FINS1612 week 2 tutorial answers

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Java 2实用教程(第三版)实验指导与习题解答

Java 2实用教程(第三版)实验指导与习题解答

Java 2实用教程(第三版)实验指导与习题解答清华大学出版社(编著耿祥义张跃平)实验模版代码及答案建议使用文档结构图(选择Word菜单→视图→文档结构图)上机实践1 初识JA V A ............................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

实验1一个简单的应用程序 .................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

实验2一个简单的J A V A A PPLET程序 .................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

实验3联合编译 ...................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

上机实践2 基本数据类型与控制语句...................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

实验1输出希腊字母表 .......................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

实验2回文数 .......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

实验3猜数字游戏 .................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

计算机视觉教程微课版第三版课后答案

计算机视觉教程微课版第三版课后答案

计算机视觉教程微课版第三版课后答案1、Internet 的域名空间采用的是()。

易[单选题] *A.网状结构B.树状结构(正确答案)C.链式结构D.线性结构2、下列对IPv 地址FF::::BC:::D 的简化表示中,错误的是(B )。

中[单选题] *A.FF:::BC:::DB.FF:::BC::D(正确答案)C.FF::::BC::DD.FF::::BC::D3、双绞线把两根绝缘的铜导线按一定密度互相绞在一起,可以降低()的程度。

[单选题] *A声音干扰B温度干扰C信号干扰(正确答案)D湿度干扰4、C:硬盘驱动器既可做输入设备又可做输出设备用D:硬盘与CPU之间不能直接交换数据操作系统将CPU的时间资源划分成极短的时间片,轮流分配给各终端用户,使终端用户单独分享CPU的时间片,有独占计算机的感觉,这种操作系统称为______。

[单选题] *A:实时操作系统B:批处理操作系统5、A:Windows XP和管理信息系统B:Unix和文字处理程序C:Linux和视频播放系统D:Office 2003和军事指挥程序(正确答案)下列叙述中,正确的是______。

[单选题] *6、()是工作表中的小方格,它是工作表的基本元素,也是WPS表格独立操作的最小单位。

[单选题] *A.单元格(正确答案)B.单元格区域C.任务窗格7、WPS文字具有分栏功能,下列关于分栏的说法正确的是()。

[单选题] *A.最多可以分栏B.各栏的宽度必须相同C.各栏的宽度可以不同(正确答案)8、.Windows的窗口分为类,下面()不是Windows的窗口类型。

[单选题] *A. 对话框B. 快捷菜单(正确答案)C. 文档窗口9、下列软件中,属于系统软件的是______。

[单选题] *A:航天信息系统B:Office 2003C:Windows Vista(正确答案)D:决策支持系统10、A:存储在RAM中的数据不会丢失B:存储在ROM中的数据不会丢失(正确答案)C:存储在U盘中的数据会全部丢失D:存储在硬盘中的数据会丢失下列度量单位中,用来度量CPU时钟主频的是______。

streamlit best practice -回复

streamlit best practice -回复

streamlit best practice -回复Streamlit是一个开源框架,用于构建数据科学和机器学习应用程序的前端界面。

它被设计成简单易用,同时提供了强大的功能和灵活性,使开发者能够快速建立交互式、可视化的应用程序。

本文将深入探讨Streamlit的最佳实践,以帮助读者更好地使用和优化这个框架。

我们将从安装和基本用法开始,逐步扩展到高级功能和性能优化。

一、安装和基本用法首先,我们需要安装Streamlit。

使用pip命令可以轻松安装Streamlit:pip install streamlit安装成功后,我们可以通过创建一个Python脚本,并导入Streamlit库来开始构建我们的应用程序。

下面是一个简单的例子:pythonimport streamlit as stst.title('Hello Streamlit')st.write('欢迎使用Streamlit!')在这个简单的示例中,我们使用了Streamlit的两个基本函数:title和write。

title函数用于设置应用程序的标题,而write函数用于在页面上显示文本。

二、构建交互式组件Streamlit不仅可以显示文本,还可以通过使用各种交互式组件丰富应用程序的功能。

例如,我们可以添加一个滑动条来调整参数,一个复选框来选择选项,或者一个下拉菜单来选择不同的数据集。

下面是一个使用滑动条和复选框的例子:pythonimport streamlit as st# 滑动条age = st.slider('请选择您的年龄', 0, 100, 25)# 复选框show_data = st.checkbox('显示数据')if show_data:st.write('您选择的年龄是:', age)在这个例子中,我们使用了slider函数来创建一个滑动条,允许用户选择0到100之间的年龄。

