第 8 章国际市场产品策略(国际营销学)

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西南财大《市场营销学》课后习题答案

第一章市场营销概述课后习题答案一、名词解释需要：指人自身所感受到的某种物质或精神上未被满足的状态。

交换：指从他人那里取得相应的物品，同时以某种物品作为回报的行为。

市场营销：关于构思、产品和服务的设计、定价、分销和促销的规划与实施过程，目的是创造能实现个人和组织目标的交换。

市场营销观念：指企业在开展市场营销活动过程中，处理企业顾客和社会三者利益方面所持的态度、思想和意识，即企业进行营销管理时的指导思想和行为准则。

顾客忠诚度：指顾客满意后产生的对某一产品品牌或公司的信任、维护和希望重复购买的一种心理倾向，它是顾客满意进一步发展的结果。

关系营销：关系营销实质上是系统营销思想的进一步运用和发展。

它是以系统论作为自身的基本指导思想，将企业置身于社会大环境中来考擦它的市场营销活动。

二、单项选择题1．B 2．D三、多项选择题1．ABDE 2．ABD 3．ABD四、简答题1．简述市场营销学发展的主要阶段答：市场营销学的产生、发展大致经历了四个阶段：（1）初创阶段（1900-1920）。

在这一阶段，企业为了增加商品的销售，开始忠实广告、推销等活动，以刺激销售。

1912年美国哈弗大学的赫杰特齐出版了《市场营销学》教科书，标志着市场营销学成为一门独立的学科。

（2）发展阶段（1920-1950）。

在这一阶段资本主义世界爆发了经济大危机，生产相对过剩，市场需求大大降低。

为了研究市场和销售问题，各种市场营销理论的不同观点、不同研究方法相继出现，市场营销学论著急剧增加。

（3）“革命”阶段（1950-1980）。

这一时期，买方市场逐渐形成，20世纪50年代至60年代形成以消费者为中心的产品开发和市场开发观念，市场细分概念提出，4P理论提出，市场营销学理论开始在全球传播。

（4）成熟阶段（1980-至今）。

随着信息技术与网略技术的发展，国际市场竞争空前激烈，1984年菲利普·科特勒提出大市场营销理论，兰·戈登教授提出战略性竞争理论，至此，市场营销学作为一门应用科学得到了进一步的丰富。

国际市场营销课程标准

国际市场营销课程标准《国际市场营销》课程标准一、概述（一）课程性质经济全球化加快了企业融入国际市场的步伐，这就要求企业对国际市场的营销环境、规则和营销策略的规律性有一个充分的把握。

《国际营销学》是工商管理、国际贸易专业的—门重要专业必修课。

通过学习本课程，要求学生掌握有关国际市场营销的一些基本理论，更重要的是要求掌握相关的营销操作技能，为日后实际工作打下良好的基础。

（二）课程基本理念通过本课程的教学，帮助学生掌握现代国际市场营销的基本原理，培养学生的市场营销实战才干，使学生能运用所学的理论知识，具备进行国际市场营销策划的能力，具备进行国际市场研究的能力，具备制定国际经营战略，选择国际目标市场并进行市场定位的能力，具备进行国际市场产品决策、定价决策、分销决策、促销决策等方面的能力，提高分析和处理国际市场营销问题的综合能力和实践能力。

（三）课程设计思路本课程的教学方法以课堂讲授教学为主，以实践和课堂讨论为辅。

主要的教学手段包括:1.课堂讲授：系统地向学生传授基础知识。

2.课堂讨论：通过引导学生参与讨论加深学生对基本知识的理解。

3.课后作业：适量的课后思考督促学生进行更深入的思考。

4.小组项目：提供调研课题与经典案例，学生分组讨论、课堂陈述并上交报告。

5．结课成绩=平时成绩*30%+期末考试成绩*70%二、课程目标（一）总目标主要围绕“企业如何开展国际营销”这一主题，按照企业进入国际市场的过程依次展开论述。

从国际营销环境的分析、国际目标市场的选择及进入方式的决策，到国际营销竞争策略的制定，国际营销组合策略的实施以及营销过程的组织与控制，进行全面、系统的分析。

使学生了解国际市场营销基本理论及其发生、发展；掌握国际市场营销管理的基本原理和方法。

并使他们对国际市场的环境、进入国际市场的方式与应用条件、国际产品、定价、渠道和沟通策略、全球营销管理的领导、组织和控制有较全面的了解，且具备有较强的实际操作能力。

