Genetically Engineered Crops Should Be Abandoned
(英语)英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项习题及答案解析及解析
（英语）英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项习题及答案解析及解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1．犇犇阅读理解According to a recent study, a new genetically modified rice can prevent infections of HIV, the virus responsible for the disease AIDS.The study reports the newly-developed rice produces proteins that attach directly to the HIV virus. This process prevents the virus from mixing with human cells. The scientists say it can remove the effect of the virus and block its spreading.The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS reports that worldwide, nearly 37 million people were living with HIV in 2017. The organization says the largest number of those are in developing countries. Nearly two-thirds of HIV cases are in Africa. Now there is no cure for HIV/AIDS though there have been developments in oral drug treatments to slow the progression of the disease.The new study predicts the rice-based method will lead to long-term use of the anti-HIV treatment across the developing world. Researchers said the "groundbreaking" discovery is "realistically the only way" that anti-HIV combination treatments can be produced at a cost low enough for the developing world.They say the easiest and most cost-effective way to use the rice will be to make it into a cream to be put on the skin. The HIV-fighting proteins can then enter the body through the skin. People all over the world could grow the rice and make the cream themselves. This would prevent the cost and travel required for many patients to receive treatments and medicine.The process of changing the genetic structure of food crops has been debated for some time. Critics of genetically engineered crops believe they can harm people. The scientific team says further testing is needed to ensure that the genetic engineering process does not produce any additional chemicals that could be dangerous to people.（1）What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3?A. Stress the urgency of HIV treatments.B. Provide some data about HIV.C. Remind readers of HIV prevention.D. Introduce HIV to the public.（2）In which way will the rice be used at the lowest cost?A. By transforming it into proteins.B. By adding it to an oral drug.C. By attaching it to the HIV virus.D. By processing it into a cream.（3）What can we infer about the genetic engineering process?A. It can prevent infections of HIV.B. It can produce dangerous chemicals.C. It still requires perfecting.D. It applies to the developed world.（4）From which is the text probably taken?A. A biology textbook.B. A health magazine.C. A social webpage.D. A first aid brochure.【答案】（1）A（2）D（3）C（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家培育出可预防艾滋病病毒感染的转基因水稻。
农业技术英语作文
农业技术英语作文Title: Advancements in Agricultural Technology。
Agricultural technology plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of farming, addressing global food security challenges, and promoting sustainable practices. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in various aspects of agricultural technology, revolutionizing traditional farming methods and enhancing productivity. This essay will explore some of the key innovations in agricultural technology and their implications for the future.First and foremost, precision agriculture has emerged as a game-changer in modern farming practices. This approach utilizes information technology, such as GPS guidance systems, sensors, and drones, to optimize the use of resources such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides. By precisely mapping variations in soil characteristics and crop health, farmers can make informed decisions tailoredto specific areas of their fields. This not only improves crop yields but also minimizes environmental impact by reducing the overuse of inputs.Another significant development in agricultural technology is the adoption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally through mating or natural recombination. These genetically engineered crops offer various benefits, including increased resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to herbicides, and enhanced nutritional content. However, the widespread adoption of GMOs has also sparked debates regarding their safety, environmental impact, and ethical considerations.Furthermore, the integration of data analytics and machine learning has revolutionized farm management practices. By analyzing vast amounts of data collected from sensors, satellites, and machinery, farmers can gain valuable insights into crop performance, weather patterns, and market trends. This enables them to optimize plantingschedules, predict pest outbreaks, and make informed decisions about resource allocation. Moreover, the adventof autonomous machinery, such as robotic harvesters and driverless tractors, has the potential to furtherstreamline agricultural operations and reduce labor costs.In addition to improving productivity, agricultural technology is also playing a crucial role in promoting sustainability and mitigating the effects of climate change. For example, the development of climate-smart agricultural practices, such as conservation tillage, cover cropping,and agroforestry, helps to enhance soil health, sequester carbon, and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Likewise,the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, to power farms reduces reliance onfossil fuels and contributes to a more sustainable energy future.Looking ahead, the continued advancement ofagricultural technology holds great promise for addressing the challenges of feeding a growing global population while minimizing environmental degradation. However, it isessential to ensure that these technological innovations are accessible to farmers of all scales, particularly smallholders in developing countries. Furthermore, careful consideration must be given to the potential social, economic, and ethical implications of widespread adoption of certain technologies, such as GMOs.In conclusion, agricultural technology is undergoing rapid evolution, transforming the way we farm and interact with the environment. From precision agriculture and GMOs to data analytics and renewable energy, these innovations are revolutionizing the agricultural sector and offering new opportunities to improve productivity, sustainability, and resilience in the face of climate change. By embracing these advancements responsibly and inclusively, we can pave the way for a more prosperous and sustainable future for agriculture and society as a whole.。
转基因农作物的利与弊英语作文
转基因农作物的利与弊英语作文Genetically modified (GM) crops have become a significant topic of debate in recent years. On one hand, they offer the potential to increase crop yields and resistance to pests, which can help address the growing global demand for food.However, the widespread adoption of GM crops also raises concerns about their long-term environmental impact. Critics argue that the use of GM crops could lead to the loss of biodiversity, as they may outcompete natural plant varieties and disrupt ecosystems.Another concern is the potential health risks associated with consuming GM foods. While scientific studies have yet to conclusively prove any direct link between GM foods and health issues, some consumers remain wary and prefer to opt for non-GM alternatives.On the economic front, the benefits of GM crops are undeniable. Farmers can save on costs associated with pesticides and labor, which can lead to higher profits. Additionally, GM crops can be engineered to be more drought-resistant, helping farmers in arid regions to maintain productivity even during periods of water scarcity.Yet, the reliance on GM seeds can also lead to a dependency on the companies that produce them. Farmers may find themselves locked into contracts that require them topurchase seeds and associated products from a single supplier, potentially leading to a monopolistic market.The ethical considerations of GM crops are also worth discussing. Some argue that manipulating the genetic makeupof plants is a form of 'playing God,' and that we should respect the natural order of things.In conclusion, the debate surrounding GM crops is complex and multifaceted. While they offer clear advantages in termsof productivity and sustainability, the potential risks tothe environment, human health, and economic independence must be carefully weighed. As society moves forward, it is crucial to engage in open and informed discussions to find a balanced approach that harnesses the benefits of GM technology while mitigating its potential downsides.。
Genetically Engineered Crops Can Feed the World!
Genetically Engineered Crops Can Feed the World!by Dr. Channaputra S. PrakashAnti-technology activists accuse corporations of “playing God” by genetically improving crops, but it is these so-called environmentalists who are really playing God, not with genes but with the lives of poor and hungry people. While activist organizations spend hundreds of thousands of dollars to promote fear through anti-science newspaper ads, 1.3 billion people, who live on less than $1 a day, care only about finding their nex t day’s meal.Biotechnology is one of the best hopes for solving the food needs of the poor today, when we have 6 billion people in the world, and certainly in the next 30 to 50 years, when there will be 9 billion on the globe.Products from biotechnology are no less safe than traditionally bred crops. In fact, they may be even safer, because they represent small, precise alterations with the introduction of genes whose biology is well understood. Often these genes are derived from other food crops. Further, genetically improved products are subjected to intensive testing, while conventional varieties have never been subjected to any such regulation for food safety or environmental impact. Traditional methods of developing crops involve wild crosses with weedy relatives of crop plants, and many characteristics, such as resistance to disease and pests, have been routinely introduced into crop plants from their weedy and distant relatives over hundreds of years. Hundreds of unknown genes, of whose traits we have little knowledge, are also introduced into these food crops through these conventional plant breeding methods.This cross-breeding has posed no serious threat to the environment in terms of crop invasiveness, gene flow to weeds, or biodiversity. Yet, these fears are invoked for genetically improved crops, which possess similar traits but which are developed through rapid genetic-modification processes.Many of these “concerns” are technical issues that could be addressed through appropriate research, and not through emotional debates or militant activism. But public perception is being manipulated by fringe groups opposed to progress and being taken advantage of by politicians.The Real BenefitsPeople, who battle weather, pests, and plant disease to try to raise enough for their families, can benefit tremendously from biotechnology, and not just from products created by large corporations. For example, public-sector institutions are conducting work on high-yield rice, virus-resistant sweet potato, and more healthful strains of cassava, crops that are staples in developing countries.Biotechnology improvements are in development that would allow hybrid rice to be colonized by bacteria that fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Plants that are able to fix nitrogen improve productivity in the absence of synthetic fertilizers (which are typically unavailable to poor farmers). Further, improved tools such as cryopreservation, developed by bio-technologists, will help in the ex situ preservation of biodiversity, while creative techniques, such as gene shuffling, will help create more biodiversity and, perhaps, will even re-create extinct crop traits.Molecular biology techniques, such as the use of DNA markers and genomics, are providing valuable insights into the dynamics of biodiversity in crop plants, and thus helping our efforts to understand crop evolution and relatedness between different varieties, thus enabling the intelligent use of the available biodiversity.The anti-biotech activists incorrectly suggest that the integration of chemical pesticides and seed-use has led to lower returns for farmers. To support that argument, they point to one obscure study, while ignoring other, far more comprehensive and respected studies that report increased net returns and reduced chemical use.To take one example of lowered costs: Improved production economics, the introduction of crops spliced with a gene that causes them to produce a natural insecticide (Bt), and herbicide-resistant crops, have forced tremendous competition in the herbicide and insecticide markets. Prices of many herbicides and insecticides have been slashed by more than 50 percent in these markets. Such price reductions have led to significant discounting of weed and insect control programs and have even benefitted farmers who have not yet adopted biotechnology crops.None of these benefits will be realized, however, if Western-generated