有"%#个"尽管有如此复杂的结构特征!其语言的语法系统&综合体系都很简洁而且极具独特的逻辑性"引语处设问转折处设题细节处设题345"的爱斯基摩语的容量肯定比他们本身的语言要少的多"b 76A /9是来自两种语言的人交流时用的混和语言"选项Q 的39142307<?1指#无法估计的!无法估量的$!但文中还是有精确的)##到-##的数字事实"$%G Q !3精析4事实题"短文第二段有这么一句>C 19>1/<416512C 1?79A =7A 1<1C 753/6/:>C 72>161A 76E74863032351@=?2=614!>1:39E f 说明对语言问题的研究是从原始文化的出发点来的"$-G Y !3精析4事实概括题"文章是对原始语言特征的描述!第二段开头用了两个形容词1?7</6721和@/0B8?3@721E "这是选项Y 中@/08?1F 的指代"接下去教授所说的$####词汇足以说明语言词汇的丰富!0=@C ?76A 162C 792C 17@23515/@7<=?76;f "文章的最后强调的是语法和合成体系的逻辑性"概括起来就是?76A 1!@/08?1F 79E?/A 3@7?"重点词汇及短语8/9E 161&8.9E )*6+2L.!沉思!考虑b 76A /91&E $1,A )92).!行话(一个行业&职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语83E A 391&8%E $%92).!*在贸易或交往中形成的不同语种的+混杂语言!事务19E /6411%9&E 0,42L.!在*票据+背面签名!签注*文件+!认可!签署9/2>32C 4279E 39A 1#9.2>%/&42e9E %+!B >%5B 2%’.!尽管!还是8/?;4;92C 123@1#8.?%4%9&/12%D 2%.!多式综合的)多词合成的(属于或关于像爱斯基摩语或莫霍克语这类语言的!特征是带大量前后缀的&形态上复杂的长词语!在其他语言中!表示复合的关系和通常作为短语或句子表示综合意思"@/9b =A 723/91#D .9E $*&41%’(92).!某一特定动词的变形E 1@?1943/91E %&D?19’(92).!词尾变化!格变化E 1635723511E %&6%5)2%52%G !派生的!衍生的$%::%;’4参考译文儿童在什么年龄开始分辨对自己及他人的有害行为!这点已经成为目前对儿童道德发展研究的焦点"至此!儿童心理学家仍然支持先驱发展学家皮亚杰的假设"假设认为!七岁以下的儿童由于发展尚未成熟!所以不会考虑他人实施意外或故意伤害时的企图!但却会根据行为所引起的负面后果的大小来划分实施者应受惩罚的程度"根据这一推论!七岁以下是儿童道德发展的第一阶段!特征是道德绝对论*即权威的命令都要遵守+和司法惩治*一旦规则被打破!立即予以惩罚+"在他们成熟之前!儿童的道德判断完全基于结果!而不是犯罪的原因"但最近_1741;研究发现!六岁的儿童不仅能够区分意外和故意伤害!而且能够判断故意伤害是不道德的!当然他们会忽略所产生的伤害"这些研究都表明!儿童在幼年就进入道德发展的第二个阶段!即道德自治!这个年龄比皮亚杰所认为的要更早些"在第二阶段!他们已经能接受社会的规范!但比第一阶段的儿童更认为行为有随意性"_1741;向研究七岁以下儿童的发展心理学家提出两个关键的问题(他们是否理解要为受害行为做辩护)他们是否能够分辨可预防的受害行为和无法预见的受害结果"研究表明!为受害行为的辩护可能包括公共责任!自我防卫!以及挑衅"比如!‘14E 7?1和d =?1认为儿童能够考虑一位攻击者的行为是否能通过公共责任来辩护"五岁的孩子对于#Y /9931破坏了N 99搭的房子$有不同的反应!这要取决于Y /9931破坏它是因为房子会绊倒别人!还是因为Y /9931想让N 99生气"也就是说!一个五岁的孩子开始理解这样的有害行为是可以辩解的!即使有时候是故意的行为"仅仅通过道德绝对论的约束不再能引导他们的判断"心理学家明确这一点!在幼儿园阶段!儿童们学着仔细区别不同的伤害"Q 76?1;发现如果这其中包含无意伤害!那么在六岁才进幼儿园的孩子们无法区分伤害是可预见的!可预防的还是不可预见的!从而作恶者可以免责"但是七个月后!Q 76?1;又发现!同样的这些孩子们已经能够很好的区分了!这表明他们开始有了道德自治"。

