2000年中国科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
中科大考博英语
中科大考博英语Here is an essay on the topic of "Taking the Graduate Admission Test at the University of Science and Technology of China" with over 1000 words, written entirely in English without any additional titles or punctuation marks.The University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher education in the country, renowned for its rigorous academic programs and world-class research facilities. For many aspiring scholars, the opportunity to pursue a doctoral degree at USTC is a dream come true, but the path to admission is paved with challenges, not the least of which is the daunting task of passing the graduate admission test.The graduate admission test at USTC is a comprehensive examination that assesses an applicant's knowledge, critical thinking skills, and language proficiency. The test is divided into several sections, including a written component that evaluates the candidate's ability to express complex ideas in a clear and concise manner. This section is particularly crucial, as it not only demonstrates the applicant's command of the English language but also their capacity for independent research and analytical thinking.One of the key strategies for success in the graduate admission test is to develop a deep understanding of the subject matter that is relevant to the program of study. This requires a comprehensive review of the core concepts and theories within the field, as well as a keen awareness of the latest research trends and emerging developments. Candidates must be able to demonstrate their mastery of the subject matter through their written responses, showcasing their ability to synthesize information, draw insightful connections, and formulate well-reasoned arguments.In addition to subject-specific knowledge, the graduate admission test also evaluates an applicant's general academic aptitude. This includes skills such as logical reasoning, problem-solving, and critical analysis. Candidates must be able to think critically, identify key issues, and propose innovative solutions to complex problems. Preparing for this aspect of the test often involves practicing with sample questions and engaging in mock examinations to hone these essential skills.Language proficiency is another crucial component of the graduate admission test at USTC. Applicants must demonstrate a high level of proficiency in English, as the program's curriculum and research activities are primarily conducted in this language. This means that candidates must be able to comprehend and articulate complexideas with ease, both in written and oral communication. Strategies for improving English language skills may include immersing oneself in English-language media, engaging in regular conversations with native speakers, and practicing writing exercises to enhance fluency and accuracy.Beyond the academic requirements, the graduate admission test at USTC also evaluates an applicant's personal qualities and motivation. Candidates must be able to convey their passion for the field of study, their commitment to academic excellence, and their potential to make meaningful contributions to the research community. This may involve crafting a compelling personal statement that highlights the applicant's unique experiences, achievements, and aspirations, as well as demonstrating a genuine interest in the specific research areas and faculty members at USTC.Preparing for the graduate admission test at USTC is a challenging but rewarding endeavor. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, a strong command of the English language, and a well-developed set of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, for those who are willing to invest the time and effort, the opportunity to study at this prestigious institution can be truly transformative, opening doors to a world of academic and professional opportunities.Ultimately, the graduate admission test at USTC is not just a hurdle to overcome but a chance for aspiring scholars to demonstrate their intellectual prowess, their dedication to their field of study, and their potential to contribute to the advancement of knowledge. By rising to the challenge and excelling in the test, candidates can not only secure their place at USTC but also position themselves for a future of academic and professional success.。
中科院考博英语真题
司法考试票据法要点详解备注：1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。
2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。
二、背书（一）回头背书：（二）禁止转让背书（三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。
三、承兑和保证承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。
保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。
四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。
五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。
票据权利的种类1.付款请求权票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。
付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。
付款请求权须符合以下条件：（1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。
（2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款；（3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。
（4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。
（5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。
这是对票据权利不确切的处置。
2.追索权指持票人行使付款请求受到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，或有其他法定事由请求付款未果时，向其前手请求支付票据金额的权利。
由于这一请求是在第一次请求未果后的再次请求，所以将其称为第二次请求权，是票据权利的再次行使追索权的追索对象视票据种类的不同，可以分别包括出票人、背书人、保证人、承兑人和参加承兑人，这些人在票据中的地位是连带债务人，持票人可以不按照汇票债务人的先后顺序，对其中的法\律|教育网任何一人、数人或全体行使追索权；持票人对汇票债务人仍可行使追索权。
中科院考博历年英语写作题目
中科院考博历年英语写作题目2013年3月What is the one thing that you’ve learned from doing sports which applies to all aspects of your life? Please use examples to illustrate your points.2013年10月People who claim to have supernatural powers, like Wang Lin, Yan Xin and many others, have come and gone in the past few decades and have always had a large following. What conclusion may be drawn from this phenomenon?2012年3月Do you agree that history repeats itself? Provide examples to support your viewpoints.2012年10月What is the true spirit of the Olympic Games? Please use examples to illustrate your points.2011年3月“To get success, you need friends; to get huge success, you need enemies.” Do you agree with this saying or not? Why or why not? 2011年10月If your child were bullied (受欺负), what would you say to him or her? Tell why you would say so.2010年3月People often come up with different decisions when facing the same situation. WHY?2010年10月According to some statistics, by the end of 2009, the resident population(常住人口) in Beijing has reached 17 million, not to mention the large floating population and the number isbecoming bigger. Do you think the population in Beijing should be controlled? Why or why not?2009年03月Should there be two focuses available in Chinese high school (humanity focus and science focus)? Please give specific reason to support your argument.2009年10月There are different kinds of students: those who don’t study; those who study hard, but have to; and those who really want to study and do it well. What kind of students are you? Why?2008年03月When do you think is the best time for a college candidate to dicide on his major: before going to college or while enrolled in college? Provide your reasons and supporting details.2008年10月What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to support your argument.2007年03月How would you react to appearance when you are trying to the discrimination against your physical find a job?2007年10月There have been instances of students humiliating their teacher at school. What do you think is the cause for such happenings? 2006年03月China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of reseach workers, yet it has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far. What has caused this situatuin in your opinion?2006年10月A lot of people, especially the young, are crazy about stars. They wish to see their heroes at all costs. Do you think thesepeople are foolish, understandable or desirable? Justify your opinion.2005年10月What does work mean to you? Is it just a means to make ends meet, to cover life expenses?Is a job seeker’s previous work experience important? If so, in what sense and to what extent? If not, why not?2005年03月How to reduce traffic accidents?2004年03月Some people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reason.2003年10月My idea of professional Ethics for a scientist2003年03月Good management can help the organization chieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and reseach workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good management of a group of people?2002年10月As a yung scientist, which live would you prefer to: common or uncommon? Why?2002年03月With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.2001年03月There is no denying that the average living standard of ourcountry has greatly increased since the economic reform started20 years ago. However, neither is it deniable that there has beena growing contrast in income between the rich and the poor. What do you think of this contrast in our country? State your opinion with appropriate supporting details.2000年03月One day Jim gave some money to a man on the street who claimed that he had lost all his money and couldn’t afford a train ticket to be back home. Some time later, Jim met the same man again who told the same story. Jim got very angry with this and decided not to give any more help to anyone whom he did not know.One respose to this story is that we should help whoever in need if it even if we might have the risk of be cheated. That is your opinion? State what you think is proper and give your reasons for your viewpoint.1993年03月T o what extent should university courses be geared to economic needs of society? Discuss.。
中国科学技术大学考博英语题型分析
2015中国科学技术大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、中国科学技术大学考博英语题型Part1:听力15分30分钟15题Part2：词汇和结构15分25分钟section A20个单选，每题0.5分section B挑错10题每题0.5分Part3：完形填空15分钟、15小题、15分Part4：阅读理解30分一个小时6篇30个小题Part5：翻译25分钟10分汉译英1个句子Part6：写作15分35分钟三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
2000年考研英语真题及答案
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979." Therefo should choose [D]Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [ ■]1.As I'll be away for at least a year, I ' d appreciate from you now and then telling mehow everyone is getting along.[A]hearing[B]to hear[C]to be hearing[D]having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ________________ to find it locked.[A]just ./[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent and theincreased number of cases of skin cancer.[A]to sunbathe[B]to have sunbathed[C]having sunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on5.On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont I noticed a young man holdingup a sign reading “ Boston ”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that6.Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though out of the office.[A] went[B]gone[C]to go[D]would go7.The roles expected old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry,you ' ll soon discover that the science of geneticsis the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A]or yT[B]and[C]for[D]so9.It wasn ' t so much that I disliked her that I just wasn ' t interested in the whole bu[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as10.Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone one.[A]getting[B]to get[C]gotten[D]get ]Part BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackeningthe corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “ A number of foreign visitors were taken to theindustrial exhibition, where they saw many new products. " So you should choose [C].Sample Answer [A] [B] [ ■] [D]11.Having isolated [A] on a remote island, with [B] little work to occupy [C] them, the soldierssuffered from boredom and low spirits [D].12.If the letter to be mailed [A] was placed [B] on the writing table an hour ago, it is [C] certain being [D] there now.13.The ruling [A] party could even lose its [B] majority in the lower house of parliament, started [C] a period of prolonged struggling [D].14.The mechanisms at [A] work are manifest [B] in the tendency for such physical activity to [C] utilize the potential [D] harmful constituents of the stress response.15.In [A] the long run, however, this hurry to shed [B] full-time staff may be more [C] harmful to industry as it is to [D] the workforce.16.See to it [A] that you include in [B] the examination paper whatever [C] questions they didn know the answer [D] last time.17.Most newspapers, while devoting [A] the major part of its [B] space to recent events, usually manage to find room [C] on the inside pages for articles on [D] some interesting topics.18.One sign by which [A] you are making progress in an art [B] such as painting or photographyis that [C] you begin to realize how much there is [D] to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside and outside [A] the music at the moment it is played and enjoying [B] it almost as much as[C] the composer at the moment he composes [D].20.Continued [A] exposure to stress has been linked to worsened [B] functioning of the immune system, leaving [C] a person more liable for [D] infection.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choosethe one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “ The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off thehighway. " Therefore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B][・][D]21.He spoke so that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly22.France ' s of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption23.The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, an outburst of interest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties.[A]came off[C]came round[D]came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually it in a profitabledirection.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be at the managers offic[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized28.When I my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.[A]woke up[B]took to[C]picked up[D]came to29.The American society is an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A]established on[B]affiliated to[C]originated from[D]incorporated with30.I am not with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I havenowhere else to live.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied31.At first, the of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, withpainstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition32.When the committee to details, the proposed plan seemed impractical.[B]set about[C]went off[D]came up33.to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession[D]V oyage34.Mr. Smith had an unusual: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position f[D]career35.The mayor is a woman with great and therefore deserves our political and financialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest to everyone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs it almostimpossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be, and display interest in the job.[A]swift[B]instant [C] timely [D] punctual 39. You don ' t have to install this radio in your new car, it ' s an extra.[A]excessive[B]optional [C] additional [D] arbitrary 40. We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn ' t to the traffic jam of the busy city.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributeSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark youranswer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain __41__ consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family __42__ he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance __43__ the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to __44__ old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to __45__ the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation __46__ and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be __47__. He must either sell some of his property or __48__ extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low __49__ of interest, but loans of this kind are not __50__ obtainable. 41. [A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than 42. [A] only if [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since 43. [A] for [B] against [C] supplement [D] dispose 44. [A] replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose45.[A] enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise46.[A] vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels47.[A] self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained48.[A] search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek49.[A] proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio50.[A] genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequentlySection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world ' s best, its workers the mostskilledAmerica and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea ' s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America ' s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America ' s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard ' s Kennedy School of Government. "It makes r proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,“Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of theHarvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “ a golden age business management in the United States. ”51.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.[A]turning of the business cycle[B]restructuring of industry[C]improved business management[D]success in educationText 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twiceas many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years --even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something whollybeyond his comprehension. No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. [C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A] life has been improved by technological advance [B] the number of female babies has been declining [C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution [D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? [A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution [B] Ways of Continuing Man ' s Evolution [C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature [D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere Text 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain linedescribes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: " Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms. This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C]about merits of the Futurist movement[D]about laws and requirements of literature60.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A]determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws[C]follow the new fashions[D]accept the principles61.Futurists claim that we must.[A]increase the production of literature [B] use poetry to relieve modern stress [C] develop new modes of expression [D] avoid using adjectives and verbs 62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is. [A] based on reasonable principles[B]new and acceptable to ordinary people[C]indicative of basic change in human nature[D]more of a transient phenomenon than literature Text 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline ofthe traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don ' t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan ' s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recentsurvey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stresstest taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. " Those things that d( show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored, says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party ' education committee.“Frustrationagainst this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. 'Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of s chool violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the a Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan, “ says educator Yoko Muro,never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan ' s 119 million citizens li in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the UnitedStates, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one- quarter.63.In the Westerner ' s eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A]under aimless development[B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West[D]on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A]Women ' s participation in social activities is limited.[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C]Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before[D]the Japanese appreciate their present lifeText 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- health, distinction, control over one destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition ' s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them/Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “ Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious. ”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A]its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B]it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C]its goals are spiritual rather than material[D]it is shared by the rich and the famous68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A]customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B]too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C]dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D]impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A]they think of it as immoral[B]their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C]ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D]they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained[A]secretly and vigorously[B]openly and enthusiastically[C]easily and momentarily[D]verbally and spirituallySection IV:English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country ' s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization --with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section V:Writing。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编38(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编38(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a manufacturer is______.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)A．qualifiedB．agreeableC．compatibleD．liable正确答案：D解析：A项“qualified”意为“合格的”；B项“agreeable”意为“令人愉快的，惬意的”；C项“compatible”意为“合得来的，协调的”；D项“liable”意为“负有法律责任的”，由句意可知，“制造商有责任提供维修服务”，因此选择D项。
2．A______person is one who gives away money or things in large quantity.A．kindB．gentleC．gracefulD．liberal正确答案：D解析：liberal a.慷慨的，大方的；心胸宽大的，开明的：自由主义的(如：He is liberal with his motley／in his help．Try to keep a liberal attitude and listen to both sides．)。
kind(to)a.友好的，亲切的；和蔼的，仁慈的。
gentle a.和蔼的，温和的。
graceful a.优美的，优雅的。
3．You must pack plenty of food for the journey. ______, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.A．EquallyB．IncidentallyC．InevitablyD．Likewise正确答案：D解析：likewise ad.同样地，照样地；同样也。
社科院2000考博英语试题+答案
中国社会科学院研究生院2000博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part Ⅰ V ocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that is closest in meaning to theunderlined word ．1．The cultural life of a social group ，qua social group ，may be said to depend upon its cognitive level ．A ．perditionB ．perceptionC ．pertinenceD ．permanent2．The article insinuates that the crime did not take place ．A ．states flatlyB ．argues convincinglyC ．positively deniesD ．suggests indirectly3．The international committee ，at its annual general meeting ，finally waived the rule about the 12-month qualifying period ．A ．ratifiedB ．agreed in principle withC ．modifiedD ．dropped4．The Bulletin ，noted for its impartial advice ，recommends in a recent issue that GPs and nurses learn a variety of skills transmittable to patients ．A ．influentialB ．judiciousC ．unprejudicedD ．medical5．She is an amiable member of the committee ．A ．conventionalB ．congenialC ．cogentD ．congenital6．When a careful individual speaks or writes there are usually nuances of meaning that need to be recognized ．A ．slight annoyancesB ．slight differencesC ．slight preferencesD ．slight shades7．Civilian oversight of the police means ，among other things ，that suspects will probably not be coerced into confessing ．A ．bribedB ．persuadedC ．deceivedD ．forced8．She told her niece she would leave her a small legacy ．A ．noteB ．articleC ．giftD ．inheritance9．Because his inattention was responsible for the accident ，he was rebuked ．A ．criticizedB ．punishedC ．delayedD ．disturbed10．The emperor ，in establishing the archbishopric in 968，revealed his interest in both religious and pastoral considerations ．A ．bucolicB ．churchlyC ．agriculturalD ．rural11．Among the requisites of polite society figures a basic politeness to everyone ．A ．demandsB ．stepsC ．awarenessD ．doings12．Quacks rely on the anguish of cancer sufferers ，as well as their credulity ，for their financial success ．A ．grimacesB ．wrathC ．irritationD ．torment13．The debris from the crash was strewn over the countryside for miles around ． 考博家园A ．trapsB ．remainsC ．resultsD ．weapons14．If the Minnesota Vikings continue to confound their critics ，their entry into the playoffs will be assured ．A ．confusingB ．confuse byC ．confuseD ．confuse with15．Older writers are frequently patronizing towards young writers ．A ．supportiveB ．criticalC ．kindD ．condescendingSection BDirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that best completes the sentence ．16．Disruptive behavior at meetings governed by Robert's Rules of Order usually results in________．A ．electionB ．erectionC ．ejaculationD ．ejection17．In 1981，the two factors of conservation measures and world recession resulted in a________ of the demand for oil ．A ．curbingB ．invertingC ．spreadD ．scotching18．The new budgetary constraints forbid the allocation of supplementary funds if it can be established that the original allotment had been________．A ．dispelledB ．dissipatedC ．dispatchedD ．dispirited19．When a room is supplied with an adequate amount of flesh air ，people usually say it is________．A ．well-modulatedB ．well-simulatedC ．well-ventilatedD ．well-stimulated20．You don't want a proctoscope if you hope to________ an image ；you want a telescope ．A ．displaceB ．distortC ．replaceD ．magnify21．Among the________ components of contemporary construction figure steel ，concrete ，and glass ．A ．requitedB ．integralC ．topicalD ．ornamental22．Zero or even negative growth ，a soaring budgetary deficit ，a________ in inflation—the government report paints a dismal picture ．A ．surplusB ．survivalC ．surgeD ．survey23．The eye tends to see distance as________．In painting ，this is sometimes called “the vanishing point ．”A ．conformingB ．comfortingC ．contrivingD ．converging24．Many an underdeveloped country ，faced with crippling national debt ，rums to________ a greater harvest from its timber resources ．A ．extractingB ．extrapolatingC ．excavatingD ．exfoliating25．The Court has been castigated for a steady________ of minority rights and women's fights ．A ．instigationB ．infringementC ．involvementD ．inquisition26．He became a legend as an opera singer ，not so much because of his voice range or emotive ability ，but rather because of his fiery________．A ．mannersB ．dispositionC ．altitudeD ．approach27．In America ，moon—lighting is an attempt to________ one's income ．A ．diluteB ．affectC ．augmentD ．offset28．The reports coming from the site________ that all the hostages have been killed ． 考博家园A ．allegeB ．