电子教案Unit 5

Unit 5 Computer Language
【教学目的】
○ Learn about the English terms of t he data structures, including Assembly language（汇编语言），Machine Language（机器语言），BASIC, Java，Pascal，FORTRAN，COBOL，C++，Perl，JavaScript，Lisp，Logo
○ Improve the students’ ability to understan d the long and difficult sentences in the text.
○ Master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text.
○ consolidate the technical terms and important professional phrase by doing exercises.
【教学重点难点】
○Important technical terms:
BASIC, Java, Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, C++, Perl, JavaScript, Lisp, Logo
○ Difficult sentences:
1. Assembly language is essentially machine language that has had some of the numbers replaced by somewhat easier to remember mnemonics in an attempt to make it more human-readable.
2. While assembly language predates FORTRAN, it is not typically what people think of when they discuss computer languages.
Although called “machine language”, it is not usually what people think of when talking about computer languages.
3. Machine language dressed up with mnemonics to make it a bit more human-readable is called assembly language.
4. Fast and simple, it can be applied to all manner of general purpose tasks.
5. In truth of course by making the creation of more complex software practical, computer languages have merely created new types of software bugs.
6. On intranets where there are usually fewer browser versions in use, JavaScript has been used to implement much more complex and impressive programs.
○ Review the important points of essential English
Be bound to
for use on
secondary to
gain on …
lose the title to…
【教学步骤】
Step One
Read and explain Text A to the students and ask the students to keep in mind the following professional terms:
BASIC: The Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Java: A computer language designed to be both fairly lightweight and extremely portable.
Pascal：Named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, Pascal is a language designed by Niklaus Wirth originally in 1968 (and heavily revised in 1972) mostly for purposes of education and training people how to write computer programs.
FORTRAN：Stands for formula translation and is the oldest computer language in the world.
COBOL：The Common Business Oriented Language is a language developed back in 1959 and still used by some businesses.
C++：C++ is a compiled object-oriented language. Based heavily on C, C++ is nearly as fast and can often be thought of as being just C with added features.
Perl: Perl is an interpreted language extremely popular for web applications.
JavaScript：JavaScript (in spite of its name) has nothing whatsoever to do with Java. JavaScript is an interpreted language built into a browser to provide a relatively simple means of adding interactivity to web pages.
Lisp：Lisp stands for list processing and is the second oldest computer language in the world.
Logo：Logo is an interpreted language designed by Papert in 1966 to be a tool for helping people (especially kids) learn computer programming concepts.
Step Two
Help the students to analyze the following long difficult sentences:
1. Assembly language is essentially machine language that has had some of the numbers replaced by somewhat easier to remember mnemonics in an attempt to make it more human-readable.
that引出是一个定语从句给machine language下定义；somewhat easier to remember mnemonics 其中的somewhat easier to remember是定语修饰mnemonics（记忆术/技巧），整个短语的意思是“使记忆容易一点的记忆术”；in an attempt to do sth.表示目的。

全句的参考译文：“汇编语言本质上是机器语言。

所谓机器语言就是其中的某些数字采用一些容易记忆一点的技巧所替代，以便更容易为人所读”。

2. While assembly language predates FORTRAN, it is not typically what people think of when they discuss computer languages.
predate 是vt.“在…前面”；根据后面主句的内容，while应该表示让步；it is + not usually(typically…) what people think of when doing sth.可以看作是一个句型，意思是：“当人们做（或谈论/讨论）某事时通常/一般想不起来…”。

本句的参考译文是：“虽然汇编语言比FORTRAN语言出现的还早，但当人们讨论计算机语言时，人们并不把它当作典型语言”。

本文中还有一句：Although called “machine language”, it is not usually what people think of when talking about computer languages. “虽然叫做‘机器语言’，但当人们谈论计算机语言时通常不会想到它”。

3. Machine language dressed up with mnemonics to make it a bit more human-readable is called assembly language.
dressed up with mnemonics to make it a bit more human-readable这个长长的-ed份词短语作后置定语。

Dressed up with…原义是“用…打扮”，这里表示“配以…”；由于后置修饰语太长，应该拆分翻译。

参考译文为：“配以记忆技巧的机器语言更容易被人们记忆，人们把这种语言叫做汇编语言”。

4. Fast and simple, it(C language) can be applied to all manner of general purpose tasks.
两个形容词用逗号和句子分开，但仍然是为主与服务的，读者应该领会到时表示原因的，相当于Because it is fast and simple…,因此全句可以译成：“由于又快又简单，C++可以应用于常规任务的全部方式”。