fears about biotechnology halt research funding and close borders to exported biotech products. Anti-biotechnology activists argue against Western-style capitalism and for boutique markets that sell organically grown, biotech-free foods. But their arguments are not relevant to the issue of meeting human needs or developing a sustainable and diverse ecology.The Right Way to BiodiversityThe preservation of biodiversity will be critical to the sustained success of agriculture. Contrary to the hysteria of the elitist environmentalists, we must develop a healthy working relationship among governments of developing nations, scientists, and multinationals.For example, in the case of India, the government’s Department of Biotechnology, and other scientific agencies, have done admirable work to deal with safety issues of genetically improved crops by developing a strong, reliable, and trustworthy regulatory mechanism to meet the rightful concerns of the Indian public about the possible impact of genetically improved crops on the environment and human health. The existing biosafety framework now requires that all genetically modified organisms must undergo a rigorous review and safety assessment prior to their import, field testing, or release. The government should also enhance its legal system by instituting penalties for those who do not follow the regulations, strengthen and enforce its anti-trust laws to prevent monopolies, and impose product-liability laws to force corporate responsibility. Scientists and companies involved in genetically improved crop development, on their part, have an obligation to be transparent about their affairs and make efforts to communicate with farmers and the public about the nature of their products and any inherent risks they pose. Multinational companies have vast resources, with a huge edge in their knowledge base, and can play a constructive rol e in India’s progress. Few Indian companies have such resources or a willingness to invest in long-term projects, with little hope of immediate revenues, in the face of political and economic uncertainty.‘Royalty Free’ LicensingThe multinational biotech companies, on their part, should soften their position on intellectual property by providing “royalty free” licensing of their core technologies for use by public institutions such as ICAR (the Indian Council for Agricultural Research) on noncommercial and orphan crops of importance to Indian farmers and consumers such as bajra, thur dal, horsegram, and ragi. Further, these companies should consider voluntarily establishing a trust fund from the profits generated by genetically improved crops, to promote biodiversity conservation and public awareness of biotechnology.There is also a need to foster research into the social, ethical, economic, and environmental impact of emerging technologies in agriculture, as this will not only help predict any negative ramifications of such interventions, but also evolve strategies to deal with them.The Real HysteriaA frequent fear invoked against the use of genetically improved crops is their possible impact on the environment. But what can be more environmentally friendly than a crop variety that requires little or no pesticide? How can a crop variety that is three times as productive—and thus decreases the pressure to cut down forest lands for agricultural expansion—be against nature? Yet, one hears that “biotechnology is incompatible with nature” and is “not natural.”We need to remember that agriculture is inherently an “unnatural” activity!Human beings, since the dawn of civilization, have been meddling with nature to provide the needed food, fiber, and shelter for the sustenance of humankind. None of our present-day crops resemble their weedy relatives. Nor would they survive in the wild, as they have all been altered substantially through selection by farmers over thousands of years to be more adaptable and productive.A similar situation exists with livestock and poultry and, for that matter, even our pets—dogs and cats. Genetically improved crops are a logical extension of this human activity, and thus are no more unnatural than what has been practiced for eons. Suman Sahai of the Gene Campaign, New Delhi, has rightly reminded us that we should harvest the power of science and technology to improve the living conditions of our people, and our most ethical drive is in alleviating poverty, hunger, and starvation death.The full weight of scientific research supports the safety of biotechnology. David Aaron of the U.S. Commerce Department recently told the Senate Finance Committee that “13 years of U.S. experience with biotech products have produced no evidence of food safety risks; not one rash, not one cough, not one sore throat, not one headache.” Also recently, a panel of entomology experts has questioned the only seemingly legitimate (and certainly most media-hyped) environmental issue raised to date—the alleged threat to monarch butterflies.Yet, activists continue to look for a new cause, a new evil in this technology. While these well-fed folks jet around the world plotting ways to disrupt the technology, they cannot, or will not, see the conditions of millions who are at grave risk of starvation. These activists resist development of longer-lasting fruits and vegetables, at the expense of Third World people who have no refrigeration to preserve their foods.Critics of biotechnology invoke the trite argument that the shortage of food is caused by unequal distribution. There’s plenty of food, they declare; we just need to distribute it evenly. That’s like saying there is plenty of money in the world so let’s just solve the problem of poverty in Ethiopia by redistributing the wealth of Switzerland (or maybe the United Kingdom, where the heir to the throne is particularly opposed to companies “playing God” with biotechnology).Agricultural Development KeyThe development of local and regional agriculture is the key to addressing both hunger and low income. Genetically improved food is “scale neutral,” in that a poor rice farmer with one acre in Bangladesh can benefit as much as a large farmer in California. And that farmer doesn’t have to learn a sophisticated new system; he only has to plant a seed. New rice strains being developed through biotechnology can increase yields by 30 to 40 percent. Another rice strain has thepotential to prevent blindness in millions of children whose diets are deficient in vitamin A. Edible vaccines, delivered in locally grown crops, could do more to eliminate disease than the Red Cross, missionaries, and United Nations task forces combined, at a fraction of the cost. These are some of the benefits that the Church of England saw when church leaders recently issued a position statement on “playing God” through biotechnology: “Human discovery and invention can be thought of as resulting from the exercise of God-given powers of mind and reason; in this respect, genetic engineering does not seem very different from other forms of scientific advance.”More recently, the Vatican director on bioethics, Bishop Elio Sgreccia, criticized the “catastrophic sensationalism with which the press reports on biotechnology” and he rejected the “idea of concei ving scientific progress as something that should be feared.”So, if scientists who are developing biotechnology are not “playing God” in the eyes of these religious leaders, what are we to think of those self-appointed guardians who would deny its benefits to those who need it most? We have the means to end hunger on this planet and to feed the world’s 6 billion—or even 9 billion—people. For the well-fed to spearhead fear-based campaigns and suppress research for ideological and pseudo-science reasons is irresponsible and immoral.Dr. C.S. Prakash is a Professor of Plant Molecular Genetics and the Director of the Center for Plant Biotechnology Research at Tuskegee University.。
转基因食品清单
转基因食品清单什么是转基因食品转基因食品是通过转基因技术获得的食品，其中涉及将外源基因引入到作物或动物的基因组中，以改变其遗传特征和性状。
这种技术常用于提高作物的抗性、耐旱能力、产量等，并有助于缓解全球粮食短缺问题。
然而，对于转基因食品，人们的观点颇有分歧。
转基因食品清单以下是一些常见的转基因食品：1.转基因玉米–通过转基因技术，使玉米植株具有抗虫特性，减少对农药的依赖。
–提高玉米产量和营养价值。
2.转基因大豆–转基因大豆通常含有抗除草剂特性，能够抵御特定除草剂的杀伤，从而提高产量。
–一些转基因大豆也被设计成含有特定营养成分，如高油酸酯或优质蛋白。
3.转基因棉花–转基因棉花通常通过引入抗虫基因，提高棉花对虫害的抵抗力。
–这种转基因棉花可以减少农民对杀虫剂的使用，降低环境污染的风险。
4.转基因番茄–转基因番茄通常被改造，以延长其保鲜期，提高抗病性和产量。
–一些转基因番茄还被设计成含有更多的抗氧化剂和维生素。
5.转基因黄金水果–转基因黄金水果是一种由转基因技术培育的水果，其表面呈金色。
–这种水果经过基因改造，具有更高的抗氧化剂含量和更长的保鲜期。
转基因食品的争议尽管转基因食品在提高作物产量和营养价值方面有显著的效果，但它们也引发了一些争议。
首先，一些人担心转基因食品对人体健康的潜在风险。
虽然相关研究迄今为止一直在进行中，但目前并没有确凿的证据表明转基因食品对人体健康有负面影响。
其次，一些人关注转基因作物对环境的影响。
例如，转基因植物可能对非目标物种产生不利影响，破坏生态平衡。
但是，科学家们正在努力评估和监测这些潜在的环境风险，并采取相应的措施来减轻不利影响。
此外，转基因食品在地理标志和食品安全法规方面也存在挑战。
不同国家和地区对于转基因食品的立法和规定存在差异，这可能导致跨国贸易时的不一致和争议。
结论转基因食品的发展和应用十分复杂，涉及到人类健康、环境保护、食品安全和法规问题等多个方面。
虽然存在一些争议，但转基因食品在提高农作物产量、营养价值和抗虫性方面表现出巨大的潜力。
biotechnology英文作文
biotechnology英文作文Title: The Impact and Future of Biotechnology。
Biotechnology, a multidisciplinary field combining biology and technology, has revolutionized various sectors including healthcare, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Its applications range from genetic engineering and pharmaceuticals to sustainable energy production. In this essay, we will explore the profound impact of biotechnology on society and speculate on its future prospects.One of the most significant contributions of biotechnology is in the field of medicine. Advances in genetic engineering have led to the development of novel therapies for previously incurable diseases. For example, gene editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 offer the potential to correct genetic defects and treat genetic disorders at the molecular level. Additionally, biotechnology has enabled the production ofbiopharmaceuticals, including insulin and vaccines, through recombinant DNA technology, making them more accessible and affordable to patients worldwide.In agriculture, biotechnology has played a crucial role in increasing crop yields, improving resistance to pests and diseases, and reducing the environmental impact of farming practices. Genetically modified (GM) crops, engineered for traits such as herbicide tolerance andinsect resistance, have become integral to modern agriculture, helping farmers to achieve higher productivity while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Biotechnology also offers promising solutions to address food security challenges, such as the development of drought-tolerant and nutrient-enriched crops to thrive in changing climatic conditions.Furthermore, biotechnology has made significant strides in environmental conservation and sustainability. Bioremediation techniques utilize microorganisms to degrade pollutants and clean up contaminated environments, offering cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions for environmentalremediation. Moreover, biofuels derived from renewable sources such as algae and biomass hold promise as alternatives to fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change.Looking ahead, the future of biotechnology appears promising yet challenging. Ethical considerations surrounding genetic manipulation and biotechnological interventions continue to spark debates about the boundaries of scientific research and the implications for human society. Issues such as genetic privacy, equitable access to biotechnological advancements, and the potential for unintended consequences demand careful ethical and regulatory oversight to ensure that biotechnology is used responsibly and for the greater good.Moreover, the rapid pace of technological innovation in biotechnology necessitates continuous investment in research and development to harness its full potential. Interdisciplinary collaboration between scientists, engineers, policymakers, and ethicists is essential to address complex challenges and maximize the benefits ofbiotechnological innovations while minimizing risks.In conclusion, biotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool with the potential to transform various aspects of human life, from healthcare and agriculture to environmental sustainability. Its impact on society is profound, offering solutions to some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. However, realizing the full potential of biotechnology requires a balanced approach that considers ethical, social, and environmental implications alongside scientific and technological advancements. By harnessing the power of biotechnology responsibly, we can create a healthier, more sustainable, and equitable future for all.。
科普材料英文作文范文