inferC ．evokeD ．promise29．It is less to skill than to hard work that he________ his continuing success ．A ．ascribesB ．subscribesC ．prescribesD ．describes30．The lad was quite fortunate in finding a________ to aid him financially in his studies ．A ．patroonB ．pauonC ．platoonD ．poltroonPart Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that is the best choice of word tofill in the blank ．1．As with any isolated and largely self-contained community the agricultural village was often________ fierce loyalty among its inhabitants ．A ．the objection ofB ．objective fromC ．the object ofD ．objective2．From its customs and traditions the village________ a strong sense of identity and morality ，which ，looking back ，may easily be mourned in a more impersonal ，amoral ，and uncertain modern world ．A ．could draw inB ．could draw uponC ．would draw fromD ．would draw in3．What this galloping advance in analytical acuity means is that scientists can now isolate the tiniest amounts of harmful substances in foods which ，________，have always been considered safe ，or in some cases beneficial ．A ．from thenB ．whenceC ．hithertoD ．hence4．Possibly because there are few bare patches of gravel on that continent ，________ because of an innately gregarious habit of mind ，their rookeries number almost millions of individuals ．A ．though most possiblyB ．probablyC ．but more probablyD ．most possibly5．She observed quite unashamedly that though they had been married for 8 years ，she knew nothing about________ in the army ．A ．he servedB ．him having servedC ．him to serveD ．his having been served6．The Mary Rose was a remarkable ship ，________ have rarely been seen ．A ．the likes of whichB ．like whichC ．which the likesD ．which of the likes7．________ can be seen by the results of the study ，the principle seems to require the active involvement of the patient in the modification of his condition ．A ．AsB ．WhatC ．ThatD ．It8．Test scores do not improve by magic ．Improving your test scores ，especially________ it comes to classroom tests ，depends on doing the assignments ．A ．whenB ．beforeC ．asD ．since9．I would not take his claim to being an authority very seriously ．________ he knows about his area is either inaccurate or outdated ．A ．How muchB ．That muchC ．How littleD ．What little10．For the purposes of the study ，it was at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade 2 that observations were made________ the children ． 考博家园A ．ofB ．towardsC ．onD ．with11．Half________，the number of participants registering for this year's marathon was disappointing ．A ．of them for last year'sB ．that of last year'sC ．of those of last yearD ．those of last years12．Attentiveness and involvement are prerequisites for there________ successful communication ．A ．isB ．to beC ．will beD ．are13．Who has the time to read or listen to an account of everything currently going on in the world?A ．that isB ．as isC ．there isD ．it is14．After turning the whole room inside out ，she eventually found the magazine ，________ were either torn or dog-eared ．A ．many of whose pagesB ．many of its pagesC ．many of which pagesD ．whose many pages15．Professor Li's hook will show you________ can be used in other contexts ．A ．that you have observedB ．how what you have observedC ．you have observed whatD ．how that you have observedSection BDirections ：Each sentence below contains one error ．On your Answer Sheet ，circle and blacken theletter that represents the error ．16．Tornadoes—actually miniscule storms which paths are not usually over a quarter mileA B in width—are nonetheless extremely violent ．C D17．Not only did various ancient civilizations cremate their dead ，but they also cremated along withA B the dead person every which object he might possibly use in the afterlife ．C D18．T o say that Ferdinand Magellan ，the first European to discover ，the Philippines ，did not actually circumnavigateA B the earth because he was killed before his famous voyage was completed ．C D19．Only in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century in Great Britain did it begin to be likelyA B that a resolution that women to be allowed to join a previously all-male organization C would be carried ．D20．Not had she lived virtually next door to the police station ，the burglars would have escapedA B C scot-free ． 考博家园D21．Cannibalism or humans eating other humans ，has ，throughout the history ，exerted both morbidA B C Dfascination and extremes of repulsion ．22．Some enthusiasts claim that the humble Hawaiian ukulele is the most versatility of all musical A B C D instruments ．23．It is to the skillful utilization of voice range ，the chief emphasizing in speech-making ，thatA B C success as an orator may be attributed ．D24．It is the predetermined ability of the shell of a variety of marine animals to develop only withinA B certain limits that prevents themselves from growing past a specific size ．C D25．Absent any convinced link between the quantity or the so-called quality of the brain cells ，one A B C is able to state whatever one chooses ．D26．Early missionaries discovered that their converts would backslide if left to their own devices ，A B and would charge them with guilty of so doing upon their return ．C D27．When in childhood ，Wagner seems to have had few interests apart from music ，about which heA B C D exhibited an insatiable curiosity ．28．It is the general level of comfort of the average citizen that determines whether or not a countryA considers wars rendered uselessly as a means of settling a disagreement with a neighboringB C DCoantry ．29．The government's new economic policies have as a goal the reducing down of the rate of A B inflation from its peak of three months ago ．C D30．In Victorian England ，many a respective and very rich older man had ，as a youth ，been involvedA B Cin at least foolish ，if not downright criminal ，acts ．D 考博家园Part Ⅲ Cloze (10 points)Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter for the word that best fits in thesentences below ．The rest of the afternoon passed slowly ．I wasn't able to 1 on the brief I 2 submit for the sodomy case I was scheduled to 3 4 ，and I was desperate to 5 ，unnecessary phone conversations ．The only phone call 6 interest was from Mercer ．He was pleased ．“Katherine's Fryer's 7 is the best 8 ．She's really good on 9characteristics ．She's 10 about the 11 and shape of the mustache ．I never had an illustrator as a victim 12 but it sure helps the sketch take on some 13 ．”I knew exactly what he 14 ．The 15 description started with witnesses saying they're 16 at doing this ，and that the guy was average height ，average weight ，average-looking ， 17 distinctive about his appearance ，and so on ．I had a folder full of 18 of wanted rapists who looked like everybody and 19 ．Try and display one to a jury and claim a resemblance to the defendant on trial and it was mom likely to look like three of the 20 ．Not guilty ．1．A ．conglomerate B ．concentrate C ．concentric D ．commiserate2．A ．must B ．ought to C ．had to D ．could3．A ．attempt B ．try C ．write D ．analyze4．A ．three weeks ago B ．three weeks beforeC ．after three weeksD ．in three weeks5．A ．avert B ．abort C ．avoid D ．annul6．A ．of B ．with C ．responding D ．evincing7．A ．outgo B ．outcome C ．intake D ．input8．A ．still B ．to come C ．before D ．yet9．A ．facial B ．face C ．personal D ．personality10．A ．dubious B ．decided C ．firm D ．strong11．A ．position B ．location C ．size D ．magnitude12．A ．ago B ．before C ．then D ．once13．A ．verisimilitude B ．exactitude C ．meaning D ．definition14．A ．described B ．inferred C ．defined D ．meant15．A ．average B ．median C ．typical D ．general16．A ．lousy B ．representative C ．partial D ．lousy17．A ．anything B ．nothing C ．something D ．everything18．A ．sketches B ．photos C ．paintings D ．etchings19．A ．somebody B ．else C ．nobody D ．me20．A ．defendants B ．jurors C ．same D ．people Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that best answers the questionsbelow ．Passage 1Obviously ，the per capita income of a country depends on many things ，and any statistical test that does not take account of all important determinants is misspeeified ，and thus must be used only for descriptive and heuristic purposes ．It is nonetheless interesting—and for many people surprising—to find that there is a positive and even a statistically significant relationship between 考博家园these two variables ：the greater the number of people per square kilometer the higher the per capita income ．The law of diminishing returns is not invariably mae ：it would be absurd to suppose that a larger endowment of land ipso facto makes a country poorer ．This consideration by itself would ，of course ，call for a negative sign on population density ．Thus ，it is interesting to ask what might account for the “wrong” sign and think of what statistical tests should ultimately be done ．Clearly there is a simultaneous two-way relationship between population density and per capita income ：the level of per capita income affects population growth just as population ；by increasing the labor force ，affects per capita income ．The argument offered here suggests that perhaps countries with better economic policies and institutions come to have higher per capita incomes than countries with inferior policies and institutions ，and that these higher incomes bring about a higher population growth through more immigration and lower death rates ．In this way ，the effects of better institutions and policies in raising per capita income swamps the tendency of diminishing returns to labor to reduce it ．This hypothesis may also explain why many empirical studies have not been able to show a negative association between the rate of population growth and increases in per capita income ．One reason why the ratio of natural resources to population does not account for variations in per capita income is that most economic activity can now readily be separated from deposits of raw material and arable land ．Over time ，transportation technologies have certainly improved ，and products that have a high value in relation to their weight ，such as most services and manufactured goods like computers and airplanes ，may have become more important ．The Silicon Valley is not important for the manufacture of computers because of the deposits of silicon ，and London and Zurich are not great banking centers because of fertile land ．Even casual observation suggests that most modern manufacturing and service exports are not closely fled to natural resources ．Western Europe does not now have a high ratio of natural resources to population ，but it is very important in the export of manufactures and services ．In a parallel way ，the striking success of Japan ，HongKong ，and Singapore ，with relatively few natural resources per capita ，cannot be explained by reliance thereon ．1．In paragraph 1，three words are in italics________ ?A ．for reasons of English language styleB ．because of personal reason of styleC ．in order to highlight their importanceD ．to help the reader avoid confusion2．The people who are surprised are so because they have assumed that________．A ．there is a positive correlation between the two variablesB ．the higher the per capita income the lower the population densityC ．the greater the number of people the greater the per capita incomeD ．the relationship between the variables is statistically insignificant3．With which of the following statements would the author agree?A ．One would not ordinarily suppose that a large country would be poor ．B ．A negative sign on population density may be a wrong sign ．C ．Per capita income depends on the size of the labor force ． 考博家园D ．The author would agree with all of the above statements ．4．The word “here” in paragraph 3，line 1 means________．A ．supraB ．at this very momentC ．in this articleD ．in this country5．The population growth in countries with higher per capita income________．A ．comes not from the birth rate of the citizens but rather from the influx of othersB ．is a natural result because the citizens have more money for childrenC ．is only an artifact based on a declining birth rateD ．does not invalidate the population growth of poorer countries6．Which of the following statements is true?A ．None of the following statements is true ．B ．Silicon Valley has great deposits of silicon ．C ．London and Zurich have vast amounts of arable land ．D ．Western Europe has always depended on services ．Passage 2The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory ：the control over a cognitive project as a whole is often lost ．The literary scholar seems to be collecting data—which is a preliminary operation—without making use of them ．Like a diligent ant gathering food it will never eat ，the contemporary literary scholar seems intent upon writing footnotes of a books he will never try to read ．I propose that at the outset of a research project it is necessary to render explicit the questions the scholar will try to answer ，what methods will be used and why and the reason why s ／he thinks that it may be worthwhile answering such questions ．More ，the work of the people concerned with the study of literature seems casual ．For instance ，much research is devoted to one author ，often on the occasion of an anniversary ．Now there is no reason to think that our observations will be more valid ，urgent ，appropriate ，useful ，or interesting if the author of the texts we are concerned with was born or died or the texts were written fifty ，one hundred ，or two hundred years ago ．This seems to be celebration and not research producing knowledge ．It does not seem to make any sense to determine one's research program by looking at the calendar ．The widespread habit of limiting thescope of a research project to a single author often leads to a confined understanding of the author and the texts ，which ，in turn ，offers marginal results ．The average literary scholar considers these results satisfactory ．