：应用翻译 2012年11. 25月
研究生学术英语 罗立胜主编课后翻译最全
5单元1、酸雨会毒死鱼类，毁灭森林，腐蚀建筑。
Acid rain poisons fish,destroys forests,corrodes buildings.2、我们对环保不能光说不练，我们必须有行动。
We should not just pay lip service to environmental protection,we must act.3、调查发现一些小官僚也参与了“钱权交易”。
Investigation founds that some petty bureaucrats had also been involved in “power for money exchange”.4、我们要加大反腐力度，对贪污腐化的官员严惩不贷。
We must reinforce the momentum of the anticorruption drive and show no mercy to the corrupt officials.5、政府交通部门要严格执法，严惩酒后驾车。
The government’s transportation agencies must execute the law strictly and enforce severe penalties for drunken drivers.6、12月9日被联合国定为全球反腐败日，这为提高公众觉悟，积极打击贪污、抑制腐败提供了一个独特的机会。
December 9 is designated by the UN as International Anticorruption Day,which provides a unique opportunity to enhance public awareness,commitment to combating graft and curbing corruption.7、联合国新近颁布了《反腐公约》，要求签约的成员国制定相关法律，以禁止受贿索贿行为。
：应用翻译 2012年11. 25月
2) [Ad] You will notice how kind new Sanara is to your hair. See it. Feel it. Sanara’s naturally derived formulations bring out the shine and smoothness in your hair, leaving it manageable and healthy. You won’t actually see how kind Sanara is to the environment, but it’s nice to know that the whole range is biodegradable, so it doesn’t pollute water or soil. And naturally, the packing is recyclable. • (1)（packaging instruction）沙拉娜是由天然配方精 制而成，能使头发健康，光泽柔顺，易于梳理，沙拉 娜系列都具有生物降解特性，包装可回收利用，对水 土、环境不会造成污染。 • (2)（TV advertisement）柔情四季，沙拉娜，呵护 您的秀发，爱护您的健康，天然配方，令秀发光泽柔 顺。情有独钟，沙拉娜。生物降解，不伤水土，爱护 自然，数她第一。
6) [essay(小品文)] 我们力求使这本刊物充满着浪漫的人文精神、 深邃的哲思和妙趣横生的智慧，同时也希望它高而不孤、博 而不杂、温柔敦厚、真率可喜，在你我之间联结温馨的友情。 设想我们长夜相对、促膝谈心，它会是几畔的一杯清茗。当 你好整以暇、细细品味，齿颊间悠远的清芬会令你回味无穷； 若你为俗务所苦，只能在匆匆之间浅啜，亦会觉到有暗香缓 缓拂过心头。 In trying to fill the journal with romantic humanism, profound philosophical thought and sparkling wit, we hope that it will be your refined--yet not aloof, erudite-yet not confusing, tender, honest, frank and pleasant friend. It is like a fragrant cup of tea that will leave you a delicate aftertaste when you leisurely savor it, or a warm, quiet fragrance in your heart with only a quick sip. (改刊寄语，《中国文学》汉英双语版，扉页，2000/1)
天然沥青(英文对照翻译)
表 5 BRA 中所含矿料的矿物成份
CaCO3
%
MgCO3
%
CaSO4
%
CaS
%
81.62~85.27 1.98~2.25 1.25~1.70 0.17~0.33
SiO2
%
AL2O3+Fe2O3
%
水份
％
8.95~8.25 2.15~2.84 1.30~2.15
残余物
％
1.83~1.12
由表中数据可见，BRA 中所含矿料基本属石灰岩类物质，对混合料强度的形成会起一定的
/
2.0
含水量（％）
/
2.0
最大颗粒尺寸（mm）
/
3.0ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
表 4 BRA 沥青化学组份分析表
分析项目
试验数据
饱和分
％
13.02
芳香分
％
33.10
胶质
％
34.20
沥青质
％
19.68
由表中数据可见，相对于一般沥青来说，BRA 中的纯沥青所含沥青质的含量是比较高的，
饱和分含量较低，说明该沥青的硬度较大，且具有良好的感温性能。
由于天然沥青常年与自然环境共存，性质特别稳定，且通常具有非常优良的路用性能。天然 沥青不直接作为一种沥青使用，而是作为人工炼制沥青的改性剂少量掺配使用，形成改性沥青， 使之优良的技术性能达到最大的发挥。大量研究与工程实践表明，使用天然改性沥青铺筑的沥青 路面，具有高使用寿命、高稳定性、高抗水损与很强的耐微生物侵蚀的能力、很高的抗疲劳强度， 显著改善和提高沥青路面性能。
二、BRA 通常具有的路用性能特点： 1、天然岩沥青软化点高，用其改性可以显著提高沥青路面的高温稳定性。岩沥青自身的软
《前赤壁赋》苏轼文言文原文注释翻译
《前赤壁赋》苏轼文言文原文注释翻译作品简介：《前赤壁赋》是宋代大文学家苏轼于宋神宗元丰五年（1082年）贬谪黄州（今湖北黄冈）时所作的赋。
此赋记叙了作者与朋友们月夜泛舟游赤壁的所见所感，以作者的主观感受为线索，通过主客问答的形式，反映了作者由月夜泛舟的舒畅，到怀古伤今的悲咽，再到精神解脱的达观。
全赋在布局与结构安排中映现了其独特的艺术构思，情韵深致、理意透辟，在中国文学上有着很高的文学地位，并对之后的赋、散文、诗产生了重大影响。
作品原文：前赤壁赋壬戌1之秋，七月既望2，苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。
清风徐3来，水波不兴4。
举酒属5客，诵明月之诗6，歌窈窕之章7。
少焉8，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛9之间。
白露10横江11，水光接天。
纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然12。
浩浩乎如冯虚御风13，而不知其所止；飘飘乎如遗世14独立，羽化15而登仙16。
于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷17而歌之。
歌曰：“桂棹18兮兰桨，击空明19兮溯20流光21。
渺渺22兮予怀，望美人23兮天一方。
”客有吹洞箫者，倚歌24而和25之。
其声呜呜然，如怨26如慕27，如泣如诉；余音28袅袅29，不绝如缕30。
舞幽壑之潜蛟31，泣孤舟之嫠妇32。
苏子愀然33，正襟危坐34，而问客曰：“何为其然也35？”客曰：“‘月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。
’36此非曹孟德之诗乎？西望夏口37，东望武昌38，山川相缪39，郁40乎苍苍，此非孟德之困于周郎41者乎？方其破荆州，下江陵，顺流而东也42，舳舻43千里，旌旗蔽空，酾酒44临江，横槊45赋诗，固一世之雄也，而今安在哉？况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上，侣46鱼虾而友麋47鹿，驾一叶之扁舟48，举匏尊49以相属。
寄50蜉蝣51于天地，渺52沧海53之一粟。
哀吾生之须臾54，羡长江之无穷。
挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终55。
知不可乎骤56得，托遗响57于悲风58。
”苏子曰：“客亦知夫水与月乎？逝者如斯59，而未尝往也；盈虚者如彼60，而卒61莫消长62也。
CATTI二级笔译汉译英真题2012年11月
CATTI二级笔译汉译英真题2012年11月(总分：50.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、Chinese-English Translation (总题数：1，分数：25.00)1. 中国是最大的发展中国家。
多年来，中国在致力于自身发展的同时，始终坚持向经济困难的其他发展中国家提供力所能及的援助，承担相应国际义务。
中国仍量力而行，尽力开展对外援助，帮助受援国增强自主发展能力，丰富和改善人民生活，促进经济发展和社会进步。
中国的对外援助，发展巩固了与广大发展中国家的友好关系和经贸合作，推动了南南合作，为人类社会共同发展作出了积极贡献。
中国对外援助坚持平等互利，注重实效，与时俱进，不附带任何政治条件，形成了具有自身特色的模式。
中国的对外援助政策具有鲜明的时代特征，符合自身国情和受援国发展需要。
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口多、底子薄、经济发展不平衡。