assignment2

assignment2

Operating Systems and Networks Spring2016 Assignment2Due15March20161.SchedulingThe following table describes jobs to be scheduled.The table contains the entry times,duration, execution times,and deadlines of jobs.All values are given in milliseconds.Job Entry time Execution time Deadline1030702020903202050430104055030120Scheduling decisions are performed every10ms.Assume scheduling decisions take no time.The deadlines are absolute.Jobs that enter the system can be scheduled immediately.(a)Creating schedulesCreate schedules for the different types of policies listed below.Please visualize your schedules (like in the lecture)and also answer the questions below.If a policy does not clearly specify which job should be scheduled,always schedule the job with the lowest number.Types of schedules:i.RR(round robin)ii.EDF(earliest deadlinefirst)iii.SRTF(shortest remaining timefirst)Please answer the following questions for each of the schedules:•What is the waiting time for each job?•What is the average waiting time for all job?•What is the turnaround time for each job?•How is the response time computed for this scheduler?If possible,calculate the responsetime for each job.(b)General questionsi.What is the problem with the SJF(shortest jobfirst)policy?ii.What is an advantage of SJF?iii.What is a benefit of RR?iv.What is a major conceptual difference between EDF and RR?v.Why do hard real-time systems often not have dynamic scheduling?(c)Real-time schedulingYou are designing an HDTV.To keep the production costs low,it has only one CPU which must perform the following tasks:•Decode video chunks(takes50ms and has to be done at least every200ms)•Update Screen(takes30ms and has to be done at least every200ms)•Handle user input(takes10ms and has to be done at least every250ms)i.Show that it is possible to schedule all tasks in such a way that all deadlines are met usingrate-monotonic scheduling(RMS).Do not present a working schedule.ii.Suppose DRM must be added to your TV.This requires an extra task with a period of300 ms and an execution time of100ms.α)What is the utilization of the system now?β)What is the upper bound according to the theorem used in(ii).γ)If you try to construct a working schedule by hand,you will see it is still possible to create one.How can this be explained?iii.For a general setting show the following:if the number of tasks approaches infinity and the utilization is below69.3%,then all tasks can be scheduled without violating deadlines.Explain how you derive this result.2.Processes revisitedCreating new processes in Linux(and other Unix-like operating systems)is done using fork().The system call fork()clones an existing process instead of creating a completely new one.Since fork()clones a process,both the parent and the child execute the same code after the invocation.It is necessary to distinguish to two processes,and this can be done by checking the return value of fork().The parent receives the PID of the child process while the child gets0.(a)Calling fork()multiple times in a rowWrite a program which calls fork()multiple times in a row,e.g.three times.Each forked pro-cess shall print its own level in the process tree and wait for all child processes using waitpid().What process tree do you expect?Note that you can use ps f to verify if your program output matches the actual process tree.(b)Executing ls-l from your programWrite a program which executes ls-l.Look up the man page of the exec()family of functions using man3exec.(Note that each man page is associated with a section,and all the sections are described in the man page of man.Here we must specify section3to get the correct man page.)After calling exec()(or one of its variants)in your program,add a printf()statement to show that exec()has completed.When you run your program,what problem do you observe?How can it befixed?(c)Reading the output of ls from a pipe Create a program which opens a pipe.Execute lsand redirect the output into the pipe.Then read data from the pipe and print it.Your program should print a statement before writing data read from the pipe,e.g.,“Output from ls:...”.3.Processes and the kernel(a)If a process terminates but its parent has not called wait()(or a similar function)or“ignored”it,the process enters the zombie state.Explain why the process is put in the zombie state instead of being cleaned up in the kernel.(b)Write a program which calls fork(),and make the parent process terminate while the childruns indefinitely.Does the child process get a new parent?If so,which process becomes its parent and is there anything special about the new process?er-level threads(a)Implementing user-level threadsIn this section,you should implement a user-level thread library and a scheduler.To keep it simple,implement a round robin scheduler.You will need to implement the following functions:•thread create()•thread add runqueue()•thread yield()•thread exit()•schedule()•dispatch()•thread start threading()Each thread should be represented by a TCB(struct thread in the template)which contains at least a function pointer to the thread’s function and an argument of type void*.The thread’s function should take this void*as argument whenever it is executed.This struct should also contain a pointer to the thread’s stack and twofields which store the current stack pointer and base pointer when it calls yield.thread create()should take a function pointer and void*arg as arguments.It allocates a TCB and a new stack for the thread and sets default values.It is important that the initial stack pointer(set by this function)is at an address divisible by8.The function returns the initialized structure.thread add runqueue()adds an initialized TCB to the run queue.Since we implement a round robin scheduler,it is easiest if you maintain a ring of struct thread’s.This can be done by having a linked list where the last node points to thefirst node.The static variable current thread always points to the currently executing thread.thread yield()suspends the current thread by saving its context to the TCB and calling the scheduler and the dispatcher.If the process the resumed later,it continues executing from where it stopped.thread exit()removes the caller from the ring,frees its stack and the TCB,sets current thread to the next thread to be executed,and calls dispatch().It is important to dispatch the next thread right here before returning because we just removed the current thread.schedule()decides which thread to run next.This is actually trivial because it is a round robin scheduler.Simply select the next thread in the ring.For convenience(e.g.,for the dispatcher), it may be helpful to have another static variable which points to the last executed thread. dispatch()actually executes a thread(the thread to run as decided by the scheduler).It has to save the stack pointer and the base pointer of the last thread to its TCB and restore the stack pointer and base pointer of the new thread.This involves some assembly code.In case the thread has never run before,it may have to do some initialization instead.If the thread’s function returns,the thread has to be removed from the ring and the next one has to be dispatched.The easiest thing to do here is call thread exit()since this function does that already.thread start threading()initializes the threading by calling schedule()and dispatch(). This function should be called by your main function(after adding thefirst thread to the run queue).It should never return(at least as long as there are threads in your system).In summary,to create and run a thread,you should follow the steps below:static voidthread_function(void*arg){//Create threads here and add to the run queue if necessarywhile(condition){do_work();thread_yield();if(condition)thread_exit();}}intmain(int argc,char**argv){struct thread*t=thread_create(f,NULL);thread_add_runqueue(t);//Create more threads and add to run queue if necessarythread_start_threading();printf("Done\n");return0;}。

算法设计技巧与分析英文版课后练习题含答案

算法设计技巧与分析英文版课后练习题含答案

Algorithm Design Techniques and Analysis: English VersionExercise with AnswersIntroductionAlgorithms are an essential aspect of computer science. As such, students who are part of this field must master the art of algorithm design and analysis. Algorithm design refers to the process of creating algorithms that solve computational problems. Algorithm analysis, on the other hand, focuses on evaluating the resources required to execute those algorithms. This includes computational time and memory consumption.This document provides students with helpful algorithm design and analysis exercises. The exercises are in the formof questions with step-by-step solutions. The document is suitable for students who have completed the English versionof the Algorithm Design Techniques and Analysis textbook. The exercises cover various algorithm design techniques, such as divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, and greedy approaches.InstructionEach exercise comes with a question and its solution. Read the question carefully and try to find a solution withoutlooking at the answer first. If you get stuck, look at the solution. Lastly, try the exercise agn without referring to the answer.Exercise 1: Divide and ConquerQuestion:Given an array of integers, find the maximum possible sum of a contiguous subarray.Example:Input: [-2, -3, 4, -1, -2, 1, 5, -3]Output: 7 (the contiguous subarray [4, -1, -2, 1, 5]) Solution:def max_subarray_sum(arr):if len(arr) ==1:return arr[0]mid =len(arr) //2left_arr = arr[:mid]right_arr = arr[mid:]max_left_sum = max_subarray_sum(left_arr)max_right_sum = max_subarray_sum(right_arr)max_left_border_sum =0left_border_sum =0for i in range(mid-1, -1, -1):left_border_sum += arr[i]max_left_border_sum =max(max_left_border_sum, left_b order_sum)max_right_border_sum =0right_border_sum =0for i in range(mid, len(arr)):right_border_sum += arr[i]max_right_border_sum =max(max_right_border_sum, righ t_border_sum)return max(max_left_sum, max_right_sum, max_left_border_s um+max_right_border_sum)Exercise 2: Dynamic ProgrammingQuestion:Given a list of lengths of steel rods and a corresponding list of prices, determine the maximum revenue you can get by cutting these rods into smaller pieces and selling them. Assume the cost of each cut is 0.Lengths: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]Prices: [1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 17, 20]If the rod length is 4, the maximum revenue is 10.Solution:def max_revenue(lengths, prices, n):if n ==0:return0max_val =float('-inf')for i in range(n):max_val =max(max_val, prices[i] + max_revenue(length s, prices, n-i-1))return max_valExercise 3: Greedy AlgorithmQuestion:Given a set of jobs with start times and end times, find the maximum number of non-overlapping jobs that can be scheduled.Start times: [1, 3, 0, 5, 8, 5]End times: [2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 9]Output: 4Solution:def maximum_jobs(start_times, end_times):job_list =sorted(zip(end_times, start_times))count =0end_time =float('-inf')for e, s in job_list:if s >= end_time:count +=1end_time = ereturn countConclusionThe exercises presented in this document provide a practical way to master essential algorithm design and analysis techniques. Solving the problems without looking at the answers will expose students to the type of problems they might encounter in real life. The document’s solutionsprovide step-by-step instructions to ensure that students can approach the problems with confidence.。

Linux网络操作系统项目式教程(CentOS7.6)-课后练习题参考答案

Linux网络操作系统项目式教程(CentOS7.6)-课后练习题参考答案

单元1练习题1. 选择题B BCD A C A D C AD B C B C A C B B A2. 填空题(1)硬件、软件(2)内核、命令解释层、高层应用程序(3)内核(4)System V、BSD(5)GPL(6)GNU's Not Unix(7)内核版本、发行版本(8)Linux套件(或发行版本)(9)Red Hat(10)桥接模式、NAT模式、仅主机模式(11)/boot、swap(12)swap(13)稳定(14)多、多(15)开源免费3. 简答题(1)计算机系统由硬件和软件两大部分组成,操作系统是软件家族中最重要的基础软件。