But for what purpose are they satisfactory?Often the research strategies and methods of the literary scholar are repetitive ．A new operation that is analogous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile ：it is on these premises that many texts concerning literature are produced and accepted ．I propose instead that in a concrete project that tries to produce knowledge ，any statement needs verification ．But there is a point where it is unnecessary to repeat the same operation on new data ，because the result has already been established ：rather than additional confirmation of what is already known ，it is the exploration of what is still unknown that deserves priority ．Contemporary literary research seems to be based on habits that originated in the past and that bear little resemblance to research projects as they are intended now in other fields ．If our main aim were the proposal of some objects as cultural models ，then it would be useful to our purpose to try to attract our society's 考博家园attention toward these objects and the persons who produced them ．It would be reasonable to perform our actions on the occasion of anniversaries ，because we would not be doing research ，but celebration and propaganda ．Celebration aims at confirming certitudes and strengthening bonds of solidarity among the participants ．It does not produce knowledge ，but it confirms what is already known ．Legitimating by means of the power of words has been for many centuries the main job of the man of letters ．7．In the view of the writer ，scholars studying literature need to________．A ．research more diligentlyB ．establish a clear purpose before commencing researchC ．decrease the number of footnotesD ．avoid writing special works to celebrate anniversaries8．The writer of this article is critical of modern literary research because________．A ．it uses too many analogiesB ．it is not concrete writingC ．it relies on established methods that have not changed muchD ．it is too subjective9．According to the writer ，writing about an author on their anniversary________．A ．is useful because it creates stronger ties with the authorB ．is useful because it strengthens the cultural informationC ．is useful because it is celebration and celebration confirms certitudesD ．is not useful since it does not add much to the pool of established information10．In paragraph 3，sentence 2，the words “to previous ones” refers to________．A ．previous authors written about by othersB ．earlier scholars who wrote comparative literary worksC ．earlier methods for researchD ．repeats of research11．This article________．A ．criticizes the limited approach taken by many literary scholars in their researchB ．criticizes the approach taken to footnotes in literary researchC ．supports the idea that literary scholars must remain a cohesive groupD ．maintains that more careful personal data needs to be collected about authors12．In the writer's opinion________．A ．repetition over a period of time can provide proofB ．evidence in research is criticalC ．celebratory research does not require proofD ．research concerning an author from antiquity does not require evidence Passage 3After a run of several thousand years ，it is entirely fitting that 2000 will be marked as the year the tide tuned against taxation ．Clay tablets recall the taxes of Hammurabi in the Babylon of 2000BC ，but the practice is certainly older ．People in power have always tried to divert some of the proceeds of economic activity in their own direction ．Lords took feudal dues from their vassals ；landowners took tolls from merchants ；gangsters took protection money from small businesses ；governments took taxes from their citizens ．Despite the different names ，the principle 考博家园has remained constant ：those who do not produce take resources from those who do ，and spend it on altogether different things ．The tide is turning because of the convergence of several factors ．In the first place ，taxes are becoming harder to collect ．Capital is more mobile than ever ，and inclined to fly from places that tax to places that do not ．Governments do not move their boundaries and jurisdictions as rapidly as companies can change locations ．Attempts to establish trans-national tax powers are almost certainly ，ably doomed by international competition to attract economic activity ．Many businesses will choose to stay out of reach ．The global economy and the internet mean that purchases can now cross frontiers ．People buy books ，clothes ，and cars from abroad ，and any finance minister who likes to tax these items find his tax base diminishing ．It is not only capital and goods which are harder to pin down ．Even wages are crossing frontiers ．The rise of the service sector means that many income-generating activities can take place across frontiers ，causing yet more headaches for over-stretched public treasuries ．Farther more ，the pace of electronic ，hard-to-trace activity is accelerating ．No less important has been the rise of political resistance ．The past quarter-century has been marked by a movement led in Britain and America itself in California's famous tax-cutting referendum proposition 13，but saw its fullest expression in the Thatcher and Reagan tax cuts of the 1980's ．Britain's Tories entered office in 1979 with the top rate of income tax at 98％，and left office 18 years later with a top rate of 40％．Indeed ，their Labour Opponents became electable only after a firm promise not to raise it again ．The plain fact is that electmates these days will not stand for it ．They recognize ，correctly ，that governments spend their money less carefully and less efficiently than they can spend it themselves ．One of the greatest uses of tax money is to provide pensions ．And here a revolution—as important and pervasive as privatization—is sweeping the world ．Fully-funded personal pension plans ，based on individual savings ，are sweeping away the poorly funded public pensions promised by governments ．The latter take taxes from the young to support the old ．The former invest savings from the young to support themselves when old ．13．The main idea of this text is that________．A ．taxation is changing and will continue to changeB ．ways of collecting tax have changedC ．pensions are increasingly being paid out of taxpayer's moneyD ．public money is being misspent in most western countries14．Taxes are more difficult to collect because________．A ．it is almost impossible to tax transnational companiesB ．of the increase in buying goods through the internetC ．some burgeoning areas of employment have activities that are not easily taxedD ．all of the above15．The biggest change in taxation________．A ．is in provident accountsB ．is privatization of companiesC ．is in individual pension plans which are replacing government pensionsD ．is the increased tax on personal investment16．From this article it is evident that________． 考博家园A ．small business will continue to be heavily taxedB ．in England ，personal income tax will rise to a top rate of 40％C ．many large companies can still avoid paying high taxesD ．globalization is making tax-collection easier17．According to this article ，the people who have many problems relating to tax are________．A ．the oldB ．the youngC ．the bankD ．the finance ministers of various countries18．Trans-national companies________．A ．do not have to pay taxB ．are often encouraged by a country to pay less taxC ．are finding it difficult to pay taxes because of the significant increasesD ．all of the abovePassage 4Handwriting analysis (graphology) circumvents the law by frying to determine an employee's traits (e. g. ，stability) according to some handwriting group stereotype to which he or she belongs ，(Indeed ，some graphologists have so little respect for the law and so much confidence in their stereotyping that they have proposed using the technique in lieu of court proceedings to identify and prosecute criminals!) The analysis works by comparing the speed ，size ，slant ，form ，pressure ，layout ，and continuity of an individual's handwriting with various patterns and typologies ，and assimilating this person's script into these types ．As a result the individual judged ceases to be an individual and becomes little more than a composite of traits ．This end result differs little from judgements based on race ，sex ，religion ，etc ．Granted ，no individual is totally unique ．Any evaluation of character ，or for that matter ，skills ，turns ，in some measure ，on employing generic ideas about virtue ，vice ，and technical competence ．Still ，there is a human individuality which manifests itself in our imagination and in the innovative arguments we choose to advance ．Standardized handwriting analysis is far less respectful of individuality in this latter sense than other modes of screening ．Individuals who are asked to write a personal essay describing their qualifications in their own terms ；and who are given an opportunity in an interview to describe their motivations in seeking a particular job retain far more of what makes them distinctive ．This more personalized format gives the individual an opportunity to express unusual or provocative opinions the employer may not have previously considered ．Upon reflection ，the employer may think these comments so pertinent that s ／he awards the job to this candidate ．Handwriting analysis ，though ，is ostensibly purely ：formal ．It does not provide the candidate with any opportunity to distinguish himself or herself in this substantive fashion ．At best ，graphology will yield some vague assessment such as “the candidate is highly creative”．It is worth remembering what the driving force is behind graphological testing ．Handwriting analysis ，like automated telephone screening ，is increasingly being used early in the hiring process because it purports to deliver salient ，accurate information cheaply ．Yet precisely because these techniques are standardized ，the data has reduced value ．Judgements about the precise relevance of some perceived character traits to a job are rarely ：straightforward ．Good interviewers learn through training and through interaction itself to qualify previous judgements ．Perhaps the candidate who fails to make eye contact has a guilty conscience (as it is standardly assumed)．On 考博家园。
中科院考博英语真题200203
中国科学院2002年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PAPT Ⅱ STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (25 minutes, 15 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.16. Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no__________ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative17. Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______regret.A. teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has aglorious future before him and the old one has a __________future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only __________necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it__________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. __________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until mostof the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22. Banks shall be unable to__________, or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan orbankrupted debt left with them.A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over23. I am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectorsdiscretion state your case __________or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24. In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being__________,”being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25. In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the lstgrade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26. Desert plants __________two categories according to the way they deal with the problem ofsurviving drought.A. break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27. In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _____all othersounds.A. dwarfedB. diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28. Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not __________and should be avoidedif possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the__________of investigations.A. caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30. Since neither side was ready to _____what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in1980.A. precedeB. recedeC. concedeD. intercede31. Such an __________act of hostility can only lead to war.A. overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32. __________both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, andexpectations places a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33. It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would __________be replaced bya permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34. Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______with those awful riding-about bicycleboys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply________every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofPART Ⅲ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious__46__has occurred in the roles that women__47__. Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena,__48__maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a (n)__49__that is a haven for all family members.__50__many women experience strain from trying to “do it all,” they often enjoy t he increased__51__that can result from playing multiple roles. As women's roles have changed, changing expectations about men's roles have become more__52__. Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility__53__the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional__54__of family life. Men are increasingly__55__to meet the emotional needs of their families,__56__their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on__57__marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationships and the importance of sharing in the “emotion work”__58__to nourish marriages and other famil y relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent,__59__both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeingmarriages in which men's and women's roles are becoming increasingly more__60__.46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. play D. show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as will as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C. why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageablePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1883 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who,during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca—Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a botch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886—year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty—Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola” was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to thefresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61. What does the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A. He was highly respected by Atlantans.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton'sCompany?A. Skills to make French wine.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. Ability to work with numbers.63. Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B. He brought a quite profitable product into being.C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64. One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________.A. used beer bottles were chosen as containersB. the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC. it was blended with oils instead of waterD. Cola nut extract was added to taste65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for__________.A. the young as a soft drinkB. a replacement of French Wine CocaC. the relief of a hangoverD. a cure for the common headache66. The last paragraph mainly tells__________.A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB. a real test of Coca-Cola as a headache cureC. the mediocre service of the drugstoreD. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage 2Between 1883 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press” proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest storiesovershadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York sun in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the Sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1836) and the Baltimore Sun (1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67. What does the first p aragraph say about the “penny press?”A. It was known for its in-depth news reporting.B. It had an involvement with some political parties.C. It depended on the business community for survival.D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.68. In its early days, a penny paper often__________.A. paid much attention to political partiesB. provided stories that hit the pubic tasteC. offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD. covered important news with inaccuracy69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper__________.A. improved its contentB. changed its writing styleC. developed a more sensational styleD. became a tool for political parties70. The underlined word “ventures” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by__________.A. editorsB. reportersC. newspapersD. companies71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun?A. They turned out to be failures.B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72. This passage is probably taken from a book on__________.A. the work ethics of the American mediaB. the technique in news reportingC. the history of sensationalism in American mediaD. the impact of mass media on American societyPassage 3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one‟s own. The writer she has in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, charming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron isn't just a story. It's an online narrative(grammatron. com) that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. IN the four years it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,” jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That's unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the …technology‟is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual“city” in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron's 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get ca ught up in mere plot,” he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino-have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author's control. “But what makes the Net so exciting,” says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly ge nerated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73. The passage is mainly to tell__________.A. differences between conventional and modern novelsB. how Mark Amerika composed his novel GrammatronC. common features of all modern electronic novelsD. why mark Amerika took on a new way of writing74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities ofa writer?A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D. It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75. As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it__________.A. provides potentials for the story developmentB. is one of the novels at grammatron. comC. can be downloaded free of chargeD. boasts of the best among cyber stories76. By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that ______.A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial RevolutionB. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD. he couldn't care less new advance in computer software77. As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers to__________.A. adapt the story for a video versionB. “walk in” the story and interact with itC. develop the plots within the author's controlD. steal the show and become the main character78. Amerika told his students not to__________.A. immerse themselves only in creating the plotB. be captivated by the plot alone while readingC. be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD. let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage 4In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading much smaller boy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2,away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoon.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English madia outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks art also prohibited.In the U. S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We're clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,” says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U. S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U. S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever-eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?” asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables or Thompson move in next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins：“It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passpor to a completely new life.”79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80. According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson__________.A. have been treated as juvenile delinquentsB. have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC. were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD. have already served out their 10 years in prison81. The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would__________.A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB. be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC. still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD. be inclined to commit a recurring crime82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be__________.A. banned from any kind of press interviewB. kept under constant surveillance by policeC. shielded from being identified as killersD. ordered to report to police their whereabouts83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Vanables or Thompson would__________.A. have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB. serve a life imprisoment for the crimeC. be forbidden to join many of his relativesD. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U. S.84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that__________.A. it is controversial as it goes without precedentB. the British media are sure to do the contraryC. Bulger's family would enter all appeal against itD. conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage 5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits” between doctors at three big local medical groups about and 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won't have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. “Which our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time,” says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so,according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. “We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting paid is a critical p iece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $ 20 per online consultation, obout what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif—based start-up. Healinx's “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require stethoscope to discover what's wrong-and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experi ment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx”, notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85. The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of__________.A. rewarding their employeesB. gratifying the local hospitalsC. boosting worker productivityD. testing a sophisticated technology86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A. They are a quite promising business.B. They are funded by the local government.C. They are welcomed by all the patients.D. They are very much under experimentation.87. Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A. Cisco System employees.B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C. Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle at three local hospitals.88. According to Paragraph 2, doctors are__________.A. reluctant to serve online for nothingB. not interested in Web consultationC. too tired to talk to the patients onlineD. content with $ 20 paid per Web visit89. “Smart Symptom Wizard” is capable of__________.A. making diagnosesB. producing prescriptionsC. profiling patients's illnessD. offering a treatment plan90. It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend onwhether__________.A. the employers would remain confident in themB. they could effectively replace office visitsC. HMOs would cover the cost of the serviceD. new technologies would be available to improve the E-health projectPAPER TWOPART ⅤTRANSLATION (25 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Computer programmers often remark that computing machines,witha perfect lack of discrimination,will do any foolish thing they aretold to do.The reason for this lies,of course,in the narrow fixationof the computing machine’s“intelligence”on the details of itsown perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context.In a psychological description of the computer intelligence,threerelated adjectives come to mind:single-minded,literal-minded,andsimple-minded.Recognizing this,we should at the same time recognizethat this single-mindedness,literal-mindedness,and Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi simple-mindedness alsocharacterizes theoretical mathematics,though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality,even the most precisesciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understoodapproximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriateskepticism.Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock tomathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for thehydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation takingaccount of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects;and thatthis corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation toan infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.Physicists,looking at the original Schrodinger equation,learn to sense in itthe presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible,and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation.This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations.Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally.Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined,and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately,but perhaps inappropriately.In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences.The mathematicians turn the scientists’theoretical assumptions that is,their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms,and then take these axioms literally.This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.The question,central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.1.The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraphprimarily in order to do which of the following?[A]Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.[B]Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.[C]Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.[D]Provide one definition of intelligence.2.It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?[A]The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.[B]The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.[C]The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.[D]The premises on which the arguments are based may change.3.According to the text,mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?[A]Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.[B]Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.[C]Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoreticalassumptions are facts.[D]Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.4.The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?[A]Practical for scientific purposes.[B]Detrimental to scientific progress.[C]Unimportant in most situations.[D]Expedient,but of little long-term value.5.The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that[A]mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.[B]changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.[C]well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.[D]some factors in most situations must remain unknown.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。