5. In truth of course by making the creation of more complex software practical, computer languages have merely created new types of software bugs.
本句讲的是FORTRAN，前面的一句为：It is somewhat amusing to note that when FORTRAN was first released back in 1958 its advocates thought that it would mean the end of software bugs.
“有趣的是，1958年FORTRAN的第一个版本发布时，它的倡导者们认为这意味着软件故障的结束”。

In truth=in fact=actually；of course=certainly；making the creation of more complex software practical“要创建实用的更为复杂的软件”。

全句可以译成：“当然实际上，要创建实用的更为复杂的软件，计算机语言只不过又产生了软件故障的新类型”。

6. On intranets where there are usually fewer browser versions in use, JavaScript has been used to implement much more complex and impressive programs.
本句讲的是JavaScript语言。

前面说到It is only supported on a few different browsers, and tends not to work exactly the same on different versions. Thus its use on the Internet is somewhat restricted to fairly simple programs.“它只支持一些不同的浏览器，并且不同版本运做略有不同。

因而在因特网上只局限把它用于比较简单的程序。

”接着说内联网。

“内联网浏览器版本有限，JavaScript已经用来执行更复杂和更不平凡的程序”。

Step Three
Review the important idioms of essential English
1. be bound to
Bound作adj.的意思是“被束缚的”。

本文中的例句：It(Java)is tightly bound to the web as it is the primary language for web applets. “因为Java是网页应用系统的主要语言，因此它与网页紧密相连”。

2. for use on …“用于…”。

文中例句：There has also been an OS based on Java for use on small hand-held, embedded, and network computers. “也有基于Java的操作系统，用于小的手持设备、嵌入系统和网络计算机”。

3. secondary to …“次于…”
secondary表示less important，跟…比较时用介词to，常说的secondary to nothing(nobody)表示“首屈一指”。

本文中的例句：It is important to note however that speed is not Java’s primary purpose—it is considered secondary to portability and ease of use. “重要的是，提高速度不是Java的主要目的——速度与可移植性和易用相比是第二位的”。

4. gain on…: to get nearer to someone or something that you are chasing越来越接近接近要追
赶的目标；对...占优势; 跑得比...快。

e.g. Garcia was gaining on her opponent throughout the race, but only overtook her at the very end.加西亚在比赛中接近对手，但一直到终点才超过了她。

本文中的例句：
It(C++)is currently probably the most popular object-oriented language, but it has the drawback of being fairly complex —the much simpler but somewhat slower Java has recently been gaining on it. C++是目前最流行的面向对象语言，但它的缺点是比较复杂——更简单但稍微慢点的Java最近已经超越了它。

5. lose the title to…把冠军称号丢/让给了…
title: (sports prize) the position you get by beating all other competitors in a sports competition （体育比赛中的冠军称号）
Japan may lose top aid-donor title to U.S. 日本把最大的援助捐助者的称号让位于美国。

Being developed in 1959, it(Lisp)lost the title to FORTRAN by only a few months. Lisp只是在FORTRAN之后几个月，所以作者说它把“最早的编程语言的称号给了FORTRAN”。

Step Four
Text B 难句解析
1.Many of them are in the defense industry, which in the U.S. requires a rating based on 'process
models' to obtain contracts.
Many of them指的是软件开发组织，关系代词which应该代表the defense industry，所谓rating应该是一种等级资质，这种等级资质是根据process models（软件开发的过程模式）来评定的，凭借一定的等级资质才能获取开发合同。

2.The international standard for describing the method of selecting, implementing and
monitoring the life cycle for software is ISO 12207.
对软件生命期的描述方法（包括选择、执行和监视）的国际标准是ISO 12207。

3.Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes,
not on the quality of those processes or the software produced.
这一段讲的是“软件能力成熟模式CMM”。

