2015年职称英语理工类考试阅读判断加强题
2015年职称英语考试阅读理解专项题(理工类C级)
The Need to RememberSome people say they have no memory at all："I just can't remember a thing!"But of course we all have a memory.Our memory tells us who we are.Our memory helps us to make use in the present of what we have learnt in the past.In fact we have different types of memory.For example,our visual memory helps us recall facts and places.Some people have such a strong visual memory，they can remember exactly what they have seen，for example，pages of a book，as a complete picture.Our verbal(言语的)memory helps us remember words and figures we may have heard but not seen or written：items of a shopping list,a chemical formula,dates，or a recipe.With our emotional(情感的)memory，we recall situations or places where we had strong feelings.perhaps of happiness or unhappiness.We also have special memories for smell,taste, touch and sound，and for performing physical movements.We have two ways of storing any of these memories.Our short-term memory stores items for up to thirty seconds-enough to remember a telephone number while we dial.Our long-term memory,On the other hand,may store items for a lifetime.Older people in fact have a much better long-term memory than short-term.They may forget what they have done only a few hoursago，but have the clearest remembrance(记忆)of when they were very young.Psychologists tell us that we only remember a few facts about our past，and that we invent the rest.It is as though we remember only the outline of a story.We then make up the details.We often do this in the way we want to remember them，usually so that we appear as the heroes of our own past-or maybe victims needing sympathy(同情).16Visual memory helps us recall a place we have been to.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17Visual memory may be used when we read a story.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18Verbal memory helps us read words we have never heard.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19Emotional memory is used when we perform physical movements.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20Animals do not have a long-term memory.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21Long-term memory is more important than short-term memory.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22Generally we remember only a few facts about the past.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned参考答案：16.A l7.A l8.B l9.B20.C21.C22.AThe Supercomputer Network1Recently,ten laboratories run by governments in different parts of the world have become linked.Their computers have been connected so they can"talk"to each other.This may not seem very dramatic news，but it is the beginning of a development that will increase the power of the Internet tremendously.2The Internet is an interconnected(互联)system of networks that connects computers round the world and facilitates the transmission and exchange of information.The way that you use the Internet is by accessing this network.This depends on the power that your system allows you to use.The power of your computer is responsible for how fast you can download(下载)files,how much data you can store，etc.If your computer is old and slow，accessing the information can be very difficult.3The new development in information technology has been called"the grid"(网格技术)，and it will be a network ofcomputers that are linked together。
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解)
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解) 第4部分：阅读理解(第31—45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu IF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.But it’s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. “We don’t want people wearing them everywhere,” said the CDC. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.”When that’s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you’re healthy and can’t avoid going to a crowded place. Second t you’re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking onyou. Third, you live with someone who’s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren’t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you’ve been exposed. It’s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.31. What is the passage mainly about?A. Widespread use of face masks.B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreakC. New discoveries of a face mask research.D. Effectiveness of wearing face masks32. The CDC suggests that peopleA. stay alone when being sick.B. wear face masks when going to a crowded place.C. wear face masks wherever possible.D. remain at home if living with someone who’s sick.33. The word "that" in Paragraph 3 refers toA. making preparations.B. avoiding exposureC. coming up with guidelines.D. wearing face masks everywhere.34. Which of the following statements is true?A. Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.B. Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.C. Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.D. Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.35. One of the concerns the CDC has is thatA .masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.B. the sick may not wear masks and go out.C. flu virus may spread via public transportation.D. healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.第二篇What’s killing the BatsFirst it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌)known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists don't know Ifthe fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can’t eat eno ugh food, they starve to death.Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠)bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren't enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.36. What is the main idea of this passage?A. All species of bats in North America are dying.B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC. The bat deaths are a serious problem.D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?A. Bees have been dying mysteriously.B. The first article on the website is about bees.C. Bees usually die before bats.D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.38. The word “pipistrelle" in Parag raph 1 refers toA. a kind of fungus.B. an area in the U.S.C. a special cave.D. a kind of bat.39. The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example ofA. diseases that kill bats.B. Insects that bats eat.C. animals that have diseases.D. bat species that are starving to death.40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To get people to stop killing bats.B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.C. To ask people not to touch dead bats.D. To tell the public how to help bats.第三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar t hermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with adifferent kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael P athak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but t hey are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That mean s that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light —pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solarthermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.41. PVTs are not efficient inA. creating electricity.B. cooling silicon solar cells.C. generating heat.D. powering solar thermal collectors.42. One of the problems PVTs have is thatA. their thermal applications are costly.B. they are too expensive to afford.C. they occupy too much space.D. it is hard to fix them on the roof.43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A. They are electrically efficient.B. They are less expensive.C. They are flexible.D. They are environment friendly.44. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA. their advantages are not well-recognized.B. they do not work well if exposed to light.C. they need improving in appearance.D. they are not advertised.45 Which of the following statements is true?A. Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.B. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.C. Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.D. A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015年职称英语《理工类》练习题和答案(4套)
推荐：更多2015年职称英语试题第一套题词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)1.Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment.A.angerB.doubtC.loveD.surprise2.The document was compiled by the Department of Health.A.writtenB.printedC.attachedD.sent3.He's spent years cultivating a knowledge of art.A.sharingingC.denyingD.developing4.We've seen a marked shift in our approach to the social issues.A.clearB.regularC.quickD.great5.Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners.A.politeB.similarualD.bad6.I want to provide my boys with a decent education.A.goodB.specialC.privateD.general7.In the process，the light energy converts to heat energy.A.changesB.reducesC.leavesD.drops8.Many cities have restricted smoking in public places.A.limitedB.allowedC.stoppedD.kept9. What are my chances of promotion if I stay here?A.retirementB.advertisementC.advancementD.replacement10.If we leave now，we should miss the traffiC.A.directB.stopC.mixD.avoid11.There was a profound silence after his remark.A.proudB.shortC.suddenD.deep12.I enjoyed the play it had a clever plot and funny dialogues.A.longB.boringC.originalD.humorous13.The thief was finally captured two miles away from the village.A.caughtB.killedC.foundD.jailed14.Such a database would be extremely costly to set up.A.transferB.destroyC.establishD.update15.The two banks have announced plans to merge next year.bineB.sellC.closeD.break参考答案：1.A2.A3.D4.A5.A6.A7. A8. A9. C 10.D11.D 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读判断)
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读判断) 第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题l分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Lack of Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientists have long speculated as to why animal species d idn’t flourish sooner, once sufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at the end of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about the billion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also was plenty of oxygen?Well, it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.In a study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and his colleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period were only 0.1% of what they are today. In oth er words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’t have supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancements were poised to occur.“There is no question that genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise of animals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level of oxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with Christopher Reinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the first evidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentially prevent the rise of animals.”The scientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancient sediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium is found in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directly linked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically, the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near the shore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger locales known to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxyge n’s role in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists. “We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gave us the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’s conditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygen was already plentiful enough to support animal life.In the new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highly dynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasiona lspikes. However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference in the nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, our results will really change how people view the origins of animals and other complex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” said co-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be a game changer.”“There’s a lot of interest right now in a broader discussion surrounding the role that environmental stability played in the evolution of complex life, and we think our results are a significant contribution to that,” Reinhard said.16. The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoic period.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. The team was funded by several research institutes.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The study revealed that chromium found in Earth’s con tinental crust remained stable before and after the rise of animals.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案讲解