2000年博士生入学考试试题(英语)改
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2000年3月）THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2000PAPER ONEPART ⅡSTRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.16. Much I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her for thoroughness, whatever the job.A. whenB. moreC. fartherD. as17. To support the general statement in the first sentence, each sentence in the paragraph provides adifferent example.A. relevantB. subsequentC. coherentD. antecedent18. A hefty 50% of those from ages 18 to 34 told the pollsters in the TIME/CNN survey that they“feminist” values.A. shareB. regardC. attachD. dominate19. I was not alone in my knowledge; the woman had also seen my father’s eyes gleaming withpride.A. contractedB. contestedC. contentedD. contrasted20. the writer’s craft through a consideration of rhetorical patterns is a useful way to study writing.A. ExploringB. ExploitingC. EmployingD. Embodying21. The first two assumptions made about the of TV were dead wrong: that it would bury radio and itwould be threat to movies.A. recessionB. adventC. diversityD. bias22. An education should enable a student to get a better job than be would be able to find or fill.A. consequentlyB. neverthelessC. otherwiseD. anyhow23. In addition to being physically sick, may dad was in the midst of a nervous , through none of us knew tocall it that at the time.A. breakupB. breakdownC. breakthroughD. breakout24. Although they are very succinct-that is why they caught on-cliches are wasted words because they are expression rather than fresh ones.A. staleB. stainlessC. stableD. spotted25. Though Americans do not currently abortions directly, costs are carried by other Americans through higher insurance premiums.A. implementB. terminateC. prohibitD. subsidize26. There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in completein a single country for long periods.A. successB. revengeC. harmonyD. conscience27. In the last century and a half, scientific development has been breathtaking, but the understanding of thisprogress has changed.A. incidentallyB. dramaticallyC. rigorouslyD. temporarily28. It is always useful to have savings to .A. come out inB. live up toC. make a fuss ofD. fall back on29. We seek a society that has a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. at its endB. at its handC. at its coreD. at its best30. Modern man is careless when disposing his garbage.A. ofB. toC. atD. about31. Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all .A. concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns32. To cry over spilled milk is to cry .A. in a vainB. in the vainC. in vainD. in no vain33. “Do you want to see my driver’s license or my passport?”“Oh, ”.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine34. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over35. A 50-ft, wave travels at speeds 20 m.p.h., and anyone who’s too slow at the approach risks beingsmashed.A. in excess ofB. in the reach ofC. in exchange forD. in relation toSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.36. Applicants will be considered provided that their files are complete due to theA B C Ddeadline.37. Elizabeth B. Browning, who has remembered for her love poems, published herA B Cfirst work at the age of twelve.D38.O n l y i f t e n m o r e s t u d e n t s r e g i s t e r t h i s a f t e r n o o n w i l l a n o t h e r p r o n u n c i a t i o nA B Csection be opening.D39.T h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s a c t u a l l y g i v e a m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o fA BA individuals are questioned by some eminent.C D40. Track lighting is one of the most popular types, if not the most popular type, ofA B Clighting on market todary.D41. In fact, there is perhaps only one human being in a thousand who are passionatelyA Binterested in his job for the job’s sake.C D42. Watching films of what hate turned those people into made me choose to reject it,A Bto deal with people individual and not to spot all whites with the same obscene images.C D43. After a grueling review session, some confusing students asked the teaching assistant forA B Cstill more help.D44. Flourish in the thirteenth century, traveling musicians, called minstrels, played anA B Cimportant part in the cultural life of the time.D45.T h e r e w a s h a r d l y s o me b o d y i n t h e r o o m w h o p a i d a n y a t t e n t i o n t o h i m e v e nA B Cthough everyone knew who he was.C DPART ⅢCLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 . For centuries the progress of civilization has been 47 by the rigid growth of cities. Now the world is 48 to pass a milestone: more people will live in urban areas than in the countryside.Explosive population growth 49 a torrent of migration from the countryside are creating cities that dwarf the great capitals of the past. By the 50 of the century, there will be fifty-one “megacities” with populations of ten million or more. Of these, eighteen will be in 51 countries, including some of the poorest nations in the world. Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, the swiftest 54of urbanization ever recorded.Is the trend good or bad? Can the cities cope? No one know 55 . Without question, urbanization has produced 56 so ghastly that they are difficult to comprehend. In Cairo, children who 57 might be in kindergarten can be found digging through clots of ox waste, looking for 58 kernels of corn to eat. Young, homeless thieves in Papua New Moresby may not 59 their last names or the names of the villages where they were born. In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.46. A. way B. life C. area D. people47. A. defined B. estimated C. created D. expected48. A. about B. up C. like D. already49. A. of B. like C. and D. or50. A. change B. wake C. beginning D. turn51. A. developing B. developed C. develop D. development52. A. makes B. has C. comes D. lives53. A. none B. few C. any D. some54. A. event B. work C. level D. rate55. A for good B. with clarity C. for sure D. in doubt56. A. miracles B. miseries C. mysteries D. misunderstandings57. A. elsewhere B. anywhere C. somewhere D. nowhere58. A. unrefined B. undigested C. unpolished D. unspoiled59. A. ask B. find C. have D. know60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D. dropsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneG ordon Shaw the physicist, 66, and colleagues have discovered what’s known as the “Mozart effect”, the ability of a Mozart sonata, under the right circumstances, to improve the listener’s mathematical and reasoning abilities. But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hand.But first, the essence: Is there something about the brain cells work to explain the effect? In 1978 the neuroscientist Ver non Mountcastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain’s gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work, it represents the firing patterns of groups of neurons. Building on Mountcastle, Shaw and his team constructed a model of t heir own. On a lark, Xiaodan Leng, who was Shaw’s colleague at the time, used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into music. What came out of the speakers wasn’t exactly toe-tapping, but it was music. Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of patterns.“Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking”, says his longtime friend, Nobel Prize-winning Stanford physicist Martin Perl. “That’s important. In new areas of science, such as brain research, nobody knows how to do it.”What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw’s findings? They haven’t condemned it, but neither have they confirmed it. Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing. In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27% on a test of ratios and proportions. The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment courses-minus the music. The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers, Shaw claims.Proof of all this, of course, is necessarily elusive because it can be difficult to do a double-blind experiment of educational techniques. In a double-blind trial of an arthritis drug, neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the test treatment and which a dummy pill. How do you keep the participants from knowing it’s Mozart on the CD?61. In the first paragraph Gordon Shaw’s concern is shown overA.the open hostility by the media towards his findings.B.his strength to keep trying out the “Mozart effect”.C.a widespread misunderstanding of his findings.D.the sharp disagreement about his discovery.62. Shaw and Leng’s experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis thatA.listening to Mozart could change the brain’s hardware.B.brain-waves could be invariably translated into music.C.listening to music could stimulate brain development.D.Toe-tapping could be very close to something musical.63. The remarks made by Martin Perl in Paragraph 3 about Gordon Shaw could be taken asA.neuroscientists and psychologists.B. Shaw and his colleagues.C. Shaw and his colleagues.D. the experiments by Shaw and his teamE. Shaw’s findings.66. According to the author, proof of what Shaw claims is difficult becauseA.the control group will also enjoy the same kind of Mozart.B.some educational techniques need re-evaluation.C.the double-blind experiment is not reliable and thus rejected by Shaw.D.participants cannot be kept from knowing what is used in the test.Passage TwoSometimes opponents of capital punishment horrify with tales of lingering death on the gallows, of faulty electric chairs, or of agony in the gas chamber. Partly in response to such protests, several states such as North Carolina and Texas switched to execution by lethal injection. The condemned person is put to death painlessly, without ropes, voltage, bullets, or gas. Did this answer the objections of death penalty opponents? Of course not. On June 22, 1984, The New York Times published an editorial that sarcastically attacked the new “hygienic” method of death by injection, and stated that “execution can never be made humane through science”. So it's not the method that really troubles opponents. It’s the death itself they consider barbaric.Admittedly, capital punishment is not a pleasant topic. However, one does not have to like the death penalty in order to support it any more than one must like radical surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in order to find necessary these attempts at curing cancer. Ultimately we may learn how to cure cancer with a simple pill. Unfortunately, that day has not yet arrived. Today we are faced with the choice of letting the cancer spread or trying to cure it with the methods available, method that one day will almost certainly and would certainly delay the discovery of an eventual cure. We may not like the death penalty, but it must be available to punish crimes of cold-blooded murder, cases in which any other form of punishment would be inadequate and, therefore, unjust. If we create a society in which injustice is not tolerated, incidents of murder-the most flagrant form of justice-will diminish.67. How did Texas respond to the protests mentiond in Paragraph 1?A.No one was ever executed there later on.B.The criminal there was put to death in the gas chamber instead.C.Life of the condemned person there was terminated with a shot of drug.D.The murderer there was punished with life imprisonment instead.68. What is the main idea of Paragraph?A.The objections of death penalty have become less severe.B.The death itself is considered inhumane and unacceptable.C.Death penalty opponents only care about how one is put to death.D.The “hygienic” was of execution is even more barbaric.69. It can be safely inferred that the authorA.supports capital punishment.B.Is trying to learn how to cure cancer.C.Fears that someone might be punished by mistake.D.Likes radical surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.70. The author’s analogy between cancer and murder is made in order to showA.the lack of perfect solution to the present problems.B.the new discovery of modern science.C.the necessity of doing nothing till an ultimate cure is available.D.the availability of adequate punishment.71. Which of the following stands for the author’s attitude?A.Letting the injustice spread if we don't want to be barbarous.B.Minimizing incidents of murder by means of death penalty.C.Being tolerant of people’s choice of not having any medical treatment.D.Looking for a better form of punishment than death penalty.72. What type of writing is mostly adopted in this passage?A.Narration.B.Classification.C.Exemplification.D.Persuasion.Passage ThreeShyness is a nearly universal human trait. Almost everyone has bouts of it, and half of those surveyed describe themselves as shy. Perhaps because it’s so widespread, and because it suggests