操作系统一方面直接向各种硬件设备下发指令,控制硬件的运行;另一方面,所有的应用软件运行在操作系统之上。

(2)按照从内到外的顺序来看,Linux操作系统分为内核、命令解释层和高层应用程序三大部分。

内核是整个操作系统的“心脏”,与硬件设备直接交互,在硬件和其他应用程序之间提供了一层接口。

Linux内核的外面一层是命令解释层。

这一层为用户提供了一个与内核进行交互的操作环境。

用户提供的各种输入经由命令解释层转交至内核进行处理。

最外层是高层应用程序。

这些高层应用程序为用户提供了主要的操作界面,帮助用户完成各种工作。

(3)GNU GPL赋予自由软件的使用者以下“四项基本自由”。

自由之零:无论用户出于何种目的,都可以按照自己的意愿自由地运行该软件。

自由之一:用户可以自由地学习并根据需要修改该软件。

自由之二:用户可以自由地分发该软件的副本以帮助其他人。

自由之三:用户可以自由地分发修改后的软件,以让其他人从改进后的软件中受益。

(4)开源免费,硬件需求低,安全稳定,多用户多任务,多平台支持(5)虚拟机的网络连接,分别是桥接模式、NAT模式和仅主机模式。

桥接模式:在这种模式下,物理主机变成一台虚拟交换机,物理主机网卡与虚拟机的虚拟网卡利用虚拟交换机进行通信,物理主机与虚拟主机在同一网段,虚拟主机可直接利用物理网络访问外网。

算法导论(第二版)习题答案(英文版)

算法导论(第二版)习题答案(英文版)

Last update: December 9, 2002
1.2 − 2 Insertion sort beats merge sort when 8n2 < 64n lg n, ⇒ n < 8 lg n, ⇒ 2n/8 < n. This is true for 2 n 43 (found by using a calculator). Rewrite merge sort to use insertion sort for input of size 43 or less in order to improve the running time. 1−1 We assume that all months are 30 days and all years are 365.
n
Θ
i=1
i
= Θ(n2 )
This holds for both the best- and worst-case running time. 2.2 − 3 Given that each element is equally likely to be the one searched for and the element searched for is present in the array, a linear search will on the average have to search through half the elements. This is because half the time the wanted element will be in the first half and half the time it will be in the second half. Both the worst-case and average-case of L INEAR -S EARCH is Θ(n). 3

计算机专业英语参考答案Unit (2)[3页]

计算机专业英语参考答案Unit  (2)[3页]

Unit Two HardwareSection One Warming Up1.CPU2.Main board3.Mouse4.Printer5.Keyboard6.MonitorSection Two Real WorldFind informationTask I. 1.No, they aren’t.2.He can’t tell the difference between RAM and ROM.3.It stands for Random Access Memory.4.It represents Read Only Memory.5.ROM.Task II. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. TWords BuildingTask I. 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. DTask II.1. confusing2. memorable3. alteration4. difference5. eraseTask III. 1. C 2. F 3. B 4. H 5. G 6. E 7. D 8. A 9. J 10. I Cheer up Your EarsTask I. 1. components 2. difference 3. confused 4. Random 5. switch6. essential7. represent8. alter9. journal; eraseTask II. 1. hard drive 2. monitor 3. sound card 4. video card 5. speakers6. software7. service8. charge9. DVD 10. 8,000Task III. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. CTable Talk1. ask you a question2. dust, dirt and liquids3. glass cleaners4. electric shock5. be conducted toSection Three Brighten Y our Eyes中央处理器在一独立使用(非联网状态下)的情况下,计算机的性能绝大部分由以三个计算机部件决定,它们分别是:中央处理器、随机存储器和显示器决定。

3-maticTutorial

3-maticTutorial

Chapter 3: Analyze ............................................................................................ 8
Exercise 1. Wall Thickness Analysis .............................................................................. 8 Exercise 2. Curvature Analysis .....................................................................................10 Exercise 3. Part Comparison Analysis ..........................................................................11 Exercise 4. Measure and analyze using fitted primitives ...............................................13
/
Chapter 4: Design ............................................................................................ 16
Exercise 1. Give the aorta a thickness for additive manufacturing ................................16 Exercise 2. Aneurysm design .......................................................................................17 Exercise 3. Designing an acetabular cup ......................................................................18 Exercise 4: Creating a Custom Cardiovascular Benchtop Model ..................................26

3GPP 5G基站(BS)R16版本一致性测试英文原版(3GPP TS 38.141-1)

3GPP 5G基站(BS)R16版本一致性测试英文原版(3GPP TS 38.141-1)

4.2.2
BS type 1-H.................................................................................................................................................. 26
4.3
Base station classes............................................................................................................................................27
1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................................13
All rights reserved. UMTS™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its members 3GPP™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners GSM® and the GSM logo are registered and owned by the GSM Association