（二）具体目标1、知识目标：（1）正确认知课程性质、任务及研究对象，全面了解国际营销课程体系、结构，整体认知营销。

国际市场营销学教学大纲

《国际市场营销学》课程教学大纲一、课程说明1.课程代码: 1060330312.课程中文名称：国际市场营销3.课程英文名称： Internation marketing4.课程总学时数： 515。

课程学分数： 36.授课对象：国际贸易本科7。

本课程的性质、地位和作用课程性质是一门国际贸易本科的专业课。

先修课程:市场营销,管理学，组织行为学，经济学，会计学等。

《国际市场营销学》是一门研究国际市场需求的应用性学科,旨在讲授企业进行国际市场营销的基本理论、基本知识和技巧。

内容包括国际市场营销管理哲学、国际市场营销环境分析、国际市场营销调研、国际目标市场营销战略、国际市场竞争战略、国际市场营销组合策略等。

本课程具有环境适应性、理论系统性和应用灵活性等特点，把基础市场营销学原理与国际市场营销实务紧密结合起来，立足中国与国际市场接轨,充分利用国内和国外两种资源，开拓国内与国外两个市场.二、教学基本要求1、本课程的目的、任务。

通过学习与讨论，使学生全面系统地掌握市场营销学的原理及其在国际市场营销中的应用，全面了解国际市场环境变化发展趋势，初步掌握进入国际市场经营和制定国际市场营销组合策略的基本理论和基本方法,培养和提高正确分析和解决国际市场营销活动中各种问题的能力。

2、教学基本要求通过本课程教学，帮助学生掌握现代国际市场营销的基本原理，培养学生的市场营销实战才干，使学生能运用所学的理论知识，具备进行国际市场营销策划的能力；具备进行国际市场研究的能力;具备制定国际经营战略,选择国际目标市场并进行市场定位的能力；具备进行国际市场产品决策、定价决策、分销决策、促销决策等方面的能力;提高分析和处理国际市场营销问题的综合能力和实践能力。

学生要在学习完《市场营销学原理》、《国际贸易》等基础课程；教师除了要有丰富的市场营销知识和经验以外，还应收集相关的案例,便于进行案例教学。

教学方法主要课堂讲授为主，课堂提问和讨论为辅。

包括教师讲授，案例分析，课堂讨论,专题讲座，实践调查相结合等主要采用多媒体等教学工具进行教学，以提高教学效率。

国际市场营销全球营销学每章课后习题答案

全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。

国际营销学知识点整理

第一章营销的概念：是计划和执行关于商品服务和创意的构想、定价、促销和分销，以创造符合个人和组织目标的交换的一种过程。

现代营销系统的主要要素：企业自身、经营环境、顾客、竞争对手、供应商和中间商。

营销学的基本内容：1、认识市场营销2、分析营销机会3、制定营销战略4、制定营销策略5、营销活动的组织和控制市场营销学的核心概念1、需要、欲望、需求2、产品或市场提供物3、顾客满意、顾客价值、顾客让渡价值、价值链4、交换、交易、和关系5、市场顾客让渡价值：总顾客价值和总顾客成本之差。