发展仍然是中国长期面临的艰巨任务，这决定了中国的对外援助属于南南合作范畴，是发展中国家间的相互帮助。
中国对外援助政策坚持平等互利、共同发展、坚持与时俱进。
当前，全球发展环境依然十分严峻。
国际金融危机影响尚未消退，气候变化、粮食危机、能源资源安全、流行性疾病等全球性问题给发展中国家带来新的挑战，新形势下，中国对外援助事业任重道远。
中国政府将着力优化对外援助结构，提高对外援助质量，进一步增强受援国自主发展能力，提高援助的针对性和实效性。
中国作为国际社会的重要成员，将一如既往地推进南南合作，在经济不断发展的基础上逐步加大对外援助投入，与世界各国一道，推动实现联合国千年发展目标，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界而不懈努力。
（分数：25.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(China is a developing country. Over the years, while focusing on its own development, China has been providing aid to the best of its ability to other developing countries with economic difficulties, and fulfilling its due international obligations. China remains a developing country with a low per-capita income and a large poverty-stricken population. In spite of this, China has been doing its best to provide foreign aid, to help recipient countries to strengthen their self-development capacity, enrich and improve their peoples’ livelihood, and promote their economic growth and social progress. Through foreign aid, China has consolidated friendly relations and economic and trade cooperation with other developing countries, promotedSouth-South cooperation and contributed to the common development of mankind. Adhering to equality and mutual benefit, stressing substantial results, and keeping pace with the times without imposing any political conditions on recipient countries, China’s foreign aid has emerged as a model with its own characteristics. China’s foreign aid policy adheres to equality, mutual benefit and common developm ent, and keeps pace with the times. China’s foreign aid policy has distinct characteristics of the times. It is suited both to China’s actual conditions and the needs of the recipient countries. China has been constantly enriching, improving and developing the Eight Principles for Economic Aid and Technical Assistance to Other Countries —the guiding principles of China’s foreign aid put forward in the 1960s. China is the world’s largest developing country, with a large population, a poor foundation and uneven economic development. As development remains an arduous and long-standing task, China’s foreign aid falls into the category of South-South cooperation and is mutual help between developing countries. Currently, the environment for global development is not favor-able. With the repercussions of the international financial crisis continuing to linger, global concerns such as climate change, food crisis, energy and resource security, and epidemic of diseases have brought new challenges to developing countries. Against this background, China has a long way to go in providing foreign aid. The Chinese government will make efforts to optimize the country’s foreign aid structure, improve the quality of foreign aid, further increase recipient countries’ capacity in independent development, and improve the pertinence and effectiveness of foreign aid. As an important member of the international community, China will continue to promote South-South cooperation, as italways has done, gradually increase its foreign aid input on the basis of the continuous development of its economy, promote the realization of the UN Millennium Development Goals, and make unremitting efforts to build, together with other countries, a prosperous and harmonious world with lasting peace. )解析：二、SECTION 2 Optional Translation (25 points)(总题数：1，分数：25.00)2.作为远古人类留给我们的宝贵的文化遗产，岩画堪称是记载人类早期社会生活的百科全书，它不仅传承着源远流长的古代文明，也是史前人类文化、宗教、民俗以及原始艺术史的见证。
《史记-管蔡世家第五》原文、翻译及鉴赏
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如诗歌散文、原文赏析、读书笔记、经典名著、古典文学、网络文学、经典语录、童话故事、心得体会、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as poetry and prose, original text appreciation, reading notes, classic works, classical literature, online literature, classic quotations, fairy tales, experience, other sample essays, etc. if you want to know the difference Please pay attention to the format and writing of the sample essay!《史记－管蔡世家第五》原文、翻译及鉴赏【导语】：【提示】本篇主要写周武王弟蔡叔、曹叔的家世。
研究生英语应用教程第二册翻译
第一单元I. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.A.对于校纪施行的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处分方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方老师表示震惊。
如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿玩耍的消极影响，但也教会他们自控和尊重权威，而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。
我在北美的家人和朋友常常告诉我，他们的孩子要上钢琴课、美术课和体育课，日程已经排得满满的，承受着超过年龄的沉重压力。
不过，虽然课外活动很多，和中国小孩相比，西方小孩过的是优哉游哉的生活。
B.因此，东西方学习方法有别，根源还在于宏大的文化差异，改变将是极其缓慢的。
尽管可以预见，国内的教育改革只会带来有限的变化，然而一个全球化的教育环境正在形成，提供了越来越多的选择。