新理念外语网络教学平台第二版综合答案B2U6-C

新理念外语网络教学平台第二版综合答案B2U6-C

全新版第二版综合B2U6-CPart I Listening Comprehension ( 10 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear ten statements. Numbers 1 to 6 are based on Text A while the rest are based on Text B. Each statement will be read ONLY ONCE. Listen carefully and decide whether each statement is true or false.1.A) TB) FScript: Taking her own car to the mechanic frequently, the author learned how to fix a car.正确答案:B2.A) TB) FScript: She applied to the summer project because she wanted to earn some engineering credits.正确答案: B3.A) TB) FScript: It is commonly believed that when you are good at something, it comes easily to you.正确答案:A4.A) TB) FScript: While in college, the author worked as hard as the boys in her class, to get good grades.正确答案:A5.A) TB) FScript: The author's childhood dream was to get an undergraduate degree and become a part-time journalist.正确答案: B6.A) TB) FScript: Knowing that his wife had left her job, the author's husband became very worried because he couldn't support the family by himself.正确答案:B7.A) TB) FScript: After quitting her job, immediately, the author was filled with the mixed feelings with anxiety and a sense of hopefulness.正确答案:A8.A) TB) FScript: During the first semester, the author was completely adjusted to college life.正确答案:B9.A) TB) FScript: Under the big pressure of work and school, the author was almost broken sometimes but she never cried.正确答案:B10.A) TB) FScript: Looking back over her decision to quit her job and go to college, the author felt that she could take control of her life again.正确答案:ASection BDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Kelley had worked as a legal (11)_________________ , but she had an accident and became paralyzed, and that changed her (12)_________________ on life. She decided to take distance education courses for opportunities to find another(13)_________________ . Distance education allowed her to(14)_________________ the education with her growing family. Distance education also gave her an opportunity to (15)_________________ her own goals. Although distance education was hard work, thinking of her children helped(16)_________________ . Kelley finally succeeded in obtaining her(17)_________________ degree, and planned to study for a master’s degree. She hoped to work in counseling to help (18)_________________ or disabled people. Kelley’s (19)_________________ is a good example, showing (20)_________________ of online learning on our lives.Script: Kelley had worked as a legal assistant, but she had an accident and became paralyzed, and that changed her outlook on life. She decided to take distance education courses for opportunities to find another career. Distance education allowed her to balance the education with her growing family. Distance education also gave her an opportunity to pursue her own goals. Although distance education was hard work, thinking of her children helped make it worthwhile. Kelley finally succeeded in obtaining her bachelor's degree, and planned to study for a master's degree. She hoped to work in counseling to help injured or disabled people. Kelley's experience is a good example, showing the great impact of online learning on our lives.正确答案:assistant正确答案:outlook正确答案:career正确答案:balance正确答案:pursue正确答案:make it worthwhile正确答案:bachelor's正确答案:injured正确答案:experience正确答案:the great impactPart II Reading Comprehension ( 25 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with several blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.At the end of my junior year of high school, I 21 a summer program designed to 22 girls in engineering. The six-week program was free, and students were given college credit and a dorm room at the University of Maryland. I 23 to the program, not because I wanted to be an 24 , but because I was craving 25 and wanted to get out of my parents' house for six weeks.I was accepted to the program and I earned six engineering 26 . The next year I entered the university as an engineering major. Five years later I had a degree and three 27 job offers.I can't help shuddering when I hear about studies that show that women are at a 28 when it comes to math. They imply that I am somehow29 . I'm not, but I do know that if I hadn't stumbled into that summer program, I30 be an engineer.A) independence B) as if C) decent D) creditsE) grades F) wouldn't G) engineer H) ambitionI) heard about J) straight K) disadvantage L) abnormalM) interest N) proper O) applied21. ______________________正确答案:I22. ______________________正确答案:M23. ______________________正确答案:O24. ______________________正确答案:G25. ______________________正确答案:A26. ______________________正确答案:D27. ______________________正确答案:C28. ______________________正确答案:K29. ______________________正确答案:L30. ______________________正确答案:FSection BDirections: There are several passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Holidays usually help us remember what irritates us most about family.The husband who waits until the last minute to shop. The children who poison cherished family time with bad tempers. The sister-in-law who criticizes the father who complains.This is also the time of year when we are together with people with whom we have long-time conflicts. The black mood that spoils holiday gatherings is a result of having three or four generations under one roof. There is tremendous conflict of values, and you can't negotiate values.The result: Everybody gets their hot buttons pushed, and emotions explode.These hot buttons have familiar labels.— Minimizing: "It's not that big a deal."— Degrading: "You are just a kid; what do you know?"— Blaming: "You always — "— Comparing: "You are just your father."— Judging: "That's the silliest idea I ever heard."— Name-calling: "You are being ridiculous."— And dictating: "I know better. Do it my way."These are the top 10 hot buttons, and during the holidays they get pushed over and over. You even know who is going to say what and when.Nobody wants a blow-up on a holiday, so we ignore and ignore. But those disagreements stay with us and things become worse at the next family gathering.Here are ways to diffuse these emotional moments.Acknowledge the intentions of the speaker: "I know you mean well."Say how you feel. "It hurts me when you make fun of my work."Or give the speaker a face-saving option: "If you are worried that I am not cooking enough food, why don't you bring one of your favorite dishes."Most of the communication is in body language and tone of voice. You need to say it in an open, warm and caring way.Don't expect every disagreement to be resolved. Sometimes you just need to say, "Let's talk about this again later." You are not giving up or giving in. you are keeping your dignity and moving on.31.What is the cause of the black mood during family gatherings?A) People have bad-tempered children.B) People live with mean sister-in-law.C) People have been together with old people.D) People have different ideas about lives.正确答案:D32.What does "hot button" mean in the passage?A) Something used as a switch.B) Something causing disputes.C) Something arousing anger.D) Something with a high temperature.正确答案:B33.When one wants to command others, he will begin with ______.A) "It's not that big a deal."B) "You are just a kid; what do you know?"C) "That's the silliest idea I ever heard."D) "I know better. Do it my way."正确答案:D34.Which one is NOT a way to ease a family conflict, according to the author?A) To tell your feeling directly to your family members.B) To admit the good will of your family members.C) To hide your dissatisfaction with a smile.D) To give your family members a chance to avoid embarrassment.正确答案:C35.What is the author's opinion of family conflicts?A) It is difficult to deal with family conflicts.B) Family conflicts can not be resolved.C) It needs compromises to avoid family conflicts.D) Family conflicts can be ignored.正确答案:CPassage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Elizabeth's father died when she was nine. Her family was large, and very poor. She struggled for self esteem, but it was difficult when her clothes weren't as nice as the other kids and her new school was still unfamiliar.During a math lesson, Elizabeth stared at the chalkboard and was struggling to understand a concept. With every stroke of the chalk, she became more confused. She had suffered from chronic ear infections (感染), and had missed many days of her fifth grade year. When she finally got the courage to raise her little hand and ask Mr. Thompson how the problem was done, he became very angry. He marched her up in front of the class and told this insecure child that she was "incapable of learning and extremely stupid."This remark plagued (使…困扰) Elizabeth for years.Elizabeth drifted into marriage. After discovering her husband's long time infidelity (不忠), she found herself divorced with three young daughters. She moved back to her home state and tried to pick up the pieces she had left behind.Knowing that she would be the sole support of these children, and having no desire to remarry, Elizabeth started college. Like most good mothers, she wanted the best for her children. She didn't want to deprive them of their mother. She would rise early and stay up late to get every spare minute she could to study.When she received her first "A" she was confused. She thought there must be some mistake. This was Elizabeth, Elizabeth the stupid. When her good grades piled up, she realized for the first time that maybe Mr. Thompson was wrong. She graduated from Brigham Young University, and will soon be receiving her master's degree at California State University in San Bernardino.36.The reason why Elizabeth stared at the chalkboard was that ______.A) she had ear infections and could not hear very wellB) she was still overwhelmed by the death of her fatherC) too much homework had made her tired and sickD) what the teacher wrote was beyond her understanding正确答案:D37.Mr. Thompson can be best described as a teacher who was ________.A) dull and stupidB) impatient and cruelC) strict with his studentsD) incapable of making himself understood正确答案:B38.We can learn from the passage that Elizabeth started college because she ______.A) was not a very responsible motherB) needed to be able to support her childrenC) knew she could achieve great success in collegeD) wanted her children to have an educated mother正确答案:D39.Why was Elizabeth confused when she got her first "A"?A) Because she believed that it was a mistake.B) Because she had not studied hard enough.C) Because she felt hurt by other people's comments.D) Because she did not trust her teacher.正确答案:A40.Elizabeth's case shows that _______.A) people can overcome a negative self-image through hard workB) a student can achieve great success even though he or she is stupidC) people who suffer a lot are more likely to work hard and succeed in the endD) poor children can also receive the best education and rise high in life正确答案:APart III Vocabulary and Structure ( 10 minutes )Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.41.________ cows were descending into the valley.A) A plenty ofB) A herd ofC) A bundle ofD) A butch of正确答案:B42.She told us the ________ story of her 134 days lost in the desert.A) credibleB) incredibleC) creditedD) incredibly正确答案:B43.The two leaders greeted each other with every ________ of good feelings.A) signB) indicationC) signalD) indicator正确答案:B44.American justice works on the ________ that an accused person is innocent until he or she is proved guilty.A) stateB) assumptionC) premiseD) suppose正确答案:C45.Most children in Britain are educated at the public ________.A) chargeB) payC) expenseD) cost正确答案:C46.We are very ________ about what we let the children watch on TV.A) electiveB) choosyC) selectiveD) elect正确答案:C47.The old lady said that she used to hate all that travel and wanted to get re-married and ______ after her first failure in marriage.A) sets upB) lived nearbyC) fed onD) settled down正确答案:D48.The model that Andy built corresponded in every ______ to the real warship.A) specificB) mannerC) sideD) detail正确答案:D49.Benjamin Franklin strongly ______ as the national bird because of its predatory nature.A) objected the eagle to be chosenB) objected the eagle being chosenC) objected to the eagle to be chosenD) objected to the eagle being chosen正确答案:D50.She felt embarrassed that she was the only one of her class who ______ classic music.A) couldn't help knowingB) didn't know any better thanC) didn't know the first thing aboutD) knew better than正确答案:C51.______ breaks the law will be punished.A) All thatB) No matter whoC) AnyoneD) Whoever正确答案:D52.Most children in Britain are educated at the public _______.A) chargeB) payC) costD) expense正确答案:D53.Children are very curious __________.A) at heartB) from the beginningC) by natureD) at birth正确答案:C54.This room is partly _________ with a few old bedstands.A) furnishedB) beautifiedC) decoratedD) provided正确答案:A55.We _________ see a horse carriage now because almost all people use cars or buses.A) merelyB) rarelyC) frequentlyD) invariably正确答案: B56.You would think that with all the money I make, I could at least have a ______ place to sleep.A) deceitB) deceaseC) decentD) delete正确答案:C57.Our house was so close to the railway that you could feel it ______ every time a train went by.A) shrinkB) shuffleC) shatterD) shudder正确答案:D58.El Nino is caused by ______ amounts of warm water in the Pacific Ocean.A) abnormalB) insaneC) normalD) sane正确答案:A59.I was desperately unhappy in that job, but had to ______ and stay smiling for the sake of my children.A) bite my tongueB) bite my teethC) grit my teethD) grit my tongue正确答案:C60.An ______, for example someone from another school district, should evaluate the teachers.A) outsiderB) outerC) insiderD) inner正确答案:APart IV Translation ( 10 minutes )Directions: Translate the following sentences into English (with the given words or phrases).61. 我妹妹对舞蹈很懂,但是对足球一窍不通。