顾客让渡价值越高，对顾客购买行为的刺激作用越大。

营销观念（1）含义：营销观念就是指导和影响营销活动的经营哲学，这是营销活动的指导思想。

（2）作用：它对企业的营销活动起着方向性的作用，有什么样的营销观念就有什么样的营销活动。

（3）营销观念演进1、生产观念2、产品观念3、推销观念4、市场导向营销观念5、社会营销观念#市场导向营销观念的主要内容：企业实现目标的关键在于确认目标市场的需要，然后比竞争对手更加有效地满足这种需要。

#市场导向营销观念建立在目标市场、顾客需要、整合营销和盈利能力上。

#社会营销观念的主要内容：企业经营者在进行营销决策时，不但要考虑消费者的需要和企业目标，更要考虑消费者和社会的长期利益，要在自身利益、顾客利益和社会利益之间达成平衡和协调。

第二章国际营销含义特点：企业根据国外顾客的需求，将生产的产品或提供的服务供给国外顾客，并最终获利的贸易活动。

国际营销的实质：企业通过为国外客户提供满意的产品或服务获得合法利润的贸易活动。

国际营销学的形成1、1912年作为一门独立科学出现2、20世纪50年代开始形成真正的现代营销学3、20世纪60年代形成了国际营销学四、国际营销学的基本理论1、绝对成本论：一国对外贸易的利益，在于输出本国在生产费用上占绝对优势的商品，以换取本国不能生产或生产费用较高的商品。

2、比较成本论：各国应按照生产成本的相对差别进行国际分工，各国应专门生产成本上相对有利的商品，而成本相对不利的其他商品，即使生产该商品的绝对费用低于其他国家，亦仍然从国外进口为有利。

《国际市场营销学》第八章习题参考答案

1.解释下列概念：国际市场营销调研：国际市场营销调研是指企业运用科学的方法，有目的地、系统地搜集、记录一切与国际市场营销活动相关的信息，对所收集到的信息进行整理和分析，从而把握目标市场的变化规律，为国际市场上的营销决策提供可靠的依据。

文案调研：文案调研方式是指从各种文书档案中检索出有用的信息资料，再加以分析判断确定国际市场营销策略的一种以收集第二手资料为主的调研方式。

实地调研：实地调研是指市场调研信息资料直接来源于国际市场，从而取得第一手资料的调研方式。

问卷调查：问卷调查是将设计好的问卷寄给被调查者，请其回答后寄回以获取信息资料。

抽样调查：这是从调查对象的总体中按随机原则抽取一部分单位作为样本，对样本进行观测和调查，并以所观测和调查的样本指标推断或推算总体指标的一种非全面调查方法。

二手信息资料：第二手资料包括联合国、各国（地区）政府、贸易协会及其他组织公布的资料，企业内部记录和报告以及从各种渠道得到的间接资料。

第一手信息资料：是市场营销人员直接从顾客、中间商、推销员和竞争者等方面收集得来的第一手资料。

询问法：指采取询问方式向具有代表性的被调查者了解情况，从而获取原始信息资料的一种方法。

观察法：观察法：指由调研人员直接到现场，指由调研人员直接到现场，指由调研人员直接到现场，通过工具、机器或直观方法，通过工具、机器或直观方法，通过工具、机器或直观方法，观察被调查者观察被调查者的行动和表情，收集原始资料。

实验法：实验法：指在一定的小范围市场指在一定的小范围市场指在一定的小范围市场（样本空间）（样本空间）（样本空间）内，对某一购买行为进行实验性的内，对某一购买行为进行实验性的统计性观察，从而了解其因果关系的一种重要方法。

2.国际市场营销调研主要包括哪些内容？答：国际市场营销环境调研：国际自然环境；人口资源；国民收入；各国社会和文化；国际政治环境；国际经济环境。

国际市场的消费者调研：消费者调研；消费量调研。

《国际市场营销》课程标准

《国际市场营销》课程标准一．课程信息课程名称：国际市场营销课程类型：专业必修课程代码：0530110 授课对象：商科类专业学分：4学分先修课：商务英语口语学时：128学时后续课：国际商务单证操作实务制定人：王淼制定时间：2011年6月20日二．课程性质、任务和目的国际市场营销课是国际商务学院商务英语专业的主干课程，同时也是本专业的核心专业课程之一；是一门具体介绍国际市场营销业务流程的课程。