在中国，越来越多的家长把刚会走路的小孩送到美式私立幼儿园，这类幼儿园尽管费用高昂，但在上海等中国最兴旺的城市却开展迅猛。
II.It was once frequently told that “you have the guts to make a living anyw here with a mastery of math, physics and chemistry〞. However, people nowadays, whether the middle-aged working stagers or those greenhorn college grads, have reached a consensus—gone are the days when “a diploma determines your life-time fate〞. With the awesome update of knowledge in the era of information explosion, we need to reskill ourselves continuously. Thus, lifelong education has become a historical inevitability.第二单元I. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.A.因为美国和你本国的教育体系也许迥然不同，所以理解美国的教育体系对你的搜寻会有所帮助。
2012年11月三级笔译真题
翻译行业建议首先要强调的是，这是一篇网文，通读全篇后，我觉得很有意义和价值。
让我对于翻译行业有了一个更清晰的认识，不再那么想当然。
转载如下：作为一名在翻译圈混了10年的圈内人，从软件开发、汉化到专业技术翻译逐渐并行，从客户、翻译公司、专职或自由译员三位一体的角色都经历过，现说说我三个角色的译事经历。
本人经历都侧重笔译。
成为一个合格的笔译译员，语言能力、专业知识要经过5，6年。
均月收入1万。
走上这条路，是因为自己对语言的钟爱和兴趣。
但10年经历，给我的感受是：做文字翻译工作很辛苦，喜爱也要选择离开. 国内翻译行业现状: 95％的翻译公司是“洗衣房”，基本所有投简历应聘笔译的人都不胜任。
报价逐年下降。
积累了多年翻译经验的合格的译员，最后会选择离开。
我算不上优秀翻译，但坚持了10年，在同行里算坚持很久了。
下面是根据自己10年来，在不同角色岗位上的真实经历，对客户、翻译公司、译员的建议，对客户理性的价格、翻译公司提供保证质量的服务、合格的译员等方面阐述。
对客户说的话：1. 不要指望专家给你提供翻译服务，真正的专家不挣你这个钱！有幸得到专家看一看就不错了！翻译公司是养不起这样的专家的；不要迷信外语学院的教授，他们自己不会亲自做的，而是找几个研究生来做，外语水平好的，专业知识欠缺；有专业背景知识的，语言水平往往欠缺；不要迷信海归，做翻译的海归，差不多都是海待；听说能力还可以，笔译和写作能力不入流。
专业知识和实践经验尤其欠缺；道理简单：中文听说没有问题的人中，文盲也很多。
2. 如果选择和自由译员合作，专业知识、语言水平、翻译经验缺一不可，选择有该专业领域3、5年以上的译员合作，比较靠谱；专业的Soho一族最好，这些人现在也比较好找，很多人在一些大的门户网站上有自己的博客或空间，看看他们会写一些翻译经验点滴，注意不是转载。
一个译员正常的工作量（包括翻译、排版、一般的编辑检查工作）：8－10小时，大约最多是3000－3500外文单词量，2500－3000是正常，这一点是保证质量的基本前提；如果译员对你说，他一天能做到5千以上，你就可以怀疑翻译质量；如果说能翻译到6千以上，肯定是扯。
2012年 11月大学英语四级真题答案完整版
2011年12月英语四级真题及详细答案Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Where There Is a Will There Is a Way. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: Where There Is a Will There Is a Way1．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。
2．意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命，3．学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，才用。
Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillNothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough.To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their throats are sore, their mouths are thirsty, and their hands are shaking. After the painful mental struggle, th ey tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I will quit it.” By doing this, they surrender to their weak will. In the end, they have quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting sm oking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in one’s life, a strong will means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute.注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Why Integrity MattersWhat is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky BusinessWe are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identifyrisks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test or assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away With It--Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works.Cheating Hurts Others, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students lear n, but ⑧.a cheater says, "I'mnot interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MattersIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. ⑨.We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, ⑩.Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。
新版标准日本语初级下应用课文翻译
1.这是明天会议要用的资料。
これは明日会議で使う資料です。
2.我明天乘坐的飞机是中国航空的。
私は明日乗る飛行機は中国航空です。
3.我把在中国买的CD借给朋友了。
中国で買ったCDを友達に貸しました。
4.我想要操作简单的个人电脑。
操作が簡単なパソコンが欲しいです。
5.骑自行车带人很危险。
自転車に2人で乗るのは危ないです。
6.我忘了寄信。
手紙を出すのを忘れました。
7.明天早晨会下大雨吧。
明日の朝は大雨になるでしょう。
8.森先生今天也许不来公司上班。
森さんは今日会社を休むかもしれません。
9.我小时候，发生过大地震。
子供の時、大きな地震がありました。
10看电影时，我经常坐在最后的座位。
映画を見る時、いつもいちばん後ろの席に座ります。
11小李正在边看电视边吃饭。
李さんはテレビを見ながら食事をしています。
12小李，你明天参加联欢会吧？李さん、明日パーティーに行くでしょう。
13小马给了我一张地图。
馬さんは私に地図をくれました。
14森先生帮老年人拿行李了。
森さんはお年寄りの荷物を持ってあげました。
15森先生请小李带他游览了北京。
森さんは李さんに北京を案内してもらいました。
16一位妇女帮我捡起了钱包。
女の人が私の財布を拾ってくれまし.17关灯電気を消せ。
18读下面的文章，回答问题。
次の文章を読んで、質問に答えなさい。
19不要在这儿停车。
ここに車を止めるな。
20这个符号是“禁止吸烟”的意思。
このマークは「タバコを吸うな」という意味です21因为已经11点了，睡觉吧。
もう11時だから寝よう。
22我今天不想去公司上班。
今日，会社を休もうと思います。
23明天我想去医院。
明日，病院ヘ行こうと思っています。
24行李很重，所以用送货上门的方式送达。
荷物が重いので，宅配便で送ります25按下这个按钮，电源就接通了。
このボタンを押すと、電源が入ります。
26那台电脑偶尔会死机。
そのパソコンは、たまにフリーズすることがあります。
27小马出色地整理了报告。
2012年第十一届中学生古诗文阅读大赛初中组翻译全
当代学生初中部分翻译1.杨亿巧对寇准在中书省。
和同事们嬉戏对对子，他说：“水底日为天上日。
”没有人能对出，适逢杨亿来报告事情，于是别人请他对对子。
杨亿接着刚停的话音说：“眼中人是面前人。
（眼睛里面的人是面前的人）”所有在座的人都称这是好对子。
2.楚人学舟有一个学习划船的楚国人，他在开始学习的时候，驾船调头、转弯，还是快慢、缓急，只听船师傅的。