2008医博统考听力题解析原文

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30 % )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven' t had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let's begin with question number 1.1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man' s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotelC. At the rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A Thrilled. B. Refreshed. C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives instead.6. A. He' s got a revert. B. He's got nausea.C. He' s got diarrhea.D. He' s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man's wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man's wound.D. To take a closer look at the man's wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend's truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor's recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. Excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned,14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the ear.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure.Section BDirections: In this part you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinionC. To be put on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. it was given according to the man' s actual condition.D. it was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and lung Cancer. B. Lung cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit Smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problem.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156. B. 269. C. 7498. D. 9427.24. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby. B. The whole world.C. A learning experience.D. A career to earn a living.27. A. Her legs were broken.B. Her arms were broken.C. Her shoulders were severely injured.D. Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language, B. She learned to make friendsC. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned living skills.29. A. She worked as skiing coach. B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in the clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。

考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-阅读理解分类解析-Unit 4 科普科研类【圣才出品】

Unit 4 科普科研类Passage 1（同济大学2008年考博试题）In his 1976 study of slavery in the United State, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves’ achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings’ compel attention.Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth register. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, reve aled most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households: however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of theBlack family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.Gutman’s examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins’ marring is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationship were few as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.In sum, Gutman’s study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves’ achievements, one that correctlyemphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.1. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?A. Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.B. Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.C. Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.D. Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.2. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?A. The heritage was formed primarily out of the experience of those slaves whoattempted to preserve the stability of their families.B. The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of those slaves whomarried their cousins.C. The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the Americanexperiences of slaves.D. The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generationof slaves.3. Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slavery in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?A. These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.B. These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.C. Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners oneconomic considerations.D. Plantation owners often married their cousins.4. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?A. The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and thendiscusses areas for possible new research.B. The author presents his thesis, draws on work of several historians for evidenceto support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis.C. The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses thosefeatures to put forth his own argument.D. The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes thestudy in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the study’s value.5. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage based on its content?A. The influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States.B. Gutman’s Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage andDevelop a Communal ConsciousnessC. Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject.D. The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music, and Religious Expression: Its GrowingInfluence.【答案与解析】1.D 第二段第一句提到Gutman recreates… mainly through an ingenious use of whatany historian should draw upon, quantifiable data…由此可看出作者认为历史学家应该用可计量的数据来做研究。

同济大学考博英语-4

同济大学考博英语-4(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The child's happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents' happiness? Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart.A good "old-fashioned" spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn't even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents' confidence in their own authority. And it hasn't taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on childcare, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don't know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents' lives are regulated according to the needs of heir offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey'? Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine 'indeed.The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there's some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood appear like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.（分数：8.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?A. There is no defense for Victorian harshness.B. Parents are grateful to Freud for his advice.C. Parents can be too strict with their children.D. Child-care books prove sensible and practical.（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 题干问：“第1句暗示了什么?”正确选项为C“父母对孩子再严格也不过分”，尽管作者说很少有人去辩护维多利亚时代父母对孩子的态度，但是如果你是父母，你还得跟那个年代的父母学习对孩子的严格要求，因此这句话说明父母必须对孩子进行严格管教。