普林斯顿计算机公开课(原书第2版)

普林斯顿计算机公开课(原书第2版)

第8章络
第10章万维
8.1与调制解调器 8.2有线电视和DSL 8.3局域和以太 8.4无线络 8.5手机 8.6带宽 8.7压缩 8.8错误检测与纠正 8.9小结
9.1互联概述 9.2域名和 9.3路由 9.4 TCP/IP 9.5高层协议 9.7物联 9.8小结
10.1万维是如何工作的 10.2 HTML 10.3 cookie 10.4动态页 10.5页之外的动态内容 10.6病毒、蠕虫和木马 10.7 Web安全 10.8自我防御 10.9小结
普林斯顿计算机公开课(原书第2版)
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 精彩摘录
目录
02 内容摘要 04 读书笔记 06 作者介绍
思维导图

本书关键字分析思维导图
技术
语言
第版
工作
计算机
课程
硬件
公开课
世界
计算机 小结
编程
普林斯顿
第章
字节
软件
部分
信息
程序
内容摘要
从1999年开始,作者在普林斯顿大学开设了一门名为“我们世界中的计算机”的课程(COS 109: Computers in Our World),这门课向非计算机专业的学生介绍计算机的基本常识,多年来大受学生追捧。本 书就是基于这门课程的讲义编写而成的,书中不仅解释了计算机和通信系统的工作原理,还分析了新技术带来的 隐私和安全问题。第2版的新增章节讨论了Python编程、人工智能、机器学习以及大数据等内容。本书适合所有 希望了解数字世界的读者阅读,通过了解技术的工作原理、起源和未来发展趋势,更好地理解并改变我们身处的 世界。
第5章编程与编程 语言
第4章算法

人教版(2015)信息技术 六年级下册 第13课 多个海龟齐画图 课件(17张ppt)

人教版(2015)信息技术 六年级下册 第13课 多个海龟齐画图 课件(17张ppt)

定义并调用下面的过程,观察画出的图形
TO SZ
ASK [2 4 6 8] [ST FD 80] ASK [ST ] ASK 2 [ FD 80 ] ASK 4 [RT 90 FD 80 ] ASK 6 [LT 90 FD 80 ] END
2
激活海龟命令
激活海龟命令
TELL命令是 激活某些海 龟的命令, 命令格式是:
TO XUEHUA
CS TELLALL 10 13 LT 90 TELL 10 PU FD 350 RT 90 TELL 11 PU FD 250 RT 90 TELL 12 PU FD 160 RT 90 TELL 13 PU FD 80 RT 90 TELLALL 9 13 EACH[SETPC WHO] LT 180 PD DXHUA END
2、观察下面过程的运行,尝试修改XUEHUA过程,在满足条件时能停止.
TO HUAB
FD 10 LT 90 REPEAT 360[FD 3.14*0.5/18 RT 1] RT 90 BK 10 END TO XHUA REPEAT 6[HUAB RT 60] END TO DXHUA HT PD XHUA WAIT 5
CLEAN PU FD 10 DXHUA
END
THANK YOU
4
各自执行命令
EACH命令是让海龟各自执行命令组的命令,命令格式是:
EACH [命令组】
EACH命令常常与 WHO命令一起使用, 让海龟各自分头行动,
实现多海龟同时作图, 画出奇妙的图形。
TO QJX TELLALL 2 6 ST EACH [PU SETPC WHO RT 90 FD WHO*100-400 LT 90 PD] REPEAT 7[FD 20 RT 720/7 FD 20 LT 360/7 WAIT 50] PU RT 90 FD 10 PD FILL

2024河大版,六年级下学期信息科技课程教案英文版

2024河大版,六年级下学期信息科技课程教案英文版

2024河大版,六年级下学期信息科技课程教案英文版2024 River University Edition, Grade 6 Second Semester Information Technology Lesson PlanOverviewThe curriculum for the second semester of Grade 6 Information Technology focuses on building upon the foundational knowledge and skills gained in the first semester. Students will continue to develop their understanding of basic computer operations, internet safety, and digital citizenship.Objectives1. To enhance students' proficiency in using common computer software such as word processing and presentation tools.2. To teach students about the importance of internet safety and responsible online behavior.3. To introduce students to basic coding concepts and programming languages.4. To encourage critical thinking and problem-solving skills through hands-on technology projects.Weekly PlanWeek 1-2- Review basic computer operations and keyboard shortcuts.- Introduce students to word processing software and practice typing skills.Week 3-4- Discuss the importance of internet safety and strategies for protecting personal information online.- Explore digital citizenship and the impact of online behavior on others.Week 5-6- Introduce basic coding concepts through fun and interactive activities.- Teach students how to create simple programs using block-based coding platforms.Week 7-8- Explore the world of digital media and discuss the ethical considerations of using online content.- Engage students in a digital storytelling project using multimedia tools.Assessments- Weekly quizzes on computer operations and software.- Internet safety and digital citizenship reflection essays.- Coding project to demonstrate understanding of basic programming concepts.- Digital storytelling presentation showcasing multimedia skills.Resources- Computers with word processing and presentation software.- Internet safety resources and videos.- Coding platforms such as Scratch or .- Multimedia tools for digital storytelling projects.ConclusionThe second semester of Grade 6 Information Technology aims to equip students with essential digital skills and knowledge for the 21st century. By focusing on practical applications and real-world scenarios, students will be able to navigate the digital landscape with confidence and responsibility.。