他到江中岛屿之间小试身手，没有不得心应手的，于是他认为学完了驾船的技术。
（就）马上谢别了船师，击鼓（古人是靠击鼓来发布号令的）径直快进，突然遇上了危险，他于是四处张望，吓破了胆，桨坠入江中，舵失去操控。
3.乐不思蜀司马文王问刘禅：“你很思念蜀国吗？”刘禅说：“这里很快乐，我不思念蜀国。
”知道了这事，随侍刘禅的郤正就指点他说：“如果司马昭再问起时，你应哭泣著回说：…先人的坟墓都葬在蜀地，我是天天都在惦念著。
‟”等到后来司马昭再次问他时，刘禅便照著郤正教他的话回答，说完并闭上眼睛，想装出要哭的样子。
司马昭于是说：“为何你刚才所说的话，像是郤正的语气呢？”刘禅听了大惊，望着司马昭说：“真的跟您说的一样（就是郤正的话）。
”4.斗牛图马正惠先生曾经珍藏戴嵩《斗牛图》，闲暇的日子就在厅前展开晒太阳。
有一个缴纳田租的农民看见后偷着笑。
先生质疑他，问他笑的原因。
他回答说：“我不懂得画，可是认识真牛。
在它们争斗时，要把尾巴夹在两腿之间，即使是强壮的大汉也不能从中拉出来。
这个图上的牛都是举着尾巴，好像不合情理吧。
”马正惠被他所说服。
5.黄琬聪慧黄琬年幼但很聪明。
祖父黄琼，早年担任魏郡太守。
建和元年正月里发生日食，京城（洛阳）看不见（日食）的情况，黄琼把当地所见报告朝廷。
太后下令问日食多少，黄琼思考如何回复太后，可不知道怎样来描述（日食的情况）。
黄琬当时7岁，在祖父身旁，说：“何不说日食后余下的太阳，好像一弯新月？”黄琼大为惊讶，立刻用黄琬的话回答太后的询问，黄琼认为黄琬与众不同而深深地爱他。
2012年11月10号教育部二级笔译试卷 记忆版
2012年11月10号教育部笔译二级考试汉译英Passage 1国际货币体系的问题在2008年就已经暴露出来了，欧债危机只是进一步展示了其中的问题和挑战。
过去几年里，中国和其他国家政府官员以及学界，已经把基于主权货币的国际金融体系所隐含的问题讲得很清楚，大家都认识到现有国际金融体系固有的问题，也同时都看到未来改革的方向，亦即必须建立超越主权的国际货币——国际通货。
但是，虽然方向明白了，我们也还要认识到短期内这一目标不可能实现。
其中的主要挑战在于还没有一个世界政府，也没有真正的世界央行。
国际货币基金组织只能算是形式上的世界央行，联合国也没有真正的立法权、执法权和行政权。
在国家主权当先的世界秩序下，超主权货币难以成为现实。
欧元危机正说明了这一点。
欧元区17国只有货币联盟，但没有财政联盟、更没有政治和法治乃至行政方面的联盟.Passage 2统筹城乡发展，推进城乡一体化，要以深化宏观体制改革为突破口，深化财政、税收、金融、户籍、社会保障、劳动就业等宏观经济领域和社会领域的改革，建立健全城乡平等的经济社会体制。
通过创新体制，建立统筹城乡发展新的政策体系，彻底扫清造成城乡分隔的种种障碍，建立有利于城乡人口和生产要素合理流动的体制机制，促进城市与农村全方位、多层次的开放与交流，让城乡居民享有平等的政治、经济和社会地位，拥有平等的权利、义务和发展机会。
统筹城乡发展要把实现城乡居民的愿望，满足城乡居民的需要，特别是增进最广大农民群众的物质利益、政治利益、文化利益作为工作的出发点和落脚点，正确处理城镇建设与农村建设的关系，坚持富民为先、以民为本，充分调动和发挥人民群众的主观能动性和创造性，着力推进城市和农村的协调发展。
英翻汉Passage 1全文如下："Buy now, pay later” has long been the unofficial mantra of American retailing. But this holiday season plenty of American shoppers have gone the other way—paying first and buying later. ’Tis the season of layaway.From a strictly financial perspective, layaway looks foolish. As critics point out, if you were to put the purchase on a credit card instead and pay off the amount in full by the time that the layaway period would have elapsed, you could well pay less in interest than the five-dollar service fee that most st ores charge. Alternatively, if you don’t have a credit card, you could put the moneyyou’re going to spend on the product into a savings account or under your mattress. That would save you the service fee and eliminate the risk that you’ll have to pay a ca ncellation fee if you end up not making all the layaway payments. What this analysis leaves out, however, is the way people actually behave. Even people who can pay off their credit cards often don’t, since the whole structure of the credit-card industry is designed to make you irresponsible—as long as you make a small monthly payment, the bank will carry you. In fact, that’s what the bank wants: the profits in the credit-card business come from “revolvers,” people who pay a small amount each month and rack up big interest charges—far more than the five bucks they’d have spent on a layaway service fee. Layaway, by contrast, fosters virtue: it forces you to save, because if you don’t make the payment you don’t get the product. It’s what psychologists call a “commitment device,” a way to get yourself to do something that you want to do but know you’ll have a hard time doing if left purely to your own devices.Passage 2未找到原文不过是以下这篇文章的缩略版。
2012年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了G. I. Joe 由普通人成长为英雄，是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。
二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题：G. I. Joe 这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。
空格中需要填动词，在定语从句中做谓语，其主语是who（指代men and women），动作发生的地点是in World War II；空后的句子“the people they liberated”中 they也指代 men and women，他们有 liberate的动作，由此推断“the men and women”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人，即服役的军人。
只有serve 有“服兵役”的意思，所以选 B。
A 项 perform 意为“表现；执行；表演”；C 项 rebel 意为“造反，反抗”；D 项 betray 意为”背叛，出卖”，皆不符合文意，为干扰项。
2．【答案】B【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的 the poor farm kid 和 the guy 在含义上呼应，同时与空格后的“grown intohero”逻辑含义应保持一致，因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后面的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（common man）成长为英雄，所以选 B。
A 项actual 意为“实际上，事实上的”；C 项special 意为“特殊的，专门的”；D 项normal 意为“正常的，常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意，为干扰项。
3．【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是who（the guy），宾语是all the burdens of battle，要表达“承担战争带来的负担，应该用动词bear 或shoulder，所以这里选 A，bore。
2012年11月CATTI笔译考试真题及答案
1.英译汉FOR MORE than 30 years, I have been wondering about L.R. Generson.三十多年来，我一直在思考着L. R. 杰内森究竟是何许人。