同济大学考博英语真题及答案

同济大学考博英语真题及答案真题一题目：请简要阐述人工智能在当今社会的应用。

答案：人工智能在当今社会的应用非常广泛。

它被用于语音识别、图像识别、自动驾驶、智能推荐等方面。

通过深度研究和机器研究算法，人工智能可以模仿人类的思维和决策能力，帮助我们解决很多实际问题。

真题二题目：请简要分析国际贸易对经济发展的影响。

答案：国际贸易对经济发展有很大的影响。

它可以促进资源的有效配置，提高生产效率，扩大市场规模，增加就业机会，并促进技术创新和经济增长。

通过国际贸易，各国可以互相补充，形成合作共赢的局面。

真题三题目：请简要介绍全球气候变化的主要原因。

答案：全球气候变化的主要原因包括人类活动和自然因素。

人类活动导致了大量的温室气体排放，如二氧化碳、甲烷等，加剧了温室效应，导致地球表面温度上升。

自然因素包括太阳辐射变化、火山爆发等。

这些因素共同作用，导致了全球气候的变化和变暖。

真题四题目：请简要解释专利的作用和意义。

答案：专利具有保护创新和鼓励技术进步的作用和意义。

通过获得专利，发明人可以在一定时期内独享其发明的权利，防止他人未经许可使用、制造、销售该发明。

这激励了创新和技术研发，并推动了经济的发展和进步。

真题五题目：请简要分析全球经济一体化对各国的影响。

答案：全球经济一体化对各国有着深远的影响。

它促进了国际贸易和资本流动，增加了经济联系和交流。

各国通过合作共赢，实现资源的互补和优势互补，共同发展和繁荣。

然而，全球经济一体化也带来了竞争压力和风险，需要各国进行合理的经济政策调整和风险管理。

同济大学考博英语模拟题2

同济大学博士研究生入学考试模拟试题一Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab gray suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can: anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hash't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might he reversed, The old--if they are prepared to admit it--could earn a thing or two from their children. one of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions, It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the continual threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?1. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Enjoyment will be the only Pursuit in our Life.B. The Older Generation is Constantly Under Fire.C. Violence Cannot Apply to All Aspects of Life.D. The Younger Generation Knows Not the Less.2. What does the author intend to demonstrate with "office hours" adopted by the old (Paragraph 2) ?A. A type of enforced systems.B. A symbol for human initiatives.C. A sort of freedom deprivation.D. A token for the old' obsoleteness.3. It is evident that the author illustrates his point mainly by______A. exemplifying the misdeeds of the old.B. refuting general assumptions.C. quoting famous sayings and proverbs.D. resorting to statistical evidence.4. When mentioning "the rat-race" (Paragraph 2), the author is pouring scorn on the old for their______A. undignified competition for social status.B. failure to solve human conflicts by violence.C. guilty for not learning the art of enjoymentD. adherence only to their challenged values.Passage 2Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrongfor a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment The American Medical Association's policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper "Active and Passive Euthanasia" I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die --if one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction "leave the traditional position untouched".Is my argument really irrelevant? I don' t see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if' it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.But traditionalists like professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia--the direct killing of patients--is not morally permissible; so, if thy argument is sound, their view must ,be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument "leave the traditional position untouched".However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary.5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is______A. to air his opinions on Sullivan's fallacies.B. to attack the traditional view on euthanasia.C. to explain why his argument is relevant.D. to draw a line between killing and letting die.6. According to the author, the views held by traditional orthodox Catholics on euthanasia is______A. rather confusing.B. partially true.C. quite convincing.D. totally groundless.7. Which of the following best defines the word "omission" (Paragraph 6) ?A. InvolvementB. Sympathy.C. Suspension.D. Appraisal.8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. orthodox Catholics accept some kinds of killing in some circumstances.B. Sullivan contends that there is difference between killing and letting die.C. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.D. The author doesn't agree that he left the traditional position untouched.Passage 3Science writer Tom Standage draws apt parallels between the telegraph and the gem of late 20th-century technology, the Internet. Both systems grew out of the cutting edge science of their time. The telegraph's land lines, underwater cables, and clicking gadgets reflected the 19th century's research in electromagnetism. The Internet's computers and high-speed connections reflect 20th-century computer science, information theory, and materials technology.But, while gizmos make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happen. Standage's insight in this regard adds depth to his technological history. It underscores the relevance to our own time of the struggles of Samuel Morse in America, William Cooke in England, and other telegraph pioneers. They made thetechnology work efficiently, sold it to a skeptical public, and overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles. The solutions they found smooth the Internet's way today.Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet data is sent from one server computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners.Then there is the social impact. The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individuals scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the Start report quickly without the Internet. In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers that had focused on local affairs. A provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever.Some prophets naively hailed this as a force for world peace. They predicted that tensions over cultural and ethnic differences would relax as people interacted in real time. Visionaries say the same about the Internet. While communications can smooth this process, they don't automatically make it happen. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, peace takes the will to make it work and sustained effort by all parties.9. In the opening paragraph, Tom Standage takes advantage of the strategy of______A. making a comparison.B. posing a contrast.C. drawing an analogy.D. enumerating details.10. The word "gizmos" (Paragraph 2) most probably means______A. scientists.B. devices.C. pioneers.D. institutions.11. Why is it that the global telegraph network truly revolutionary?A. It renders virtual communities worldwide feasible.B. It facilitated the breakup of pervasive provincialism.C. It makes real time global news service possible.D. It accelerated the liberalization of world trade.12. As used in the context, the denotation of "provincialism" (Paragraph 4) is closely associated with______A. rigidity in thinking.B. interests in global affairs.C. limitedness in outlook.D. residence in the provinces.13. It can be concluded front the text that the contribution of technological progresses to world peace will ultimately depend upon______A. smooth applications.B. universal access.C. global news services.D. human factors.Passage 4In an effort to alleviate America's increasing dependence on foreign oil and mitigate the worst effects of the current power crisis, Sens Frank Murkowski and John Breaux recently introduced the National Security Energy Act of 2001.While the bill contains a wide array of provisions, including everything from $ 1 billion for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program to the promotion of alternative fuel vehicles, the most controversial measure calls for opening a small portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for oil and gas exploration.Liberals have already gone to war over the measure, charging that the potential resources in ANWR are negligible, that drilling in ANWR will have calamitous effects on the environment, and that any oil and gas that does come out of the area will arrive too late to solve any of the energy challenges consumers currently face.Yet such arguments simply don' t stand up to the evidence. In the first place, no one actually knows howmuch oil is available. A 1998 survey by the U. S. Geological Survey estimated that there are between 4. 3 and 11.8 billion barrels of oil within the area that could be recovered. Even using the low estimate, this would still be enough to supply all of the energy needs of the United States for nearly two-thirds of a year, more than enough to merit further exploration into the ANWR environment.Moreover, there is little evidence that the environment will be harmed by such activity. The New York Times Science Section recently pointed out that innovations in technology and technique have greatly reduced the environmental "footprint" left by oil exploration in general, and Mr. Murkowski estimates that the development resulting from even a large ANWR oil field would cover only about three square miles. Since drilling began in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, the herds of nearby caribou have greatly increased in size. Populations of nesting migratory birds have also gotten larger, "Over the past 20 years, the population of polar bears has remained exceedingly healthy," according to Mr. Murkowski.Helping the public is the primary reason for such drilling, even if the oil won't reach the market for months after the first well is capped. In the long-term, oil from ANWR will help lower energy prices, alleviate long-term energy shortages and reduce America's dependence on foreign oil.Currently, about 55 percent of America's dally oil consumption of almost 20 million barrels comes from foreign sources--700, 000 from Iraq. According to the Department of Energy, this dependence could grow to 64 percent by 2020. By then, the Center for Strategic and International Studies suggests, "fully 50 percent of estimated total global oil demand will be met from countries that pose a high risk of internal instability."America needs long-term solutions to its domestic energy needs and a smart start would be by exploring the resources at ANWR.14. According to the text, drilling in ANWR should be started______A. in the wake of a power crisis.B. despite its harmful effects.C. in the interests of the publicD. in the light of solid evidence.15. The word "mitigate" (Paragraph 1) most probably means______A. lessen.B. augment.C. migrate.D. modify.16. Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?A. It is no easy job to solve the problem of energy shortages in the US.B. Oppositions to the resources exploitations at ANSR are far-fetched.C. Drilling at ANWR will alleviate US dependence on foreign oil supplies.D. Evidence shows up that the ANSR program will harm the environment.Passage 5Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan laid forth the intellectual basis for the likely continued aggressive easing in monetary policy in the weeks ahead in his semi-annual monetary policy report to Congress.The broader point in his prepared testimony is that the improved information and production controls evident in the new economyinduce companies to respond more quickly and in tandem to changes in their business. Mistakes are still made as is evidenced by the unwanted buildup of inventories at the end of last year, but any mistakes are more aggressively addressed than in the past, as is evidenced by manufacturers' recent slashing of production. Moreover, the increasingly dramatic shifts in economic activity are particularly hard on confidence. Consumers and businesses literally freeze up due to the heightened uncertainty, and run from any perceived risks and curtail their spending and investment. If confidence deflates by enough, then a recession will ensue.Confidence has also been under extraordinary pressure in recent months due to surging energy prices and weaker stock prices. Higher energy bills have acted much like a tax increase, save the checks are largely being written to foreign energy producers. The lower stock prices are having a magnified impact due to the dramatic increase in stock wealth since the mid-1990s.The conduct of monetary policy must adjust to all of this, and thus respond more quickly and aggressivelythan in the past in an effort to shore up confidence. This explains the dramatic and unprecedented action (at least by a Greenspan-led Federal Reserve) to cut the federal funds rate target by 100 basis points in January: This also suggests that substantially more easing is on the way in the weeks ahead. Just when and by how much will depend on whether confidence continues to fall.The chairman made a point to note that policymakers have significant latitude to ease policy aggressively since inflation remains low and tame. Despite surging energy prices, inflation and inflation expectations remain contained.The Federal Reserve's economic projections for this year provided as part of the testimony support this non-recessionary view. Real GDP is expected to grow by between 2% and 2. 5% between the fourth quarter of 2000 and the fourth quarter of this year. Since this is below the economy's potential growth, the jobless rate will rise to approximately 4. 5% by year's end. Inflation will moderate somewhat in response.Recession risks are rising and as high as they have been since the last downturn almost a decade ago. The key buffer between a soft economy and a recessionary one is confidence, and today's testimony by the Federal Reserve chairman clearly indicates that policymakers will be as aggressive as they need to be to ensure that confidence erodes no further. With just a bit of luck they will succeed.17. The best title for this passage may be______A. Greenspan's Testimony.B. A New Economy.C. New Monetary Policy.D. A Confidence Builder.18. Which of the following can best be applied to the Fed Reserve's conduct of monetary policy?A. Boldness.B. Confidence.C. Caution.D. Moderateness.19. According to the passage, the new economy is characterized by______A. aggressive investment in stock markets.B. swift response of the chairman to recessions.C. wider latitude to ease monetary policy.D. better information and production controls.20. All of the following may contribute to the deflation of confidence EXCEPT______A. Lower stock markets.B. Less production controls.C. Surging energy prices.D. More risk perceptions.Part ⅢTranslation from English into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite--namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than-the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the, industrial countries would suffer if they cut heir links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second--the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic ,the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong.At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.Part ⅣWritingDirections: According to some Western media, with the rise of Chinese population, Chinese government will not produce sufficient food to feed its people. Write an essay of about 250-300 words to criticize their ideas.Your essay must be based on the instructions as follows:1. Criticize their views2. Justify your point of view参考答案与解析1．D [解析] 题干问：“下面哪项是这篇文章的最佳标题?”正确选项为D“其实年轻人知道的并不少”，这个思想贯穿于文章的段落之间，而“know”是文章重复最多的概念。