2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案职称英语考试《理工类A级》阅读理解强化练习题(5)Early or Later Day CareThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from it. Secondly, common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cuff, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.词汇：psychoanalyst n.精神分析学家一心理分析学家 insulate vt.隔绝rear vt.抚养 predispose 易导致 care taker n.照顾者，看管人 entail vt.蕴涵infant n.婴儿 anthropologist n.人类学家1.Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?A) Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day car for children at the age of three or older.B) Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.C) The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.D) Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.2.Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?A) Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.B) Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.C) A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.D) Baby care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child's s personality.3.It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ______ .A) the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societiesB) a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societiesC) mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societiesD) children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years4.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?A) Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.B) The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.C) The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.D) Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.5. Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?A) Children under three should stay with their parents.B) Early day care has positive effects on children's development.C) The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.D) The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.「答案解析」1.C 波比认为，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的“依恋”期。
2015年职称英语考试理工类A级阅读判断模拟题及答案汇总
Mad Scientist Stereotype OutdatedDo people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed?The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physics'boffin'(科学家)still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London.The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects.98percent of those asked got it wrong.The majority of people picked a white male of around60,wearing glasses and with a white beard.While this stereotype may have been the image of an average physicist fifty years ago,the reality is now very different. Since1960the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now31.The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboards full of equations(等式)or working with fizzing(嘶嘶响)test tubes.These stereotypes are really damaging to society.Very good school children are put off studying science because they don't see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science.They simply don't relate to themedia's image of the mad scientist.This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university.If we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects,we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive.But we must also develop children's interest in science.In an attempt to change this negative image,an increasing number of science festivals are being organized.Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in nationwide science competitions of which the most popular are the national science Olympiads.Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the International Science Olympiads which are held in a different country every year. These events are all interesting for the young people who take part but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science.It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.1Most people have similar ideas of what a physicist looks like.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2The majority of physicists in Britain today are Cambridge graduatesA RightB WrongC Not mentioned3The media and the cinema have played a role in promoting the image of the mad scientist.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4There will be more women scientists than men scientists in.the futureA RightB WrongC Not mentioned5More children will study science if it becomes more attractive.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6The image of the mad scientist is really encouraging tosociety.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7The International Science Olympiads are held once every two years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.A2.C3.A4.C5.A6.B7.BMother Nature Shows Her StrengthTornadoes(龙卷风)and heavy thunderstorms moved across the Great Lakes and into Trumbull County on Saturday evening. The storms were dramatic and dangerous.George Snyder was driving the fire truck down Route88when he first noticed that a funnel(漏斗状的)cloud was behind him. "1stopped the truck and watched the funnel cloud.It was about 100feet off the ground and I saw it go up and down for a while. It was moving toward Bradley Road and then suddenly it disappeared,"Snyder said.Snyder only saw one of the funnel clouds that passed through northeastern Ohio on Saturday.In Trumbull County,a tornadoturned trees onto their sides.Some trees fell onto houses and cars.Other trees fell into telephone and electrical wires as they went down.Amanda Symcheck was having a party when the storm began. "1knew something was wrong,"she said.'1saw the sky go green and pink(粉红色).Then it sounded like a train rushing toward the house.I started crying and told everyone to go to the basement for protection."The tornado caused a lot of damage to cars and houses in the area.It will take a long time and much money to repair everything.There was also serious water damage from the thunderstorms.The heavy rains and high wind caused the power to go out in many homes.The storms caused serious flooding in areas near the river. More than four inches of rain fell in parts of Trumbull County. The river was so high that the water ran into streets and houses. Many streets had to be closed to cars and trucks because of the high water.This made it difficult for fire trucks,police cars, and other rescue vehicles to help people who were in trouble.Many people who live near the river had to leave their homes for their own safety.Some people reported five feet of water in their homes.Local and state officials opened emergencyshelters for the people who were evacuated(撤走).The Red Cross served meals to them."This was a really intense storm,"said Snyder."People were afraid.Mother Nature can be fierce.We were lucky this time.No one was killed."1The weather was nice in Trumbull County on Saturday evening.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2George Snyder was a firefighter.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3Amanda Symcheck was having a party in the basement when the storm began.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4Power supply system was not damaged during the storm.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5There had not been such a severe storm in Trumbull County for a hundred years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6Rescue vehicles had a hard time getting to people.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7Several people were missing during the storm.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.B2.A3.B4.B5.C6.A7.CA Dolphin and an AstronomerOne day in1963,a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer,Carl Sagan,were playing a little game.The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other.Sagan was standing on the edge of one of the tanks where several of these friendly, highly intelligent creatures were kept.Elvar had just swum upalongside him and had turned on his back.The dolphin wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again,as the astronomer had done twice before.Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting.Then,after a minute or so,the dolphin leapt up through the water and made a sound just like the word"more". The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident."Oh,yes.That's one of the words he knows,"the director said,showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have,and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds.What is more,these sounds seem to have different functions,such as warning each other of danger.Sound travels much faster and much further in water than it does in air.That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans.But can it be said that dolphins have a'language',in the real sense of the word?Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds,or even words.A language has a structure and what we call a grammar.The structure and grammar of a language help to give it meaning. For example,the two questions'Who loves Mary?'and'Who does Mary love?'mean very different things.If you stop to thinkabout it,you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question'Can dolphins speak?'can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in a grammatical order which affects their meaning.1The astronomer was not interested in the way dolphins communicate with each other.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2The dolphin leapt up into the air because Sagan was too near the water.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3Parts of the dolphin's brain are particularly well developed to handle different kinds of sound.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4Dolphins are the most useful animals to humans.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5Dolphins travel faster in water than any other animals.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6Some scientists believe that dolphins have a language of their own.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7Sounds can be called a language only when they have a structure and a grammar.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.B2.B3.A4.C5.C6.A7.AMotion SicknessLiving in space looks like lots of fun.You can do certain things in space(like floating around,or pushing huge objects) that you cannot do on earth.But being in space can do thingsto you,too.If you stay too long in a gravity-free environment, your bones could become weak,and a small spaceship just might annoy you after a while,because space travel could make you seasick!On July4,1982,after seven days orbiting the earth, astronauts Thomas K.Mattingly and Henry W.Hartsfield returned home.Although not all of the experiments on board worked properly,the flight basically seemed to be a success except for one"little"thing:early in the flight,astronaut Hartsfield became"seasick".Thomas Mattingly,who is also a jet pilot and is highly resistant to motion sickness on earth,did much better. Mattingly sailed through space with a steady stomach.But no one knows why Hartsfield felt uneasy and Mattingly did not.So far it seems there is no reliable way to predict who will become motion sick in outer space and who will not.in all,at least four astronauts have suffered from space motion sickness. Russian and American scientists are working together to try to understand and solve the motion sickness.Space program officials worry that if so many highly-trained pilots get sick in space,what will happen when civilians start flying in the shuttle?Motion sickness is a disagreeable feeling that comes from the pitching,rolling,swaying,or just the moving of the object you are riding in or on.Symptoms of motion sickness include: dizziness,headache,a sinking feeling in the stomach,and vomiting.Why does motion make some people ill?Doctors believe that motion sickness is caused by a disturbance in the inner ear.Our ears do more than give us hearing.A part of the ears gives us a sense of balance and helps make us aware of whether we are right side up or upside down.If you know that you get carsick or seasick,what can you do?Speak to your doctor.There are certain medicines available that can help stop that uneasy feeling.But many of them can also make you ually they work best taken before you begin feeling ill.Some people also recommend water,ice cubes,mints,or plain toast.But these remedies do not always work for everyone.Perhaps,since motion sickness is such a big problem in outer space,researchers may soon find a way to cure the astronauts-and those of us who stay on earth.16Floating in space for too long a time may also do harmto one's lungs and heart.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17At the end of the flight,Hartsfield became"seasick".A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18Mattingly was much thinner than Hartsfield.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19Russian and American scientists are working together to solve the problem of motion sickness in astronauts.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20Untrained civilians are more likely to suffer from motion sickness in a spacecraftA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21The motion sickness some astronauts suffered from during space travel had been caused by the defective digestive system.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22People suffering from motion sickness during space travel can alleviate its symptoms by eating or drinking something.