科普材料英文作文范文1. What is DNA?DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is a molecule that contains genetic instructions for the development and function of all living organisms. It is found in thenucleus of cells and is composed of four different nucleotides: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.2. How does DNA replicate?DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The double helix of DNA is unwound and the two strands separate. Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. Thenucleotides are added to the new strand in a specific order dictated by the base pairing rules (A-T and C-G). Theresult is two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.3. What is genetic engineering?Genetic engineering is the manipulation of anorganism's genetic material to produce a desired trait or characteristic. This can be done by inserting, deleting, or modifying specific genes. It has many applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry. For example, genetically engineered crops can be made to resist pests or tolerate drought, while genetically engineered bacteria can be used to produce insulin or other useful proteins.4. What is a mutation?A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can have a variety of effects on an organism. Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation or chemicals, or other environmental factors. Some mutations have no effect, while others can be harmful or beneficial. Beneficial mutations can lead to the evolution of new traits or adaptations.5. What is CRISPR-Cas9?CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful tool for genetic engineering that allows scientists to precisely edit DNA sequences. It is based on a naturally occurring system that bacteria use to defend against viruses. The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two components: a guide RNA that directs the Cas9 enzyme to a specific target sequence in the DNA, and the Cas9 enzyme that cuts the DNA at that site. This allows for precise editing of the DNA sequence, which has many potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and other fields.。
B4U4阅读题跨文化交际拓展 石油大学
Passage 1Call it the “learning paradox”; the more you struggle and even fail while you’re trying to learn new information, the better you’re likely to recall and apply that information later.The learning paradox is at the heart of “productive failure,”a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur. Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on, until the students show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive sense, it may not be the best way to promote learning. Rather, it’s better to let the learners wrestle（较劲）with the material on their own for a while, refraining from giving them any assistance at the start. In a paper published recently, Kapur applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical problem solving in three schools.With one group of students, the teacher provided strong “scaffolding”—instructional support and feedback. With the teacher’s help, these pupils were able to find the answers to their set of problems. Meanwhile, a second group was directed to solve the same problems by collaborating with one another, without any prompts from their instructor. These students weren’t able to complete the problems correctly. But in the course of trying to do so, they generated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about what potential solutions would look like. And when the two groups were tested on what they’d learned the second group “significantly outperformed” the first.The apparent struggles of the floundering（挣扎的）group have what Kapur calls a “hidden efficacy”: they lead people to understand the deep structure of problems, not simply their correct solutions. When these students encounter a new problem of the same type on a test, they’re able to transfer the knowledge they’ve gathered more effectively than those who were the passive recipients of someone else’s expertise.In the real world, problems rarely come neatly packaged, so being able to discern their deep structure is key. But, Kapur notes, none of us like to fail, no matter how often Silicon Valley entrepreneurs praise the beneficial effects of an idea that fails or a start-up company that crashes and burns. So we need to “design for productive failure” by building it into the learning process, Kapur has identified three conditions that promote this kind of beneficial struggle. First, choose problems to work on that “challenge but do not frustrate.”Second, provide learners with opportunities to explain and elaborate on what they’re doing. Third, give learners the chance to compare and contrast good and bad solutions to the problems. And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style: you’ll thank me later. 称之为“学习悖论”；当你试图学习新信息时，你越是挣扎甚至失败，你就越有可能在以后回忆和应用这些信息。
grains_of+hope
Grains of HopeGenetically engineered crops could revolutionize farming. Protesters fear they could also destroy the ecosystem．You decide.By J．Madeleine Nash1 At first，the grains of rice that Ingo Potrykus held in his fmgers did not seem at all special, but inside, these grains were not white, as ordinary rice is, but a very pale yellow—thanks to beta-carotene, a building block for vitamin A.2 Potrykus was elated. For more than a decade he had dreamed of creating a golden rice that could improve the lives of millions of the poorest people in the world, strengthening their eyesight and their resistance to disease.3 He saw his rice as the start of a new green revolution in which ancient food crops would gain all sorts of useful properties: bananas that wouldn’t rot on the way to market; corn that could supply its own fertilizer; wheat that could grow even during a drought.4 But imagining golden rice was one thing and creating one quite another. Year after year, Potrykus and his colleagues ran into one obstacle after another until success finally came in the spring of 1999.5 At that point，he tackled an even greater challenge. The golden grains contained pieces of DNA borrowed from bacteria and flowers. It was what some would call Frankenfood, a product of genetic engineering. As such, it was caught in a web of hopes and fears.6 Golden grain has brought attention to a growing public debate. Are genetically modified crops (GM crops) a technological leap forward that will have extraordinary benefits for the world and its people? Or do they represent a dangerous step towards ecological and agricultural ruin? Is genetic engineering just a more efficient way of doing traditional crossbreeding? Or does the ability to mix the genes of any species—even plants and animals—give humans more power than they should have?7 The debate began the moment genetically engineered crops were first sold in the 1990s and it has escalated ever since. First to start major protests against biotechnology were European environmentalists and consumer-advocacy groups. They were soon followed by their U.S. counterparts.8 The hostility is understandable. Most of the GM crops introduced so far have been developed for one of two purposes: either to produce a plant resistant to insect pests or a plant resistant to the chemicals that farmers use to kill weeds in their fields. These genetically engineered crops are often sold by the same large, multinational corporations that produce and sell the weed killing chemicals that farmers spray on their fields. Consumers have become suspicious. Why use a strange new technology that might cause ecological damages, they ask when the benefits of doing so seem small?9 The benefits did seem small until golden rice was developed. It is the first strong example of a GM crop that may benefit not just the farmers who grow it but also the consumers who eat it. In this case, the consumers include at least a million children who die every year because they are weakened by vitamin A deficiency and an additional 350,000 who go blind.10 Many people worried about poverty and hunger look at golden rice and see it as evidence that GM crops can be made to serve the greater public good. They see a critical role for GM crops in feeding the world's ever-increasing population. As former U.S. President Jimmy Carter put it,“Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy; starvation is.”11 Indeed by the year 2020, the demand for grain is projected to go up by nearly half, while the amount of land available for farming will probably decrease. A1so, there will be a greater need to conserve water and reduce polluting chemicals. The challenges are enormous.12 In order to meet them，believes Gordon Conway, the agricultural ecologist who heads the Rockefeller Foundation, 21st century farmers will have to take advantage of everything available to them to produce more food, including genetic engineering. And contrary to what the public believes he says, those who have the least to lose and the most to gain are not well-fed Americans and Europeans but hungry citizens of the developing world．Weighing the Perils13 Even proponents of agricultural biotechnology agree, though, that there are a number of real concerns about GM foods．First, all foods, including GM foods, are potential sources of allergens. That’s because genes transferred in the process of making GM foods contain instructions for making proteins. Some—those in peanuts, for example—are well known for causing allergic reactions．To many, the possibility that golden rice might cause such a problem seems extremely unlikely, but it still needs to be considered．14 Then there is the problem of “genetic pollution,”as opponents of biotechnology term it. Pollen from wind-pollinated plants, such as corn and canola, is carried far and wide. Genetically-modified canola grown in one field, for example, can very easily pollinate non-GM plants grown in another field．This alarmed European farmers and led to protests when it was discovered that canola seeds from Canada—unknowingly planted by European farmers—contained transgenic contaminants.15 Other arguments center around Bt corn and cotton—now grown in the U.S., Argentina, and China. Bt stands for a common soil bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis.Bt produces poisons that affect certain insects. Monsanto and other companies have produced crops that are resistant to these insects by transferring into them the bacterial genes that produce specific insect poisons. Some ecologists worry, though, that planting these Bt crops will lead to the development of insects that have a resistance to Bt. That would be unfortunate, they say, because Bt is a safe and effective natural insecticide that is popular with organic farmers．16 Even more worrisome are ecological concerns. In his laboratory in 1999, Cornell University entomologist John Losey dusted Bt corn pollen on plants populated by monarch butterfly caterpillars. Many of the caterpillars died. Could what happened in Losey's laboratory happen in cornfields across the Midwest?17 Although there have been studies done, there is as yet no clear answer to this question. Losey himself is not yet convinced that Bt corn is harmful t o North America’s monarch butterfly population, but he does think the issue deserves attention.18 And others agree. “I'm not anti-biotechnology per se,”says biologist Rebecca Goldberg, a senior scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund, but she would like there to be stronger laws regarding these crops and more study of them before they are sold.19 Are there more potential problems? One is the possibility that pollen drifting from GM crops will fertilize wild plants, making stronger weeds that are even more difficult to control. No one knows how likely this is to happen, but Margaret Mellon, director of the Union of Concerned Scientists’ agriculture and biotechnology program, and others like her believe that it's time we find out. Says she: “People should be responding to these concerns with experiments, not assurances.”20 And that is beginning to happen although—contrary to expectations—the reports coming in are not that scary. For three years now, University of Arizona entomologist Bruce Tabashnik has been monitoring fields of Bt cotton that farmers have planted in his state. And in this instance, he says, “the environmental risks seem minimal, and the benefits seem great.” Tabashnik says that Arizona farmers have reduced their use of chemical insecticides 75％. So far, there is no evidence that insects have become resistant to Bt either.Assessing the Promise21 Are the critics of agricultural biotechnology right? Are the supposed benefits of biotechnology just corporate advertising? Papaya growers in Hawaii disagree. In 1992, a virus threatened to destroy the state’s papaya industry. By 1994, nearly half the state’s papaya crop had been infected. But then help arrived, in the form of a virus-resistant GM papaya developed by Cornell University plant pathologist Dennis Gonsalves.22 In 1995, scientists planted a trial field of regular papaya plants and two types of transgenic papaya. The regular papaya plants in the field trial failed to grow, but the GM plants were healthy. In 1998, the papaya growers switched to the GM seeds. “Consumer acceptance has been grea t,”reports Rusty Perry, who runs a papaya farm near Puna. “We’ve found that customers are more concerned with how the fruits look and taste than with whether they are transgenic or not.”23 In Africa, viral diseases and insects are major causes of crop loss. Kenyan plant scientist Florence Wambugu hopes to improve the sweet potato crop yield there by introducing a GM sweet potato that is resistant to the feathery mottle virus. To Wambugu, the argument in the U.S. and Europe about GM crops seems almost ridiculous. In Africa, she notes, nearly half the fruit and vegetable harvest is lost because it rots on the way to market. “If we had a