本课程是一门应用性较强的商务类课程，可以让学生掌握在国际市场中开展营销的基本理论、基本知识和基本技巧。

通过学习和实践，学生应了解国际文化、经济、政治、法律等环境对国际市场营销活动的影响，学会识别和分析各国、各地区重要的，具有环境独特性的方法和原则；提高学生对国际市场营销环境差异在市场营销中的重要性的认识；掌握解决和处理国际市场营销问题的方法和策略。

拓展学生的视野，活化学生的思维，提升其解决问题、分析问题和发现问题的能力。

三．课程设计（一）．课程目标设计课程设计淡化理论，强调实践，注重技能培养。

1．基于“技能培养”的教学设计我们加强对学生的技能培养，让学生在学到理论文化知识的同时，锻炼学生的综合能力。

教学模式主要采用MBA的成功教学模式——以案例分析为主线，以实践训练为依托，最终达到提高学生综合素质的目的。

2．基于“互动学习”的教学设计我们在教学设计的过程中强调师生围绕教学主题进行互动，更多地发挥学生的主动性。

围绕主题或与该主题相关的案例展开讨论，同时采用师生互动或游戏的方式来把主题融入，充分发挥了学生的主观能动性。

3．基于“真实情境学习”的教学设计我们在教学中努力营造比较具有真实性的模拟情境，让学生进行岗位技能训练，帮助学生掌握专业技能，并强化对学生的素质培养。

4. 课程模块设计思路：根据课程内容主要设计了五大模块：第一模块为国际市场营销基础理论及国际市场营销环境；第二模块为国际市场营销战略介绍；第三模块为国际市场营销策略制作；第四模块为国际市场营销管理；第五模块是国际市场营销实训。

国际营销学的主要概念和基本理论

商业惯例
不同国家或地区的商业惯例和行业规范可能存在较大差异，需要重新学习和适应。
国际贸易壁垒
关税
对进口商品征收的税费，可能导致价格上涨，降低市场竞争力。
非关税壁垒
进口限制、配额、许可证等非关税措施，增加进口难度和成本。
技术壁垒
技术标准和认证制度差异，导致产品难以进入目标市场。
国际法规与政策限制
法律法规差异
各国法律体系和政策规定不同，需要了解并遵守当地法律法规。
政策不稳定
政策变化可能影响国际营销策略的实施和效果，需要密切关注政策动向。
国际市场竞争
市场竞争激烈
目标市场可能已经存在众多竞争对手，需要提高自身竞争力。
品牌竞争
品牌认知度和市场份额争夺，需要建立品牌优势和市场份额。
价格竞争
特点
国际营销具有跨文化、跨国界、跨市场等特点，需要考虑到不同国家和地区的市场差异、文化差异以及政治经济差异。此外，国际营销还需要关注全球市场的趋势和变化，以及如何适应和利用这些趋势和变化。
国际营销的重要性
1 2 3
开拓新市场
通过国际营销，企业可以开拓新的市场，扩大销售范围，提高企业的市场占有率和盈利能力。
国际营销学的主要概念和基本理论
2023-11-09
contents
目录
• 国际营销学概述 • 国际营销的核心概念 • 国际营销的基本理论 • 国际营销的挑战与对策 • 国际营销的未来趋势与展望
01
国际营销学概述
定义与特点
定义
国际营销学是研究如何在国际范围内开展市场营销活动的学科。它涉及企业如何识别、评估和满足国外消费者的需求，以及如何有效地推广和销售产品或服务。