同济考博普外科真题2001-讲解学习

2013年华中科技大学同济医学院普外科考博外科总论：1、自体输血的概念，分型，适应症和禁忌症2、SIRS、Sepsis、MODS的概念和三者的关系。

3、外科预防性使用抗生素的适应症，合理用药原则4、简述IVN的并发症普外科部分：1、胃癌根治术的基本要求和根治程度分型2、甲状腺结节的诊断和治疗原则3、医源性胆管损伤的原因4、直肠指诊的意义和注意事项5、下肢单纯性静脉曲张的鉴别诊断和并发症6、请结合临床手术经验，胰腺癌根治术的术式有哪些和胰腺癌外科治疗进展7、原发性肝癌的根治性切除的适应症8、乳腺癌的综合治疗方法2012年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.BCS：Budd-Chiari Syndrome巴德-吉亚利综合征（肝后型门静脉高压症）2.PEN：Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm 胰腺内分泌肿瘤3.OPSI：Overwhelming Post-Splenectomy Infetion 脾切除术后凶险性感染4.ASC：Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 腹腔间隔室综合征5.Mallory-weiss syndrome：贲门黏膜撕裂综合征6.什么是ARDS？ARDS的发病基础及病理生理变化特点?7.试述感染性休克的治疗原则及可以采取的措施?8.什么是MODS？预防MODS发生的要点有哪些？9.什么是代谢性酸中毒？代谢性酸中毒的病因及代偿机制？10.胃大部切除后呕吐的原因及常见营养并发症？11.什么是ASO，试述其临床分期？12.乳腺癌的综合治疗方法？13.急性胰腺炎的始动病因及后期病情加重的重要因素？14.原发性肝癌的根治性切除术指征？2011年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.SOUTHERN BLOT2.烧伤九分法3.TA-GVHD:输血相关性移植物抗宿主病(Transfusing associated graft versushost diseases)4.吸入性肺炎5.环状胰腺6.OPSI：脾切除术后凶险型感染7.腹腔器官簇移植8.Endoscopic Varicosis Sclerotherapy:内镜下静脉曲张硬化治疗9.肿瘤的生物学应答调节治疗？10.急性肺栓塞的病因，临床表现及治疗？11.感染性休克的EGDT的概念及治疗方式？12.外科预防性抗生素的使用原则、方法及适应症？13.溃疡性结肠炎的手术指征（适应症）及治疗方式？14.医源性胆道损伤的常见原因？15.短肠综合症的临床表现及治疗？16.胰源性门静脉高压的发病机制及临床表现？2010年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.高钾血症2.心脏按压（心脏按摩）3.CVP：中心静脉压4.非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭5.较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机体可引起哪些不利影响？6.ARDS的临床表现和分期7.肝脏功能储备的评估方法？8.腹腔镜技术在胆道外科的应用于并发症防治？9.前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌治疗中的意义？10.重症急性胰腺炎的诊断标准与治疗原则？11.早期胃癌的诊治进展12.术后下肢静脉血栓形成的原因？13.静脉血栓形成的原因：14.肝癌的治疗方法：2009年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.呼吸性酸中毒2.肠源性感染3.Sepsis：脓毒症s4.Superfection:菌群交替症（二重感染）5.ARDS6.anal cushions:肛垫7.budd-chiari syndrome8.AOSC:Acute obestructive suppurative cholangitis 急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎9.晚期倾倒综合征10.输血的适应症？11.外科抗菌药的应用原则？12.门脉高压断流术的合理性？13.胃癌根治术的三个基本原则及进展期胃癌术式的选择？14.甲状腺危象的临床表现及治疗原则？15.胰腺假性囊肿的病因，表现及治疗原则？2008年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外总论1.理想手术切口应具备的条件。