On one of our first Christmases together, my husband gave me a complete set of Dickens. There were 20 volumes, bound in gray cloth with black corners, old but in good condition. Stamped on the flyleaf of each volume, in faded block letters, was the name of the previous own er: “L.R. Generson, M.D., Bronx, NY.’’在我和丈夫一起度过的最初的几次圣诞节中，有一次他送给我了一整套狄更斯的作品。
这些书有二十卷，用一块黑色边角的灰布包裹着，这些书尽管有些旧了但保存完好。
每一卷的扉页上，都有模糊的大写字母，显示着它们之前的主人的信息：“L. R. 杰内森, 医学博士，布朗克斯，纽约。
”That Dickens set is one of the best presents anyone has ever given me. A couple of the books are still pristine, but others - “Bleak House,’’ “David Copperfield,’’ and especially “Great Expectations’’ - have been read and re-read almost to pieces. Over the years, Pip and Estella and Magwitch have kept me company. So have Lady Dedlock, Steerforth and Peggotty, the Cratchits and the Pecksniffs and the Veneerings. And so, in his silent enigmatic way, has L.R. Generson.这套狄更斯的作品是我收到的最好的礼物之一。
高等学校英语应用能力考试(B级)试卷1参考答案与解析
Consolidation(For Students)广东科学技术职业学院外国语学院大学英语部教改组2012年12月高等学校英语应用能力考试大纲（B级）一、考试对象本大纲适用于修完《基本要求》B级所规定的全部内容的高等职业教育、普通高等专科教育、成人高等教育和本科办二级技术学院各非英语专业的学生。
二、考试性质本考试的目的是考核考生的语言知识、语言技能和使用英语处理有关一般业务和涉外交际的基本能力，其性质是教学---水平考试。
三、考试方式与内容考试方式为笔试，包括五个部分：听力理解、语汇用法和语法结构、阅读理解、翻译（英译汉）和写作（或汉译英）。
考试范围限于《基本要求》B级所规定的全部内容。
第一部分：听力理解（Listening Comprehensive）测试考生理解所听问题并做出恰当回答的能力、理解简短对话的能力和听写词语的能力。
听力材料的语速为每分钟100词。
听力材料以日常交际和简单的业务交际内容为主。
词汇限于《基本要求》的“词汇表”中B级2，500词的范围，交际内容涉及《基本要求》中的“交际范围表”所列的B级挺立的范围。
本部分的得分占总分的15%。
测试时间为15分钟。
第二部分：词汇用法和语法结构（Vocabulary and Structure）测试考生运用词语和语法知识的能力。
测试范围限于《基本要求》中的“词汇表”B 级（2500词）和“语法结构表”所规定的全部内容。
本部分的得分占总分的15%。
测试时间为15分钟。
第三部分：阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）测试考生从书面文字材料获取信息的能力。
总阅读量约800词。
本部分测试的文字材料以一般性阅读材料（科普、文化、社会、常识、经贸、人物等）为主，也包括简单的应用性文字，不包括诗歌、小说、散文等文学性材料，其内容能为各专业学生所理解。
阅读材料涉及的语言技能和词汇限于《基本要求》中的“阅读技能表”中与B级要求相应的技能范围和“词汇表”B级中2，500词的范围；阅读材料涉及的应用性内容限于《基本要求》中“交际范围表”B级所规定的读译范围，如：便条、通知、简短信函、简明广告、简明说明书、简明规范等。
自考《英语二》2012版 课程代码00015 课文英汉对照
Unit 1 The Power of LanguageText APre-reading Questions1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying ,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.批判性阅读批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。
2012年11月教育部二级英语口译真题
2012年11月教育部二级英语口译真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、英译中(总题数：1，分数：50.00)1.Thank you all. Thank you. Thank you so much. Thank you. And it is, as always, such a personal pleasure for me to join this remarkable gathering. And I look out at this audience and there are just too many people here who deserve recognition to name all of you, so let me just express my deep appreciation to all the representatives of foreign governments as well as the leaders and advocates who are here with us and who will be sharing the stage. And of course, I do want to thank someone very special, namely my husband, for organizing this event – (applause) – and instilling it with his very special spirit of activism, innovation, and commitment that is contagious. Last year at CGI, I spoke about the Obama Administration’s new strategy for international development, which has elevated development alongside diplomacy and defense as the core pillars of American foreign policy. And we are working with our partner countries to help them obtain the tools and capacity that they need to solve their own problems and contribute to solving the world’s shared problems. Our goal is to help people lift themselves, their families, and their societies out of poverty and toward a better life. And this is not development for development’s sake. This work, we believe, advances our own security, prosperity, and values. So we have focused on strategic areas where we can make the biggest impact on agricultural change that stretch from the farm to the market to the table and keep people nourished and productive, health systems that help people spend their days working rather than sick or dying, opportunities for women and girls that allow them to contribute to economic and social progress. And today, I am very excited to tell you about a new initiative that will advance these and other efforts, and help put vital new tools in the hands of millions of people. As we meet here in New York, women are cooking dinner for their families in homes and villages around the world. As many as 3 billion people are gathering around open fires or old and inefficient stoves in small kitchens and poorly ventilated houses. Many of the women have labored over these hearths for hours, often with their infant babies strapped to their backs, and they have spent many more hours