国际市场营销复习资料整理

第1章国际市场营销导论市场营销：组织的一项向顾客进行创造价值、沟通价值和传递价值并通过顾客关系来实现组织相关利益者利益的职能。

国际市场营销：在一国以上把企业生产的产品和劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动。

国际贸易：国家之间进行的有形商品、无形商品及服务的交换活动。

全球营销：企业跨国经营的最高阶段，以全球为目标市场，将公司的资产、经验及产品集中于全球市场。

企业走向国际市场的主要动因：国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈国际市场具有新引力国际市场具有新引力政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策科技技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提国际市场营销学与市场营销学的关系：国际市场营销学是市场营销学的延伸和分支，国际市场营销学的基本原理和方法同基础市场营销学无多大差异。

二者主要的区别：营销环境的不同，最主要差异。

市场营销组合策略不同：产品策略、定价策略、分销策略、促销策略国际营销战略及营销管理过程更复杂国际营销战略及营销管理过程更复杂国际营销与国际贸易有何区别与联系联系：以获取利润为目的而进行的跨国界的经营活动；以商品和劳务做为交换对象；面临相同的国际环境（人口、经济、法律政治、社会文化及竞争）；理论基础都是早期的“比较利益说”及“国际产品生命周期论”。

区别：商品交换主体不同（营销主体是企业，贸易主体是国家）；商品流通形态不同（贸易必须是跨国界，营销可以不跨国界）；国际贸易的作业流程比国际营销狭窄；国际贸易的作业流程比国际营销狭窄；国际营销活动比国际贸易更富于主动及创造精神；评估二者的效益的信息来源不同。

评估二者的效益的信息来源不同。

国际企业经营哲学的演变经历了哪几个阶段，目前我国企业的经营哲学主要处于哪一阶段，为什么？阶段：阶段：以生产为导向的传统营销观念；以国外顾客为导向的营销观念；以生产为导向的传统营销观念；以国外顾客为导向的营销观念；以生产为导向的传统营销观念；以国外顾客为导向的营销观念；以外部环境为导向的营销观念；以外部环境为导向的营销观念；以外部环境为导向的营销观念；以全球市场为导向的以全球市场为导向的营销观念。

国际市场营销(第二版) 第7-13章

缺点：
• 难以满足具体市场需求 • 降低子公司人员的积极性 • 难以应对贸易壁垒和差异化
（二）差异化策略
定义：企业在世界范围内向不同的国家和地区的市场提供不同的产品，以适应和满足不同国家和地区市场的差异化需求
引发差异的两种因素：强制性因素和非强制性因素
• • • • 各国对产品标准的特殊规定计量和技术标准的规定自然条件的特殊性其他政府条款规定
（二）服务策略
定义：服务是企业通过送货、安装、调试、维修、更换零部件、人员培训等方式来保证产品功能的正常发挥，使产品质量保证条款得以落实，实现对消费者承诺的营销手段内容
向消费者提供产品和企业信息提供业务技术咨询产品的安装、调试、维修与备品配件供应处理用户的来信，来电及来访
产品质量的保证服务，为顾客提供信用服务其他用户要求的特殊服务
服务策略面临的重要问题决策
由谁实施产品服务
对维修服务人员的培训
对国外维修服务网点、零配件的供应
第九章
1 3
国际市场渠道策略
国际市场营销渠道结构国际市场营销渠道设计国际市场营销渠道管理
2 3
第一节国际市场营销渠道结构
一、国际市场营销渠道概念
企业把自己的产品通过某种途径或方式转移到目标国消费者手中的过程就构成了国际市场营销渠道。
(二)特许经营
特许经营与许可证贸易的关系
范围不同
控制程度不同
关系不同
优点
低成本快速扩张标准化，扩大市场影响提高经营积极性风险小
缺点
特许利益有限全面有效管理难以实现培养竞争对手适用面窄
（三）管理合同
优点
无资金投入，风险小标准化，扩大市场影响提高经营积极性风险小

