英语：写作指导步骤

从高考评卷及平时测验题，学生在做书面表达题 时，得分率较低，卷面普遍存在的缺点：①文不 对题（文体格式不规范）②离题太远（抓不到要 点，该说的不说，不该说的说的太多）③词不达 意（有的甚至用汉语标注或留空）④病句太多 （时态、语态、人称、数等语法）⑤卷面不工整 （字迹潦草、乱涂改、添插箭头满篇飞）。

2、造句 在造句时，考生要注意以下三点： 1）句子既要生动，又要简明扼要。 2）在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相句和复合句并用，还可以使用简化句等；一 些较复杂的结构如独立结构、分词结构等也可以 使用。 3）可以使用一些特殊句式，如强调句、感叹句、 倒装句等，增强语句的表现力，以期增加文章 “亮点”。

第四步、 整理成篇，行文连贯 众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章 中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然 而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心 思想。考生答题时要根据所给的条件、提示、将 事情发展过程合理排列成文；同时要注意文章逻 辑要清楚，先写什么，后写什么，并应注意句与 句、段与段之间的连贯；要能够使用一些常用的 表示时间顺序、方位关系、因果关系等逻辑概念 的过渡词语，将句子按英文习惯连贯成篇。切忌 按中文意思，随意排列组句。

第三步：谴词造句，准确表达 高考英语书面表达评分时应注意的主要内容有： 内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、 上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。 它不仅要求考生能够根据提示和要求准确表达出 要点，而且还要求考生在写作中能创造性地表达 有关要点。同时，考生必须注意，所有创新必须 以准确性为前提。考生应尽量使用自己熟悉的、 见过的，运用较自如的词汇或表达方式，冷静思 考，扬长避短。

1、遣词 遣词的基本原则是准确、生动、形象，符合习惯。 但是，有时由于受中文的干扰，有的考生往往紧 抠着提示中的某个中文词语绞尽脑汁地去找所学 过的等同该词的英文词语，不但浪费了时间，更 主要的是往往选用的词不恰当。遇到这种情况， 可以采取转译法，用同义词、近义词，甚至可用 反义词转代表达。

3）表转折的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, despite, in spite of, whereas, although, otherwise, nevertheless 等。 4）表原因的过渡词：because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to, for this reason, owing to, considering that, seeing that 等。 5）表结果的过渡词：so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, so / such… that 等。 6）表条件的过渡词：if, unless, on condition that, as / so long as 等。

13）表比较、对比的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, different from, rather than, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, on the one hand…, on the other hand, the former… the latter 等。 14）表目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to 等。 15）表总结的过渡词：in a word, in general, in short, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, in conclusion, in summary, on the whole 等。

3、高考书面表达怎样运用较复杂结构 1）改变时态 The bell is ringing now. (一般) There goes the bell! (高级) 2）改变语态 People suggest that the conference be put off. (一般) It is suggested that the conference be put off. (高级) 3）使用不定式 He is so kind that he can help me. (一般) He is so kind as to help me. (高级)

4）使用过去分词 Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten. (一般) Once seen, it can never be forgotten. (高级) 5）使用 v.-ing 形式 If the weather permits, I’ll come tomorrow. (一般) I’ll come tomorrow, weather permitting. (高级) 6）使用名词性从句 To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things. (一般) What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. (高级)

7）表时间的过渡词：when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year, after a while, now, in a few days, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment 等。 8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s), meanwhile, last, finally, eventually 等。

TV and Website TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections.You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Some information on websites changes all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.

9）使用虚拟语气 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam. (高级) 10）使用倒装句 The teacher didn’t come until he finished his homework. (一般) Not until he teacher came did he finish his homework. (高级) 10）使用强调句型 Professor Lin teaches us English. (一般) It is Professor Lin who teaches us English. (高级)

7）使用定语从句 The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written. (一般) The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. (高级) 8）使用状语从句 If you come back before six o’clock, you can go out. (一般) You can go out on condition that (provided that) you come back before six o’clock. (高级)

9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词：in other words, that is to say, to put it another way 等。 10）表进行举例说明的过渡词：for instance, for example, take… as an example, namely, such as, like 等。 11）表陈述事实的过渡词：in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth 等。 12）表强调的过渡词：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most importantly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely 等。