主语是Independent assessments（独立评价机构），动词是grade（评定等级），宾语是organizations，即软件开发组织。

On后面说的是根据什么标准评定这些组织的。

“看它们如何按照自己规定的软件开发过程操作的，而不是看这些过程本身的质量，也不是只看所生产的软件本身”。

4.Often the first step in attempting to design a new piece of software, whether it be an addition
to an existing software, a new application, a new subsystem or a whole new system, is, what is generally referred to as "Domain Analysis".
主语的head word是the first step，后面全部是修饰语，直至连系动词is；in attempting to design a new piece of software“尝试设计出一种新的软件”，whether …or…表示这种新软件“不管是…还是…”，这里说的是“不管是对现存软件的补充和添加、或就是一种新的应用软件，或一种新的支系统或整体完全是一个新的系统”；表语是一个what从句，就是“通常所说的‘域分析’”。

5.Another objective of this work is to make the analysts who will later try to elicit and gather
the requirements from the area experts or professionals, speak with them in the domain's own terminology and to better understand what is being said by these people.
本句讲“域分析”的目的。

主语是Another objective of this work“‘域分析’工作的另一个目的”；动词不定式to make the analysts的宾补是后面的speak with them，即make sb. do sth. ,宾语和宾补被定语从句分割；who引出的定语从句是修饰analysts（分析师）的，说“他们以后要收集来自该领域的专家或专业人员的需求意见”；in the domain's own terminology“使用该领域的术语”进行交流；to better understand what is being said by these people（更好的理解这些人（指分析师）正在说的话）这个动词不定式与to make the analysts speak with them 并列，同为表语。

综合分析逻辑关系，定于从句实际上表示原因，为什么要和这些分析师们使用该领域的术语进行交流。

因此全句可以译成：“因为分析师们以后要从该领域的专家或专业人员收集对软件的具体要求，因此域分析工作的另一个目的是让分析师们能够与他们使用该领域的术语进行交流，也是为了更好的理解这些分析师说话的意思”。

6.Architecture is concerned with making sure the software system will meet the requirements of
the product, as well as ensuring that future requirements can be addressed.
这句通过谓语动词be concerned with讲软件结构要考虑的事情。

Make sure后跟that从句，that被省略了；the software system will meet the requirements of the product“软件系统要符合产品的具体要求”；ensuring that就是make sure that，那是为了避免重复使用同一的表达方法；future requirements can be addressed“能够满足未来的要求”。

全句的参考译文：“软件结构需要考虑的是确保软件系统满足产品的具体要求，同时也能够满足其未来的要求”。

7.Testing of parts of software, especially where code by two different engineers must work
together, falls to the software engineer.
especially引出的是一个插入语，句子为Testing of parts of software falls to the software engineer.“软件部件的测试任务落到了软件工程师的肩上”；插入语的意思是“尤其是编码是由两个不同的工程师做的话那就得合作进行”。

8. A large percentage of software projects fail because the developers fail to realize that it doesn't
matter how much time and planning a development team puts into creating software if nobody in an organization ends up using it.
本句讲了高比例的软件项目失败的原因，那是“因为开发者没有意识到不管一个开发团队花费了多少时间，做了多少计划创建一个软件，如果开发组织内没有一个人最后使用的话，那就没有任何意义了”。

9.People are occasionally resistant to change and avoid venturing into an unfamiliar area so, as
a part of the deployment phase, it is very important to have training classes for the most
enthusiastic software users (build excitement and confidence), shifting the training towards the neutral users intermixed with the avid supporters, and finally incorporate the rest of the organization into adopting the new software。

本句讲了推广软件的艰巨性以及必须采取的步骤。

先说原因People are occasionally resistant to change and avoid venturing into an unfamiliar area“人们有时候会对变化持不欢迎的态度，回避冒险进入不熟悉的领域”，so引出结果；as a part of the deployment phase是插入
语“作为部署阶段的一个部分”；it is very important to have training classes for the most enthusiastic software users (build excitement and confidence)“非常重要的事情是要对那些最热情的软件用户开办培训班（使他们兴奋和充满信心）”；后面跟的shifting the training towards the neutral users intermixed with the avid supporters补充说明培训班的下一个目标是“不确定的用户，外加积极的支持者”；最后用and连接的动词incorporate与前面的to have training classes并列，同为真正主语，“最后引导组织内的剩下的成员一块使用新的软件系统”。

全句的参考译文：“由于人们有时候会对变化持不欢迎的态度，回避进入自己不熟悉的领域，因此作为部署阶段的一个部分，要十分重视举办训练班，首先培训最热情的软件用户（使他们兴奋和充满信心），接着要培训不确定用户和软件的积极支持者，最后引导组织内剩下的成员一块使用新的软件系统”。