年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。

5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,”　s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。

2008医学考博英语统考真题

2008医学考博英语统考真题2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s abse nce.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. T o organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll hav e to ___________ the deterioration n. 恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.A. account for 对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占B. call for 要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊C. look for 寻找D. make for 导致；有助于；走向32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. affliction n. 苦难；苦恼；折磨B. alternative adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的n. 二中择一；供替代的选择C. allocation n. 分配，配置；安置（location n. 位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）D. alliance n. 联盟，联合；联姻33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionally adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地C. exhaustively adv. 耗尽一切地D. exclusively adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的B. conditional adj. 有条件的；假定的n. 条件句；条件语C. inseparable adj. [数] 不可分割的；不能分离的n. 不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友D. cardinal n. 红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj. 主要的，基本的；深红色的35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesive adj. 有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的B. cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的C. collective adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n. 集团；集合体；集合名词D. comic adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物。

同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题

同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Tongji University Ph.D. in Management Science and Engineering English ExamPart 1. Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on BusinessArtificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to transform the way businesses operate. From chatbots and virtual assistants to predictive analytics and machine learning, AI technologies offer a wide range of applications that can help companies achieve greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation. However, implementing AI successfully requires a strategic approach and careful planning.One of the key benefits of AI is its ability to automate repetitive tasks and processes, freeing up employees to focus on more strategic and creative work. For example, AI-poweredchatbots can handle customer inquiries and support requests, reducing the burden on human customer service agents. This not only improves response times and customer satisfaction but also allows employees to devote more time to complexproblem-solving and relationship-building tasks.Another advantage of AI is its ability to analyze large volumes of data quickly and accurately, enabling companies to make more informed decisions. By using machine learning algorithms to identify patterns and trends in data, businesses can gain valuable insights into customer behavior, market trends, and operational performance. This can help companies optimize their processes, develop targeted marketing strategies, and improve their overall competitiveness in the market.However, implementing AI is not without its challenges. Companies must invest in the right technology, hire the right talent, and create a supportive organizational culture to reap the full benefits of AI. Additionally, there are ethical considerations to be aware of, such as data privacy and security concerns, potential job displacement, and bias in AI algorithms. Businesses must address these issues proactively to ensure that AI is used responsibly and ethically.Overall, the impact of AI on business is undeniable. Companies that embrace AI technologies and incorporate them into their operations stand to gain a competitive edge in today's fast-paced, data-driven business environment. By leveraging AI to automate tasks, analyze data, and drive innovation, companies can stay ahead of the curve and meet the evolving needs of their customers and stakeholders.Questions:1. What are some of the key benefits of AI for businesses?2. What are some of the challenges companies may face when implementing AI?3. Why is it important for businesses to address ethical considerations when using AI?Part 2. WritingWrite an essay on the following topic: "The Future of Work: How AI and Automation are Changing the Workplace."In your essay, discuss the impact of AI and automation on the future of work. Consider how these technologies are transforming job roles and responsibilities, the skills that will be in high demand in the future, and the challenges andopportunities AI presents for workers and employers. Finally, offer your perspective on how individuals and organizations can prepare for the changing landscape of work in the digital age.Remember to support your arguments with relevant examples and evidence.Overall, the Tongji University Ph.D. in Management Science and Engineering English exam aims to assess candidates' reading comprehension, critical thinking, and writing skills. Good luck!篇2Title: Tongji University Doctoral Entrance Exam for Management Science and EngineeringIntroduction:Tongji University is one of the leading universities in China, known for its prestigious programs in management science and engineering. As a part of the admission process for its doctoral program in management science and engineering, the university conducts an entrance exam to assess the candidates' knowledge and skills in the field. The exam is designed to test the candidate's understanding of key concepts, analytical abilities, and research potential.Exam Format:The entrance exam for the doctoral program in management science and engineering at Tongji University typically consists of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay questions. The exam is divided into different sections, covering a wide range of topics in management science and engineering, such as operations research, statistics, decision theory, and optimization.Sample Questions:1. Define operations research and explain its importance in business decision-making.2. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research methods in management science?3. Discuss the role of decision theory in strategic planning and organizational decision-making.4. Explain the concept of optimization and provide an example of its application in operations management.5. Analyze the impact of technology on the field of management science and engineering.Preparation Tips:To prepare for the Tongji University doctoral entrance exam for management science and engineering, candidates should review key concepts and theories in the field, practice solving problems, and work on improving their analytical and critical thinking skills. Additionally, candidates should stay updated on the latest trends and developments in management science and engineering to demonstrate their research potential during the exam.Conclusion:The Tongji University doctoral entrance exam for management science and engineering is a rigorous assessment that requires candidates to demonstrate their knowledge, analytical abilities, and research potential in the field. By preparing thoroughly and staying updated on key concepts and theories, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam and secure admission to one of the leading management science and engineering programs in China.篇3Tongji University Management Science and Engineering Ph.D. English ExamInstructions: Choose the best answer for each question below.1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a successful project manager?A. Good communication skillsB. Technical expertiseC. Problem-solving abilitiesD. Inflexibility2. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method?A. Case studyB. Focus groupC. SurveyD. Ethnography3. What is the first step in the decision-making process?A. Implement the decisionB. Identify the problemC. Generate alternativesD. Evaluate alternatives4. Which of the following is NOT a type of cost estimation technique?A. Bottom-up estimatingB. Analogous estimatingC. Parametric estimatingD. Specific estimating5. Which of the following is an example of a project constraint?A. Customer requirementsB. Project scheduleC. Project budgetD. All of the above6. What is the purpose of a project risk management plan?A. To avoid all project risksB. To transfer all project risksC. To minimize project risksD. To ignore project risks7. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of project management software?A. Improved communicationB. Enhanced collaborationC. Increased project complexityD. Better cost control8. What is the main goal of project closure?A. Celebrate project successB. Document lessons learnedC. Release project resourcesD. Start a new project9. What is a project deliverable?A. A project milestoneB. A project objectiveC. A project requirementD. A project output10. Which of the following is NOT a component of a project charter?A. Project budgetB. Project scopeC. Project timelineD. Project risk analysis11. What is the purpose of a project kickoff meeting?A. To celebrate project completionB. To identify project stakeholdersC. To provide status updatesD. To launch the project12. Which of the following is NOT a technique for estimating project duration?A. Critical path methodB. Monte Carlo simulationC. PERT analysisD. SWOT analysis13. What is the purpose of a project status report?A. To document project historyB. To inform project stakeholdersC. To request project changesD. To close the project14. Which of the following is NOT a project management knowledge area?A. Project integration managementB. Project procurement managementC. Project social managementD. Project quality management15. What is the main goal of project quality management?A. Deliver a high-quality projectB. Minimize project riskC. Maximize project budgetD. Increase project scopeAnswers:1. D (Inflexibility)2. C (Survey)3. B (Identify the problem)4. D (Specific estimating)5. A (Customer requirements)6. C (To minimize project risks)7. C (Increased project complexity)8. C (Release project resources)9. D (A project output)10. A (Project budget)11. D (To launch the project)12. D (SWOT analysis)13. B (To inform project stakeholders)14. C (Project social management)15. A (Deliver a high-quality project)This concludes the Tongji University Management Science and Engineering Ph.D. English Exam. Thank you for your participation.。