transgenic banana that ripened more slowly,” she says, “we could have 40％more bananas than now.” Wambugu also dreams of getting herbicide-resistant crops. Says she: “We could liberate so many people if our crops were resistant to herbicides that we could then spray on the surrounding weeds. Weeding enslave Africans; it keeps children from school.”24 The popular belief that agricultural biotechnology is bad for the environment puzzles the Rockefeller Foundation’s Conway. He sees genetic engineering as all important tool for achieving a “doubly gree n revolution.” If technology can increase plant’s natural defenses against weeds and viruses, if it can make crops grow using only small amounts of chemical fertilizers or in drought—ridden land, then what’s wrong with it?Comprehension:“Grain of Hope” attempts to summarize scientific research for the general public. The author cites a number of individuals and groups as spokespeople for particular points of view. A first step in determining one’s own point of view is to understand the perspectives of others. Following you will find a list of names cited in “Grains of Hope”; the number in parentheses indicates the paragraph number in the article in which each name appears. Place each of these names in one of the charts below: in chart 1 for those who support GM crops or in table 2 for those who oppose them. Also indicate the person/groups’position and organization (if provided) and the reason given or implied for their point of view. You may decide that for some of the names, you do not have enough information to know whether thy support or oppose GM crops. If you decide you don’t have enough information, just circle those names on the list below. There will not always be a single correct answer, and sometimes you will have to draw inferences. The first name on the listhas been put in table 1 as an example.Ingo Potrykus (1-5)European environmentalists and consumer-advocacy groups (7)Jimmy Carter (10)Gordon Conway (12, 24)European farmers (14)Monsanto (15)John Losey (16, 17)Rebecca Goldberg (18)Margaret Mellon (19)Bruce Tabashnik (20)Dennis Gonsalves (21)Rusty Perry (22)Florence Wambugu (23)Table 1.People and organizations who are “for” GM crops and the reasons they give for supporting theirTable 2People and organizations who are “against” GM crops and the reasons they give for opposing theirComposition:Write a paper around 200 words describing your position on the issue of whether or not genetically engineered crops should be grown. Make sure to state your view clearly and to support your opinions with strong reasons and good examples. Use information from “Grains of Hope”and from your own readings and experience to support your opinions. Hand in your paper via IPV6 platform before Nov, 21.。
清华大学博士英语入学考试完型
清华大学博士英语入学考试完型清华大学博士考试完型填空清华大学博士题中完型填空是在一篇难度适中的短文中设置20个空白，短文长约300—350个词，从四个给出的选项中选出一个最佳答案；选项可以是一个单词，也可以是一个短语。
文章多为说明文和记叙文完型填空是一项综合性的测试，也成为The use of English。
它是从语篇的水平上测试考生综合运用语言知识，测试词汇、语法、词组、句型及文章的整体结构。
主要是要求考生在全面理解短文的基础上，选择一个最佳答案，能够使短文的意思连贯、结构完整、合理。
因此需要注意语意、结构、逻辑和惯用法的关系。
基本要求：1）词汇和短语 2）语法知识 3）理解能力应试要求：了解命题、有一定的题量、应试策略。
Sample 1Double Ine and No Kids (DINK) bees fashionable in China. The DINK couples are usually regarded as those who have higher educations and __31__ careers with higher ines. The increase in DINK families has shattered the Chinese traditional idea of the family and __32__ typical.A survey conducted recently in Beijing by a market survey pany __33__ that about 3.3 percent of 1,300 surveyed families in Beijing said they have __34__plans to have children. It is estimated there are about 600,000 DINK families in large cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.Why they choose such a lifestyle is concluded in__35__ reasons. Some are showing great worry for the rapid growth of population; some are indulged in building a more well-off family; some are showing sharp __36__ to get themselves free from theobligation of raising children.__37__, most people still believe it is necessary to bear a child to keep the family line on. As an old Chinese saying goes, there are three aspects infailing to be a filial son and the __38__ serious one is to have no heir for the family. So childless couples will suffer discrimination __39__ family members and neighbors.But it is clear that the new tide of ideas has e, which suggests young people __40__ to choose their own way of life. They are installing modern ideas into traditional families and society. In the modernization process, personal choices will be highly respected.31. A. stable B. available C. achievable D. liable32. A. had bee B. may bee C. became D. bees33. A. directed B. induced C. indicated D. dictated34. A. no B. not C. hardly D. scarcely35. A. elegant B. abundant C. similar D. various36. A. tension B. attention C. intention D.interaction37. A. Moreover B. However C. According D. Generally38. A. most B. more C. latest D. less39. A. into B. to C. at D. from40. A. wanted B. should want C. want D. had wantedSample 2Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. 67 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the 68 in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The 69 student is considered to be 70 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 71 , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 72 brief written ments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is 73 for learning the material assigned. When research is 74 , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to pleteit with 75 guidance. It is the 76 responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain77 a university library works; they expect students,78 graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 79 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 80 that their students should not be 81 dependent on them. In the UnitedStates professors have many other duties 82 teaching, such as administrative or research work. 83 , the time that a professor can spend with student outside of class is 84 . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either 85 a professor during office hour 86 make an appointment.67 a) If b) Although c) Because d) Since68 a) suggestion b) context c) abstract d) information69 a) poor b) ideal c) average d) disappointed70 a) such b) one c) any d) some71 a) fun b) work c) learning d) prize72 a ) by b) in c) for d) with73 a) criticized b) innocent c) responsible d) dismissed74 a) collected b) distributed c) assigned d) finished75 a) maximum b) minimum c) possible d) practical76 a) student’s b) professor’s c) assistant’s d) librarian’s77 a) when b) what c) why d) how78 a) particularly b) essentially c) obviously d) rarely79 a) selections b) collections c) sources d) origins80 a) hate b) dislike c) like d) prefer81 a) too b) such c) much d) more82 a) but b) except c) with d) besides83 a) However b) Therefore c) Furthermore d) Nevertheless84 a) plentiful b) limited c) irregular d) flexible85 a) greet b) annoy c) approach d) attach86 a) or b) and c) to d) butPassage 1The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 56 in the United States—about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people—is 57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 58 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 59 of American adults who are married 60 from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002. This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 61 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 62 in their lives. Experts 63 that about the same proportion of today’s young adults will eventually marry.The timing of marriage has varied 64 over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and womenin the United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 65 , young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 66 inU.S. history. Today’slater age of marriage is 67 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before 68 . Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 69 to the return of peaceful and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic70 and war.56. A. rate B. ratio C percentage D. poll57. A. potentially B intentionally C. randomlyD.substantially58 A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D. not any more59 A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D.A number60 A. declined B .deteriorated C deduced D demolished61 A past B passing C throughout D through62 A period B level C point D respect63 A project B plan C promise D propose64 A unexpectedly B irregularly C flexibly D consistently65 A Beside B However C Whereas D Nevertheless66 A descendants B ascendants C population D generation67 A according to B in line with C based D caused by68 A and after B or after C or since D ever since69 A refusal B realization C response D reality70 A repression B aggression C restriction D depressionPassage 2In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 61 of life at a fundamentallevel – the gene. The study of genetics has 62 a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it 63 biology and modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech panies specialize inagriculture and are working feverishly to 64 seedsthat give a high yield, that 65 diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for 66 chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 67. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain 68 .A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 69 usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another 70 to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean,for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze 71 from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. 72, then, biotechnology allows humans to 73 the genetic wallsthat separate species.Like the green revolution, 74 some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity---some say even more so 75 geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 76 culture(培养), processes that produce perfectly 77 copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new 78,such as the effects that they may have on us and the environ ment. “We are flying blindly into a new 79 of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential 80,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.61. A. manipulation B. management C. manufacture D. maturity62. A. got along with B. given rise to C. e up with D. lived up to63. A. broods B. breeds C. blends D. blasts64. A. hatch B. train C. duplicate D. patent65. A. restrict B. resist C. reverse D. retrieve66. A. hostile B. hydraulic C. hazardous D. harmless67. A. beneficial B. disappointing C. surprising D. extreme68. A. lines B. limits C. space D. ages69. A. after all B. on the other hand C. in any case D. as a rest70. A. to the point B. in no case C. in an attempt D. with regard71. A. quality B. property C. priority D. quantity72. A. In essence B. In part C. In advance D. Inreturn73. A. brake B. blaze C. breach D. brand74. A. what B. as C. where D. so75. A. that B. because C. if D. when76. A. skin B. tissue C. organ D. muscle77. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical78. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals79. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme80. A. navigation B. mystery C. outes D. destinationPassage 3Imagine fishermen walking down to the seashore, ready to carry out their early morning routine of preparing their boats and net. ___71___ they hope for a good catch of fish. But to their ___72___ , a horriblesight meets their still sleepy eyes. Thousands of fish have washed ___73___ dead. The cause of this mass destruction A red tide!Red tides are a global ___74___. They have been observed on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada. They havealso___75___ in many other places. Though relatively few people are ___76___ them, red tides are not new.In the Philippines, a red tide was first seen in the province of Bataan in 1908. Since then, red tides have been seen in many other ___77___. A Philippines red tide expert told us that " ___78___ the fish kills, thePhilippines has documented 1, 926 cases of dead shellfish poisoning caused by red tides. "The term "red tide" ___79___ the discoloration of water that sometimes occurs in certain areas of the ocean or sea. Although the color is often red, it may also be ___80___ of brown or yellow. The World Book Encyclopedia reports that "the discolored areas mayrange from ___81___ a few square yards to more than 2, 600 square kilometers. "What causes such discoloration Red tides are generally caused by several ___82___ of single—celled organisms. These tiny organisms have hair—like projections which they use to ___83___ themselves in water. There are about 2, 000 varieties of these organisms, 30 of which carry poisonous ___84___. These minute organisms usually stay in warm waters with high content of salt.A red tide occurs when there is a sudden and rapid___85___ of these organisms. The concentration ofthese organisms may ___86___ to 50, 000, 000 per quart of water! Although scientists do not fully understand why this happens. It is known that these organisms___87___ when certain conditions simultaneously affect the water. These include abnormal weather, ___88___ temperatures, an oversupply of nutrients in the water, a generous ___89___ sunlight, and favorable water currents. When a heavy rainfall occurs, minerals and other nutrients are sometimes washed ___90___ the land into coastal waters. These nutrients can contribute to the breeding of the organisms. The result Red tides!71. A. As a result B. As it is C. As expected D. As usual72. A. satisfaction B. disappointment C. astonishmentD. regret73. A. ashore B. aboard C. aside D. across74. A. question B. crisis C. phenomenon D. situation75. A. occupied B. occurred C. acquired D. accused76. A. assured of B. worried about C. concerned aboutD. aware of77. A. sandy beaches B. river mouths C. coastal areasD. reef areas78. A. except B. besides C. despite D. without79. A. applies to B. sums up C. copes with D. leads to80. A. shadows B. shades C. shakes D. shapes81. A, less than B. more than C. as much as D. as little as82. A. ponents B. elements C. ingredients D. species83. A. propel B. probe C. proceed D. prompt84. A. materials B. substances C. masses D. objects85. A. bolt B. block C. bloom D. blast86. A. scale B. plunge C. gauge D. swell87. A. accelerate B. acmodate C. accumulate D. acpany88. A. optimum B. minimum C. maximum D. momentum89. A. means of B. amount of C. way to D. account for90. A. over B. on C. by D. fromPassage 4With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China71 a family planning program in 1971, India has been closing the 72. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly 73 the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India’s population will 74China’s around the year 2028 75 about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won’t be the 76 of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India. 77India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala’s population is virtually 78 . The reason is No mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, 79 about 40% in the entire nation.The difference 80 the emphasis put on health programs, 81 birth control, by the state authorities, 82 in 1957 became India’s first elected Communist 83 . And a n educational tradition and matrilineal(母系的) customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get 84 good schooling. While one in three Indian women is 85 , 90% of those in Kerala can read and write.Higher literacy rates 86 Family planning. “Unlike our Parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have 87 of them,” says Laila Cherian, 33, who lives in the Village of Kudamaloor. She has Limited herself 88 three children—one below the national 89 of four. That kind of restraint(抑制；克制)will keep Kerala from putting added 90 on world food supplies.71. A. discovered B. circulated C. launched D. transmitted72. A. gap B. top C. bit D. bet73. A. as many as B. as well as C. as soon as D. as much as74. A. shake B. pass C. rocket D. impress75. A. on B. in C. at D. for76. A. force B. fight C. false D. fault77. A. While B. Since C. Because D. Suppose78. A. reliable B. stable C. countable D. flexible79. A. benefited from B. involved with C. pared with D. resulted from80. A. lies in B. shows off C. results in D. departs from81. A. reviving B. including C. practicing D. containing82. A. that B. since C. what D. which83. A. group B. alliance C. government D. bureau。
上海市延安中学2023-2024学年高一上学期10月月考英语试卷
上海市延安中学2023-2024学年高一上学期10月月考英语试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单项选择1．Which of the italicized (斜体) parts functions as an object?A．He doesn’t like the idea of my speaking at the meeting.B．It is no use your pretending not to know the matter.C．Her falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.D．My parents strongly object to my going out alone at night.2．Starting with this model, all of the forthcoming brand’s Android smartphones will________ this up and coming technology.A．be charged with B．be surrounded by C．be equipped with D．be conscious of 3．The charity concert we had been looking forward to ________ last week.A．holding B．being held C．was held D．had held 4．How can a country where teachers devote all their class hours to training students to take exams ________ to compete in the technology race with other countries?A．be expected B．expecting C．expected D．being expected 5．It seems that everything ________ between us. For example, he ________ what I say.A．is falling apart; is always ignoring B．is falling apart; always ignoresC．falls apart; is always ignoring D．falls apart; always ignores6．The fact has worried many scientists ________ the earth is becoming increasingly warmer these years.A．why B．how C．that D．when 7．Democracy, development and respect ________ human rights and freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing.A．of B．to C．for D．on 8．Success in life does not depend so much on chance ________ on diligence and honesty.A．but B．nor C．as D．like 9．Children need at least 9 hours’ sleep, ______they won’t work ________ think properly during the day.A．but… or B．or… or C．and… but D．or… and10．It ________ long before that young man ________ me again.A．wasn’t… meets B．won’t be… meetsC．won’t be… met D．wasn’t... had met11．Self-discipline is all ________ takes to make yourself a better person.A．what B．that C．it D．which二、选用适当的单词或短语补全句子Directions: Complete the sentences with the words or phrases in the box. Each word orassistance to the African Union troops.13．To reach your full potential, try planning some leisure activities that like bungee jumping and skydiving.14．When people watched the recording the suspect, suddenly the interview appeared more aggressive.15．She has tried to the company’s partnership with Microsoft Corp (公司). 16．It is said that Ellis Island immigration hall the stories of people who left their native lands long ago to start a new life in a new country.17．This slide shows one important of the physical chemistry of DNA that turns out to be very important for all of the technology that is built on DNA．18．The majority of the refugees, including that girl who applied for citizenship yesterday, the Karen ethnic groups.19．I notice that this student use numbers when he their courses, classes or buildings.20．We need to improve teenagers’ physical activity levels, whether through sports or building exercise into .21．Users can to make their Facebook experience safer, more secure and more private.三、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions: Complete the article with the words or phrases in the box. Each word or phraseworking with creators. Because communication is crucial to a successful campaign. Sure, influencers can craft viral posts and content that translates into high-performing ads, thatcreative freedom. This balancing act is why influencer creative briefs require so muchon such questions.What is an influencer brief, anyway? It is an outline of instructions and expectations for creators prior to a social media campaign. These guidelines include everything from high-level creative direction to specific requirements. An influencer brief should sum up what a creator needs to create the best post possible. Simply put, brief are a blueprint for posts that delight brands and creators alike. Brands that cram (塞进) their instructions into an email don’t exactly reflect effort or attention to detail. Note that how you craft your influencer brief has a direct 27 on campaign performance.Below are the 28 of what should be included in any given influencer brief:Campaign GoalsYou can’t provide direction to creators without defining what you want their content to achieve.For example:●Do you want to 29 a product launch?●Are you trying to increase brand awareness?●Do you want to tie your influencer campaign to sales? Traffic? Engagement?Be clear about your campaign 30Target AudienceAn influencer brief should be 31 about who creators are speaking to, including:●Demographics (think: age, gender, location)●Interests●Wants, needs and pain points●Other brands they like and followYou probably chose to work with specific influencers because their audience reflects yours, right?Click here for more information on how to write an influencer brief.四、完形填空At first, the grains of rice that Ingo Potrykus held in his fingers did not seem at allthanks to beta-carotene (胡萝卜素), a building block for vitamin A．For more than a decade Potrykus had 33 creating a golden rice that could improve the lives of millions of the poorest people in the world, strengthening their eyesight and their 34 disease.35 imagining golden rice was one thing and creating one quite another. Year after year, Potrykus and his colleagues ran into one 36 after another until success finally came in the spring of 1999.At that point, he tackled an even greater challenge. The golden grains 37 pieces of DNA borrowed from bacteria and flowers. It was what some would call Frankenfood, a product of genetic engineering. As such, it 38 a web of hopes und fears.The debate began the moment genetically engineered crops (GM crops) were first sold in the 1990s, and it has 39 ever since. First to start major protests against biotechnology were European environmentalists and consumer-advocacy groups. They were soon followed by their U.S. counterparts (相对应的人事物).The hostility is 40 . Most of the GM crops 41 so far have beendeveloped to produce a plant that is not harmed by chemicals used to kill weeds (杂草) in the fields. These genetically engineered crops are often sold by the same large, multinational corporations that 42 the weed-killing chemicals that farmers spray on their fields. Consumers have become suspicious (怀疑的).The benefits did seem small 43 golden rice was developed. It is the first strong example of a GM crop that may 44 not just the farmers who grow it but also the consumers who eat it. In this case, those include at least a million children who die every year because they are weakened by vitamin-A deficiency (缺乏) and an additional 350,000 who go blind.Many people 45 poverty and hunger look at golden rice and see it as evidence that GM crops can be made to serve the greater public good. They see a critical role for GM crops in feeding the world’s ever-increasing population. As former U.S. President Jimmy Carter put it, “Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy; 46 is.”32．A．typical B．special C．local D．white 33．A．dreamed of B．come in handy C．been reminded of D．broken up 34．A．attempt at B．effort to C．resistance to D．majority of 35．A．But B．And C．While D．Since 36．A．surprise B．obstacle C．norm D．opposition 37．A．achieved B．stressed C．overlooked D．contained 38．A．was caught in B．was alive with C．be conscious of D．was honored by 39．A．announced B．maintained C．escalated D．applied 40．A．brilliant B．understandable C．discharged D．rewarding 41．A．introduced B．reminded C．respected D．overlooked 42．A．toss and turn B．give and take C．produce and sell D．demand and supply43．A．until B．after C．although D．when 44．A．feature B．mark C．build D．benefit 45．A．worried about B．ashamed of C．filled with D．admired for 46．A．terror B．misery C．starvation D．crisis五、阅读理解As a group of young African immigrants struggle to adapt to life in the United States, an after-school drama program at White Oak Middle school aims to make their lives easier by first making them a little harder.Project X is a program that uses drama, dance, poetry and other creative outlets to help students discuss the tough and sometimes painful problems they face as preteen immigrants with significant language barriers. A final unveiling of their creation will be performed for friends and family at the end of the year at Imagination Stage.Wanjiru, Kamau, coordinator of White Oak’s African Club said it’s important to give troubles to group members to help them find their place at the school. “It comforts those who are uncomfortable, and it discomforts those who are comfortable,” Kamau said of Project X.Kamau teamed up with Imagination Stage after she noticed that many African students seemed uncomfortable talking problems, such as being laughed at by their fellow students about how they look and talk. When most of the kids join the club, they speak little no English, Kamau said. Each week, the club typically draws five to ten students who are originally from Africa for discussion sessions and the Project X program.“We are going to express ourselves through our words and our actions, and that’s powerful,” said teaching artist Meg Green as she introduced fill-in-the-blank poems the students wrote about their identities.One students, Frank Ketchouang, 13, wrote, “I am from the world; I am love,” which drew oohs and aahs from the group. Ketchouang has been in the United States for less than a year, said Program Coordinator Chad Dike. When Ketchou and started attending Project X, he had been in the United States for two months and spoke no English. Now he’s one of the group’s most outgoing members and helps translate instructions from English to Creole for the group’s newest member, who is from Haiti.Many people will give up when there’s a language barrier, “but these students prove them wrong.” Kamau said. “You do have something to give. You are important. When TV, media, ete. are bringing them down, this program is bringing them up.”47．