gathering the fuel. The food they prepare is different on every continent, but the air they breathe is shockingly similar: a toxic mix of chemicals released by burning wood or other solid fuel that can reach 200 times the amount that our EPA considers safe for breathing. As the women cook, smoke fills their lungs and the toxins begin poisoning them and their children. The results of daily exposure can be devastating: Pneumonia, the number one killer of children worldwide, chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and a range of other health problems are the consequence. The World Health Organization considers smoke from dirty stoves to be one of the five most serious health risks that face people in poor, developing countries. Nearly 2 million people die from its effects each year, more than twice the number from malaria. And because the smoke contains greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane, as well as black carbon, it contributes to climate change. There are other consequences as well. In conflict zones like the Congo, the journeys that women must take to find scarce fuel put them at increased risk of violent and sexual assault. Even in safer areas, every hour spent collecting fuel is an hour not spent in school or tending crops or running a business. People have cooked over open fires and dirty stoves for all of human history, but the simple fact is they are slowly killing millions of people and polluting the environment. Engineers and development professionals have worked on this problem for decades. My own involvement stretches back many years, and I’m well aware that well-meaning efforts have been launched, but none have managed to match the scope of the challenge. But today, because of technological breakthroughs, new carbon financing tools, and growing private sector engagement, we can finally envision a future in which open fires and dirty stoves are replacedby clean, efficient, and affordable stoves and fuels all over the world –stoves that still cost as little as $25. I know that maybe this sounds hard to believe, but by upgrading these stoves, millions of lives could be saved and improved. This could be as transformative as bed nets or even vaccines. So today, I am very pleased to announce the creation of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. (Applause.) This is a public-private partnership led by the United Nations Foundation that will work toward the goal of 100 million homes adopting new clean stoves and fuels by 2020. Our long-term goal is universal adoption all over the world, and the alliance is a perfect CGI model of a public-private partnership that already includes governments such as the United States, Germany, Norway, and Peru, international development organizations and local NGOs, as well as foundations and private companies such as Morgan Stanley and Shell. And we do expect to grow quickly with your help, and this effort will proceed on a number of parallel tracks. First, a major applied research and development effort to improve design, lower costs, and develop global industry standards for cookstoves. There are already some good stoves out there, but we can make them much more durable, efficient, and affordable, and scale up production to reach a mass market. With the right advances, new stoves could even use their own wasted heat to produce electricity that powers smoke-clearing fans, mobile phones, and even household lights. Second, a broad-based campaign to create a commercial market for clean stoves, including reducing trade barriers, promoting consumer awareness, and boosting access to large-scale carbon financing. Now, no single stove will meet the needs of every community across the world. In fact, previous efforts have taught us that if local tastes and preferences are not considered, people will simply not use the stoves, and we’ll find them stacked in piles of refuse. That’s why a market-based approach that relies on testing, monitoring, and research is so important, because if we do this right, these new stoves will fit seamlessly into family cooking traditions while also offering a step up toward a better life. Third, we will integrate clean stoves into our international development projects so that refugee camps, disaster relief efforts, and long-term aid programs all will act as distribution networks. Women and girls who are obviously the vast majority of stove users will be our focus throughout. Women-owned, micro-financed