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned【参考答案】1.C2.B3.C4.A5.A6.B7.CPlants in DesertOnly special plants can survive the terrible climate of a desert，for these are regions where the annual range of the soil temperature can be over75℃.Furthermore，during the summer there are few clouds in the sky to protect plants from the sun's ray.Another problem is the fact that there are frequently strong winds which drive small，sharp particles of sand into the plants，tearing and damaging them.The most difficult problem for all forms of plant life，however，is the fact that the entire annual rainfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring.Grasses and flowers in desert survive from one year to the next by existing through the long，hot，dry season in the form of seeds.These seeds remain inactive unless the right amount of rain falls.If no rain falls，or if insufficient rain falls，they wait until the next year，or even still the next.Another factor that helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short.By the time that the water from the spring rains disappears——just a few weeks after it falls——such plants no longer need any.The perennials have special features which enable them to survive as plants for several years.Thus，nearly all desertperennials have extensive root systems below ground and a small shoot system above ground.The large root network enables the plant to absorb as much water as possible in a short time.The small shoot system，on the other hand，considerably limits water loss by evaporation.Another feature of many desert perennials is that after the rainy season they lose their leaves in preparation for the long，dry season，just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs in preparation for the winter.This reduces their water loss by evaporation during the dry season.Then，in next rainy season，they come fully alive once more，and grow new branches，leaves and flowers，just as the grasses and flowers in desert do.16.Ordinary plants are unable to survive in the desert mainly because of the changeable weather.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.Grasses and flowers in desert are able to survive because they stay in the form of seeds to wait for the right amount of water to come.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.Grasses and flowers in the desert whose life cycles are short shows their ability to adapt to the quick disappearance of rainwater there after it falls in spring.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.Winter is the toughest season for grasses and flowers to survive in desertA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.The shoot system of perennials can help the plants absorb less of the sun's ray.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.The theme of the second last paragraph is why the perennials can survive as plants for several years.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22.Desert perennials lose their leaves after the rainy season just as trees lose theirs in wetter climates before winter arrives，but the reasons for this feature are different.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【参考答案】16.B17.A18.A19.C20.B21.A22.B。
2015年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案
2015年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. accept2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. taste3. Most people find rejection hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. destiny4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. sensible5. They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. active6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. sum7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. correct8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A. ServiceB. dangerC. disorderD. threat9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. surviveB. lastC. dieD. move10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A. fairB. fullC .coexistingD. public11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policyB. valueC .equalityD. integration12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A. principalB. officialC. simpleD. legal13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A. silenceB. praiseC .assureD. complain14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotionalB. nervousC. terribleD. Continuous15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.A. commonB. unexpectedC. unforgettableD. pitiful第2局部：浏览判别(第16～22题，每题l分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误息，请选择B;如果该句的息文中没有提及，请选择C。
2015年职称英语考试理工类阅读判断模拟试题精选
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的容对每个句子做出判断。
如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A 涂黑；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑16、回答16-22题：Micro-chip research center createdA research center has been set up in this far-east country to develop advanced micro-chip production technology．The center, which will start out with about US$14million,will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology.The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants．The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the country’s flagship chipmaker．Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes．Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology provider are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance.As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while plants with out-dated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of U.S．dollars．the majority of that money goes tooverseas equipment vendors and technology owners- mainly from Japan and Singapore.Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in industry, the country admits the US$14million in vestment is still rather small．This country is developing prehensive technologies．Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property owners.The country says that the investment of US$14 million is big enough for developing that country’chip industry.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentioned17、That country gives top priorities to developing chips for military purposes.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentioned18、Although the licensing fees are not very high, that far-east country cannot afford to pay.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentioned19、Many western countries ban the exporting of the most advanced chip- making technologies to that country to prevent them from being used for military purposes.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentioned20、Currently, almost all the flagship chipmakers in that country are owned by American investors.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentioned21、Mainstream chip production technology develop rapidly.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentioned22、More than 10 chip plants being built in that country are an example of self-reliance.A．RightB．WrongC．Not mentionedChoosing a Topic for ResearchBecause you are going to put a lot of your time and energy into your research project(项目),the topic is especially important.In many instances your instructor may give a specific(特殊的)topic.If this is done,you have little choice,but most instructors will permit or even wele a slightly changed focus(中心)in a topic if it is supported by good thinking.In some of your classes,the instructor may present a suggested list of several topics from which you are to make a choice.If this is done,do not simply select the first idea that attracts your attention.It may be one with which you will soon bee bored,or it may be one on which you would have difficulty finding all the necessary information.Looking at the topics,try to consider how you might go about developing each ofthem.When you find out what seems especially interesting and worthwhile(值得骄傲的),do a bit checking in the library to see if you can get the basic resources you will need.Choosing a good research topic does not necessarily mean finding something that has a lot written about it.Many times you will have to research around a topic in order to find out the most useful information.Exciting and original topics often e to mind by bining two pletely different interests.Let us say that you are interested in child psychology(心理学的)and in sports.Perhaps you can bine these into a study of the effect that is watching(可得到的)on the subject,you can research the topic individually and,by putting your information together,then draw a conclusion.16. Choosing a topic for research is important in that you will put a great deal of time and energy into it.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. All instructors will allow somewhat changed focus in the original topic.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. If all the topics are interesting,you are advised to choose the one that has necessary information and is easy to get the basic resources you will need in the library.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Choosing a good research topic certainly refers to finding something that has a lot written about it.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. An exciting and original topic must be any two interests bined.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. You can research the topic by cooperating with others.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. The passage is most likely written for researchers.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案：16. A17. B18. A19. B20. B 21. C22. ADangers Await Babies with AltitudeWomen who live in the world’s highest munities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.Research has hinted that newborns in mountain munities are lighter than average. But it wasn’t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished—many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor pared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998. The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the would, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birth weight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-ine families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz.“We were very surprised by this result,”says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude aredeprived of oxygen before birth.“This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child,“says Giussani.His also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads pared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of the body.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.练习:According to the passage, one of the reasons why newborns in mountain munities are underweight is that their mothers are underweight.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. Giussani’s team members are all British researchers and professors from Cambridge University.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3. Giussani did not expect to find that the weight of a baby had little to do with the financial conditions of the family he was born into.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4. The weight of a newborn has to do with the supply of oxygen even when he was still in his mother’s womb.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5. High-altitude babies have heads that are larger thantheir bodies.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. High-altitude babies have longer but thinner limbs than average.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. Guissani has arrived at the conclusion that babies in high-altitude regions are more likely to have heart trouble when they grow up.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案：BCAABCBGreen Tea Protects against Heart DiseaseA few cups of green tea each day may help prevent heart disease, Greek researchers said on Wednesday. A study published in the European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation showed further evidence of the potential health benefits from a brew already linked to a reduced risk of a range of cancers and other conditions.The study showed that green tea improves blood flow and the ability of arteries to relax, said Charalambos Vlachopoulos, a cardiologist at the Athens Medical School in Greece who worked on the study. Other studies have shown that black tea also has benefits for cardiovascular health.The Greek team said they believed green tea might be even better because it had higher quantities of beneficial pounds called flavonoids（类黄酮）-- some of which are lost in the oxidation process that black tea undergoes. Flavonoids are also found in cocoa, tomatoes and grapes. "A couple of cups a day would probably be a good dose for people," Vlachopoulos said. "This is the first study to show these effects for greentea."The researchers gave 14 healthy volunteers either green tea, diluted caffeine or hot water and then measured the function of endothelial cells lining the circulatory system. These cells help relax arteries and ease blood flow."What is important is these effects are evident fairly rapidly, within 30 minutes," Vlachopoulos said. The measurements taken 30, 90 and 120 minutes following consumption showed an almost immediate benefit among people who had drunk green tea, he said.While the researchers looked only at a short-term impact, Vlachopolous said the team's studies suggest the protection is long lasting. "Green tea is consumed less in the Western world than black tea, but it could be more beneficial because of the way it seems to improve (circulatory) function," he said.1.According to the Greek researchers, having several cups of green tea each day may help prevent heart diseaseA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.There are no studies done to prove that black tea is good for cardiovascular healthA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.The study shows that green tea and black tea are of the same benefits to cardiovascular healthA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.We can find flavonoids in cocoa, tomatoes and green teasA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.The healthy volunteers feel fortable and exciting after drinking green teaA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.The researchers have made long-term studies on the impact of green tea to the health of human bodyA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.Green tea is not as popular as black tea in the worldA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案：ABBACBCNew Understanding of Natural Silk’s MysteriesNatural silk, as we all know, has a strength that man-made materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility (柔韧性) from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are intrinsically very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.Most materials—especially the ones we engineer for strength—get their toughness from brittleness. As such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight, ductility and high strength (pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). But on its face, it doesn't seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent (共价的) bonds found in other molecules.To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MITteam created a set of puter models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals (纳米晶体) is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. But while that's all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes).By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes (纳米碳管), think again.The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk—like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.16. MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. Silk’s strength es from its weak hydrogen bondsworking together.