Project X is intended for helping the young African immigrants to ________.A．get over language barriers B．overcome tough problemsC．enrich after-school life D．become more creative48．How well the members learn in the Project X program is shown by ________.A．their annual creative performances B．their annual scores gained at schoolC．the comments of friends and family members D．the comments of program teachers 49．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Project X was designed by some African immigrants.B．At first, the School had a disagreement with the Club.C．African Children need an outlet for expression of their hatred and misery.D．TV and media may have a harmful influence upon children.50．The passage is written mainly to ________.A．call for more attention to immigrants B．inspire immigrants never to give upC．advertise for White Oak’s African Club D．introduce the Project X programThe documentary genre is a more varied one than many people give it credit for As a type of film, documentaries do usually aim to inform or educate about some kind of non-fiction story or topic, but that’s not their sole purpose. Exploring the world of documentary film-making can be a truly eye-opening thing to do. What follows are some of the finest documentary films of all time.‘Bowling for Columbine’ (2002)Coming out years before crime documentaries became Netflix’s bread and butter, Bowling for Columbine uses a horrific crime spree (狂欢) as a jumping-off point to explore Americans culture’s seemingly unending love of firearms. The event it’s all framed (勾勒) around is the Columbine High School massacre of 1999, which claimed more than 20 victims. Its editing and presentation make the arguments put forward quite persuasive, clearly it wants to start a conversation about a serious topic.WHATCH ON NETFLIX‘Sans Soleil’ (1983)Sans Soleil is a documentary that’s hard to summarize, and has a rather experimental approach to the genre. It has little by way of narrative or a direct argument that it wants to present, instead being an artistically presented odyssey (奇幻旅程) through a woman’s abstract thoughts. It’s the kind of thing where someone could watch it and gain an entirely different understanding than other viewers.WHATCH ON YOUTUBE‘Free Solo’ (2018)Viewers with acrophobia should stay well away from Free Solo, because it can be genuinely hard to watch for anyone who has even a slight fear of heights. It follows Alex Honnold as he attempts to climb a 30-o-high rock face by himself without the safeguards of ropes or safety gear. As far as “man versus nature” documentary movies go, this is easily one of the greatest of all time.WHATCH ON NETFLIX‘Harlon County, USA’ (1976)While Harlon County, USA may be almost 50 years old, it remains relevant, and will continue to feel vital for as long as workers don’t feel fairly compensated for their work. It focuses on a specific 1973 strike in Harlon County, but the ideas and struggles explored here are relevant to various industries and groups of workers.WHATCH ON YOUTUBE‘Gimme Shelter’ (1970)It’s no secret that Martin Scorsese loves The Rolling Stones, having directed his own documentary about them and using their songs throughout his films. The stark presentation of a tragic event, focusing on one particularly infamous concert they performed in 1968, makes Gimme Shelter an intense watch that’s probably not for everyone, but it certainly stands as one of the most distinct music documentaries of all time.WHATCH ON HULUFor more movie info, visit our brand new Home Page.51．We can infer from paragraph 1 that ________.A．Documentaries only serve to inform or educate about a given topic.B．People fully appreciate the value of documentaries because it’s a varied genre.C．Documentaries convey far more information than people assume it does.D．In contrast to what many people assume, documentaries are not informative noreducative.52．Which of the following statement is TRUE?A．Bowling for Columbine and Sans Soleil are similar in that they both present anargument that is worth discussing.B．Feel free to recommend Free Solo to anyone because it is one of the greatestdocumentary movies of all time.C．Harlon County, USA can be widely enjoyed by the audience nowadays because itdiscusses a meaningful topic.D．A fan of the Rolling Stones will most certainly enjoy Gimme Shelter.53．We can find this passage from ________.A．the film section of a magazineB．a website about moviesC．“Facts and Truth” column in the newspaperD．a booklet about various social hot topicsThe idea that richer countries are happier may seem obvious. However, in 1974, research by economist Richard Easterlin found otherwise. He discovered that while individuals with higher incomes were more likely to be happy, this did not hold at a national level. In the United States, for example, average income per person rose steadily between 1946 and 1970, but reported happiness levels showed no positive long-term trend; in fact, they declined between 1060 and 1970. These differences between nation-level and individual results gave rise to the term “Easterlin paradox”: the idea that a higher rate of economic growth does not result in higher long-term happiness.Recent research has challenged the Easternlin paradox, however. In 2013, sociologists Ruut Veenhoven conducted a study using statistics from the World Database of Happiness. Their analysis revealed a positive correlation between economic growth and happiness. Another study found that there is no maximum wealth threshold at which more money ceases to bring you happiness: “If there is a satiation point, we are yet to reach it.” The study’s findings suggested that every extra dollar you earn makes you happier.According to psychologists Selin Kesebir, happiness also depends on how your income compares to the people around you. They argue that a country’s economic growth only makes its citizens happier if wealth is evenly distributed. In emerging countries with high income inequality—where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer—average happiness tends to drop because only relatively few people benefit from the economic prosperity. This suggests that governments should consider implementing policies to ensure equal distribution of wealth. The happier people are, the more productive they are likely to become, thus leading to improved economic outcomes at the individual and national levels.There is continuing debate about the link between wealth and happiness, with arguments both for and against the notion that richer countries are happier. However, it is clear thatwealth alone isn’t enough to make us happy. The effect of income inequality on happiness shows that happiness is a social responsibility. We need to remember the positive effects of generosity and building social connections. Perhaps our focus should be less on how much money we have, and more on how we use it.54．According to the passage, Easterlin Paradox refers to ________.A．The fact that the more money people have, the happier they will feelB．The suggestion that money should be given the top priorityC．The question how economic outcomes are distributed nationwideD．The opinion that higher income doesn’t necessarily bring happiness55．The word “satiation” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “________”.A．satisfaction B．controversial C．central D．sensitive 56．What is the major reason for people’s unhappiness related to money?A．Money not enough.B．Money not fairly distributed.C．Money not legally earned.D．Money not properly used.57．Which of the following might be the best title of this passage?A．What brings happiness B．Easternlin paradoxC．Wealth and Happiness D．Rising income, rising happiness六、六选四Fifteen per cent of the world’s population — at least one billion people — have some form of disability, whether present at birth or acquired later in life. Nearly 240 million of them are children.58 . They live in every community, and are born with or acquire distinct impairments that, in relation to their surroundings, lead to functional difficulties — like seeing, walking, communicating, caring for oneself or making friends.The extent to which children with disabilities are able to function, participate in society and lead fulfilling lives depends on the extent to which they are accommodated and included. Yet, children with disabilities are among the most marginalized (边缘化的) people in every society.59 . For example, buildings, transportation, toilets and playgrounds that cannot be accessed by wheelchair users; textbooks unavailable in Braille (盲文), or public healthannouncements delivered without sign language interpretation.Each of these is rooted in stigma (污名) and discrimination that reflect negative perceptions of disability associated with ableism (体能歧视).Some children with disabilities face other forms of discrimination that compound (加剧) their deprivation (匮乏). 60 . Children with severe or multiple disabilities also tend to have a particularly hard time getting their needs met.61 . UNICEF works with partners to promote accessible learning spaces and materials. More importantly, it works with teachers and school administrations to promote inclusive attitudes and a mindset of support for all children. In 2020, UNICEF worked in 115 countries to strengthen laws, policies and plans to make sure all children and adolescents can enjoy their right to education on an equal basis with their peers.We promote the accessibility of content, communication channels and platforms, and build strong partnerships with organizations of people with disabilities. Children and adolescents with disabilities are the experts on their own experiences: We amplify their voices and enhance their ability to claim their rights.A．Worldwide, this is especially the case for girls; children who are poor, Black, Indigenous, and those who belong to ethnic minorities or migrant communities.B．Almost 50 per cent of children with disabilities are out of school and in some countries up to 60 per cent of institutionalized children have disabilities.C．UNICEF works to build a world where children with disabilities reach their full potential by first receiving disability-inclusive education.D．Children and adolescents with disabilities are a highly diverse group with wide-ranging life experiences.E．A range of barriers limits the ability of disabled children to function in daily life, access social services (like education and health care) and engage in their communities.F．UNICEF works to transform attitudes and social norms around disability to support the full inclusion of children with disabilities in society.七、根据句意填空62．Director Kevin Macdonald asked people around the world to answer the questions八、汉译英（整句）65．尽管我们每天都努力工作，她总是对我们采取不好的态度。
(英语)英语高中阅读理解(科普环保)练习题及解析
（英语）英语高中阅读理解(科普环保)练习题及解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Tablets are really useful devices, but their big screens always make them as a burden to carry around without a bag. Wouldn't it be great if there were a phone with the powers of a tablet that could be folded up and fit neatly into the hand?Now something like a tablet-shaped but foldable phone is about to become available. In February, South Korean electronics company Samsung and China's Huawei both launched foldable phones, the Galaxy Fold and Huawei Mate X respectively. Mobile phone use has entered the "foldable future", The Verge noted.The technology could change our lives in significant ways. These devices, due to their bendable screens, give us the larger screens we want. Meanwhile, they still fit easily into the pocket. As USA Today noted, they're "the combination of a small tablet and smartphone, all in a single device".The technology could change other devices, too. For example, we could make TVs that stick to walls like posters, or fold up easily to hide away in drawers. In crowded modem cities, they will help us to maximize available space.In a keynote address, Samsung's senior vice president of mobile product marketing, Justin Denison, called the foldable screen "the foundation for the smartphone of tomorrow". "It's a blank canvas (画布) for us to do something beautiful together." he said.So is there nothing to stand in the way of the foldable future? According to tech news website Android Authority, the necessary displays were difficult to produce. In 2012, nine out of every 10 OLED (二极管) screens produced were imperfect. Today, that 10 percent rate has been improved to between 50 and 90 percent. However, at present these foldable devices are expensive. For example, the price of Huawei Mate X is 17,500 RMB. That's a price that few people will be able to afford.But if the foldable device isn't going to change the world overnight, there is no doubt that it is coming. Patrick Moorhead, an industry analyst told The Verge, "Few are debating if foldable or rollable mobile displays are the future of smartphones; the only question is when and by whom."（1）What can be the best title for the text?A. Screen devices on the market.B. Foldable age is arriving.C. Possible powers of a tablet.D. Foldable screens are imperfect.（2）What can we learn from Justin Denison's words?A. The foldable screen has great potential.B. The Galaxy Fold still has many problems.C. The production of foldable phones will soon increase.D. Companies need to work together to develop foldable phone.（3）What is the problem with foldable phones at the moment?A. They are easy to break.B. They are inconvenient to carry.C. They are not as useful as expected.D. They are unaffordable for most families.（4）What is the author's attitude toward the future of the foldable screen?A. Worried.B. Cautious.C. Positive.D. Unconcerned.【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）D（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“可折叠手机的时代即将到来。