国际市场营销产品策略

国际市场营销产品策略一、进入国际市场的四种产品观念1．整体产品的观念。

市场营销学所研究的产品确实是整体产品。

整体产品的概念包括三个方面的内容，即实质产品〔又称核心产品〕、形式产品和延伸产品。

实质产品确实是产品的差不多需求效用；形式产品是指产品的实体外在形状，包括品质、特点、式样、包装、商标和厂牌等；延伸产品那么是针对产品本身的商品特性而产生的各种服务保证。

市场营销学的产品价值观确实是消费者的需要，产品的整体概念就表达着以用户为中心思想，正因为如此，国际营销学者在营销过程中，就应不折不扣地考虑产品的各个方面适应消费国的顾客需要，否那么在策略的运用上便有失策的可能。

2．产品的组合观念。

所谓产品组合，即指企业所经营的全部产品的有机构成，或者是各种类产品的数量比例。

国际市场营销要求每一个国家或企业，一定要依照国际市场的需求和自己的资源、技术条件来确定产品的经营范畴及产品的结构，这是任何国家面对国际市场必须要解决的问题。

假如一个国家不能依照国际市场情形充分发挥本国优势〔躲开劣势〕确定产品的出口结构，它就不能利用国际经济为本国的建设进展作用。

因此，出口什么产品是自家长处，缩短和进展什么产品对已有利，营销者必须心中有数。

3．产品的周期观念。

产品在市场上显现到消逝的过程确实是产品的市场生命周期。

就同类性质的产品而言，大类的产品与大类的某种产品以及某个牌号的产品的生命周期是不同的。

从一个国家或一个企业来说，向国际市场提供的产品一样差不多上某种产品或某种牌号的产品，这就要求产品的经营者不仅要考虑到个自产品的经营周期，还要考虑到该种产品及该类产品的周期。

企业的市场营销战略必须适应产品的这种周期变化并符合各种类型产品周期间的内在关系，这是企业在动态的市场上求得生存和连续进展的关键4．制造开拓的观念。

国际市场不仅是市场营销的新领域，而且也是竞争创新最宽敞场所，不制造就没有前途，就企业的自身条件来看，开拓精神是企业最大的潜在精神力量。

国际市场营销的产品策略

②经济的适应性改变。收入水平的高低在很大程度上影响消费者对产品
效用、功能、质量、包装及品牌等的要求。收入水平低的消费者通常注重对产品最基本性能的要求，如要求产品价格低廉，经久耐用，而对包装、品牌则不太注重。收入水平高的消费者则更多地追求产品的优质、精美的包装、品牌的知名度等。
保护主又者对包装材料是否造成环境
污染十分关注。此外，产品包装还需考
虑各国零售商的需要。
相应的产品包装策略主要有： ①
类似包装策略。企业对其生产的各种
产品都采用相同的图案，近似的色彩，
相同的包装材料和相同的造型进行包
装，便于顾客识别出本企业产品。②配
套包装策略。按各国消费者的消费习
惯，将数种有关联的产品配套包装在
④消费者自身的适应性。国外市场的教育水平也是促使企业改变其产品的非强制性因素。发达国家的消费者平均受过十年以上的正规教育，而且生长在一个高度商业化、工业化和技术化的社会中，他们文化水平高，易于识别、掌握和使用技术复杂的产品。而在一些贫穷落后的国家中，消费者受教育的程度有限，甚至许多是文盲，他们难以掌握及使用技术复杂的产品。
无论是产品的改良还是创新，不但有一个如何适应目标市场消费者需求特点的问题，还要考虑如何适应目标市场所在国的法律、文化、经济环境的问题。故销往国际市场的产品要适应各国营销环境的要求，对产品进行改进。一种是强制性适应改进产品，一种是非强制性适应改进产品。
对国际市场产品的适应性改变，不但涉及到核心产品，而且还涉及到广义的产品中的包装及服务等方面。基本要求是：包装要准确传递商品信息。世界各国一般都对产品包装上应标识的内容有明确的规定，如生产日期、重量、保质期等，企业应如实注明。另外，包装上的文字、图案、色彩均应与商品的特色和风格相一致。包装应与商品价格相适应。包装物的价值应与商品价值相配套。如高级珠宝应配以高档包装，以烘托商品的名贵。如果包装物的价值超过商品本身的价值则会引起消费者反感，从而影响销售。考虑国际目标市场的需求。进人国际市场的产品包装要考虑各个国家和地区的储运条件，分销时间的长短，气候状况，消费偏好，销售条件，环境保护，风