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Biologists and engineers are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural silk in the research.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案：16 B 17 A 18 B 19 B 20 C 21 C 22 AEl NinoWhile some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 El Nino a few months in advance, the Columbia University researchers say their method can predict large El Nino events up to two years in advance. That would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce in various parts of the world.Using a puter, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino occurrences between 1980 and2000 and were then able to anticipate El Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. The results were reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature.The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan C. Weare. a meteorologist at the University of California. Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it“suggests EL Nino is indeed predictable.”“This will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,”said Weare. He added that the new method“makes it possible to predict El Nino at long lead times.”Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare said.The ability to predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importance. The 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading, England. The 1887 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting. Anderson said.When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China alone, according to a 2002 United Nations report.While predicting smaller El Nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.El Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and years.The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.练习：1. The method used by the Columbia University researchers can predict El Nino a few months in advance.A. rightB. wrongC. Not mentioned2. The Columbia University researchers studied the relationship between the past El Nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures.A. rightB. wrongC. Not mentioned3. The Columbia University researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past El Nino occurrences.A. rightB. wrongC. Not mentioned4. Weare’s contribution in predicting El Nino, was highly praised by other meteorologists.A. rightB. wrongC. Not mentioned5. According to a Chinese report, the flooding in China caused by El Nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million Chinese people.A. rightB. wrongC. Not mentioned6. It takes about eight months for El Nino to reach its peak.A. rightB. wrongC. Not mentioned7. A special institute has been set up in America to study El Nino.A. rightB. wrongC. Not mentioned答案：BACCBACChoosing a Topic for ResearchBecause you are going to put a lot of your time and energy into your research project(项目),the topic is especially important.In many instances your instructor may give a specific(特殊的)topic.If this is done,you have little choice,but most instructors will permit or even wele a slightly changed focus(中心)in a topic if it is supported by good thinking.In some of your classes,the instructor may present a suggested list of several topics from which you are to make a choice.If this is done,do not simply select the first idea that attracts your attention.It may be one with which you will soon bee bored,or it may be one on which you would have difficulty finding all the necessary information.Looking at the topics,try to consider how you might go about developing each of them.When you find out what seems especially interesting and worthwhile(值得骄傲的),do a bit checking in the library to see if you can get the basic resources you will need.Choosing a good research topic does not necessarily mean finding something that has a lot written about it.Many times you will have to research around a topic in order to find out the most useful information.Exciting and original topics often e to mind by bining two pletely different interests.Let us say that you are interested in child psychology(心理学的)and in sports.Perhaps you can bine these into a study of the effect that is watching(可得到的)on the subject,you can research the topic individually and,by putting your information together,then draw a conclusion.16. Choosing a topic for research is important in that you will put a great deal of time and energy into it.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. All instructors will allow somewhat changed focus in the original topic.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. If all the topics are interesting,you are advised to choose the one that has necessary information and is easy to get the basic resources you will need in the library.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Choosing a good research topic certainly refers to finding something that has a lot written about it.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. An exciting and original topic must be any two interests bined.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. You can research the topic by cooperating with others.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. The passage is most likely written for researchers.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案：16. A17. B18. A19. B20. B 21. C22. AAre You Getting Enough Sleep?What happens if you don’t get enough sleep? Randy Gardner, a high school student in the United States, wanted to find out. He designed an experiment on the effects of sleeplessness for a school science project. With doctors watching him carefully, Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours and 12 minutes. That’s eleven days and nights without sleep.What effect did sleeplessness have on Gardner? After 24hours without sleep, Gardner started having trouble reading and watching television. The words and pictures were too blurry (模糊). By the third day, he was having trouble doing things with his hands. By the fourth day, Gardner was hallucinating(产生幻觉). For example, when he saw a feet sign, he thought it was a person. He also imagines he was a famous football player. After the next few days, Gardner’s speech became so slurred(不清楚)that people couldn’t understand him. He also had trouble remembering things. By the eleventh day, Gardner couldn’t pass a counting test. In the middle of the test he simply stopped. He couldn’t remember what he was doing.Then Gardner finally went to bed, he slept for 14 hours and 45 minutes. The second day he slept twelve hours, the third night he slept for ten and one-half hours, and by the fourth night, he had returned to his normal sleep schedule.Though Gardner recovered quickly, scientists believe that going without sleep gerous. They say that people should not repeat Randy’s experiment. Tests on Gardner have shown how serious sleeplessness can be. After a few weeks without-started losing their fur(皮毛). And even though the rats ate more food than weight. Eventually the rats died.During your lifetime, you will probably spend 25 years or more sleeping. But why purpose of sleep? Surprisingly, scientists don’t know for sure. Some sleep in order to replenish(补充)brain cells. Other scientists think body to grow and to relieve stress. Whatever the reason, we know enough sleep.16. Randy Gardner studied the effects of overover-sleeping.A RightB WrongC Not Mentioned17. During the experiment, Gardner slept for two hours every night.A RightB WrongC Not Mentioned18. During the experiment, Gardner had trouble speaking clearly.A RightB WrongC Not Mentioned19．It took four days for Gardner to recover from the experiment.A RightB WrongC Not Mentioned20. Going without sleep is not dangerous for white rats.A RightB WrongC Not Mentioned21. Scientists are not sure why we need sleep.A RightB WrongC Not Mentioned22. People sleep less than they used to.A RightB WrongC Not Mentioned答案：BBAABACAre You RichIt was Thanksgiving morning and in the crowded kitchen of my small home I was busy preparing the traditional Thanksgiving turkey when the doorbell rang. I opened the front door and saw two small children in rags huddling together inside the storm door on the top step."Any old papers, lady?"I was busy. I wanted to say no -- until I looked down at their feet. Thin little sandals, sopped with sleet."e in and I'll make you a cup of hot cocoa."There was no conversation. Their soggy sandals left marksupon the hearthstone. I served them cocoa and toast with jam to fortify against the chill outside. Then I went back to the kitchen and started again on my household budget.The silence in the front room struck me. I looked in. The girl held the empty cup in her hands, looking at it. The boy asked in a flat voice,"Lady ... are you rich?""Am I rich? Mercy, no!" I looked at my shabby slipcovers. The girl put her cup back in its saucer--carefully."Your cups match your saucers."Her voice was old, with a hunger that was not of the stomach. They left then, holding their bundles of papers against the wind. They hadn't said thank you. They didn't need to. They had done more than that. Plain blue pottery cups and saucers. But they matched.I tasted the potatoes and stirred the gravy. Potatoes and brown gravy, a roof over our heads, my man with a good steady job -- these things matched, too.I moved the chairs back from the fire and tidied the living room. The muddy prints of small sandals were still wet upon my hearth. I let them be. I want them there in case I ever forget again how very rich I am.1.Two children appeared before the writer’s house in Thanksgiving day and they asked for some food from the writerA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.The writer was so willing to throw the old papers away that she gave the papers to them at onceA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.The writer showed her sympathy to the children because they were orphansA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.The children didn’t say anything when the writer let them e into her houseA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.The girl gave her pliments to the cups and the saucersA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.The children left the writer’s house and they showed their gratitude in words to the writerA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.The writer thought that she was rich because she had a husband with a good steady job and a daughter and a sonA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案：BBCAABCWant to Be 100? Listen to These 5 Centenarians (百岁老人) Five neighbors at a central Missouri retirement munity who are all centenarians get asked all the time:“How did you live to be 100?”If you want to live to 100 or more, this rare group of five golden girls says the key to longevity (长寿) is working hard at a job you love and taking care of your body while you’re at it.Even though an estimated 70,000 people in the country are currently at the century mark or beyond in age, it is unusual to find five 100-year-olds living in one place.The average life-span (寿命) of Americans is about two or three years short of an 80th birthday party. And most people don’t want to cut out coffee, soda, alcohol, cigarettes, and eat healthy food.“People tell me all the time,‘I don’t want to live to be 100,’”said Mildred Leaver, who turned 100 in June.“I think that’s just sad. Aging is attitude and I don’t feel old,”said Leaver, a former educator who still drives her Buick around town.It doesn’t take long to see that Leaver and her neighbors Mildred Harris, Grace Wolfson, Gladys Stuart and Viola Semas, have a lot more in mon than their longevity and lifelong healthy habits. All are 100 except Stuart, who is 101.Even though their sight and hearing aren’t what they used to be, they’ve all avoided illnesses that many elderly people are stricken with. It’s been 50 years since Leaver beat cancer for the first and only time.The mon thread that connects these women is the decades of service to jobs each loved as a farmer, designer, school principal, bookkeeper and secretary. In the early years of their lives, gainfully employed women like them were just as rare as 100-year-olds are today.16.Currently about 70,000 people are aged 100 or above in America.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned.17.It is not hard to find five 100-year-olds living in one place in America.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned.18.None of the five centenarians have any children.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned.19.The average life-span of Americans is 80 years.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned.20.Leaver feels sad about her old age.。