电子科技大学强军计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比
电子科技大学强军计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比电子科技大学强军计划考研英语真题Text4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an8-0defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states。
In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones。
生物技术在农业中心的应用 英语作文
生物技术在农业中心的应用英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Application of Biotechnology in AgricultureIntroductionBiotechnology plays a crucial role in modern agriculture, offering innovative solutions to challenges such as crop disease resistance, yield improvement, and environmental sustainability. This essay will explore the various applications of biotechnology in agriculture, highlighting its benefits and potential impacts.Crop ImprovementOne of the major applications of biotechnology in agriculture is crop improvement through genetic modification. Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed to possess traits such as pest resistance, drought tolerance, and enhanced nutritional content. For example, GM soybeans have been engineered to be resistant to pests and herbicides, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and increasing crop yields. Similarly, GM maize has been modified to produce a toxinthat is lethal to insect pests but harmless to humans, reducing crop losses due to pest damage.Disease ResistanceBiotechnology has also been used to develop crops that are resistant to plant diseases. For example, a genetically modified variety of papaya has been created to resist the papaya ringspot virus, which devastated papaya crops in Hawaii in the 1990s. This disease-resistant papaya has helped revive the papaya industry in Hawaii and reduce farmers' reliance on chemical pesticides.Environmental SustainabilityBiotechnology can also contribute to environmental sustainability in agriculture. For example, genetically engineered crops can be designed to require fewer inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides, reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. Additionally, biotechnology can be used to develop crops that are better suited to extreme climates, such as drought-resistant wheat varieties that can thrive in arid regions.Challenges and ConcernsDespite its benefits, the widespread adoption of biotechnology in agriculture has raised concerns about its potential risks. Some critics argue that genetically modified cropsmay have unintended effects on ecosystems and human health, while others raise ethical concerns about the ownership and control of genetic resources. Additionally, the use of biotechnology in agriculture may exacerbate existing inequalities in access to technology and resources, particularly in developing countries.ConclusionIn conclusion, biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by improving crop productivity, disease resistance, and environmental sustainability. However, the responsible and ethical application of biotechnology in agriculture requires careful consideration of its potential risks and impacts. By addressing these concerns and leveraging the benefits of biotechnology, we can create a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system for the future.篇2Biotechnology in Agricultural CentersBiotechnology, particularly in the field of agriculture, has revolutionized the way we produce food and manage crops. With the help of advanced genetic engineering techniques, scientists are now able to develop new crop varieties withimproved resistance to diseases and pests, as well as increased yields and nutritional value. These advancements have brought about numerous benefits to farmers, consumers, and the environment.One of the key applications of biotechnology in agriculture is the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are plants or animals that have had their DNA altered in a laboratory to give them desired traits, such as resistance to herbicides or pests. This technology has been widely adopted by farmers around the world, leading to increased crop yields and reduced pesticide use.Another important application of biotechnology in agriculture is the development of genetically modified crops that are resistant to certain diseases. For example, scientists have created varieties of potatoes that are resistant to late blight, a devastating disease that can destroy entire crops. By planting these disease-resistant crops, farmers can protect their harvests and improve their yields.Biotechnology has also been used to develop crops with improved nutritional value. For example, scientists have created varieties of rice that are fortified with essential nutrients such as vitamin A and iron. These biofortified crops can help combatmalnutrition in developing countries where people may not have access to a diverse diet.In addition to improving crop production, biotechnology has also been used to develop sustainable farming practices. For example, scientists have created genetically modified crops that are able to grow in harsh conditions, such as drought or salinity. These crops can help farmers in arid regions or salt-affected soils to maintain their livelihoods and adapt to changing climate conditions.Furthermore, biotechnology has the potential to address environmental challenges in agriculture. For example, scientists are researching the use of genetically modified microbes to improve soil health and fertility, reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, and promote sustainable farming practices. By harnessing the power of biotechnology, we can create a more resilient and sustainable agricultural system that benefits both people and the planet.In conclusion, biotechnology has transformed the agricultural industry by providing innovative solutions to improve crop production, enhance food security, and promote sustainable farming practices. With continued research and development in this field, we can unlock even more potential forbiotechnology to address global challenges such as climate change, population growth, and food insecurity. By harnessing the power of biotechnology, we can build a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system that benefits both current and future generations.篇3The Application of Biotechnology in AgricultureBiotechnology, the use of living organisms or their derivatives to develop products and processes, has revolutionized the field of agriculture in recent years. Through genetic engineering, researchers have been able to create crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, have increased yields, and are more nutritious. This has not only benefited farmers in terms of higher crop productivity and reduced pesticide usage, but has also had a positive impact on the environment and human health.One of the most well-known applications of biotechnology in agriculture is the development of genetically modified (GM) crops. These crops have been engineered to possess desirable traits such as resistance to pests, diseases, and herbicides, as well as increased tolerance to environmental stresses such as droughtand salinity. This has allowed farmers to produce more food on less land, using fewer resources and chemicals.GM crops have also been developed to improve the nutritional content of food. For example, golden rice, which has been genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, has the potential to reduce vitamin A deficiency in developing countries where rice is a staple food. Similarly, biofortified crops have been developed to increase the levels of essential nutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin C in staple crops like wheat, maize, and cassava.In addition to genetic engineering, biotechnology is also being used in agriculture for other purposes such as crop breeding, disease diagnostics, and pest control. For example, marker-assisted breeding allows researchers to identify and select plants with desirable traits more quickly and accurately, speeding up the breeding process. Biotechnology is also being used to develop diagnostic tools for detecting plant diseases and pests, enabling farmers to take proactive measures to prevent outbreaks and reduce crop losses.Furthermore, biotechnology has the potential to address some of the challenges facing agriculture today, such as climate change, food insecurity, and soil degradation. By developingcrops that are more resilient to changing environmental conditions, researchers can help farmers adapt to climate change and ensure food security for future generations. Biotechnology can also help improve soil health by developing crops that require fewer fertilizers and pesticides, reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.Despite the many benefits of biotechnology in agriculture, there are also concerns about its potential risks and ethical implications. Critics argue that GM crops may have unintended consequences on the environment and human health, and that farmers in developing countries may become dependent on multinational corporations for seeds and technology. It is important for regulators and policymakers to carefully evaluate the risks and benefits of biotechnology in agriculture and ensure that it is used responsibly and ethically.In conclusion, biotechnology has the potential to transform agriculture and address many of the challenges facing the industry today. By developing crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, have increased yields, and are more nutritious, researchers can help farmers produce more food in a more sustainable and efficient manner. However, it is important to continue research and monitoring of biotechnology inagriculture to ensure that it is safe, ethical, and beneficial for both farmers and consumers.。
Genetic engineering基因工程的利弊 英语作文
Genetic engineering is an important issue in modern society. Some people think that it will improve people's lives in many ways. Others feel that it may be a threat to life on earth.Discuss both opinions and give your opinion?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.You should write at least 250 words.Sample Essay:People all around the world take into account the significance of genetic engineering. Although it is sometimes thought that it has numerous benefits to humanity, others are of the opinionthat it could bring destruction to the ecosystem. However, my opinion on that issue is that both negative and positive effects of genetic engineering should be carefully researched and then should be used for the greater good of humanity.There are certain factors of the genetically engineering products. Firstly, crop modification will bring resistant to various plant diseases and it also targets infestation of unwanted insects. In other words, the amount of pesticides and fertiliser used are reduced.Furthermore, many countries are producing genetically engineered crops to produce a good variety of plants and abundant harvest. Genetic engineering can also address the increased food demands of people around the globe. Many diseases that human genetically inherits can be fought against with the improvement of genetic engineering and it can also ensure a generation.However, some people argue that it brings long-term effects to humanity and environment. Certain reasons for these are the concerns of human health in which most modified foods contain toxins that are harmful to us. Also, itproduces a minimal amount of nutrition. Another major concern is the potential harm to the environment- once genetically modified organisms are released into the wild, it interbreeds with the native organism and creates new species that may not be desirable.Finally, in my view, it is essential to look at the positive side it brings to humanity. As the population grows, the demand for food supply is increasing, thus, the natural method cannot cope the demand of the people. In this way, scientific way of plantation and farming are fundamental in our environment. Many diseasesthat cause death to a large number of people could be prevented using the blessing of genetic engineering.In conclusion, there are good arguments for and against genetic engineering, so people must continue to research various methods to minimise the negative side effects of engineering products to ensure the betterment of every individual in the future.。
英语六级巅峰阅读附详解 第59期-生物知识