国际市场营销学学科认识

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20世纪50年代开始，亚洲的日本和西欧的英、法、德、意、荷等主要资本主义发达国家很快恢复了遭到战争破坏的经济，而且随着世界新技术革命的深入，经济水平大大超过了战前的水平，这些国家也加入到以美国为首的国际营销活动大军中。与此同时，世界各大洲和各地区，也成立了诸如欧洲共同体、经互会、安第斯共同体等不同形式的区域经济集团组织，导致地区组织内部各国之间的国际贸易和国际营销活动频繁。
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二、国际市场营销的含义
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著名美国学者非利浦·R·凯特奥拉教授在其所著的《国际市场营销》一书中的定义是：“国际市场营销是指对商品和劳务流入一个以上国家的消费者或用户手中的过程进行计划、定价、促销和引导，以便获取利润的活动。”
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著名英国学者沃尔什在其所着的《国际市场经营学》一书中，对国际市场营销的定义包括下述两点：一是对商品和劳务所进行的跨越国界的市场经营；二是从事销售或生产的组织(国际企业)在某国家的市场经营活动。
第二次世界大战结束后美国趁世界各国经济都需要恢复的时机开始面向欧洲国趁世界各国经济都需要恢复的时机开始面向欧洲亚洲拉丁美洲等地区的国家大量销售其战争剩余物亚洲拉丁美洲等地区的国家大量销售其战争剩余物资从而以强劲的势头开始了国际贸易和国际营销活资从而以强劲的势头开始了国际贸易和国际营销活可编辑ppt492020世纪世纪5050年代开始亚洲的日本和西欧的英法德年代开始亚洲的日本和西欧的英法德意荷等主要资本主义发达国家很快恢复了遭到战争意荷等主要资本主义发达国家很快恢复了遭到战争破坏的经济而且随着世界新技术革命的深入经济破坏的经济而且随着世界新技术革命的深入经济水平大大超过了战前的水平这些国家也加入到以美水平大大超过了战前的水平这些国家也加入到以美国为首的国际营销活动大军中

国际市场营销产品策略的主要内容(一)

国际市场营销产品策略的主要内容(一)进入国际市场的包括四种产品观念：整体产品的观念、产品的组合观念、产品的周期观念、创造开拓的观念。

进入国际市场的产品策略有：固有产品策略，产品更改策略，机会牵引策略，聚力开发策略，专门产品策略，尾随跟进策略。

一、进入国际市场的四种产品观念1．整体产品的观念。

市场营销学所研究的产品就是整体产品。

整体产品的概念包括三个方面的内容，即实质产品（又称核心产品）、形式产品和延伸产品。

实质产品就是产品的基本需求效用；形式产品是指产品的实体外在形态，包括品质、特征、式样、包装、商标和厂牌等；延伸产品则是针对产品本身的商品特性而产生的各种服务保证。

市场营销学的产品价值观就是消费者的需要，产品的整体概念就体现着以用户为中心思想，正因为这样，国际营销学者在营销过程中，就应不折不扣地考虑产品的各个方面适应消费国的顾客需要，否则在策略的运用上便有失策的可能。