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案The 2015 Professional Title English Level A Exam for the Science and Engineering category is a significant assessment for individuals seeking to advance their careers in these fields. This exam not only tests the candidates' English language proficiency but also evaluates their knowledge and understanding of technical concepts. As a result, it plays a crucial role in determining the qualifications and competencies of professionals in the science and engineering sectors.Preparing for the exam requires diligent study and practice to ensure success. Candidates must familiarize themselves with the format of the exam, whichtypically includes multiple-choice questions, reading comprehension passages, and writing tasks. Additionally, they need to review key vocabulary and grammar rules relevant to the science and engineering domain to enhance their language skills.By dedicating time and effort to preparation, candidates can improve their chances of achieving a satisfactory result in the exam.One of the challenges that candidates may face in the exam is the integration of technical content with English language proficiency. The ability to communicate complex scientific ideas effectively in English requires a high level oflinguistic competence and subject knowledge. Therefore, candidates must strive to develop their language skills in tandem with their understanding of scientific principles to excel in this exam. Practice exercises that combine technical topics with English language practice can be beneficial in overcoming this challenge.In addition to language proficiency and technical knowledge, critical thinking and problem-solving skills are also essential for success in the exam. Candidates may encounter questions that require them to analyze information, draw conclusions, and propose solutions to scientific problems. By honing their critical thinking abilities through practice tests and exercises, candidates can enhance their performance in these challenging aspects of the exam. Furthermore, developingeffective time management strategies is crucial for completing the exam within the allotted timeframe.The 2015 Professional Title English Level A Exam for the Science and Engineering category serves as a benchmark for evaluating the professional capabilities of individuals in these fields. By successfully passing this exam, candidates can demonstrate their proficiency in English communication, technical knowledge, and critical thinking skills. This achievement not only enhances their career prospects but also validates their expertise in the science and engineering domains. As such, the exam plays a vital role in shaping the careers of professionals and promoting excellence in the science and engineering sectors.。
2015年职称英语理工类A级考试阅读理解(打印版)
Hack Great Escape C Their D People A Employees D Security A turning C unusual A sentence D wife A 24 B Chicago Technology Transfer in Germany Prolonging Human Life A Technology B profit C Europe D 1949 D special C rates B Infants A Many D to take D Critical Superconductor Ceramic (陶瓷) Too Polite for Words C Great A have A 143 B Liquid D The B Japanese A other C To illustrate D run A look at The Science of the Future The Business of Weddings B biotechnology C not D eyes B oil C power B business B breakfast A People D pay D objective Investment and Consumption Opinion Polls C invested C consumed A food D healthy A marked A Labour election B Labour C failure D expected A not alway The Effects of Global Warming on Weather Unidentified Flying Object B climate A some D unsuccessful B a A Impact C arou
2015职称英语理工类B级真题(阅读理解)
2015职称英语理工类B级真题(阅读理解) 第四部分：阅读理解第一篇Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreaseslocal-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then thebirds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly." Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.A. the positive effects of coffee.B. a change of coffee growth.C. something that is the most important.D. how coffee production used to be.33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?A. More insects.B. Better quality coffee.C. Larger farms.D. Higher profits.34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?A. They buy more land from other farmers.B. They cut down trees.C. They move to another country.D. They turn grassland into farmland.35.The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sunA. insects.B. air.C. birdsD. humans第二篇More Rural Research is NeededAgricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良)and poverty.” he said.Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化)and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentratio n of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs(有用的副产品)for Mexico, China or India.“Technologies still need to be refined for the local cond itions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr. Fischer said.Yields of rice, wheat ad maize(玉米)havegrown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr. Fischer said.36. What is the passage mainly about?A. Shortage of food supplies.B. Development of agricultural technologies.C. Impact of agricultural research.D. Expectation of population growth.37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding?A. It is increasing among developed countries.B. It is decreasing worldwide.C. Less is demanded from developing countries.D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years?A. Food shortage will not be a problemB. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? Dr FischerA. They are costly.B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.C. Their application is limited.D. They have to be applied locally.40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.第三篇Dangers await babies with altitudeWomen who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born inboth rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high andlow-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child," says Giussani.His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary(冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.41. What does the new study discover?A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.42. Giussani and his team are sure that _____.A. babies born in Lance Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz.B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. the birth weight of babies born to wealthy families is Santa Cruz.D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished.43. It can be inferred from what Giussani says in Paragraph 4 that_____.A. the finding was unexpectedB. he was very tired.C. the study took longer than expected.D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz.44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is _____.A. lack of certain nutrition.B. power of their mother.C. different family backgrounds.D. reduction of oxygen levels.45. It can be learned about form the paragraph that_____.A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life.B. under-weight babies have a shorter life span.C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth.D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015职称英语理工类C级真题(阅读判断)
2015职称英语理工类C级真题(阅读判断) 第二部分：阅读判断ADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased risk of attention problems，seen as early as grade school , if their moms inhaled(吸入)a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health. In a new study , she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew(排放) PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe(探查) other sources of PAHs, ones that would have been hard for an individual to avoid.The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason: Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in these children, now age 9. They asked each child's mother a series of questions.These included whether her child had problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的) mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in 10 U.S. children has ADHD.Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Others had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.16. Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over AmericaA. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. The blood of each women was tested once a month during pregnancy.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHDA. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015职称英语理工类C级真题(阅读理解)
2015职称英语理工类C级真题(阅读理解) 第四部分：阅读理解Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreaseslocal-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then thebirds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly." Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.31.What is the main idea of this passage?A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.A. the positive effects of coffee.B. a change of coffee growth.C. something that is the most important.D. how coffee production used to be33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?A. More insects.B. Better quality coffee.C. Larger farms.D. Higher profits.34.How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?A. They buy more land from other farmers.B. They cut down trees.C. They move to another country.D. They turn grassland into farmland.35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sunA. insects.B. air.C. birds.D. humansSoot(煤烟灰)and Snow: a Hot CombinationNew research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot after the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.Soot in the higher latitudes(维度)of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increase, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface." This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier." said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land."Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heading the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon, " Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate." This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude." Hansen noted.Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to bi the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hermisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.36.Which of the following statements of soot is NOT true?A. It absorbs sun's heat.B. It is responsible for climate change.C. It reflects sunlight.D. It may account for a quarter of global warming over the past century.37. Which of the following areas shows a greater warming effect?A. Ice sea areas.B. Areas with black carbon.C. Areas covered with white snow.D. Melting glaciers.38."This forcing" in Paragraph 5 refers to?A. sun's heating on snow surface.B. soot's increased absorption of solar energy.C. carbon-dioxide's warming effect.D. snow's increased reflection of sunlight.39. What is the main cause of climate warming during the past century?A. Soot.B. Snow.C. Greenhouse gases.D. Wind.40. The largest warming effects happened in the Northern Hemisphere withA. X sea ice and insufficient sunlight.B. light snow cover and sufficient sunlight.C. heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.D. thick sea ice and insufficient sunlight.A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.“This is so remarkable considering Oppor tunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. It has also provided scient ists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reachesthe area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could ho ld clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.41. Opportunity is a record breaking rover in the sense of_____.A. how long is has stayed in spaceB. how far it has traveledC. how much investment it has involvedD. how many facilities it has been equipped with42. What does John Callas say about Opportunity’s long distance travel?A. It hasn’t met scientists’ expectation yetB .It hasn’t been appreciated appropriatelyC .It is secondary to what has been discoveredD .It is what scientists have been aiming at43.One of the objectives of sending Opportunity and Spirit is to_____.A. collect soil and send back to EarthB. develop multinational space explorationC. test how well solar-powered rovers work in outer spaceD. look for the possible presence of life44. Which of the following statements is true of Opportunity?A. It will come back to earth soon.B. Another rover will be sent to replace it.C. It is travelling to XX(看不清，其余选项错误)D. It will work with other rovers exploring Mars45.暂缺更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案