businesses and networks can extend deep into hard-to-reach communities, and that I know a number of my friends from SEWA, the Self Employed Women’s Association tha t started in India, has already made a huge difference for millions of women in India. And they’re with us today; you’ll meet them in a minute. And they’re helping us to make this happen more broadly. The United States is committing more than $50 million over the next five years to this initiative, and we urge other countries to join us. Our partners have already contributed an additional $10 million, and we’re working to raise more every day with the goal of reaching at least $250 million over 10 years. This is a project that brings, across our government, the experts together, and many of them have long experience in working on clean stoves, but never before have we pulled our resources and our expertise behind a single global campaign, as we are doing today. And never before have we had the range of global partners and coordination that the Alliance for Clean Cookstoves brings with it. So we need your help as well. You’re here because you are already committed to identifying and investing in innovative solutions to persistent global problems. So today, I ask you to join us, to be a part of this solution, an issue that brings together so many of our concerns. Whether you’re passionate about health or the environment or sustainable development or women’s em powerment, this is a project for you, and we need you. The next time you sit down with your own family to eat, please take a moment to imagine the smell of smoke, feel it in your lungs, see the soot building up on the walls, and then come find us at the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. Hearths, whatever they look like, and wherever we gather around them, where we tell our stories and pass down our values, bind families together. And the benefits from this initiative will be cleaner and safer homes, and that will, in turn, ripple out for healthier families, stronger communities, and more stable societies. So we are excited because we think this is actually a problem we can solve. And Iwant to bring up and introduce to you a woman who has been my partner in this process in the United States Government. She provided invaluable leadership to this effort and has on so many important issues facing our country. The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Lisa Jackson. （分数：50.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：( 谢谢大家，谢谢，非常感谢，谢谢。
刘氏善举文言文原文意思翻译
《刘氏善举》文言文原文意思翻译《刘氏善举》文言文原文意思翻译刘氏善举原文刘氏者，某乡寡妇也，育一儿，昼则疾耕于田间，夜则纺织于烛下，竟年如是。
邻有贫乏者，刘氏辄（zhé）以斗升相济。
偶有无衣者，刘氏以己之衣遗（wèi）之。
乡里咸称其善。
然儿不解，心有憾。
母诫之，曰“与人为善，乃为人之本，谁无缓急之事。
”母卒三年，刘家大火，屋舍衣物殆（dài）尽，乡邻给衣物，且为之伐木建屋，皆念刘氏之情也。
时刘儿方悟母之善举也。
译文刘氏是某一个乡里的寡妇，抚养有一个孩子。
她白天在田间努力耕作，晚上点着烛火在织机上纺织，终年都像这样。
邻居中有穷困的人，她往往用一升一斗的粮食救济他们。
偶尔没有衣服穿的人，她就把自己的衣服赠送给他们，乡里的人都称赞她的善良。
然而她的儿子不理解，心里很有怨言。
刘氏就告诫他，说：“为别人做好事，是做人的根本，谁没有紧急的事情呢？”刘氏死后三年，刘家遭遇大火，宿舍衣物全部被烧光。
大家不仅给他衣服，还为他砍树建造房屋，这都是怀念刘寡妇的情意呀。
这时刘寡妇的儿子才明白母亲做好事的原因。
字词解释1、…者…也：判断句，…是…。
2、昼：白天。
、耕：耕种。
34、竟年：终年，一年到头。
5、如：像。
6、是：代词，这样。
8、辄：往往。
9、相：代“贫困者”。
10、济：救。
11、偶：偶尔。
12、以：把13、遗：赠送。
14、之：代“无衣者”。
15、咸：全，都。
16、称：称赞。
17、然：然而。
18、诫：告诫。
、与：为。
1920、为：做。
21、善：好事。
22、本：根本；准则。
23、卒：死。
24、殆：几乎。
25、殆尽：几乎全部烧光。
尽：没有。
26、给：给予。
27、伐：砍。
29、第：房屋、府第30、善举：做好事。
31、疾：勤奋的；努力地32、憾：怨恨；抱怨。
33、刘氏以己之衣遗之：第一个之是“的”，第二个之是“他们”代指邻居。
34、斗升：此指一斗一升。
35、育：生养、竟：整，从头到尾。
36句子理解1.昼则耕作于田间，夜则纺织于烛下，竟年如是：白天在田间耕作，晚上就着烛火在织机上纺织，整年都是这样。
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1) 应用翻译，或称实用翻译，国外的提法有 “practical translation”, “applied translation”或 “pragmatic translation”。其中，“pragmatic translation” 也可指一种方法，即语用翻译法 (pragmatic approach)——译者通过语用分析，把源 语文化的内涵，用符合译语语用习惯的译文表达出 来。……应用翻译以传递信息为主要目的（同…应用翻译范围较广，包括 人们日常接触和实际应用的各类文字，涉及对外宣传、 社会生活、生产领域、经营活动等方方面面，但不包 括文学及纯理论文本。
“第二次世界大战结束以来，出于实际需要，商 业、外交、科技方面的翻译蓬蓬勃勃地兴起来，其 声势甚至超过文学翻译，从而构成西方现代翻译发 展的一个主要内容”，“商业、外交、科技等专业 和事物性翻译规模空前” (谭载喜， 2004: 160) ， which tells us how the pragmatic translation develops in the western countries. While in China, especially after the reform and opening-up, pragmatic translation also booms with many translation departments of public corporations, multi-nationals and government department( 企业、跨国公司、政府部门的翻译部 门), whose work covers the translation of scitech literature ( 科 技 文 献 ), economic and commercial documents （ 经 贸 文 书 ） , official documents( 官 方 文 件 ), publicities( 公 共 宣 传 品 ), advertisements( 广 告 ), etc., offering a good opportunity for the development of pragmatic translation in China.