vulnerability, shyness is often an endearing trait: Princess Dian a, for example, won millions of admirers with her “Shy Di” manner. The human species might not even exist if not for an instinctive wariness of other creatures. In fact, the ability to sense a threat and a desire to flee are lodged in the most primitive regions of the brain.But at some life juncture, roughly 1 out of every 8 people becomes so timid that encounters with others turn into a source of overwhelming dread. The heart races, palms sweat, mouth grows dry, words vanish, thoughts become cluttered, an d an urge to escape takes over. This is the face of social phobia (also known as “social anxiety disorder”), the third most common mental disorder in the United States, behind depression and alcoholism. Some social phobics can hardly utter a sentence without obsession over the impression they are making. Others refuse to use public restrooms or talk on the telephone. Sometimes they go mute in front of the boss or a member of the opposite sex. At the extreme, they built a hermitic life, avoiding contact with others.Though social anxiety’s symptoms have been noted since the time of Hippocrates, the disorder was a nameless affliction until the late 1960s and didn’t make it way into psychiatry manuals until 1980. As it became better known, patients previously thought to suffer panic disorder were recognized as being anxious only in social settings. A decade ago, 40 percent of people said they were shy, but in today’s “nation of strangers” – in which computers and ATMs make face-to-face relations less and less common – that often favored by those who fear human interaction, greases the slope from shyness to social anxiety. If people were slightly shy to begin with, they can now interact less and less, and that will make the shyness much worse.73. According to Paragraph One, shyness isA.against human nature.B. completely an endearing trait.C. so widespread that a problem may arise.D. essential to the survival of the human species.74. The author suggests that our ability to sense a threat and desire to fleeA.are connected with types of shyness.B.make us more timid and less successfulC.distinguish humans from other creatures.D.are the results of the influence of our environment.75. Which is NOT mentioned as a sign of social anxiety disorder?A.Speechl ess in front of one’s supervisor.B.Unwilling to go to the public toilets.C.Getting drunk in social settings.D.The heart pumping fast.76. The term “social anxiety disorder” was coinedA. at the time of ancient meditation.B. in the 1960s.C. in 1980.D. a decade ago.77. It is shown that the most common mental disorder in the U.S. isA. depression.B. alcoholism.C. social phobia.D. panic disorder.78. What is the cited attitude of some psychologists towards the Internet culture?A.It is the main cause of social phobia.B.It is destructive and thus should be kept away from the youth.C.It encourages peple who are rather inhibited to communicate more freely.D.It helps accelerate the degradation from shyness to social phobia.Passage FourBenjamin Day was only 22 years old when he developed the idea of a newspaper for the masses and launched his New York Sun in 1833, which would profoundly alter journalism by his new approach. Yet, several conditions had to exist before a mass press could come into existence. It was impossible to launch a mass-appeal newspaper without invention of a printing press able to produce extremely cheap newspaper affordable almost to everyone. The second element that led to the growth of the mass newspaper was the increased level of literacy in the population. The then increased emphasis on education led to a concurrent growth of literacy as many people in the middle and lower economic groups acquired reading skills. The trend toward “democratization” of business and politics fostered the creation of a mass audience responsive to a mass press.Having seen others fail in their attempts to market a mass-appeal newspaper, he forged ahead with his New York Sun, which would be a daily and sell for a penny, as compared to the other dailies that went for six cents a copy. Local happenings, sex, violence, features, and human-interest stories would constitute his content. Conspicuously absent were the dull political debates t hat still characterized many of the six-cent papers. Within six months the Sun achieved a circulation approximately 8,000 issues, far ahead of its nearest competitor. Day’s gamble had paid off, and the penny press was launched.James Gordon Bennett, perhaps the most significant and certainly the most colorful of the individuals imitating Day’s paper, launched his New York Herald in 1835, even more of a rapid success than the Sun. Part of Bennett’s success can be attributed to his skillful reporting of crime news, the institution of a financial page, sports reporting, and an aggressive editorial policy. He looked upon himself a reformer, and wrote in one of his editorials: “I go for a general reformation of morals. … I mean to begin a new movement in the progress of civilization.”Horace Greeley was another important pioneer of the era. He launched his New York Tribune in 1841 and would rank third behind the Sun and Herald in daily circulation, but his weekly edition was circulated nationally and proved to be a great success. Greeley’s Tribune was not as sensational as its competitors. He used his editorial page for crusades and causes. He opposed capital punishment, alcohol, gambling and tobacco. Greeley also favored women’s rights. Greeley never talked down to the mass audience and attracted his readers by appealing to their intellect more than to their emotions.The last of the major newspapers of the penny-press era began in 1851. The New York Times,edited by Henry Raymond, promised to be less sensational than the Sun or Herald and less impassioned than Greeley. The paper soon established a reputation for objective and reasoned journalism. Raymond stressed the gathering of foreign news and served as foreign correspondent himself in 1859. The Times circulation reached more than 40,000 before the Civil war.79. Which is NOT mentioned as the contributing element in the launch of the mass press?A.The upgraded educational level of the masses.B.The increased wealth of the population as a whole.C.The democratic background and drive of the general publicD.The lowered cost of newspaper production.80. The New York Sun rarely featuredA.business newsB.women’s pages.C.lengthy discussion about politics.D.local shipment information.81. Which of the following papers issued a nationally circulated edition?A. The New York Tribune.B.The New York Sun.C.The New York Herald.D.The New York Times.82. Which of the following papers is viewed as the most dispassionate one?A The New York Tribune.B. The New York Sun.C. The New York Herald.D. The New York Times.83. The penny-press approach was pioneered byA.Henry Raymond.B. James Gordon Bennett.C. Benjamin day.D. Joseph Pulitzer84. It can be inferred thatA.the New York Times had the largest daily circulation at that time.B.the papers before the penny-press era only appealed to a small circle of readers.C.the success of the four papers lies in their endeavor to improve peple’s literacy.D.the paper’s being sensational was not favored by a majority of American readers.85. The main purpose of the passage is toA.give a brief introduction to the growth of the mass newspaper.B.trace the cause of the failures of the six-cent papers.C.find out which was the most significant newspaper of that time.D.show how a mass-appeal newspaper made a great fortune.Passage FiveInstead of advancing the public discussion of biotechnology, David Shenk succeeds merely in displaying his general ignorance and unfounded fears in his recent article “Biocapitalism”. His claim that “no living creature has ever before been able to upgrade its own operating system” ignores transduction (the act or process of transferring genetic material or characteristics from one bacterial cell to another) and bacterial conjugation (the temporary union of two bacterial cells), which are ways organisms have “upgraded” their own genomes with novel DNA f or hundreds of millions of years. A first-year biology major could have told him that. For Shenk to suggest that his daughter may someday use a before-birth genetic test for “quick-wittedness” is extremely dull-witted, ignoring the complexity of polygenetic traits while embracing a shallow genetic determinism. Nurture-utterly absent from his discussion-really does matter.Finally, worrying about the effects on the gene pool of a “culture in which millions choose the same desirable genes” is worse than point less. The United Nations projects an approximate human population of eight billion by the year 2020. Even if Shenk’s worst fears are realized, and the wealthy parents of 100 million children can and do select for a polygenetic trait-say, blue eyes-this would represent only a modest shift in the gene pool of 1 in 80, or 1.25 percent, assuming that none of those children would otherwise have been born with blue eyes. But what truly matters for the gene pool in the 1,000-year-long run is the capacity of this trait to grant reproductive success in subsequent generations. Whatever advantage blue eyes currently grant in acquiring a mate presumably derives in part from the trait’s relative scarcity. Elementary economics shows that if you flood the market with an asset, you diminish the relative value of that asset: more blue eyes will make blue eyes less sexy. Is it really too much to expect familiarity with either biology or economics from an essay entitled “Biocapitalism”?86. The purpose of David Shenk’s writing is most probably toA.draw the public’s attention to “biocapitalism”.B.cover his general ignorance about “biocapitalism”.C.show his approval of the advancement in biotechnology.D.Report his success in biotechnological research.87. According to the author, Dav id Shenk’s claim about the upgrading of living creaturesA.is obviously a fault.B. is comprehensible to college students.C. is identical to his own argument.D. will be testified by his daughter.88. What does David Shenk worry about?A.The capacity of the gene pool.B.The nurture of subsequent generations.C.The dramatic increase of world population.D.The consequences of excessive genetic shifts.89. The author’s explanation of people’s preference to blue eyes is thatA.blue eyes are purely inherited.B.few people have blue eyes.C.blue eyes are less sexy.D.people with blue eyes are usually wealthy.90. The tone of this passage is mainlyA. humorous.B. matter-of-fact.C. bitter and ruthless.D. emotional.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (10 points, 25 minutes)Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.世界先进水平的一流大学应该是培养和造就高素质创造性人才的摇篮，应该是认识世界、探求客观真理、为人类解决面临的重大课题提供科学依据的前沿，应该是知识创新、推动科学技术成果向现实生产力转化的重要力量，应该是民族优秀文化与世界先进文明成果交流借鉴的桥梁。
中国科学技术大学 中科大考博英语真题及复习内部资料
中科大的考博英语由陈纪梁命题，陈老师只公布了最新到2007年的试卷，后面的题没有公布过，所以大家不用在网上四处寻找2007之后的试卷了，如果能找到，不是假的，就是骗钱的。
考上中科大后，博士英语课是陈老师给上课，上课过程中发现他给的资料上很多单词、阅读非常熟悉，后来仔细一想才知道是当年考题上曾经考过的。
所以下面的这些资料对于考博的同学参考价值非常大，大家背单词的话，就背资料上的就足够了，每年的真题中都会涉及到的。
资料请联系QQ910394538，2002-2007的中科大考博英语真题可以免费赠送大家。
资料构成：
1、中科大考博英语历年真题及答案解析03-07年（仅电子版）
2、中科大考博英语内部复习讲义
此讲义由命题的陈老师编著，并未出版过，由数篇文章组成，文章后面有配套的习题，词汇，翻译等。
文章中的单词及句子很重要，真题中很多词汇题或翻译直接来自文章。
3、中科大命题老师编著的快速阅读10篇
陈老师上课讲解此快速阅读时，经常说“此文章在某年考博真题中作为翻译考过”，参考价值大家自己想像。
4、博士英语模拟题一套
此模拟题为新入学博士第一年上课结束时的模拟题，为考博英语命题人陈老师所出。
以上所有资料，专业针对中科大考博英语，非其它高校杂七杂八的辅导班资料。
2000年考研英语试题及参考答案(3)
2000年考研英语试题及参考答案(3)The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression." Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee." Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moraleducation. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."But that may have more to do with Japanese life-stvles." In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63.In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was_____ .［A］under aimless development［B］a positive example［C］a rival to the West［D］on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women's participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that____ .［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in the fact that_____ .［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition health, distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, However, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own the that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is," Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where the are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be wellregarded if _____.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____ .［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words ［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out ［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because____ .［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits ［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible 70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_____ .［A］secretly and vigorously［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily［D］verbally and spirituallyPart Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly no ASWER SHEET2.(15points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example,the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example.74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.75)Additional social stresses may also occur becauseof the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.。
中科院考博英语真题语法之倒装