2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案职称英语考试《理工类A级》阅读理解强化练习题(5)Early or Later Day CareThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from it. Secondly, common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cuff, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.词汇：psychoanalyst n.精神分析学家一心理分析学家 insulate vt.隔绝rear vt.抚养 predispose 易导致 care taker n.照顾者，看管人 entail vt.蕴涵infant n.婴儿 anthropologist n.人类学家1.Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?A) Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day car for children at the age of three or older.B) Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.C) The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.D) Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.2.Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?A) Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.B) Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.C) A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.D) Baby care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child's s personality.3.It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ______ .A) the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societiesB) a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societiesC) mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societiesD) children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years4.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?A) Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.B) The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.C) The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.D) Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.5. Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?A) Children under three should stay with their parents.B) Early day care has positive effects on children's development.C) The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.D) The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.「答案解析」1.C 波比认为，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的“依恋”期。
2015年职称英语综合类考试阅读判断加强题
2015年职称英语综合类考试阅读判断加强题(1)Friends play an important part in our lives, and although we may take the fact of fri endship for granted, we often don't clearly understand how we make friends. While we ge t on well with a number of people, we are usually friends with only a very few - for ex ample, the average among students is about 6 per person.Moreover, a great many relationships come under the blanket term "friendship". In all cases, two people like each other and enjoy being together, but beyond that, the degree of intimacy between them and the reasons for their mutual interest vary enormously.Initially, much depends on how people meet, and on favourable first impressions. As we get to know people, we take into account things like age, race, physical attractiveness economic and social status, and intelligence. Although these factors are not of prime imp ortance, it is more difficult to relate to people when there is a marked difference in age and background.On a more immediate level, we are sensitive to actual behaviour, facial expression, a nd tone of voice. Friends will stand closer together and will spend more time looking at each other than mere acquaintances. Smiles and soft voices also express friendliness, and i t is because they may transmit the wrong signals that shy people often have difficulty in making friends. A friendly gaze with the wrong facial expression can turn into an aggress ive stare, and nervousness may be misread as hostility. People who do not look one in th e eye are mistrusted when, in fact, they simply lack confidence.Some relationships thrive on argument and discussion, but it is usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs, to have attitudes and interests in common - they often talk about "being on the same wavelength". It generally takes time to reach this point; s ometimes people "click" immediately. The more intimately involved people become, the m ore they rely on one another. People want to do friends favours and hate to let them do wn. Equally, friends have to learn to make allowances for each other, to put up with irrit ating habits, and to tolerate differences of opinion. Imagine going camping with someone you occasionally meet for a drink!In contrast with marriage, there are no friendship ceremonies, no rituals to strengthen the association between two people. But the mutual support and understanding that results from shared experiences and emotions does seem to create a powerful bond, which can overcome differences in background, and break down barriers of age, class or race.16 The average student has about six friendsA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 Two people can be considered friends so long as they care for each other and like being together.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Favourable first impressions count for a lot in making friends.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Shy people tend to misinterpret other people's facial expressions.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 In all cases, close friends have similar beliefs and interests.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 The degree of intimacy between friends is largely determined by their social statu s.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 There are apparently no bonds between friends as there are between husband and wife.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned参考答案:1. A2. A3. A4. C5. B6. B7. B2015年职称英语综合类考试阅读判断加强题(2)As many as 20% of all children in the United Stated suffer from some form of the l earning disorder called dyslexia.Experts on dyslexia say that the problem is not a disease. They say that persons with dyslexia use information in a different way. One of the world's great thinkers and scienti sts Albert Einstein was dyslexic. Einstein said that he never thought in words the way tha t most people do. He said that he thought in pictures instead. The American inventor Tho mas Edison was also dyslexic. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United St ates more than 80 years ago. Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons w ith the disorder were not mentally slow or disabled. The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are different. In most people, the left side of the brain-the part that controls language-is larger than the right side. In persons with dyslexia, the right side of the brain is bigger. Doctors are not sure what causes this difference. However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed. No one knows the cause of dyslexia, but some scie ntists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a baby's body long before it is born. They are trying to find ways to teach persons with dyslexia. Dyslexic persons thin k differently and need special kinds of teaching help. After they have solved their proble ms with language, they often show themselves to be especially intelligent or creative.1. One out of five American children suffers from dyslexia.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. Many great thinkers and scientists in the world are dyslexic.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3. The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a century ago.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4. The left side of the brain in a dyslexic person is bigger than the right side.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5. Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in left-handed males than in right-ha nded females.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. It is believed that dyslexia is related to the bad habits of a baby's mother.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. Dyslexic people often turn out to be intelligent or creative once they have learned to handle language properly.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned参考答案: ACABACA2015年职称英语综合类考试阅读判断加强题(3)Leaders of the Group of Eight Major Industrialized Nations (G8) will meet in Scotlan d in July this year. Representatives from China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil h ave also been invited. Here's what the G8 leaders want from the meeting.British Prime Minister Tony Blair wants the G8 to cancel debt to the world's poorest countries. He wants them to double aid to Africa to 50 billion pounds by 2010. He has also proposed reducing subsidies to Western farmers and removing restrictions on African exports. This has not got the approval of all members because it will hurt their agricultur al interests. On climate change, Blair wants concerted (共同的) action by reducing carbon emissions (排放).US President George W. Bush agrees to give help to Africa. But he says he doesn't like the idea of increasing aid to countries as it will increase corruption. Bush said he wo uld not sign an agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions at the summit, according to m edia. The US is the only G8 member not to have signed the Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书). Although the US is the world's biggest polluter, Bush so far refuses to believe there is sufficient scientific data to establish beyond a doubt that there is a problem.French President Jacques Chirac supports Blair on Africa and climate change. He is d etermined to get the US to sign the climate change deal.German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder remains doubtful of Blair's Africa proposals. Sc hroder's officials have dismissed the notion that money will solve Africa's problems as "ol d thinking." Berlin says that African states should only receive extra money if they can p rove they've solved the corruption problem.Russian President Vladimir Putin was doubtful about the value of more aid to Africa. But he has seen a way to make this work to his advantage. Putin intends to use the aid to Africa as a springboard (跳板) next year to propose aid to the former Soviet republic s of Georgia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Moldova.Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's priorities are a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying (游说) at the summit. And he's concerned about t he Democratic People's Republic of Korea's nuclear weapons programme.1 The G8 countries include China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2 Blair hopes that the G8 countries will work together to reduce carbon emissions.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3 India has accepted the invitation to attend the G8 meeting.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4 Bush agrees to increase aid to Africa.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5 Chirac takes a stand similar to Blair's on Africa and climate change.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6 According to media, Bush will sign the Kyoto Protocol at the summit.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7 Japan will reject Blair's proposal to increase aid to Africa.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned参考答案:1. B2. A3. C4. B5. A6. B7. C2015年职称英语综合类考试阅读判断加强题(4)This year, the world is marking the 200th anniversary of Danish author Hans Christia n Andersen with a wide range of events.Andersen's tales have attracted millions of readers for more than a .century. They con tinue to be among the best-known works of world literature. "The Ugly Duckling (小鸭)" and "The Little Mermaid (美人鱼)" are among the most famous.He was born on April 2, 1805, in the slums of Odense, Denmark. His father was a shoemaker and his mother worked as a washer-woman. Andersen received very little educ ation, but his fascination with fairy tales inspired him to compose his own stories and arr ange puppet (木偶) shows.His father died when he was 11. He was forced to go to work, first as an apprentice to a weaver and tailor and then in a tobacco factory. At the age of 14, he moved to Co penhagen to try a career as a singer, dancer and actor. He sang in a boy's choir (合唱团);,but he made very little money. He also tried the ballet, but his awkwardness made th is impossible.Finally, when he was 17, Jonas Collin, a director of the Royal Theatre in Copenhage 0 discovered Andersen. After hearing Andersen read a play, Collin realized that he had tal ent. And he got money from the king for Andersen's education. In 1828, Andersen passed the entrance examinations to the university in Copenhagen. His writings were first publis hed in 1829. In 1833, he received grant money for travel, which he used to visit, German y, France, Switzerland, and Italy. These journeys were recorded in his travelogues (旅行见闻). In 1835, Andersen published "Fairy Tales for Children," which confined four short st ories. He eventually wrote around 168 fairy tales. They achieved success in his life-time a nd were widely published and translated.Unhappiness also found its way into many of his tales which were not meant merely for children but for adults as well. He used very simple language and style to disguise t he moral teachings of his tales.Andersen also wrote novels, plays and poems. He died at his home in Rolighed on August 4, 1875.1 Andersen died on April 4 1875.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2 Chinese children are particularly fond of Andersen's tales.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3 Andersen was not a good ballet dancer.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4 Collin managed to get money for Andersen to receive more educationA RightB WrongC Not mentioned5 Andersen's fairy tales didn't achieve success until after he died.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6 Andersen's tales not only tell stories but also teach moral lessons.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7 Andersen's novels, plays and poems are not well-known.