• 1. 1 Definitions of pragmatic translation
Pragmatic Translation generally refers to the translation that deals with all types of writing with a practical style and function for a practical use or purpose (oral interpreting will not be dealt with in this course but mainly with written translation), some more specific definitions of which are as follows:
Examples:
• 1) We suggest that you draw on us at sight through your bank and we will honor it on presentation. [In business English, there are some words or phrases are endowed with some special means different from daily language, such as “offer”(not“提供” but “报盘”), “quotation” (not“引语”but“报价单”), “negotiation”（not“谈 判”but“议付”）、“policy”（not“政策”but“保 单”）、“coverage”（not“覆盖”but“投保”）、 “underwriter”（not“签署人”but“水险商”）.In the above example, the underlined words are the same endowed some special meaning in business]: 建议你方通过你方银行向我方开出即期汇票，
Questions:
• (1) What is pragmatic translation? • (2) What’s the difference between pragmatic translation and literal translation? • (3) Why shall the pragmatic translation require a translator to have some professional knowledge? Without it, what will happen?
• 4) [Tourist brochure] 这儿的峡谷又是另一番景象： 谷中急水奔流，穿峡而过。两岸树木葱笼，鲜花繁茂， 碧草萋萋，活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。各种 奇峰异岭，令人感受各异，遐想万千。 It is another gorge through which a rapid stream flows. Trees, flowers and grass, a picture of natural vitality, thrive on both banks. The weird peaks arouse disparate thoughts.
•
应用翻译包括政府文件、告示、科 技论文、新闻报道、法律文书、商贸信 函、产品说明书、使用手册、广告、技 术文本、科普读物、旅游指南等各类文 本。应用翻译的服务面广，原本主要由 专家、编辑、记者写给外行看的 (specialist/editor/journalist to layman) 。 (方梦之，“我国的应用翻译：定位 与学术研究”，中国翻译，2003/6)
• 3) [Authoritical statements] 要集中全国人民的智 慧和力量，聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展。 We will pool the wisdom and strength of the people of the whole country and concentrate on construction and development.
2) 关于应用文本的范围(广外曾立沙教授)： 应用类文本可分为法规和成文法类应用文本（Texts of Rules and Regulations, TRR）和对外宣传类应用文本 （Practical Texts for Foreign Recipients, PTFR）两大 类，前者包括法律、合同、政策条文等文本，后者指宣传介 绍或公告类文本及商务文本，包括各级政府新闻发布会的信 息通告、我国政治经济、文化教育等发展状况的对外介绍、 投资指南、旅游指南、城镇/乡村/企业/公司介绍、各种大型 国际性活动宣传、企业产品/服务广告宣传、商务函电/商务 单证表格等。 不同类型的文本有其不同的特征。如宣传类文本不同于 文学文本和成文法类文本或科技文本的翻译。就中文宣传类 文本的翻译而言，有三个显著特征，一是信息特征强，故将 译文读者视为信息受众更合适；二是注重宣传的社会效应； 三是许多中文对外宣传类文本自身存在诸多不足。这类文本 范围较广，目前，这类文本翻译的社会需求很大，也显得日 益重要，但在中译外的翻译实践中存在的问题也最多。
2) [Ad] You will notice how kind new Sanara is to your hair. See it. Fee it. Sanara’s naturally derived formulations bring out the shine and smoothness in your hair, leaving it manageable and healthy. You won’t actually see how kind Sanara is to the environment, but it’s nice to know that the whole range is biodegradable, so it doesn’t pollute water or soil. And naturally, the packing is recyclable. • (1)（packaging instruction）沙拉娜是由天然配方精 制而成，能使头发健康，光泽柔顺，易于梳理，沙拉 娜系列都具有生物降解特性，包装可回收利用，对水 土、环境不会造成污染。 • (2)（TV advertisement）柔情四季，沙拉娜，呵护 您的秀发，爱护您的健康，天然配方，令秀发光泽柔 顺。情有独钟，沙拉娜。生物降解，不伤水土，爱护 自然，数她第一。
• 5) [Daily notes] 乔· 沃特曼先生： 奉上手表一块，聊表敬意，务请笑纳。 乔治· 布什 1998年9月8日 September 8, 1993 Mr. George Bush with regards to Mr. Joe Waterman, requests the acceptance of a watch forward herewith. George Bush
1.2 Distinct features in Pragmatic Translation Practice
• • • • 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 Pragmatism (实用性) Professionalness(专业性) Team-work Orientation(团队性) Rush-in Orientation(突击性)
6) [essay(小品文)] 我们力求使这本刊物充满着浪漫的人文精神、 深邃的哲思和妙趣横生的智慧，同时也希望它高而不孤、博 而不杂、温柔敦厚、真率可喜，在你我之间联结温馨的友情。 设想我们长夜相对、促膝谈心，它会是几畔的一杯清茗。当 你好整以暇、细细品味，齿颊间悠远的清芬会令你回味无穷； 若你为俗务所苦，只能在匆匆之间浅啜，亦会觉到有暗香缓 缓拂过心头。 In trying to fill the journal with romantic humanism, profound philosophical thought and sparkling wit, we hope that it will be your refined--yet not aloof, erudite-yet not confusing, tender, honest, frank and pleasant friend. It is like a fragrant cup of tea that will leave you a delicate aftertaste when you leisurely savor it, or a warm, quiet fragrance in your heart with only a quick sip. (改刊寄语，《中国文学》汉英双语版，扉页，2000/1)