中科院考博英语真题语法之倒装中科院考博英语真题语法之倒装全部倒装1.“There(Here)+be+主语”There stand big buildings in this district.Here on the desk lies a pile of books.2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句⾸(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)In came the boss./Ahead sat an old man.3.介词短语作状语位于句⾸In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.4.表语位于句⾸Especially remarkable was his flat nose.Not far from here is a famous university.5.so,nor,neither,no more位于句⾸,代表前⽂She wasn’t angry,and neither was I.Peter doesn’t like pop music.No more does his brother.6.分词短语位于句⾸(分词+be+主语)Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.部分倒装1.疑问句2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few, not until,not only)位于句⾸(作形容词时例外) Never did John speak rudely to his parents.3.“only+状语”位于句⾸Only when he comes back can be leave.4.“hardly…when”,“scarcely…when”,“no sooner…than”,“not only…(but also)”位于句⾸No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.5.not,no组成的词组位于句⾸(in no way,under no circumstances, on no account…)By no means should you break the rules.At no time should we give in to difficulties.6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句⾸)7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though(尽管,虽然)+be动词”Small though the room is,it can hold more than twenty people.Search as they would,they could find nothing in the house.真题剖析(2000)Faster than ever before,the human world is becoming an urban world.By the millions they come,the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban46.46. A.way B.life C.area D.people（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）限定词的⽤法1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个)2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上)3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,a lot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数)4.Much,(a)little,a good/great deal,less,(the)least(不可数)eg.“Got any money?”“None at all.”eg.“Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?”“No,neither side is sunnier than the other.”从句为考察重点(1999)…The answers given by200women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that51was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be.…51. A.which B.what C.it D.that(1998)They learned to51their farming habits to the climate and soil.52they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving53,they invited their neighbors,…52. A.While B.When C.So D.If(1993)In the United States a commentator remarked that45Japan apparently still used some“primitive tools”,46a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.46. A.though B.when C.while D.and thatomitting the subjectRather formal use让步状语从句以although,though,while,or whilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语⽤分词形式。
中科院考博英语解析
中科院阅读理解解析（一）在任何英语考试中阅读理解部分都是让考生颇为头疼的题型。
而往往阅读部分的分数在整张试卷中所占比例都特别大，大概占整张试卷的30%——45%。
做阅读理解时考生大都遇到这样的问题——明明文章中所有的单词都看的懂，为什么看文章时总是似懂非懂，而且每次答题时都只对一半，并且对的那一半还是蒙的。
这种问题的发生往往是因为考生没有阅读理解的真正意义。
阅读理解，顾名思义，先阅读后理解，也就是说先把文章中的单词、词组、俚语、成语、固定用法都理解后再经过自己大脑的分析加工后才可以做对全部题目。
奇怪的是，几乎中国80%以上的考生都忽略了逻辑分析这个环节，天真的以为只要背一定量的单词，就可以再阅读理解中取得高分，其实阅读理解重点考察的是理解，而我下面要讲解的就是怎样在储备一定量的词汇的基础上对文章进行理解。
下面选取的文章是中科院07年试题中的第一道阅读理解题。
中科院阅读理解共五篇文章占30分，答题时间为一小时，也就是说要求考生平均12分钟做完一篇阅读理解。
而在做阅读理解前考生已经答完词汇和完形填空部分的题，大概会用去30分钟，这也就是说，到了这个时间考生正好刚刚进入考试状态，只要平时训练有素，这部分答题的效率将会非常的高。
下面我们看一下文章。
Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.文章大意：众所周之，美国大多数民众都服用的高品质的医药。
中科院-中科大2000试卷及答案
中科院-中科大2000试卷及答案中国科学院――中国科学技术大学2000年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目：物理化学一、选择、真空题（共20分）1．（2分）从统计热力学观点看，功的微观本质是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿：热的微观本质是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
2．（2分）有理想气体反应达化学平衡A （g ）＋B （g ）＝3C （g ），在等温下维持体系总压不变，向体系中加入惰性气体，平衡＿＿＿＿移动；若将气体置于钢筒内加入惰性气体后平衡＿＿＿＿移动。
3．（4分）离子迁移数（t 1）与温度、浓度都有关，对BaCl 2水溶液来说，随着溶液浓度的增大，t (Ba 2+)应______ ，t (Cl -)应＿＿＿；当温度升高时，t (Ba 2+)应＿＿＿＿，t (Cl -)应＿＿＿＿（填入增大或减小）。
4．（2分）I 2分子的振动能级间隔为0.43J 2010-?。
在25℃时，某一能级i 与其较低能级上分子数的比值1/i i N N -＝＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿5．（2分）298K 时正丁醇水溶液表面张力对正丁醇浓度作图。
其斜率为-0.103-11N m mol kg -。
正丁醇在浓度为0.1mol 1kg -?时的表面超量Γ为：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿6.（5分）混合等体积的0.08-3mol dm KI ?和0.1-33mol dm AgNO ?溶液所得溶胶。
（1）试写出胶团结构式：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（2）指明电泳方向：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（3）比较4242MgSO ,Na SO ,CaCl 电解质对溶胶的聚沉能力：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
7．（3分）用渗透压测大分子化合物的摩尔质量属于＿＿＿＿均摩尔质量；用光散射法得到的摩尔质量属于＿＿＿＿均摩尔质量；沉降速度法得到＿＿＿＿均摩尔质量。
（A ）质均（B ）数均（C ）Z 均（D ）平均二、计算题（共80分）1．（9分）已知1mol 氢气的物态方程为：P （V －b ）=R T ( b 为大于0的常数)，若该气体经一个绝热的自由膨胀过程由始态（T 1，V 1）到达终态体积V 2，求：（1）终态的温度T 2；（2）过程的?U 、?H 、S ?（3）计算说明该气体经节流膨胀后，温度如何变化？2．（8分）在308.15K 乙醇（1）和氯仿（2）组成二组分溶液，该溶液的蒸气压p 与液相组成x 气相组成y 之间的关系，由实验测得列表如下：假定蒸气为理想气体，当乙醇在溶液中的摩尔分数为0.6时：（1）以纯液为标准态，计算乙醇和氯仿的活度及活度系数；（2）以极稀溶液为标准态，计算氯仿的活度和活度系数。
中科院考博英语真题
2007年国家司法考试试卷三（合同法部分）一、单项选择题，每题所给的选项中只有一个正确答案。
本部分1－50题，每题1分，共50分。
1．某酒店客房内备有零食、酒水供房客选用，价格明显高于市场同类商品。
房客关某缺乏住店经验，又未留意标价单，误认为系酒店免费提供而饮用了一瓶洋酒。
结帐时酒店欲按标价收费，关某拒付。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．关某应按标价付款 B．关某应按市价付款C．关某不应付款 D．关某应按标价的一半付款3．甲公司业务经理乙长期在丙餐厅签单招待客户，餐费由公司按月结清。
后乙因故辞职，月底餐厅前去结帐时，甲公司认为，乙当月的几次用餐都是招待私人朋友，因而拒付乙所签单的餐费。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司应当付款 B．甲公司应当付款，乙承担连带责任C．甲公司有权拒绝付款 D．甲公司应当承担补充责任4．甲公司在与乙公司协商购买某种零件时提出，由于该零件的工艺要求高，只有乙公司先行制造出符合要求的样品后，才能考虑批量购买。
乙公司完成样品后，甲公司因经营战略发生重大调整，遂通知乙公司：本公司已不需此种零件，终止谈判。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司构成违约，应当赔偿乙公司的损失B．甲公司的行为构成缔约过失，应当赔偿乙公司的损失C．甲公司的行为构成侵权行为，应当赔偿乙公司的损失D．甲公司不应赔偿乙公司的任何损失5．王某因多年未育前往某医院就医，经医院介绍A和B两种人工辅助生育技术后，王某选定了A技术并交纳了相应的费用，但医院实际按照B技术进行治疗。
后治疗失败，王某要求医院返还全部医疗费用。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．医院应当返还所收取的全部医疗费B．医院应当返还所收取的医疗费，但可以扣除B技术的收费额C．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费或赔偿损失D．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费，但是有权请求医院赔偿损失6．乙买甲一套房屋，已经支付1/3价款，双方约定余款待过户手续办理完毕后付清。
后甲反悔，要求解除合同，乙不同意，起诉要求甲继续履行合同，转移房屋所有权。
2000~2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解Paper OnePart ⅠListeningSection A Listening Comprehension (10%)Directions:In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read onlyonce. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. For example:Talk One1. A. Heart attacks.B. Strokes.C. Drug addiction.D. Cerebral haemorrhage.2. A. About 860,000.B. About 1.5 million.C. About 1/2 of the total population.D. About 2/3 of the total population.3. A. Easy to use.B. Safe.C. Economical.D. Fast acting.【答案与解析】1.D 录音讲到很多医生都在使用一种叫做“streptokinase”的药，这种药剂有时会带来一些问题，甚至会引起“bleeding in the brain”。
cerebral haemorrhage的意思是“脑溢血”。
2.B 录音中明确指出“About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year”。
中国科学院考博英语-7
中国科学院考博英语-7(总分：99.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：11.50)1.Awards provide a(n) ______ for young people to improve their skills.（分数：0.50）A.incentive √B.initiativeC.fugitiveD.captive解析：incentive刺激，诱因，动机；initiative主动，首创精神，进取心，如：take the initiative(采取主动)；fugitive逃亡者；captive指“俘虏”。
根据句子大意，正确选项应是incentive。
2.While he was in Beijing, he spent all his time ______ some important museums and buildings. （分数：0.50）A.visiting √B.travelingC.watchingD.touting解析：[解析] visit指“访问，参观、拜访人、参观地方或事物的行为或例子”。
如I visited museums and sat in public gardens．我参观了博物馆，还在公园里坐过。
travel和tour表示“旅行”；watch意为“观看，注视”。
因此，根据句意应选A。
3.The profession fell into ______, with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.（分数：0.50）A.harmonyB.turmoil √C.distortionD.accord解析：[解析] 句子的大意为：这个领域陷入了混乱：一些物理学家坚持现有的理论，而另一些则提出了大爆炸理论。
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2000年中国科技大学考博英语真题及详解Section II Reading Comprehension （30 points）Directions:Below each of the following passages you will find altogether 20 questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement isfollowed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question orcompletes the statement. Blacken the corresponding letter of yourchoice on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1The market for manufactured goods is what economists call "imperfect", because each company has its own style, its own reputation, and its own locations; and all of the arts of advertisement and salesmanship are devoted to making it even more imperfect by attracting buyers to particular brand names. Even small businesses that depend upon outside channels of retail distribution may have the final say in what prices they will charge, and great corporations can differentiate their goods in order to create demand of them.In this type of market, supply normally is very elastic—that is responsive to demand—in the short run. Stocks or inventories are held at some point in the chain of distribution while stocks are running down or building up, there is time to change the level of production, and once a price has been set, it is rarely altered in response to moderate changes in demand. Even in a deep slump, defensive ringsmay be formed to prevent price cutting.In the long run, as well as in the short, supply is responsive to demand in the market for manufactures. It is easier to change the composition of a firm's output than it is to change the production of a mine or a plantation. And when changes in demand are not too rapid, gross profits from one plant can be siphoned off and invested in something quite different. When business is good, moreover, there is continual investment so that productive capacity is adapted to meeting changing requirements. Workers themselves may not even be aware of changes in the final commodities to which their work contributes, and the level of wages for any grade of factory labour is very little affected by the fortunes of a particular market.21. The "imperfection" of the market for manufactured goods is reflected in all ofthe following aspects, expect ______.A. the distinctive style of each companyB. the attempts of advertisement to attract buyers to particular brand namesC. tendency for the prices of the same goods to equalize quicklyD. the freedom of small businesses to decide the prices they will charge22. In the market for manufactured goods, ______ is usually not responsive to moderate changes in demand.A. the price of a product if it has been setB. supplyC. stocks or inventoriesD. the level of production23. According to this passage, ______ is not responsive to demand in the market formanufactures.A. in the short run, supplyB. in the long run, supplyC. the level of wages for factory labourD. the productive capacity of a business24. The proper title for this passage should be ______.A. Markets for ManufacturesB. "Imperfect" MarketsC. Supply and DemandD. Great Corporation and Small Businesses【答案与解析】21.C 第一段讲了manufactured goods市场的不完善之处的表现：each company hasits own…e the final say in what prices they will charge，由此可以看出只有选项C在文中没有提到。
22.A 第二段中讲到once a price has been set, it is rarely altered in response tomoderate changes in demand，即价格一旦制定，它很少会随着需求的变化而反应。
所以usually not responsive to moderate changes in demand的应该是制定好的产品的价格，即选项A正确。
23.C 文章最后一句the level of wages for any grade of factory labour is very littleaffected by the fortunes of a particular market.，也就是说工厂劳动力的工资不会随市场需求的变化而有所反应。
故选项C正确。
24.A 纵观全文，文章围绕着分析Manufacture市场而展开，因此选项A概括比较全面，做文章标题比较合适。
passage 2Unfortunately most of the science fiction films of the 1970s were not much influencedby 2001: A Space Odyssey. Skillfully directed by Stanley Kubrick, 2001, which appeared in 1968, set new standards for science fiction films. During the next decade, every one of the dozens of science fiction movies released was compared to 2001, and all but a were found sadly lacking.Admittedly, Kubrick had one of the largest budgets ever for a film of this kind, but, in my opinion, much of the movie's power and appeal was achieved through relatively inexpensive means. For example, the musical score, which was adapted in large part from well-known classical compositions, was reinforced by the use of almost kaleidoscopic visual affects, especially during the space travel sequences. Spectacular camera work was edited to correspond precisely to the ebb and flow of the music.After 2001, the dominant theme of science fiction films shifted from the adventures of space travel to the problems created on earth by man's mismanagement of the natural environment ant and the abuse of technology by a totalitarian state. Overpopulation and the accompanying shortages of food prompt the state to impose extraordinary controls on its citizens . No fewer thantwenty-nine films were made around this theme in the years between 1970 and 1977, including Survivors and Chronicles.In the opinion of this reviewer, until Star Wars was released in 1977, science fiction film were reduced to shallow symbolism disguising to a greater or lesser degree a series of repetitive plots. But Star Wars was different. It offered us a return to imaginative voyages in space and confrontation with intelligent life on other planets. Unlike the other science fiction films of the decade, Star Wars presented technology as having solved rather aggravated ecological problems. The special effects created to simulate space vehicles ling through the blackness of the universe were reminiscent of the artistic standards set by 2001.25. In the author's opinion, most of the science fiction films released in the 1970swere ______A. better than 2001 : A Space odysseyB. not as good as 2001 : A Space OdysseyC. almost the same as Star WarsD. better than Star Wars26. The theme of the majority of science fiction films made between 1970 and 1977Was ______A. space travelB. life on other planetsC. ecological problems on earthD. wats between the earth and other planets27. In the author's opinion, why was 2001 successful?A. Because its budget was large.B. Because its camera work and musical score were blended artistically.C. Because its plot was repetitive.D. Because its symbolism was very good.28. What does the author most object to in the science movies of the 1970s?A. He objects to their camera work.B. He does not like their music.C. He believes that their stories are too much alike.D. He criticizes their special effects.【答案与解析】25.B 文章第一句的“unfortunately”一词表明了作者的观点，作者接着说Skillfullydirected by Stanley Kubrick,…new standards for science fiction films.。