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned参考答案:1. B2. C3. A4. A5. B6. A7. C2015年职称英语综合类考试阅读判断加强题(5)People came to America from every country in the world and brought the traditions of their ancestors with them. Thus，most American traditions are not really American. Bu t Thanksgiving (感恩节) is different because it started in America. So it is a truly Americ an tradition.Life provides many good and bad things. Every year，in November，Thanksgiving Day reminds us of the good things in life，and people are thankful. On this day people usually eat turkey and great quantities of other foods. Jesse has decided to spend Thanksg iving with David and Elizabeth Watson because he likes them，and because he cannot go to his parents' home in Chicago.Elizabeth's nickname (昵称) is Betty，and people usually call her that. She is the se cretary of Jesse's boss. Jesse got to know the Watsons two years ago and he and Dave h ave become good friends. Sometimes they go fishing or to a ball game together.The Watsons live in a small apartment in a suburb of New York City. The offices where Betty works are in downtown New York，and she has to take a bus and two sub way trains to go to work every day. It takes her about one hour to get there. She finds t he trip boring and tiring. She wants to stay home in order to take care of the family and enjoy the children. The Watsons have three children. Their daughter Sue is in the fourth grade and their son Paul is in the second grade. They also have a two-year-old daughter，Ann.The children like Jesse; he is their hero. He tells them stories about foreign countries，about Africa and China，about the Pacific and Japan; he has never even seen most of t hese countries. He knows about fast cars and new inventions. The Watson children think t hat Jesse is full of adventures; he is fascinating to them. Frequently he takes them to the park and joins them in their games.Today Jesse brought Sue a record of her favorite music，because she has a new rec ord player. He also brought Paul a toy truck and Ann a plastic (塑料) book with bright pictures，and Betty a bunch of flowers. Betty cooked a nice turkey，and they all ate to o much. After dinner the children wanted to go out to the park with Jesse. But they hadto stay home，because it was raining. Later，Dave and Jesse sat down in front of the TV to watch a football game.1 Thanksgiving is not a truly American traditionA RightB WrongC Not mentioned2 Thanksgiving Day falls on the 4th Thursday in November.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3 The turkey is a most popular food on Thanksgiving DayA RightB WrongC Not mentioned4 Jesse and his boss are good friends.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5 Elizabeth enjoys going to work in downtown New YorkA RightB WrongC Not mentioned6 The children like Jesse because he once traveled around the worldA RightB WrongC Not mentioned7 Jesse had a good time in his friends' homeA RightB WrongC Not mentioned参考答案:1. B2. C3. A4. C5. B6. B7. A2015年职称英语综合类阅读判断自测题(1)The Cold PlacesThe Arctic is a polar region. It surrounds the North Pole.Like Antarctica, the Arctic is a land of ice and snow. Antarctica holds the record for a low temperature reading ---125 degrees Fahrenheit below zero. Reading of 85 degrees below zero are common in both the Arctic and Antarctica. Winter temperatures average 3 0 d3egrees below zero in the Arctic. At the South Pole the winter average is about 73 de grees below zero.One thing alone makes it almost impossible for men to live in Antarctica and in part s of the Arctic. This one thing is the low temperature --- the killing chill of far North an d the polar South.To survive, men must wear the warmest possible clothing . They must build windpro of shelters. They must keep heaters going at al times. Not even for a moment can they b e unprotected against the below-zero temperatures.Men have a way of providing for themselves. Polar explorers wrap themselves in war m coats and furs. The cold makes life difficult. But the explorers can stay alive.What about animals? Can they survive? Do we find plants? Do we find life in the A rctic and in Antarctica? Yes, we do. There is life in the oceans. There is life on land.Antarctica, as we have seen, is a cold place indeed. But this has not always been th e case. Expedition scientists have discovered that Antarctica has not always been a frozen continent. At one time the weather in Antarctica may have much like our own.Explorers have discovered coal in Antarctica. This leads them to believe that Antarcti ca at one time was a land of swamps and forests. Heat and moisture must have kept the trees in the forests alive.练习:1) The lowest temperature that man has ever known was recorded in Antarctica.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2) Winter temperatures average 85 degrees below zero in Antarctica.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3) The Arctic and Antarctica are no man's lands because of their notorious coldness.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4) Polar explorers can stay alive without heaters and windproof shelters.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5) Despite the hostile environment, both animals and plants can be found in the ocea ns and on land in polar areas.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6) As discovered by expedition scientists, Antarctica has not always been so cold as it is today, so has the Arctic.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7) At one time, the weather in Antarctica was so warm and damp that trees grew th ere.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案:A B B B A C A2015年职称英语综合类阅读判断自测题(2)A Dog's DilemmaFinding a babysitter while you go out to work is, for example, an inconvenience. For the African wild dog, one of the continent's most endangered carnivores, it's a matter of life and death. New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size, there are no t enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting the young.The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past century. Habitual loss, pe rsecution and unexplained outbreaks of disease have all been blamed. Only 3, 000 to 5, 0 00 animals remain, and the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend c ontinues.Other large carnivores such as the spotted hyena face similar pressures, yet are not d eclining. Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why. The dog's weakness lies in its social organisation.Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups, only the dominant male and female b reed. The remaining animals help raise the pups, cooperating to hunt prey and defend the kill from other carnivores.Because pups can't keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protect t hem from predators, which include lions and hyenas. But leaving a babysitter also carries costs. A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill. Th ere is also one less stomach in which to carry food hack to the den, and one more mout h to feed when they get there.Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modelling how the costs of a baby sitter change with decreasing pack size. This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pups and still spare a babysitter. But with smaller packs, ei ther the hunting or the babysitting suffers, or the animals have to compensate by increasin g the number of hunting excursions- which itself carries a cost to the pack.Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model. Packs of five animals or fewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did. There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter, they were forced to hunt more often.A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle, says C ourchamp, who is now at Paris-Sud University. "Poor reproduction and low survival furthe r reduces pack size, culminating in failure of the whole pack. " And deaths caused by hu man activity, says Courchamp, may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainabl e threshold. Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at London's Institute of Zoology agrees. Mai ntaining the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in pre serving the species, he says.16. The African wild dog has been endangered.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. The spotted hyena is on the verge of extinction.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. The remaining lions will die out within decades.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. There is a tension between babysitting and hunting.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案16.A17.B18.C19.B20.A 21.A22.C2015年职称英语综合类阅读判断自测题(3)HerculesOnce upon a time there was a great Greek hero, Hercules. He was taller and stronge r than anyone you have ever seen. On his shoulder he carried a club and in his hand he held a bow (弓). He was known as the hero of a hundred adventures.Hercules served a king. The king was afraid of him. So again and again he sent him on difficult tasks. One morning the king sent for him and told him to fetch three golden apples for him from the garden of the Singing Maidens (歌女). But no one knew where the garden was.So Hercules went away. He walked the whole day and the next day and the next. H e walked for months before he saw mountains far in the distance one fine morning. One of the mountains was in the shape of a man, with long, long legs and arms and huge sh oulders and a huge head. He was holding up the sky. Hercules knew it was Atlas, the M ountain God. So he asked him for help.Atlas answered, "My head and arms and shoulders all ache. Could you hold up the s ky while I fetch the golden apples for you?"Hercules climbed the mountain and shouldered the sky. Soon the sky grew very heav y. When finally Atlas came back with three golden apples, he said, "Well, you are going to carry the mountain for ever. I'm going to see the king with the apples." Hercules kne w that he couldn't fight him because of the sky on his back. So he shouted:"Just one minute's help. My shoulders are hurting. Hold the sky for a minute while I make a cushion (垫子) for my shoulders."Atlas believed him. He threw down the apples and held up the sky.Hercules picked up the apples and ran back to see the king.16 Hercules was the tallest man in the worldA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 Hercules worked in the king's gardenA RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Hercules was given many difficult tasks because the king wanted to get rid of hi m.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Atlas was the giant who held up the sky.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 Atlas ran faster than HerculesA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 Atlas got the golden apples for Hercules because he wanted to be the king himself.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 Hercules finally managed to get the apples by defeating AtlasA RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案：16. A17. C18. A19. A20. C21. B22. B解析：第16 题是对文章第二句话的理解考查，这里用比较级表示最高级：比任何人都高，当然是最高的了。
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2015年职称英语理工类考试阅读判断加强题(1)Motion SicknessLiving in space looks like lots of fun.You can do certain things in space (like floating around,or pushing huge objects) that you cannot do on earth.But being in space can do things to you,too.If you stay too long in a gravity-free environment,your bones could become weak,and a small spaceship just might annoy you after a while,because space travel could make you seasick!On July 4,1982,after seven days orbiting the earth,astronauts Thomas K.Mattingly and Henry W.Hartsfield returned home.Although not all of the experiments on board worked properly,the flight basically seemed to be a success except for one "little" thing: early in the flight,astronaut Hartsfield became "seasick".Thomas Mattingly,who is also a jet pilot and is highly resistant to motion sickness on earth,did much better.Mattingly sailed through space with a steady stomach.But no one knows why Hartsfield felt uneasy and Mattingly did not.So far it seems there is no reliable way to predict who will become motion sick in outer space and who will not.in all,at least four astronauts have suffered from space motion sickness.Russian and American scientists are working together to try to understand and solve the motion sickness.Space program officials worry that if so many highly-trained pilots get sick in space,what will happen when civilians start flying in the shuttle?Motion sickness is a disagreeable feeling that comes from the pitching,rolling,swaying,or just the moving of the object you are riding in or on.Symptoms of motion sickness include: dizziness,headache,a sinking feeling in the stomach,and vomiting.Why does motion make some people ill?Doctors believe that motion sickness is caused by a disturbance in the inner ear.Our ears do more than give us hearing.A part of the ears gives us a sense of balance and helps make us aware of whether we are right side up or upside down.If you know that you get carsick or seasick,what can you do?Speak to your doctor.There are certain medicines available that can help stop that uneasy feeling.But many of them can also make you ually they work best taken before you begin feeling ill.Some people also recommend water,ice cubes,mints,or plain toast.But these remedies do not always work for everyone.Perhaps,since motion sickness is such a big problem in outer space,researchers may soon find a way to cure the astronauts - and those of us who stay on earth.16.Floating in space for too long a time may also do harm to one's lungs and heart.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.At the end of the flight,Hartsfield became "seasick".A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.Mattingly was much thinner than Hartsfield.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.Russian and American scientists are working together to solve the problem of motion sickness in astronauts.