英语六级巅峰阅读附详解第59期:生物知识If you go down to the woods today, you may meet high-tech trees genetically modified to speed their growthor improve the quality of their wood. Genetically-engineered food crops have become increasingly common, albeit controversial. over the past ten years. But genetic engineering of trees has lagged behind.Part of the reason is technical. Understanding. and then altering, the genes of a big pine tree are more complex than creating a better tomato. While tomatoes sprout happily, and rapidly, in the laboratory, growing a whole tree from a single, genetically altered cell in a test tube is a tricky process that takes years, not months. Moreover. little is known about tree genes. Some trees, such as pine trees. have a lot of DNA-roughly ten times as much as human. And, whereas the Human Genome Project is more than half-way throughits task of isolating and sequencing the estimated 100,00 genes in human cells. similar efforts to analyzetree genes are still just saplings (幼苗).Given the large number of tree genes and the little that is known about them, tree engineers are starting with a searchfor genetic "markers". The first step is to isolate DNA from trees with desirable propertiessuch as insect resistance. The next step is to find stretches of DNA that show the presence of a particular gene. Then, when you mate two trees with different desirable properties, it is simple to check which offspring contain them all by looking for the genetic markers. Henry Amerson, at North Carolina State University, is using genetic markers to breed fungal resistance into southern pines. Billions of these are grown across America for pulp and paper, and outbreaks of disease are expensive. But not all individual trees are susceptible. Dr. Amerson’s group has found markers that distinguish fungus-resistant stock from disease-prone ing traditional breeding techniques, they are introducing the resistance genes into pines on test sites in America.Using generic markers speeds up old-fashioned breeding methods becauseyou no longer have to wait for the tree to grow up to see if it has the desiredtraits. But it is more a sophisticated form of selective breeding. Now. however.interest in genetic tinkering (基因修补) is also gaining ground. To this end, Dr.Amerson and his colleagues are taking part in the Pine Gene Discovery Project. an initiative to identify and sequence the50,000-odd genes in the pine tree's genome. Knowing which gene does what should make it easier to know what to alter.如果你今天走到森林里去，可能会看到高科技的树木——这些树通过基因改良促进了生长的速度或提高了木材的质量。
现代农林英语-转基因植物-Reading-Exercises翻译-教学内容
现代农林英语-转基因植物-R e a d i n g-E x e r c i s e s翻译-GM Crops:Food of Future?转基因作物：未来的粮食？Genetically-modified crops have made a big splash in the news lately.转基因作物最近在新闻中引起很大轰动。
During the Oxford Farming Conference, held in London early this month, the British government’s chief scientist, Professor John Beddington, warned that Britain must embrace genetically-modified(GM) crops and cutting-edge developments to avoid catastrophic food shortages and future climate change (The Guardian, 7January 2010). 本月初，在伦敦举行的牛津农业会议上，英国政府首席科学家John Beddington教授警告说，为了避免灾难性的食物短缺和未来气候变化英国必须接受转基因作物和发展前沿（卫报，7january 2010）。
This announcement came under fire from farmers, academics and environmental groups.这一通告受到农民、学术界和环保组织的强烈批评（攻击）。
They fear that GM seeds will erode traditional farmers’ rights and practices, contaminate seed supplies, and increase farmers’ dependence on private monopolized agricultural resources.他们担心转基因种子会侵蚀传统农民的权利和做法，污染种子供应，增加农民对私人垄断农业资源的依赖。
转基因食物的坏处英语作文
转基因食物的坏处英语作文英文回答：Genetically modified foods (GMFs) have emerged as a controversial topic in recent years, with concerns raised about their potential health risks and environmental impact. However, it is important to approach this issue with a balanced perspective, considering both the potentialbenefits and drawbacks of GMFs.Potential Health Risks.One of the main concerns surrounding GMFs is their potential to cause allergic reactions or other adversehealth effects in consumers. While traditional breeding methods can also introduce new allergens into the food supply, GMFs have the potential to transfer genes from one species to another, creating novel combinations that could trigger allergic responses in susceptible individuals.Moreover, the long-term health effects of consuming GMFs are still largely unknown. Some studies have suggested that certain genetically modified crops may have altered nutritional profiles or contain unintended substances that could have negative health consequences. However, it is important to note that these findings are often based on animal studies or small-scale human trials, and further research is needed to establish a definitive link between GMF consumption and adverse health effects.Environmental Concerns.GMFs have also raised concerns about their potential impact on the environment. The use of herbicide-resistant crops, for example, may lead to increased reliance on chemical weed control, which can have detrimental effects on biodiversity and soil health. Additionally, the introduction of genetically modified crops into natural ecosystems could potentially disrupt ecological balance by outcompeting native species or altering food webs.Another concern is gene transfer from geneticallymodified crops to wild relatives, creating "superweeds"that are resistant to herbicides or other pesticides. This could complicate weed management and reduce the effectiveness of chemical control methods. Moreover, the potential for genetically modified genes to spread to organic or non-GM crops through cross-pollination raises concerns about contamination and the loss of genetic diversity.Regulatory Measures.To address these concerns, regulatory agencies around the world have established strict protocols for the development and approval of GMFs. These protocols typically involve extensive safety assessments to evaluate potential health risks and environmental impact. The regulatory framework aims to ensure that GMFs meet the same safety and quality standards as conventional foods.Benefits of GMFs.Despite the concerns, GMFs also offer potentialbenefits that should be considered. Genetically modified crops can be engineered to enhance their nutritional value, increase their resistance to pests and diseases, andimprove their yield. These advancements can contribute to addressing global food security challenges and reducing the need for harmful pesticides.GMFs have also been used to create hypoallergenic foods, such as soybeans that are modified to remove allergens.This can improve the quality of life for individuals with food allergies. Additionally, genetically modified cropscan be engineered to produce therapeutic proteins or vaccines, offering potential medical advancements.Conclusion.The debate surrounding GMFs is complex and multifaceted. While there are valid concerns about potential health risks and environmental impact, it is important to approach the issue scientifically and consider the potential benefits as well. Regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and responsible use of GMFs. As researchcontinues, a balanced and informed approach will be essential to harness the potential benefits of GMFs while mitigating any risks.中文回答：转基因食品的缺点。
下半年英语六级阅读理解冲刺练习题
下半年英语六级阅读理解冲刺练习题2018下半年英语六级阅读理解冲刺练习题英语六级测试中阅读理解部分是最让人紧张而又担心的部分。
它量大，难度较高。
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以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于英语六级阅读理解冲刺练习题，供大家练习备考。
In Brazil, the debate over genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, affects mostly soybean production. Brazil is the world's second largest producer of soybeans behind the United States and ahead of Argentina. Most European and Asian retailers want to remain GM free.Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil are going on a media offensive to prevent the legalization of genetically modified crops. Environmentalists and consumer groups for years have been able to thwart government and companies' attempts to legalize altered food. In radio dramas that are being broadcast in remote regions, Brazilian NGOs are telling soy farmers the use of genetically modified seeds could endanger their health, their fields and their business. "We are not saying that genetic engineering is, in principle, something bad; we say that we need more science to be sure that it will work in an appropriate way with no harm in the future," said campaign coordinator Jean-Marc von der Weid. "This is both for health and environmental reasons. The other question is on economics. What we think is that in Brazil, if we approve the GMOs, we will lose a spectacular advantage that we have now. We are selling more to the international market, mostly for Europe and Asia, than we have done in our history, because we are not GMO contaminated."Another opposition group, ActionAid, has been organizing grass-roots support in Brazilian farming regions to rouse consumer sentiment against legalization. ActionAid public policy director Adriano Campolina says he is fighting for farmers to remain independent. "When the small-scale farmer or a big farmer starts using this kind of seed, this farmer will be completely dependent on the transnationals, which control intellectual property rights over these seeds," he said.Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan said there should be checks on what multinationals can do, but that doesn't mean GM seeds should be banned. He says fears over their usage are unfounded. Despite the official ban, Dr. Pavan says up to one third of Brazil's soy crop is genetically modified, because GM seed is being smuggled from Argentina. Brazil's government has invested heavily in a GM project by the U.S. biotech company, Monsanto, but the project was put on ice following a successful court challenge by consumers.The anti-GMO groups are hoping the politicians' preoccupation with the October presidential election will give them time to gather enough support to defeat any future attempts to legalize genetically altered crops.41. According to the passage, the issue in dispute in Brazil is ___________.[A] contamination of the environment by genetically modified crops[B] Brazil’s standing in the international market[C] the October presidential election[D] the legalization of genetically modified organisms42. According to the passage, Brazil is the world’s _____________ soybean producer.[A] largest[B] second largest[C] third largest[D] fourth largest43. Which of the following statements is NOT true about NGOs in Brazil?[A] They believe genetically modified crops will harm the farmers’ health.[B] They believe genetic engineering is altogether a bad practice.[C] They believe scientific methods should be introduced to ensure GM brings no harm.[D] They believe GMOs will harm Brazil economically.44. Which of the following statements is true about the organization called ActionAid?[A] They encourage the farmers to produce genetically modified products.[B] They encourage the farmers to depend on themselves for seeds.[C] They strongly support the legalization of genetically modified products.[D] They encourage the farmers to upgrade their farms to bigger ones.45. What does the Brazilian scientist Crodowaldo Pavan say about genetically modified products?[A] Genetically modified seeds should be banned.[B] Brazil government should crack down on the smuggling of genetically modified seeds.[C] The fear over the use of genetically modified seeds is uncalled for.[D] Consumers should file more law suits to protect their rights.答案及解析41. 答案是[D] the legalization of genetically modified organisms解析：本文介绍的是巴西的一些民间组织如何反对转基因作物。
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Genetically Engineered Crops Should Be Abandoned
As we all know, scientists have grown genetically engineered crops successfully. But should farmers grow GM crops for food? Maybe it’s controversial. Although the GM crops have many properties good enough for us, I don’t think we should support the genetically engineered crops just because this kind of crops also have many disadvantages.
Firstly, the GM crops may do harm to individuals and the animals. For example, some GM crops’gene is transferred from other plants which are very different, and this makes them resistant to insects. Since this special crop are resistant to insects, they may be also poisonous to certain animals, insect like butterfly and even people. And on the other hand, what if the crops would lead the development of some insects that have a resistance to pesticide?
Secondly, there is a potential danger. Now that the GM crops’genes have been changed, the pollen must be different from non-GM plants. So the pollen will pollute the other wind-pollinated plants. If this happens, the non-GM crops are contaminated, impure and unfit for us. Also, it may destroy the other plants or make them more difficult to control.
The last but not the least reason is that the GM crops might be a source of allergens. As some people are very allergic to some certain things like pollen, flavor of flowers and so on, we can see that the GM plants may cause an allergy to them. It is very dangerous for the people who are allergic approaching to the genetically engineered crops.
The above three reasons why we should not support the genetically engineered crops are not the alone. There must be more disadvantages responsible for what I suggest. So for the sake of the ecosystem and our safety, the genetically engineered crops should be abandoned.。