liblo add_method -回复

liblo add_method -回复

liblo add_method -回复如何使用liblo库添加方法。

liblo是一个用于在Linux系统上进行OSC(开放式音乐控制)通信的库。

OSC是一种用于在音乐、声音和艺术应用程序之间进行通信的开放式协议。

使用liblo库,您可以轻松地在您的应用程序中添加OSC通信功能。

本文将介绍如何使用liblo库添加方法,包括安装库、创建服务器和客户端、添加回调函数以及发送和接收OSC消息。

请按照以下步骤操作。

第一步:安装liblo库首先,您需要在Linux系统中安装liblo库。

您可以使用包管理器(如apt-get或yum)或从官方网站下载源代码编译安装。

确保您已经正确安装了必要的依赖项(如libtool和automake)。

第二步:创建服务器在您的应用程序中,您需要创建一个OSC服务器来接收来自其他应用程序的OSC消息。

在使用liblo库之前,您需要做一些初始化工作。

下面是一个简单的示例代码:c#include <stdio.h>#include <lo/lo.h>int server_handler(const char *path, const char *types, lo_arg argv, int argc, void *data, void *user_data){处理收到的OSC消息的回调函数printf("Received message: s\n", path);return 0;}int main(){lo_server_thread st = lo_server_thread_new("1234",server_handler, NULL);lo_server_thread_start(st);等待用户关闭服务器getchar();lo_server_thread_stop(st);lo_server_thread_free(st);return 0;}在上面的代码中,我们首先创建了一个`lo_server_thread`对象,并将其绑定到本地端口`1234`上。

streamlit best practice -回复

streamlit best practice -回复

streamlit best practice -回复Streamlit是一个用于创建和部署数据科学和机器学习应用程序的开源Python库。

它是专门为数据科学家和机器学习工程师设计的,旨在简化应用程序的构建过程。

在本篇文章中,我们将讨论一些使用Streamlit的最佳实践,以帮助您构建出更好的应用程序。

第一步:安装和设置Streamlit首先,我们需要安装Streamlit库。

通过运行以下命令可以使用pip进行安装:pip install streamlit安装后,您可以在Python脚本中导入Streamlit库:import streamlit as st接下来,您可以使用以下命令来启动Streamlit应用程序:streamlit run your_script.py其中,your_script.py是您的应用程序的Python脚本文件。

运行该命令后,Streamlit服务器将在本地主机的默认端口上启动,您可以在浏览器中打开它以查看和使用应用程序。

第二步:探索Streamlit的基本功能Streamlit提供了许多功能和组件,可用于创建交互式应用程序。

以下是一些基本功能的示例:1. 标题和文本:您可以使用st.title()和st.text()函数来添加标题和文本内容到应用程序。

pythonst.title('My Streamlit App')st.text('Welcome to my app!')2. 侧边栏:您可以使用st.sidebar来创建一个侧边栏,并在其中放置相关控件。

pythonst.sidebar.title('Settings')3. 数据展示:您可以使用st.dataframe()和st.table()函数来展示数据表格。

pythonimport pandas as pddf = pd.DataFrame({'Column 1': [1, 2, 3], 'Column 2': [4, 5, 6]}) st.dataframe(df)4. 图表:Streamlit允许您使用多种绘图库创建图表。

java2实用教程(第三版)第四章课后习题编程题

java2实用教程(第三版)第四章课后习题编程题

第四章15:interface 计算面积{ int 面积(int x,int y);}interface 计算体积{ int 体积(int x,int y,int z);}class 长方形implements 计算面积{ public int 面积(int x,int y){ return x*y;}}class 正方形implements 计算面积{ public int 面积(int x,int y){return x*x;}}class 长方体implements 计算体积{ public int 体积(int x,int y,int z) { return x*y*z;}}class E4_15{ public static void main(String args[]) { 计算面积js;js= new 长方形();System.out.println(js.面积(5,6));js=new 正方形();System.out.println(js.面积(4,4));计算体积tj;tj= new 长方体();System.out.println(tj.体积(4,5,6)); }}16:class A{ public void f(){ for(int i=97;i<123;i++){ char a=(char)i;System.out.print(a);}System.out.println();}}class B extends A{ public void g(){ //for(int i=(int)'α';i<=(int)'ω';i++)for(char a='α';a<='ω';a++)//System.out.print((char)i);SystemSystem.out.println();}}class E4_16{ public static void main(String args[]){ A a=new A();a.f();B b=new B();b.f();b.g();}}17:class MyException extends Exception{ String message;MyException(int m){ message=m+"大于1000";}public String toString(){return message;}}class Student{public void speak(int m) throws MyException{if(m>1000){MyException exception=new MyException(m);throw exception;}elseSystem.out.println(m);}}class E4_17{public static void main(String args[]){Student s=new Student();try{ s.speak(1002);}catch(MyException e){System.out.println(e.toString());}}}18:class 最大公约数{public int f(int a,int b){int m=0,n=0;m=a;n=b;if(m>n){int s=m;m=n;n=s;}else{while(m>0){int i=n%m;//int s=n;n=m;m=i;}}return n;}}class 最小公倍数extends 最大公约数{public int f(int a,int b){int m;m=super.f(a,b);return (a*b)/m;}}class E4_18{public static void main(String args[]){最大公约数yueshu =new 最大公约数();System.out.println("24和36的最大公约数:"+yueshu.f(24,36));最小公倍数beishu =new 最小公倍数();System.out.println("12和6的最小公倍数:"+beishu.f(12,6));}}。

HintsforTutorialDiscussionQuestions

HintsforTutorialDiscussionQuestions

Answer Hints for ECON3110-Tutorial Discussion Questions #09 (Read chapter 22, 23)1.Notice that the interest rate differential is 0.52%: (i hk - i*sg)=(6.37 - 6.86)=-0.49, sothere is a 0.49% interest rate differential in favor of Singapore. However, the forward discount is 0.0396: (($4.4757-0.174)-$4.4789)/$4.4789=-0.0396The return of investment in HKG: 1.0637x HK$1,000,000 = HK$1,063,700The return of investment in Singapore:(HK$1,000,000/S$4.4789)*(1.0686)*(S$4.3017) = 1,026,323.673Therefore, you should invest in HKG rather than in Singapore make the highest return. If you don't have the 1 million, you may borrow from Singapore and invest in HKG. Unless the forward rate is 4.458, which means the forward rate points should be-156.3 rather than -174 points, and there is a forward premium.The return of investment in Singapore equals to the return from HKG:(HK$1,000,000/S$4.4789)*(1.0689)*(S$4.458) = HK$1,063,7002. (a) If everyone became risk-lover, there is no need to have forward contract, because everyone is a risk-taking speculator.(b) Refer to textbook p.441-448 for detail discussion.The interest rate should be adjusted to remain the 90-day forward rate unchanged according to the additional risk premium.There are many factors such as capital market imperfections, different transaction costs to affect the equilibrium result.2.(a) Under the monetary approach, an autonomous decline in the demand for moneywould have an excess supply of money. (e.g. M s > M d). Therefore, in the short run price adjust is fast than interest rate, so when the price adjusts and the real money supply will be decreased. And under PPP argument (i.e., e=P/P*), the exchange rate increases, e↑, according to the price rises.(M s/P)1si0Under the portfolio balance approach, money demand decreases; an excess supply of money would reduce the domestic interest rate. Then, the demand for domestic bond reduces (B ↓) and the demand for foreign bond rises (B*↑). So capital outflows, demand for foreign currency increases and pushes up the exchange rate, e ↑, (i.e., home currency depreciates).(b) Under the monetary approach, less home inflation in the future (i.e., increasing purchasing power) would cause an excess demand for domestic currencies. To hold the rule, price level drops and the real money supply rises. As a result, the exchange rate drops, e ↓, (i.e., home currency appreciates).Under portfolio approach, less home inflation pressure implies that home currency purchasing power would be increased. Then, as xa reduces, both home money demand and domestic bond demand would be increased. When foreigners and home residents like to purchase more of domestic bonds (B*↓, B ↑), it would cause the capital inflows and an excess demand for home currency , therefore, the exchange rate would drop, e ↓, (i.e., home currency would be appreciated). 4.e 1e 2i 0 i 1As long as the demand for foreign currency can be satisfied by the supply , then the exchange rate is no need to be devaluated. The BOP deficit could be come from any sources of the disequilibrium in the economy , such as trade deficit, capital outflows, insufficient real balance, and inefficient productivity in the output.Real balance effect and capital flows would have the important impact on short run devaluation, but the trade deficit and real output would have a long run impact on the devaluation.5. According to the monetary equation: M = kPY , as money supply decreases, the price level will be expected to decline in the next few periods when output is assumed to be constant in the short run. Therefore, according to the PPP argument, the spot exchange rate will also be expected to decline following by the inflation expectation, taking the expectation on e to fall, speculators will take action now and forces the e to go down.ii 0。