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.Untrained civilians are more likely to suffer from motion sickness in a spacecraftA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.The motion sickness some astronauts suffered from during space travel had been caused by the defective digestive system.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22 People suffering from motion sickness during space travel can alleviate its symptoms by eating or drinking something.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【参考答案】1.C2.B3.C4.A5.A6.B7.C2015年职称英语理工类考试阅读判断加强题(2)Plants in DesertOnly special plants can survive the terrible climate of a desert,for these are regions where the annual range of the soil temperature can be over 75℃.Furthermore,during the summer there are few clouds in the sky to protect plants from the sun's ray.Another problem is the fact that there are frequently strong winds which drive small,sharp particles of sand into the plants,tearing and damaging them.The most difficult problem for all forms of plant life,however,is the fact that the entire annual rainfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring.Grasses and flowers in desert survive from one year to the next by existing through the long,hot,dry season in the form of seeds.These seeds remain inactive unless the right amount of rain falls.If no rain falls,or if insufficient rain falls,they wait until the next year,or even still thenext.Another factor that helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short.By the time that the water from the spring rains disappears —— just a few weeks after it falls ——such plants no longer need any.The perennials have special features which enable them to survive as plants for several years.Thus,nearly all desert perennials have extensive root systems below ground and a small shoot system above ground.The large root network enables the plant to absorb as much water as possible in a short time.The small shoot system,on the other hand,considerably limits water loss by evaporation.Another feature of many desert perennials is that after the rainy season they lose their leaves in preparation for the long,dry season,just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs in preparation for the winter.This reduces their water loss by evaporation during the dry season.Then,in next rainy season,they come fully alive once more,and grow new branches,leaves and flowers,just as the grasses and flowers in desert do.16.Ordinary plants are unable to survive in the desert mainly because of the changeable weather.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.Grasses and flowers in desert are able to survive because they stay in the form of seeds to wait for the right amount of water to come.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.Grasses and flowers in the desert whose life cycles are short shows their ability to adapt to the quick disappearance of rainwater there after it falls in spring.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.Winter is the toughest season for grasses and flowers to survive in desertA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.The shoot system of perennials can help the plants absorb less of the sun's ray.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.The theme of the second last paragraph is why the perennials can survive as plants for several years.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22.Desert perennials lose their leaves after the rainy season just as trees lose theirs in wetter climates before winter arrives,but the reasons for this feature are different.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【参考答案】16.B 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.B 21.A 22.B2015年职称英语理工类考试阅读判断加强题(3)A Pay Rise or Not?"Unless I get a rise,I'll have a talk with the boss,Henry Manley，" George Strong said to himself.George liked his job and he liked the town he lived in,but his wife kept telling him that his pay was not enough to meet the needs of the family.That was why he was thinking of taking a job in Birmingham,a nearby city,about 50 miles away.He had been offered a job in a factory there,and the pay was far better.George lived in Wyeford,a medium-sized town.He really liked the place and didn't like the idea of moving somewhere else,but if he took the job in Birmingham,he would have to move his family there.Henry Manley was the manager of a small company manufacturing electric motors.The company was in deep trouble because,among other reasons,the Japanese were selling such things at very low prices.As a result,Manley had to cut his own prices and profits as well.Otherwise he would not get any orders at all.Even then,orders were still not coming in fast enough,so that there was no money for raises (加工资) for his workers Somehow,he had to struggle along and keep his best workers as well.He sighed.Just then the phone rang.His secretary told him that George Strong wanted to see him as soon as possible.Manley sighed again.He could guess what it was about.George Strong was a very young engineer.The company had no future unless it could attract and keep men like him Manley rubbed his forehead (前额); his problems seemed endless.1.Henry Manley was already deeply in debt.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.The job that had been offered to George in Birmingham paid better.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.If George took the job in Birmingham,he would have to leave his family at Wyeford.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.Henry Manley's company was in deep trouble.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Henry Manley's company was making enough profits to raise the workers' wagesA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.Henry Manley had no idea at all why George Strong wanted to see himA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7 George Strong was the best engineer in Henry Manley's company.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C2015年职称英语理工类考试阅读判断加强题(4)Mad Scientist Stereotype OutdatedDo people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed? The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physics…boffin'(科学家)still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London.The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects.98 percent of those asked got it wrong.The majority of people picked a white male of around 60,wearing glasses and with a white beard.While this stereotype may have been the image of all average physicist fifty years ago,the reality is now very different Since 1960 the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now 31.The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboardsfull of equations(等式)or working with fizzing(嘶嘶响)test tubes.These stereotypes are really damaging to society.Very good school children are put off studying science because they don't see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science.They simply don't relate to the media's image of the mad scientist.This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university.If we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects,we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive.But we must also develop children's interest in science.In an attempt to change this negative image,an increasing number of science festivals are being organized.Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in the internationwide science competitions of which the most popular are the national science Olympiads.Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the InternationalScience Olympiads which are held in a different county every year.These events are all interesting for the young people who take part but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science.It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.16.Most people have similar ideas of what a physicist looks like.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.The majority of physicists in Britain today are Cambridge graduatesA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.The media and the cinema have played a role in promoting the image of the mad scientist.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.There will be more women scientists than men scientists in the futureA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.More children will study science if it becomes more attractive.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.The image of the mad scientist is really encouraging to society.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22.The International Science Olympiads are held once every two years.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：16.A 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.A 21.B 22.B2015年职称英语理工类考试阅读判断加强题(5)A Dolphin and an AstronomerOne day in 1963,a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer,Carl Sagan,were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. Sagan was standing on the edge of one of the tanks where several of these friendly,highly intelligent creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back.The dolphin wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again,as the astronomer had done twice before. Elvar looked up at Sagan,waiting. Then,after a minute or so,the dolphin leapt up through the water and made a sound just like the word "more". The astonished astronomer went to thedirector of the institute and told him about the incident. "Oh,yes. That's one of the words he knows," the director said,showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have,and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more,these sounds seem to have different functions,such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a language,in the real sense of the word?Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds,or even words. A language has a structure and what we call a grammar. The structure and grammar of a language help to give it meaning. For example,the two questions 'Who loves Mary?' and 'Who does Mary love?' mean very different things. If you stop to think about it,you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question Can dolphins speak? can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in a grammatical order which affects their meaning.1.The astronomer was not interested in the way dolphins communicate with each other.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.The dolphin leapt up into the air because Sagan was too near the water.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.Parts of the dolphin's brain are particularly well developed to handle different kinds of sound.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.Dolphins are the most useful animals to humans.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Dolphins travel faster in water than any other animals.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.Some scientists believe that dolphins have a language of their own.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.Sounds can be called a language only when they have a structure and a grammar.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【参考答案】1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. A2015年职称英语理工类考试阅读判断加强题(6)The SmogFor over a month,Indonesia was in crisis.Forest fires raged out of control as the country suffered its worst drought for 50 years.Smoke from the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog.This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighbouring countries including Malaysia,Singapore and Thailand.When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars,it soon became poisonous(有毒的).Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose.People wheezed(喘息)and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered immediately.The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as greysoot(烟灰)covered everything.In some areas,water was hosed(用胶管浇)from high-rise city buildings to try and break up the smogFinally,heavy rains,which came came in November. Put out the fires and clear the air.But the environmental costs and health problems will remain Many people from South—Eastern Asian cities already suffer from breathing huge amounts of Car exhaust fumes(汽车排放的废气)and factory pollution Breathing problems could well increase and many non—sufferers may have difficulties for the first time.Wildlife has suffered too.In lowland forests,elephants,deer,and tigers have been driven out of their homes by smog.But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact.was world was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog.Fog often hung over the capital.Sometimes the smog was SO thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents.About 4,000 Londoners died within five days as a result of thick smog in 1952.16.Indonesia was in crisis because of the drought.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.The smog spread to neighbouring countries.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.The air-pollution index went up to 300 within a few days.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.Water was used to try to break up the smog.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.Many Indonesians blamed the government for the drought.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.The forest animals haven't been affected by the smog.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22.The word"smog"first appeared in 1952.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案16 A 题句的意思是“由于干旱,印度尼西亚处于危机之中”。