2．产品的组合观念。

所谓市场营销产品组合，即指企业所经营的全部产品的有机构成，或者是各种类产品的数量比例。

国际市场营销要求每一个国家或企业，一定要根据国际市场的需求和自己的资源、技术条件来确定产品的经营范围及产品的结构，这是任何国家面对国际市场必须要解决的问题。

如果一个国家不能根据国际市场情况充分发挥本国优势（避开劣势）确定产品的出口结构，它就不能利用国际经济为本国的建设发展作用。

所以，出口什么产品是自家长处，缩短和发展什么产品对已有利，营销者必须心中有数。

3．产品的周期观念。

市场营销产品在市场上出现到消失的过程就是产品的市场生命周期。

就同类性质的产品而言，大类的产品与大类的某种产品以及某个牌号的产品的生命周期是不同的。

从一个国家或一个企业来说，向国际市场提供的产品一般都是某种产品或某种牌号的产品，这就要求产品的经营者不仅要考虑到个自产品的经营周期，还要考虑到该种产品及该类产品的周期。

企业的市场营销战略必须适应产品的这种周期变化并符合各种类型产品周期间的内在关系，这是企业在动态的市场上求得生存和持续发展的关键。

国际市场营销学整理笔记

第一章国际市场营销导论1、营销的定义：营销是计划和执行关于商品、服务和创意的构想、定价、促销和分销，以创造符合个人和组织目标的交换的一种过程第一，营销是一组活动的总和第二，营销活动的目的是有一定目标的第三，营销是一个过程，受到周围环境的影响建立在下的概念基础上：需要-产品-效用-交换-市场-营销2、发展阶段：国内营销-出口营销-国际营销-多国营销-全球营销国际市场营销是19世纪中期以后逐渐发展起来的第二章国际市场营销环境经济环境：（1）自由贸易区：指签订有自由贸易协定的国家的贸易区，自由贸易区内的国家之间取消关税或其他非关税壁垒（2）关税同盟：指两个或两个以上的国家完全取消关税或其他非关税壁垒，而且对非同盟国家采取统一的关税税率（3）共同市场：指共同市场成员国间完全废除关税与数量限制，建立共同的对外关税，同时，劳动力与资本等生产要素可以在成员国直接自由流动（4）经济同盟：指成员国直接不但有商品和生产要素可以完全自由流动，建立共同的关税，而且成员国制订和执行某些共同的经济政策和社会政策，逐步废除政策的差异，目前的欧洲联盟属此类型。

区域经济一体化：优惠贸易协定：是指成员国（经济体）之间通过签订协定或采取其他形式对全部或部分商品实行特别的关税优惠。

完全经济一体化：区域内各国在经济同盟基础上，全面实行统一的经济和社会政策建立统一的货币制度，使各成员国在经济形成单一的经济实体。

几种经济体制的比较：贸易政策：关税；进口配额；鼓励出口措施；世界贸易组织全球经营的政治风险：（指跨国公司经营活动中，由于东道国政局或正常的不稳定以及政府干预经济的行为，导致外国投资者在该国遭受损失的可能性。

）包括：（1）产权风险：没收、征用和本土化（2）经济风险（3）其他风险经济风险：外汇管制、当地含量法律、进口限制、税收管制、价格管制、劳动力问题第四章：国家市场购买行为分析消费者购买行为模式：最有代表性的是菲利普.科特勒的刺激-反应模式刺激－消费者－反应影响消费者购买的外在因素：文化因素（文化、亚文化、社会阶层）；社会因素（相关群体、家庭、社会角色与地位）；个人因素(年龄和生命周期、职业、经济状况、生活方式、个性与性别)；心理因素（动机、感觉、学习、信念和态度）产业市场特点：购买者数量较少；购买量较大且市场较集中；供求双方关系密切；需求受消费品市场影响；需求缺乏价格弹性；波动需求较大；专业化购买购买情况的主要类型：1）直接重购2）修正重购3）新购第五章国际市场营销管理过程国际市场机会的寻找和发现1、从现有的供求差异中寻找国际市场机会；2、从企业竞争优势中发现市场机会3、通过对市场信息的分析发现国际市场机会4、从市场环境的动态变化中发现国际市场机会；5、创造全新的国际市场机会。