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Chapter 2Commercial banksLearning objective 1: evaluate the functions and activities of commercial banks within the financial system•Commercial banks are the largest group of financial institutions within a financial system and therefore they are very important in facilitating the flow of funds between savers and borrowers.•The core business of banks is often described as the gathering of savings (deposits) in order to provide loans for investment.•The traditional image of banks as passive receivers of deposits through which they fund their various loans and other investments has changed since deregulation. For example, banks provide a wide range of off-balance-sheet transactions.Learning objective 2: identify the main sources of funds of commercial banks, including current deposits, demand deposits, term deposits, negotiable certificates of deposit, bill acceptance liabilities, debt liabilities, foreign currency liabilities and loan capital•Banks now actively manage their sources of funds (liabilities).•They offer a diversity of products with different return, risk, liquidity and cash-flow attributes to attract new and diversified funding sources.•Sources of funds include current deposits, call or demand deposits, term deposits, negotiable certificates of deposit, bills acceptance liabilities, debt liabilities, foreign currency liabilities, loan capital and shareholder equity.Learning objective 3: identify the main uses of funds by commercial banks, including personal and housing lending, commercial lending, lending to government, and other bank assets•Commercial banks now apply a liability management approach to funding growth in their balance sheets.•Under this approach a bank will (1) encourage depositors to lodge savings with the bank, and (2) borrow in the domestic and international money markets and capital markets to obtain sufficient funds to meet forecast loan demand.•The use of funds is represented as assets on a bank's balance sheet.•Bank lending is categorised as personal and housing lending, commercial lending and lending to government.•Personal finance is provided to individuals and includes housing loans, investment property loans, fixed-term loans, personal overdrafts and credit card finance.•Banks invest in the business sector by granting commercial loans. Commercial loan assets include overdraft facilities, commercial bills held, term loans and lease finance.•While banks may lend some funds directly to government, their main claim is through the purchase of government securities such as Treasury notes and Treasury bonds.Learning objective 4: outline the nature and importance of banks’ off-balance-sheet business, including direct credit substitutes, trade- and performance-related items, commitments and market-rate-related contracts•Viewing banks only in terms of their assets and liabilities greatly underestimates their role in the financial system. Banks also conduct significant off-balance-sheet business.•The notional value of off-balance-sheet business is over four times the value of the accumulated assetsof the banking sector.•Off-balance-sheet business is categorised as direct credit substitutes, trade- and performance-related items, commitments, and foreign exchange, interest rate and other market-rate-related contracts. •Over 94 per cent of banks’ off-balance-sheet business is in market-rate-related contracts such as foreign exchange and interest-rate-based futures, forwards, options and swap contracts.Learning objective 5: examine the principal risk exposures of commercial banks and consider related issues of regulation and prudential supervision•One of the main influences of change in the banking sector has been the regulatory environment within which banks operate.•Commercial banks are now said to operate in a deregulated market. Relative to previous regulatory periods this is a reasonable description; however, there still remains quite a degree of regulation that affects participants in the financial markets, including the banks.•Each nation-state is responsible for the regulation and supervision of its own financial system. In particular, central banks and prudential supervisors are responsible for the maintenance of financial system stability and the soundness of the payments system.•At the global level, the Bank for International Settlements takes an active interest in the stability of the international financial system. To this end, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision hasdeveloped an international standard on capital adequacy for banks.•The current capital adequacy standard is known as the Basel II capital accord. Banks are required to maintain a minimum risk-based capital ratio of 8.00 per cent.•Capital is categorised as either Tier 1 capital, Upper Tier 2 capital or Lower Tier 2 capital. At least half of a bank’s capital requirement must be held in Tier 1 capital.•As part of the calculation process, risk weights are applied to balance-sheet assets using specified risk weights. These weights may be based on the counterparty to an asset, or on an external rating provided by an approved credit rating agency.•Off-balance-sheet items are converted to a balance-sheet equivalent using credit conversion factors before applying the specified risk weights.•The Basel II capital accord comprises three pillars.o Pillar 1 relates to the calculation of the minimum capital requirement. Pillar 1 considers three areas of risk: credit risk, operational risk and market risk. Within each of these risk categoriesbanks have a choice of applying a standardised approach or an internal approach to measuringtheir capital requirement. Subject to approval from the bank supervisor, an internal approachmethod allows a bank to use its own risk management models.o Pillar 2 provides for a supervisory review process and includes four basic principles: (1) the assessment of total capital requirements by a bank, (2) the review of capital levels and themonitoring of banks’ compliance by supervisors, (3) the ability of a supervisor to increase thecapital requirement of a bank, and (4) the intervention of a supervisor at an early stage tomaintain capital levels.o Pillar 3 seeks to achieve a market discipline impact through a process of transparency and disclosure. Banks are required to provide information and data on a periodic basis to thesupervisor. Some of these reports may be made public.•The bank regulator also applies a number of other important prudential controls on commercial banks.These include liquidity management policies, risk management systems certification, businesscontinuity management, audit (external auditors, on-site visits), disclosure and transparency, large credit exposures, foreign currency exposures, subsidiaries, and ownership and control.Essay questionsThe following suggested answers incorporate the main points that should be recognised by a student. An instructor should advise students of the depth of analysis and discussion that is required for a particular question. For example, an undergraduate student may only be required to briefly introduce points, explain in their own words and provide an example. On the other hand, a post-graduate student may be required to provide much greater depth of analysis and discussion.1. You are travelling to work by train when a student seated next to you notices that you work for a bank. She asks you what a bank is, why we have banks and what they do. In your own words, respond to her questions.•commercial banks are the dominant group of institutions within the financial system•they are financial intermediaries—attract savings and investment from surplus entities in the economy, and substitute their credit, and provide funds to deficit entities•they are also financial services groups—provide a range of other products and services, for example, financial planning, risk management, off-balance-sheet transactions•obtain funds through active liability management•use funds by providing loans to customers (individuals, business and government) and investing in securities•are an important conduit for economic growth within a country•regulated and supervised, for example, APRA in Australia2. ‘Banks have always been the dominant institutions within the financial system, but their relative importance has fluctuated due, in part, to changes in the regulatory environment in which they operate.’ Analyse and discuss this statement.•until early 1980s commercial banks operated in a protected but highly regulated market•in order to avoid regulation other non-bank financial institutions emerged and grew strongly, attracting an increasing market share•during this period the size of the banking sector diminished•government, through the central bank, found their influence on economic activity also diminished as their control of the overall financial system lessened•two choices—regulate all financial institutions, or deregulate the banks•most developed countries, including Australia, have deregulated the commercial bank sector•for example in Australia in the 1980s, controls on interest rates and bank products were removed. The exchange rate was floated. Foreign banks were granted banking authorities•in the new competitive environment the banking sector has grown strongly•commercial banks must still meet certain regulatory requirements, such as minimum capital and liquidity requirements, set by the bank supervisor to ensure an efficient, strong and stable financial system3. Within the context of a commercial bank funding its balance sheet, explain asset management and liability management. Provide an example of how a bank uses liability management when determining the structure of its balance sheet.• a major role of commercial banks is the gathering of funds in order to provide loans to customers •asset management relates to the practice of a bank only giving loans (assets) when it had sufficient deposits—that is, asset growth is managed, and often constrained by, the bank’s deposit base •liability management relates to the practice of raising funds (liabilities) in the capital markets sufficient to meet expected forecast loan demand—that is, lending is not constrained by the liability side of the balance sheet•modern banking practice is the application of liability management4. A customer has approached a commercial bank seeking to invest funds for a period of six months. The customer is considering lodging the funds in a term deposit or, alternatively, purchasing a negotiable certificate of deposit.(a) Explain each of these investment products to the customer.Term deposit:•pays a fixed interest rate for the nominated fixed investment period•rate of interest will be bank’s carded rate for that term and amount•interest may be payable periodically (e.g. monthly) or at maturity•principal is repaid at maturityCertificate of deposit:•discount security issued by a bank•an investor will purchase the CD at less than the face value•the investor will receive the full face value back at maturity•price is the face value discounted by the yield•yield/price relationship will vary with changes in market rates(b) Why might the CD be a more appropriate investment choice?• a CD is a highly liquid form of investment• a CD can easily be sold into the money market to obtain funds, whereas with a term deposit there is a loss of liquidity as the funds are locked-up for the fixed period•however, a term deposit may pay a higher rate of return5. The ANZ Banking Group announced today that it has raised USD500 million through the issue of debt instruments into the international capital markets. Why might the bank borrow such a large amount of foreign currency liabilities?•financial institutions with a very good credit rating are (normally) able to easily issue paper (borrow) in the international capital markets•allows diversification of funding sources•may be able to obtain the funds at a lower average cost•borrowing in the international markets increases the profile of the bank•lower transaction costs with a single large borrowing•part of the bank’s liability management—borrow funds to meet expected future loan demand6. Commercial banks are the principal providers of loan finance to the household sector. Identify five different types of loan finance that a bank offers to individuals. Briefly explain the nature, structure or operation of each of these types of loans.•owner-occupied housing finance—loans to purchase residential property such as a house or unit.Security is a mortgage taken over the land and property thereon. Mortgage registered on title of land.Loan may have a fixed or variable interest rate. Loan instalments paid periodically (monthly) and typically amortised (interest and principal components)•investment property finance—very similar to above, except property is usually leased to a third party.Interest rate generally higher reflecting higher risk of lease agreement•fixed-term loans—used to finance non-property transactions such as buying a car. Bank will seek security such as a guarantee from the borrower or a third party. Higher interest rate reflects higher credit risk associated with borrower and lower quality security•personal overdrafts—allows an individual to place their account into debit up to an agreed limit. Used for managing cash flow mismatches over time. Should be fully fluctuating. Pay interest on the debit amount; also unused limit fee•credit card finance—plastic card issued with an available credit limit, that is, the cardholder can make purchases or obtain cash advances up to the amount of the credit limit. High interest rate charged on used credit7. ABC Limited plans to purchase injection moulding equipment to manufacture its new range of plastic products. The company approaches its bank to obtain a term loan. Identify and discuss important issues that the company and the bank will need to negotiate in relation to the term loan. •the bank and the borrower will structure the loan and negotiate the terms and conditions of the loan •period of the loan—consider matching principal; what are the funds being used for•interest rate—fixed versus variable interest rate; if variable, what is the reference interest rate (e.g.BBSW) and the margin above the reference rate•security—will the lender be able to take a mortgage over property or a charge over the other assets of the borrower•timing of repayments—how frequently will loan instalments occur; will the loan be amortised (interest and principal components), or an interest only loan with principal repaid at maturity8. Banks invest in financial securities that they hold in their securities portfolio. A proportion of these securities may be government securities. Government securities are regarded as essentially risk-free and therefore pay a low rate of return. Why then do banks invest in this type of security? •primary source of liquidity—government securities easily converted into cash•invest short-term surplus funds—securities provide a return, cash does not•augment investment earnings—another source of income•use as collateral for future borrowings—security to support bank’s own borrowings•use for repurchase agreements to raise exchange settlement account funds—sell securities back to central bank and receive cleared funds•improve the quality of the overall balance sheet—lower risk government securities offset higher risk loans to customers•manage the maturity structure of the overall balance sheet—average maturity structure of government security portfolio will be less than the loan portfolio•manage the interest rate sensitivity of the overall balance sheet—purchase government securities with interest rate structures that offset interest rate risk within the overall loan portfolio9. The off-balance-sheet business of banks has expanded significantly and, in notional dollar terms, now represents over four times the value of balance-sheet assets.(a) Define what is meant by the off-balance-sheet business of banks.• a transaction that is conducted by a bank that is not recorded on the balance sheet• a contingent liability that will only be recorded on the balance sheet if some specified condition or event occurs(b) Identify the four main categories of off-balance-sheet business and use an example to explain each category.•direct credit substitutes—support a client’s financial obligations, such as a stand-by letter of credit or a financial guarantee•trade and performance related items—support a client’s non-financial obligations, such as a performance guarantee or a documentary letter of credit•commitments—a financial commitment of the bank to advance funds or underwrite a debt or equity issue. For example, the unused credit limit on a credit card, or a housing loan approval where the funds have not yet been used•foreign exchange, interest rate and other market rate related contracts—principally derivative products such as futures, forwards, options and swaps used to manage foreign exchange and interest rate risk exposures10. Nation-state bank regulators impose minimum capital adequacy standards on commercial banks.(a) Briefly explain the main functions of capital.•equity and quasi-equity capital is a source of long-term funds for an institution•it provides the equity funding base that enables on-going growth in a business•it is a source of profits•it may be necessary to use capital to write-off periodic abnormal business losses(b) What is the minimum capital requirement under the Basel II capital accord?•the prudential standard requires an institution, at a minimum, to maintain a risk-based capital ratio of8.00 per cent at all times•at least half of the risk-based capital ratio must take the form of Tier 1 capital. The remainder of the capital requirement may be held as Tier 2 (upper and lower) capital•where considered appropriate, a regulator may require an institution to maintain a minimum capital ratio above 8.00 per cent.(c) Identify and define the different types of acceptable capital under the Basel II capital accord. Provide an example of each type of capital.•capital, within the context of the Basel II capital accord, is measured in two tiers•tier 1 capital, or core capital, comprises the highest quality capital elements:o provide a permanent and unrestricted commitment of fundso are freely available to absorb losseso do not impose any unavoidable servicing charge against earningso rank behind the claims of depositors and other creditors in the event of winding-up •tier 1 capital must constitute at least half of a bank’s minimum required capital base•tier 2, or supplementary, capital includes other elements which also contribute to the overall strength of an institution as a going concern. Tier 2 capital is divided into two parts:o upper tier 2 capital—comprising elements that are essentially permanent in nature, including some hybrid capital instruments which have the characteristics of both equity and debt o lower tier 2 capital—comprising instruments which are not permanent; that is, dated or limited life instruments•examples:o tier 1 capital: ordinary shares; retained earningso tier 2 capital (upper): mandatory convertible notes; perpetual subordinated debto tier 2 capital (lower): term subordinated debt approved by the regulator。

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