2000~2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】

2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解Paper OnePart ⅠListeningSection A Listening Comprehension (10%)Directions:In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read onlyonce. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. For example:Talk One1. A. Heart attacks.B. Strokes.C. Drug addiction.D. Cerebral haemorrhage.2. A. About 860,000.B. About 1.5 million.C. About 1/2 of the total population.D. About 2/3 of the total population.3. A. Easy to use.B. Safe.C. Economical.D. Fast acting.【答案与解析】1.D 录音讲到很多医生都在使用一种叫做“streptokinase”的药，这种药剂有时会带来一些问题，甚至会引起“bleeding in the brain”。

cerebral haemorrhage的意思是“脑溢血”。

2.B 录音中明确指出“About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year”。

同济大学博士生综合英语考试

The Two CulturesThe separation between the literary and scientific has been getting deeper; there is now precious little communication between the two cultures, but only different kinds of incomprehension and dislike between them.The traditional culture literary is rapidly declining-standing on its precarious dignity, because the traditional culture is conservative and intolerant, whereas the scientific culture which is not restrictive and confident is expansive.There are a good many scientists indistinguishable from literary persons, and vice versa. Nevertheless, as a first approximation, the scientific culture is real enough, and so is its difference from the traditional culture.The scientists are on the up and up, they have the strength of a social force behind them, both the young scientist and old scientists work in dignity in their universities, concentrating on their research.There is a touch of the frontier qualities about the whole scientific culture, and the climate of personal relations is singularly bracing. Although both the scientists and the cultures are egotisms, the difference between them is that unlike the cultures, the scientists’ egotisms are driven by a common purpose.It is hard to describe the how much the traditional culture gets through literary culture. Although a good many scientists have the tastes of literary persons, the literary culture infiltration is much less.Compared with other forms of arts, such as graphic, poetry and novels, music may be the only one art which is cultivated among scientist.The prestige of the traditional culture is high enough for some of them to make a gallant shot at the younger rank-and-file of scientists for they do not read at all. The novelist’ name to the traditional culture is a token of esotery literary excellence, but most technicians do not think so.The different attitudes toward novelist is a measure of the incommunicability of the two cultures, the tradition culture think the scientists are losing a great deal, but the some of that loss is inevitable.The scientists believe that one can’t comprehend the world unless you know the structure of science; probably it is true, because without any scientific understandingmay miss a whole body of experience.so the intellectual of science is penetrating deeper.The greatest enrichment the scientific culture gives us is a moral one. The scientific culture is almost totally immune from the particular temptation made up of moral vanity, self-indulgence and material benefits. But because the two cultures scarcely touch, the tradition culture lack of those moral.On Self-RespectFrom retrospection that the writer once held an opinion that innocence ends when one is stripped of the delusion that one likes oneself, the writer introspects misplaced self-respect.When the writer was a nineteen-year-old girl, she failed to be elected to Phi Beta Kappa, which she had already predicted, but she still couldn’t stand it when the result came.The writer defines the essence of self-respect, she deems that self-respect has nothing to do with approval of others and reputation, because the people with courage can be self-respect without approval of others and reputation.Doing things without self-respect is just like an unwilling audience to an interminable documentary that details his failings over and over again; while the self-respect one has the courage of their mistakes.Happiness or not depends on whether one respect themselves.It is improper for some people deem that one leads a cozy life must own self-respect, the self-respect has nothing to do with superstition which can offer guard to against danger. Self-respect concerns a separate peace, a private reconciliation.People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes, they known the price of things, they don’t complain unduly of the unfairness, and they exhibit certain toughness, a kind of moral nerve. So self-respect stems from the willingness to accept responsibility for one’s own life.When our grandparents were young, they had instilled the sense that one lives by doing things one does not particularly want to do, they had to put fears and doubts to one side, and had to weigh immediate interests and long-term interests. Thus, whether or not they had self-respect, they knew all about what is self-respect.Self-respect person can recognize that anything worth having its price. They are always willing to accept the risk and willing to invest something of themselves, they may not play at all, but when they do play, they know the odd.Self-respect can be equalized to a discipline, a habit of mind which can be developed, trained and coaxed forth, but can never be faked out.Self-respect is a kind of ritual, helping us to remember who and what we are. So in order to remember who and what we are, we must have known what self-respect is.People will possess everything such as the ability of discriminating, loving, and to remain indifference if they are armed of the intrinsic worth which constitutes self-respect.If we are alienation from ourselves, we will easily despise others and remain blind to our fatal weaknesses, also, we are peculiarly in thrall to everyone we see. So self-respect frees us from the expectations of others, give us back to ourselves, and enrich our interior abundance.On Self-RespectEvery one of us maybe misunderstand the essence of self-respect, especially in vigorous youth or earlier days. It is normal that feeling of less confident occurred often when the young man suffered light or serious setback. There was about the persevering young man at times a certain strain of tenderness, evoked by experiences, disappointments, and hardships in his own life. We will never be mature and happy if we care much about what people thought in our times.The dismal fact is that self-respect has nothing wo do with both the approvals of others and reputation. Just only we respect ourselves can we no longer lies down the notoriously uncomfortable bed the one we make ourselves. Self-respect has nothing to do with the face of things, but concerns instead a separate peace, a private reconciliation. People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes. Parents with self-respect can set up a good example for their children especially when they are childish.The kind of self-respect is a discipline, a habit of mind that can never be faked but can be developed, trained, coaxed forth. But, those small disciplines are valuable only insofar as they represent longer ones. To have the sense of one`s intrinsic worthwhich constitutes self-respect is potentially to have everything: the ability to discriminate, and to remain indifferent. To lack self-respect is to be looked within oneself., paradoxically incapable of either love or indifference.Only the man who has self-respect can be freed from the expectations of others and give them to themselves. It is just the power of self-respect.作文模版现象解释型Nowadays, there are more and more…….in……, especially the…….it is estimated that…….why have there so many……?may be the reasons can be listed as follows:The first one is…….besides,…..the third one is…..to sum up, the main cause of …..is due to…….It is high time that something were done upon it. for one thing,…..on the other hand,…..all these measures will certainly reduce the number of…..不同观点列举型There is a widespread concern over the issue that …….but it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____. On the other hand, __原因二___. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects asfollows.Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of _作文题目, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,方法谚语警句性议论文It is well known to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.图表作文的框架As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in thetable(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadilyrising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________. There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded。