国内外小型挖掘机发展综述外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
机械类外文文献及翻译
机械类外文文献及翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONAbstract:The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, using for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case ofbevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli : cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle areequal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is onein which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 0-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 0 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go : od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of thehelical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous v ariations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment,and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in : ertias I and I traveling at the respective angular velocities W and W, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:. Rim type with internally expanding shoes. Rim type with externally contracting shoes. Band type. Disk or axial type. Cone type. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” bec ause the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This : type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth.Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。
挖掘机外文翻译外文文献中英翻译
挖掘机外文翻译外文文献中英翻译Excavator Translation: English Translation of Foreign LiteratureAbstract:The translation of foreign literature plays a significant role in acquiring knowledge and broadening horizons. In this article, we will explore the translation of foreign literature related to excavators. By analyzing various examples, we aim to provide an insightful understanding of the translation process and techniques involved in conveying the essence of foreign texts to the target language.1. IntroductionThe field of construction machinery presents numerous challenges when it comes to translation due to the technical nature of the content. Translating related literature helps engineers and professionals gain access to international best practices, safety guidelines, and advancements. One of the key areas within construction machinery is excavators, which serve as the focus of this article's English translation of foreign literature.2. Historical Background and EvolutionBefore delving into translations of foreign literature, it is essential to understand the historical background and evolution of excavators. The first excavators can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and Greeks. Through detailed research and analysis, these ancient excavation methods have gradually evolved into the sophisticated machinery used today.3. Translation Techniques for Excavator-Related TerminologyTranslating technical terms accurately is crucial in preserving the integrity and clarity of the original text. When it comes to excavators, some terms might not have a direct equivalent in the target language. In such cases, the translator must employ various techniques like borrowing, calque, explanation, or using a closest possible translation. Balancing accuracy and readability is a crucial aspect of this translation process.4. Examples of Translated Excavator LiteratureTo demonstrate the translation techniques mentioned earlier, several examples will be provided in this section. These examples will range from user manuals, safety guidelines, to technical specifications and advancements. Through examining these examples, readers will gain insight into the specific challenges faced during translation and the strategies usedto overcome them.5. Cultural Considerations in Excavator TranslationsIn addition to technical accuracy, cultural considerations play a vital role in translating excavator literature. Different cultures may have varying perceptions and terminologies related to construction machinery. Translators need to be aware of cultural nuances to ensure that the translated materials are not only accurate but also culturally appropriate for the target audience.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the translation of foreign literature on excavators is of great importance in the field of construction machinery. By accurately conveying the technical details, safety guidelines, and advancements fromforeign texts, engineers and professionals can broaden their knowledge and stay updated with international practices. The translation process involves employing various techniques and considering cultural aspects. As a result, it is crucial for translators to possess both technical expertise and cultural sensitivity when undertaking such translations.Through this article, we have explored the significance of excavator translation, the challenges faced, and the techniques employed. It is the bridge that connects language barriers, facilitates learning, and fosters advancements in the field.。
掘进机在采矿和隧道中的应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料Application of tunneling machine in mining and tunnelBoring machine for convenient mining hard rock and provides a unique capability. Therefore, widely is applied in underground, mining and tunneling. In the successful use of the tunnelling machine a a decisive issue is improve machine productivity and reduce the mining cost of reliability analysis. This article presents and discusses the Colorado School of geomechanics research recently completed work for mining in the history of the use of data as a dynamic performance model. This model is from different roadheader under various geological conditions of work based to an extensive collection of data. This article also discussed the development and content of the database The prediction of cutting rate and energy consumption of the boring machine is the program.At present, the mechanical mining system broad use in mining and civil construction, and the main trend is to improve productivity and reduce the cost, the main benefit is to reduce land possession of; at the same time, enhance the safety of workers. These are mainly depending on machine performance of a substantial increase in, the reliability has caused the expansion of mining market and the level of workers has been improved.Boring machine is a kind of widely used in underground soft rock tunneling machine, especially for those sedimentary rocks. They used in the production and development of soft rock mining industry, especially used in coal mines, mines. In the municipal construction, often used in soft ground pipeline digging. And TBM application ability is widely can be basically any structure and section size of mining, regardless of roadway section has more complex can satisfy people's needs. Therefore, people have unanimously welcomed.In addition to the high flexibility and adaptability, boring machine also amaximum cost is low, good economy, general of roadheader have great power, but it is controlled by electromagnetic convenient. Therefore, compared with other machine, it can better dig into hard rock and crushed, such as continuous mining and mining.Today, in the science and technology rapid development, people design the roadheader performance and other aspects have made great progress, they have far more than the coal mining, the main change in recent 50 years. The machine weight and size than the previous increase a lot, cutting head power increased, the supporting rod, rake mechanism and control system have been greatly improved. High efficiency cutting head design, high cutting rate cut tooth development, high pressure water jet assisted cutting, electric hydraulic integration, the larger the place was the use of automatic control system and According to the different geological conditions of indirect control, so these all make the cutting capacity of the machine, work efficiency, power and so on have been greatly improved.中文译文掘进机在采矿和隧道中的应用掘进机为方便的挖掘硬岩而提供了一个独特的能力。
农业用机械设备外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
农业用机械设备外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译在公元前1世纪，中国已经开始推广使用耧，这是世界上最早的条播机具，在北方旱作区仍然得到应用。
1636年，希腊制造了世界上第一台播种机。
1830年，俄国人在畜力多铧犁上加装播种装置制成了犁播机。
1860年后，英美等国开始大量生产畜力谷物条播机。
20世纪后，牵引和悬挂式谷物条播机以及运用气力排种的播种机相继出现。
50年代，精密播种机开始得到发展。
中国从20世纪50年代开始引进谷物条播机、棉花播种机等。
60年代，中国先后研制成了悬挂式谷物播种机、离心式播种机、通用机架播种机和气吸式播种机等多种类型，并研制成了磨纹式排种器。
到70年代，中国已经形成了播种中耕通用机和谷物联合播种机两个系列，并成功研制出了精密播种机。
播种机具有播种均匀、深浅一致、行距稳定、覆土良好、节省种子、工作效率高等特点。
正确使用播种机应注意以下10个要点：1）在进田作业前，要清理播种箱内的杂物和开沟器上的缠草、泥土，确保状态良好。
对拖拉机及播种机的各传动、转动部位，按照说明书的要求加注润滑油，尤其是每次作业前要注意传动链条润滑和张紧情况以及播种机上螺栓的紧固情况。
2）机架不能倾斜，播种机与拖拉机挂接后，不得倾斜，工作时应使机架前后呈水平状态。
3）搞好各种调整，按照使用说明书的规定和农艺要求，将播种量、开沟器的行距、开沟覆土镇压轮的深浅调整适当。
Seeder Tips1.Pay n to adding good quality seeds to the seed box to XXX。
Make sure there are no small。
broken。
or impure seeds。
Also。
XXX.2.Before large-scale seeding。
conduct a 20-XXX.3.Choose a suitable route for the seeding machine to move ina straight line at a constant speed。
毕业论文外文资料翻译-现代起重机的特征和发展趋向
Characteristics and DevelopmentalTendency of Modern CranesWith rapid development of modern science and technology, magnification of industrial production scale and improvement of automation level, application of cranes is becoming widespread and its function is obvious. Meanwhile, requirements for cranes are more and more strict. Especially, the widespread use of electronic computer technology spurs lots of subject-crossing advanced design approaches and accelerates the improvement of modern manufacturing and detecting technology. Fierce competition in international market becomes more dependent on the competition of technology. All of these impel technological functions of cranes into a brand-new developmental stage. Cranes are facing a tremendous transformation.Our country is entering global international competitive market at an unprecedented rate and crane manufacture is confronted with a new situation where opportunities and challenges coexist. Thus, it is crucial for cranes to develop and innovate constantly. I want to make a brief explanation about characteristics and developmental tendency of modern cranes with examples, based on new theories, technology and trend of cranes at home and overseas.1.Make the key products large, high speed, endured and specializedBecause of continuous expansion of industrial production scale, increasingly improvement of production efficiency and rising proportion of money spending on loading and unloading and transporting materials in the process of production, required amount of large or high-speed cranes is increasing. Lifting quantities become larger, working speed becomes higher and requirements of energy-consuming and reliability become stricter. Cranes have already become a critical link in the process of automation production. Cranes should be easy to use, maintain and operate and have high security, less troubles and long average time between failures. The central issue in international market production competition is reliability, and many companies abroad have drawn up inter-controlled standard of reliability. The most important for us to catch up with and surpass world advanced level of crane’s function is to improve reliability, to make cranes durable, less troubles, maintainable and economic to be used.At the moment, the biggest floating crane in the world weighs 6500t, chain crane 3000t and bridge crane 1200t.Diversity of industrial mode of production and customers’need makes crane market expanding and products renewing constantly to satisfy special needs with specific functions and bring its best usefulness into play. Functions of various kinds of cranes are improving. DEMAG ERGOTECH has developed a crane special for aircraft maintenance, which has made its own way into international market. This crane is great in length and lifting height and has accurate halt. When a flexible maintenance platform fixed under lifting cart, it can reach every part of the aircraft. With the fast development of nuclear power stations in the world, cranes which are special for them achieve corresponding development. For example, annular bridge crane in reactors’space, working under radiative circumstances, is used to lift dangerous load such as top cover of pressure container and components in reactors. It requires high reliability, high security, the ability to determine location accurately and automatically and transfer goods to a lower level, as well as various kinds of protection and particular security devices.2. Make series of production modularized, combined, standardized and practicalMost cranes are produced by series and batch, thus use of systematic multi-objections entire optimization to design series of cranes has already become the key point in development. Through rational matching of series main parameter, its functions can be improved, manufacturing cost can be reduced, and degree of general purpose can be raised. Use less specification spare parts to compose series production with multi-species and multi-specifications. And thus, the requirements of customers can be fully satisfied.By using modularized design instead of conservative entire design, we can make components with similar functions into standard modules which have various uses, similar connective key factors and are interchangeable. Through combination of different modules, we can make different kinds and specifications of cranes. There are only several modules involved when it comes to crane improvement. To design a new style of crane, all that you do is to choose different modules to recompose. Because of improvement in degree of general purpose, single products with small serial production can transform into module production of pretty great batches. As a result, we can achieve specialization production with high efficiency and cut manufacturing cost. It can satisfy marketing demands and increase competitive capacity by composing cranes of various series and specifications using less modularized forms.Bridge crane produced by DEMAG ERGOTECH considered carefully modularization and combination. It makes inter-parameter of series, entirety, mechanism and components matched with each other. The distribution of capacity obtains most economic and suitable effects. To make the main components of lifting mechanism reaches its largest general purpose, the method that the result of lifting weights multiplying lifting speed is a constant has been used. There are more specifications derived through changes of pulley multiplying power. Series of 5-125t bridge cranes only need four basic lifting carts even with various working ranks. Module series of standard wheel cases, which are produced by the company, have various groups of linking holes which can choose different drive unit to form platform carts. They can also combine with metal construction components to be used as running machine of various kinds of cranes; its wheels have several forms of surfaces to be chosen. Because of no basic distance limit and flexible combination, they are widely used. The company’s series of end bridge standard modules have commercialized. It resorts to frictional cycle and high intensity bolt link which improves interchange and accuracy of sizes and reduces machining of connecting covers. It can connect to each main beam quickly and effectively. There are two kinds of end beam modules; one is suitable for single beam and the other is for double beams. According to length and weights, end beam style can be decided.3. Make productions for general purposes small, light, simple and diversifiedThere are quite a number of cranes used in general workshop and storehouse, and thus they have light work and the requirement is not very strict. How to improve application of these cranes and to cut manufacturing cost is critical to win in the marketing competition. Considering comprehensive benefit, the need to decrease the height of cranes as low as possible, to simplify the constructions and to reduce weights and wheel pressure can also decrease structure’s height, lighten structure composition and reduce cost of producing and maintenance. So there will be fast development of electric calabash bridge and light beam cranes, and bridge cranes for general purposes will be replaced by them.The needs of customers advance diversity of cranes. Series parameter scale of cranes expanding and functions enlarging, product of one machine for several useswill obtain further development to increase capacity of dealing with emergencies. The proportion of using wireless remote control under normal conditions will increase.DEMAG ERGOTECH has formed standard crane series of light combinations after long period explosion and innovation. The whole series compose of various productions such as combination “工” style single beam, hanging case single beam, horn cart case single beam and case double beams. There are altogether fifteen forms of connection between main beam and end beam. This is suitable for needs of different structure and lifting goods. Each specification of crane has three single speeds and three double speeds to be chosen. There are seven operating ways. In addition, different electric conduction pattern and different electric control pattern can match hundreds and thousands of cranes through different combinations to fully satisfy different needs of customers. Another advantage of the crane is that they are light. Compared to productions at home, its lifting weight is 32t and length 25.5m compared to 46.4t------weight of double beams cranes in our country, 28.3t------ electric calabash bridge cranes. Weight of DEMAG electric calabash bridge crane is only 18.5, which is lighter than domestic productions by 60 percent and 35percent respectively.现代起重机的特征和发展趋向随着现代科学技术的迅速发展，工业生产规模的扩大和自动化程度的提高，起重机在现代化生产过程中应用越来越广，作用愈来愈大，对起重机的要求也越来越高。
现代工程机械行业的技术进步外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录现代工程机械行业的技术进步大型机械式挖掘机在目前国际国内在矿山开采及工程施工中有着广泛的应用，其性能的优劣对生产率有很大的影响.在国际市场竟争日趋激烈的今天，如何提高产品的质量是提高其市场竞争力的关键。
目前，我国的大型机械式挖掘机在设计水平，设计手段及产品质量上与国外同类产品相比尚有较大差距.国外已经将人一机一环境作为一个系统统一考虑，提倡低振动、低噪音的绿色设计，将现代设计方法(电子模拟理论、动态设计、可靠性设计等)普遍地应用于挖掘机设计，使产品设计现代化，性能可靠。
而我国仍然主要采用传统的仿型设计，而近年来才将现代设计方法逐步应用到挖掘机的设计上，但在这方面工作开展的不得力，主要表现在自行设计开发能力不够，基础工作做得不完善，尤其在挖掘机动力学方面。
挖掘机结构非常复杂，往往是多发动机同时驱动，同时工作环境恶劣，外载荷成随机性变化，因此在设计大型矿用挖掘机的新产品时，为了使其作业安全，工作顺畅，除必要的理论分析和静强度计算外，还必须要进行动力学分析和计算，以在设计之初保证机械的动强度和可靠性。
在进行这种分析时，土壤的力学特性必须考虑，而且是重要因素。
通过进行动力学研究，才能确定挖掘机各部件的载荷特性，设计出质量可靠的产品。
Modern construction machinery industry of technical progress Large-size mechanical mining excavator is used widely in international and domestic engineering construction and mining performance, and its property defines the efficiency much.Now because the international market is opened step step, how to promote the quality of excavator is the key that a factory reinforces its competing force.In our country，the designing elevation and production quality on excavator can not keep up with international advanced technology applying on excavator.Now the advanced technology has already applied advanced designing method on excavator designing，such as electronic simulating theory，dynamic design， reliability design and so on.But in our country ,the most excavator design has still applied the traditional design method ,the modern design method has not began to be actually applied .The prime display is that the capability of self-design is not enough and the basic work has not done perfectly especially the excavator kinetics .The construct of excavator is very complex and the multiple movers often work simultaneously.at the same time its working environment is very bad and the eternal load varies randomly.As a result ,when designing the new product of excavator ,in order to ensure the performance safety，the designer not only has the basic theory analysis on static load computing ,but also do necessary work about the kinetics of mechanism to qualify the dynamic reliability in the period of designing .Trough the kinetic analysis ,the load property of all the elements in excavator can be decided so as to design reliable product .。
掘进机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献英文文献Roadheader applications in mining and tunneling industries ABSTRACTRoadheaders offer a unique capability and flexibility for the excavation of soft to medium strength rock formations, therefore, are widely used in underground mining and tunneling operations. A critical issue in successful roadheader application is the ability to develop accurate and reliable estimates of machine production capacity and the associated bit costs. This paper presents and discusses the recent work completed at the Earth Mechanics Institute of Colorado School of Mines on the use of historical data for use as a performance predictor model. The model is based on extensive field data collected from different roadheader operations in a wide variety of geologic formations. The paper also discusses the development of this database and the resultant empirical performance prediction equations derived to estimate roadheader cutting rates and bit consumption.INTRODUCTIONThe more widespread use of the mechanical excavation systems is a trend set by increasing pressure on the mining and civil construction industries to move away from the conventional drill and blast methods to improve productivity and reduce costs. The additional benefits of mechanical mining include significantly improved safety, reduced ground support requirements and fewer personnel. These advantages coupled with recent enhancements in machine performance and reliability have resulted in mechanical miners taking a larger share of the rock excavation market.Roadheaders are the most widely used underground partial-face excavation machines for soft to medium strength rocks, particularly for sedimentary rocks. They are used for both development and production in soft rock mining industry (i.e. main haulage drifts, roadways, cross-cuts, etc.) particularly in coal, industrial minerals and evaporitic rocks. In civil construction, they findextensive use for excavation of tunnels (railway, roadway, sewer, diversion tunnels, etc.) in soft ground conditions, as well as for enlargement and rehabilitation of various underground structures. Their ability to excavate almost any profile opening also makes them very attractive to those mining and civil construction projects where various opening sizes and profiles need to be constructed.In addition to their high mobility and versatility, roadheaders are generally low capital cost systems compared to the most other mechanical excavators. Because of higher cutting power density due to a smaller cutting drum, they offer the capability to excavate rocks harder and more abrasive than their counterparts, such as the continuous miners and the borers. ROADHEADERS IN LAST 50 YEARSRoadheaders were first developed for mechanical excavation of coal in the early 50s. Today, their application areas have expanded beyond coal mining as a result of continual performance increases brought about by new technological developments and design improvements. The major improvements achieved in the last 50 years consist of steadily increased machine weight, size and cutterhead power, improved design of boom, muck pick up and loading system, more efficient cutterhead design, metallurgical developments in cutting bits, advances in hydraulic and electrical systems, and more widespread use of automation and remote control features. All these have led to drastic enhancements in machine cutting capabilities, system availability and the service life.Machine weights have reached up to 120 tons providing more stable and stiffer (less vibration, less maintenance) platforms from which higher thrust forces can be generated for attacking harder rock formations. . The cutterhead power has increased significantly, approaching 500 kW to allow for higher torque capacities. Modern machines have the ability to cutcross-sections over 100m2 from a stationary point. Computer aided cutterhead lacing design has developed to a stage to enable the design of optimal bit layout to achieve the maximum efficiency in the rock and geologic conditions to be encountered. The cutting bits have evolved from simple chisel to robust conical bits. The muck collection and transport systems have also undergone major improvements, increasing attainable production rates. The loading apron can now be manufactured as an extendible piece providing for more mobility and flexibility. The machines can be equipped with rock bolting and automatic dust suppression equipment to enhance the safetyof personnel working at the heading. They can also be fitted with laser-guided alignment control systems, computer profile controlling and remote control systems allowing for reduced operator sensitivity coupled with increased efficiency and productivity. Figure-1 shows a picture of a modern transverse type roadheader with telescopic boom and bolting system.Mobility, flexibility and the selective mining capability constitute some of the most important application advantages of roadheaders leading to cost effective operations. Mobility means easy relocation from one face to another to meet the daily development and production requirements of a mine. Flexibility allows for quick changes in operational conditions such asFigure-1: A Transverse Cutterhead Roadheader (Courtesy of Voest Alpine)different opening profiles (horse-shoe, rectangular, etc.), cross-sectional sizes, gradients (up to 20, sometimes 30 degrees), and the turning radius (can make an almost 90 degree turn). Selectivity refers to the ability to excavate different parts of a mixed face where the ore can be mined separately to reduce dilution and to minimize waste handling, both contributing to improved productivity. Since roadheaders are partial-face machines, the face is accessible, and therefore, cutters can be inspected and changed easily, and the roof support can be installed very close to the face. In addition to these, high production rates in favorable ground conditions, improved safety, reduced ground support and ventilation requirements, all resulting in reduced excavation costs are the other important advantages of roadheaders.The hard rock cutting ability of roadheaders is the most important limiting factor affecting their applications. This is mostly due to the high wear experienced by drag bits in hard, abrasiverocks. The present day, heavy-duty roadheaders can economically cut most rock formations up to 100 MPa (~14,500 psi) uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and rocks up to 160 MPa (~23,000 psi) UCS if favorable jointing or bedding is present with low RQD numbers. Increasing frequency of joints or other rock weaknesses make the rock excavation easier as the machine simply pulls or rips out the blocks instead of cutting them. If the rock is very abrasive, or the pick consumption rate is more than 1-pick/m3, then roadheader excavation usually becomes uneconomical due to frequent bit changes coupled with increased machine vibrations and maintenance costs.A significant amount of effort has been placed over the years on increasing the ability of roadheaders to cut hard rock. Most of these efforts have focused on structural changes in the machines, such as increased weight, stiffer frames and more cutterhead power. Extensive field trials of these machines showed that the cutting tool is still the weakest point in hard rock excavation. Unless a drastic improvement is achieved in bit life, the true hard rock cutting is still beyond the realm of possibility with roadheaders. The Earth Mechanics Institute(EMI) of the Colorado School of Mines has been developing a new cutter technology, the Mini-Disc Cutter, to implement the hard rock cutting ability of disc cutters on roadheaders, as well as other types of mechanical excavators (Ozdemir et al, 1995). The full-scale laboratory tests with a standard transverse cutterhead showed that MiniDisc Cutters could increase the ability of the roadheaders for hard rock excavation while providing for lesser cutter change and maintenance stoppages. This new cutting technology holds great promise for application on roadheaders to extend their capability into economical excavation of hard rocks. In addition, using the mini-disc cutters, a drum miner concept has been developed by EMI for application to hard rock mine development. A picture of the drum miner during full-scale laboratory testing is shown in Figure-2.Figure-2: Drum Miner CutterheadFIELD PERFORMANCE DATABASEPerformance prediction is an important factor for successful roadheader application. This deals generally with machine selection, production rate and bit cost estimation. Successful application of roadheader technology to any mining operation dictates that accurate and reliable estimates are developed for attainable production rates and the accompanying bit costs. In addition, it is of crucial importance that the bit design and cutterhead layout is optimized for the rock conditions to be encountered during excavation.Performance prediction encompasses the assessment of instantaneous cutting rates, bit consumption rates and machine utilization for different geological units. The instantaneous cutting rate (ICR) is the production rate during actual cutting time, (tons or m3 / cutting hour). Pick consumption rate refers to the number of picks changed per unit volume or weight of rock excavated, (picks / m3 or ton). Machine utilization is the percentage of time used for excavation during the projectTable-I: Classification of the Information in the DatabaseThe Earth Mechanics Institute of the Colorado School of Mines jointly with the Mining Department of the Istanbul Technical University has established an extensive database related to the field performance of roadheaders with the objective of developing empirical models for accurate and reliable performance predictions. The database contains field data from numerous mining and civil construction projects worldwide and includes a variety of roadheaders and different geotechnical conditions.The empirical performance prediction methods are principally based on the past experience and the statistical interpretation of the previously recorded case histories. To obtain the required field data in an usable and meaningful format, a data collection sheet was prepared and sent to major contractors, owners, consultants, and roadheader manufacturers. In addition, data wasgathered from available literature on roadheader performance and through actual visits to job sites. This data collection effort is continuing.The database includes six categories of information, as shown in Table-I. The geological parameters in the database consist generally of rock mass and intact rock properties. The most important and pertinent rock mass properties contained in the database include Rock Quality Designation (RQD), bedding thickness, strike and dip of joint sets and hydrological conditions. The intact rock properties are uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, quartz content, texture and abrasivity. The rock formations are divided into separate zones to minimize the variations in the machine performance data to provide for more accurate analysis. This also simplifies the classification of the properties for each zone and the analysis of the field performance data.The major roadheader parameters included are the machine type (crawler mounted, shielded), machine weight, cutterhead type (axial, transverse), cutterhead power, cutterhead-lacing design, boom type (single, double, telescopic, articulated), and the ancillary equipment (i.e.grippers, automatic profiling, laser guidance, bit cooling and dust suppression by water jets, etc.).The operational parameters generally affect the performance of the excavator through machine utilization. The most important operational parameters include ground support, back up system (transportation, utility lines, power supply, surveying, etc.), ground treatment (water drainage, grouting, freezing, etc.), labor (availability and quality), and organization of the project (management, shift hours, material supply, etc.).CONCLUSIONSThe evaluation and analysis of the data compiled in the roadheader field performance database has successfully yielded a set of equations which can be used to predict the instantaneous cutting rate (ICR) and the bit consumption rate(BCR) for roadheaders. A good relationship was found to exist between these two parameters and the machine power (P), weight (W) and the rock compressive strength (UCS). Equations were developed for these parameters as a function of P, W and UCS. These equations were found mainly applicable to soft rocks of evaporatic origin. The current analysis is being extended to include harder rocks with or without joints to make the equations more universal. In jointed rock, the RQD value will be utilized as a measure of rockmass characteristics from a roadheader cuttability viewpoint. It is believed that these efforts will lead to the formulation of an accurate roadheader performance prediction model which can be used in different rock types where the roadheaders are economically applicable.中文译文掘进机在采矿和隧道业中的应用摘要掘进机为方便的挖掘硬岩而提供了一个独特的能力。
挖掘机中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译外文文献A Summary of Small-size Excavators Home and Abroad I. The brief introduction of hydraulic excavatorParts such as the hydraulic excavator is by engine, hydraulic system and works device and walks device and electric control etc are formed. The hydraulic system is formed by hydraulic pump, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pressure motor, pipe route and fuel tank etc. The electric control system includes supervision dish, motor control system, pump brain and various kinds of sensor and solenoid valves etc. The hydraulic excavator is general by the work device and turns round the device and walks device three is mostly formed. According to his construction and use, we can differentiate : many kinds of typespressure, turns round entirely, not turns round entirely, utility version, mould for a special purpose, the joining with a hinge type and arm type stretched out and drawn back etc.The work device is directly accomplishing the device that excavates the assignment. It has been joined with a hinge by moves the arm, fights the pole and shovels the fill etc three parts. Moving that the arm rises and falls and the pole fought stretches out and draws back and shoveling fighting moves all with moving back and forth type two effect hydraulic cylinders control. In order to suit the needs of various difference construction school assignments, the hydraulic pressure excavator can be joined in marriage loading many kinds of work devices, if excavating and many kinds of school assignment machines and tools such as lifting job, loading, leveling, clamp and pushes soil and shock hammer etc.Turning round and walks the device is the organism of hydraulic pressure excavator, upper setting up power-on device and transmission system of turntable. The engine is the power supply of hydraulic pressure excavator, and adopts diesel oil will also can modify the electromotor in the convenient place mostly.The hydraulic drive system by way of the hydraulic pump with the engine the motive force transmission to hydraulic pressure motor and hydraulic cylinder etc actuator, the promotion work device moves, thus accomplishes the various school assignments. Take more PV-200's mould hydraulic pressure excavators of use in building site as the example. This machine adopts the type the opening center load of advanced version to be passed feeling system (OLSS). This system is with oblique of control type oblique the method of angle (export volume of flow ) variable plunger pump, and reduced the power delivery of engine, thus reduces the oil consumption burnt, and is one kind of saving energy mould system. The characteristic of this kind of hydraulic system is: the fixed torque is controlled, and it is unchangeable to keep the hydraulic pump drive torque, and year absolutely control can reduce the off-loading loss of school assignment time; Oil capacity is controlled, and the export volume of flow of hydraulic pump in the time of can reducing neutral gear and fine control reduces the power loss.The history of the first hand excavator was published up to now to have more than 130 years, and went through from the steam drive fill to turn round that the machinery turns round the developing the course step by step of the complete automatic hydraulic pressure excavator of excavator and application mechanical and electrical liquid integration technology to power drive and the internal-combustion engine drive in the time. Thehydraulic pressure to anti- the type hanging which shoveled machinery in the 1940’s, and developing out the pulling type at the initial stage of in the 1950’s with middle period in succession, to turn round the full hydraulic pressure of hydraulic pressure excavator and caterpillar tread type entirely mechanical. Initial stage the trial hydraulic pressure excavator is the hydraulic technique that adopts plane and machine tool, lacking the hydraulic pressure component that is suitable in the mechanical various operating modes, it is stable inadequately to make the quality, and necessary is not completely yet. From in the 1960’s, the hydraulic pressure excavator is entered the popularization and in vigorous development stage, and mechanical manufacturing plant and the breed of each country increases very fast, and the output is rapidly increased. 83% of the mechanical gross output was occupied to hydraulic pressure excavator output, and is close to 100% at present 1968-1970 certain period.ⅡSmall excavator development and its tendency20th century 80 ~ 90's small mechanical device in construction and soon in municipal engineering, transportation, pipeline has displayed abigger superiority and can rapidly develop. The small excavator forsaved the manpower, the physical resource in these projects makes thesmall excavator mainly to use in the city the constructionconstruction and generally left a bigger contribution,gradually became in the city construct ionto have the representative construction machinery.The small excavator development mainly relies on the urbanconstruction development, because city transformation, constructionconstruction more, the request construction time short, theconstruction machinery affects small, safe, the low pollution, theradius of gyration to the environment is small, is advantageous fortransports as well as has with the city scenery appearancecoordination outward appearance, the small excavator has satisfied thecity each kind of work request, can maximum limit display itsproductivity in the city narrow working space, therefore has theunique superiority.1. The development of small excavatorsThe small excavator mainly uses in the city the constructionconstruction and the general housing repairs and maintains and so onthe work, the request has the good operating performance and therotation performance.Initial small excavator by tire type primarily, because the tire typewalks the natural in the soft ground and the passing difference,afterwards gradually by the marching substitution, and in moved thearm strut organization place toorganism tocarry on swings, completed the trench sidewall excavation renovationwork behind, but this kind of small excavator excavation scope wassmall, cannot realize the material. Hereafter, the small excavator increased upside has rotated theorganization, has solved behind themetial and so on the problem, enhancedthe excavator operating performance, formed the small excavator thebasic structure. Afterwards, the small excavator in the radius ofgyration, behind the field of vision, moved aspect and so on armelevation angle, machine capability has the further improvement,develops for the present standard type.2.Technical progressesSmall excavator working conditions majority of in city, in order toprevent walks when damages the road surface, starts from the 80's touse the rubber caterpillar band, and gradually obtains thepopularization. A rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel is when theinternal iron circuit board the movement, the hard circuit board jointplace and the heavy wheel contact falls to the ground, becomes walksthe destruction road surface main reason. Before uses the width shapeiron circuit board, a rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel diameter isbigger, therefore when approaches the ground, this slit changes in abig way, creates the caterpillar band to the road surface destruction.The super small excavator use and the before same heavy wheel, onlywas the hard circuit board which in the caterpillar band used changesnarrowly, therefore when contacted the ground the slit changesslightly, reduced to the damage of ground.Rear area the small rotation excavator rotation rear part size isextremely small, in order to guarantee the excavator work thestability, must have the enough counterweight, and in does notincrease the mechanical weight under the premise, uses increases thecaterpillar band length and widens the chassis and so on the effectivemethod.But, the chassis width is transported the truck width the limit, forsolves this problem, has used ViCTAS in the super small excavator (Vio- Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability) the technology.fortablenessThe small excavator majority of seals cab, has not rained when thechair frequently drips wet by the rain seeps. In order to solve thisproblem, the use surface and the interior gather a peaceful fat rubberbody to manufacture has not sewn the seam the chair, cannot againfrom sew the seam place destruction, the durability also can enhance,becomes the complete waterproofing chair.Impels the small excavator market fast development the factor:mobile is flexible, extremely is suitable for work andso on cities each kind of pipelining, foundation construction, publicutilities as well as house service. The small excavator compactvolume, the special design enable its to carry on the work in theenvironment which the large-scale excavator is unable to construct.(2) The small excavator has the multi-purpose small excavator truemerit is it has multi-purpose. The small excavator can install manyauxiliary works machines and tools, like the installment brokenhammer, the hydraulic pressure pliers use in the lightweightdemolision work, installs a clamp to use in to eliminate the work,installs the drum, the plate uses in the trench to fill in buriesthe compaction, the installment turns on lathe digs drills uses in thedrill hole, the lift hook uses in to hoist up heavy item and so on.(3)The small excavator is advantageous for the transportation and oneof shift work location small hydraulic pressure excavator market rapidexpansion reasons should belong to its size and the weight. The smallexcavation function conveniently shifts in each job location, thesmall excavator does not need the large-scale trailer perhaps theheavy-duty truck carries on the transportation, the small transportmeans may deliver. Like this not only can facilitate thetransportation, but also may greatly reduce the machine the cartageexpense.(4) Small excavator bright work characteristic: The rear part radiusof turn for the zero design, causes the small excavator not to need inthe work space limited environment mean industry time excavatoroperator to consider the job location is, whether thus enable theoperator to have the obstacle to hinder the excavator the rotation tosuffice wholly absorbed to the scoop operation, this has alsoprevented around the job location the building as well as theexcavator own damage.(5) Invests the repayment rate to be high, the cost recycles quicklyThe small excavator price is cheap, the cost recycles quickly.Slightly digs take the 6t level as the example, American, the Europeandate brand machine price about 400,000 Yuan, South Korea's machineprice about 320,000 Yuan, the domestically produced machine price is30 ~ 320,000 Yuan some brands is lower; But the 20t level center digsthe price in 70 ~ 1 million Yuan. The higher investment repayment ratecauses the small excavator deeply the general center small earthworkconstruction to contract owner's welcome.4 Small excavators technological development tendenciesThe small excavator technological development complied with the globaldiversification job location the demand, has experienced more than 30years history successional variationtechnicalperformance, job function, work efficiency, security, environmentalprotection, energy conservation and maintenance maintenance had thelarge scale enhancement, has formed the quite consistent technicalstandard and the work standard. Mainly manifests in following severalaspects:(1) The tailless rotation and moves the arm deflection technology totake slightly digs the basic concept to move the arm deflection andthe tailless rotation function later period promotes in the 1990s facethe world market. Moves the arm deflection in the organism front part,but does not have the organization to be able to realize is locatednearby the lower part of wall the direct excavation work to havefrequently to move the fuselage. The tailless rotation structureapplication, causes it when the neck of land work does not need toworry the rear part the collision. The tailless rotation structuraldesign difficulty lies in rotates in the platform the generalarrangement, the dynamic system thermal equilibrium solution as wellas the entire machine stable solution. But moves the arm deflectionorganization the design difficulty to lie in an articulation positionthe determination and the hinge body manufacture technology.(2) New hydraulic control technologyThe new hydraulic control technology should have the work efficiencyhigh, the serviceability is good, has the good efficiency, may carryon the high efficiency, the powerful work. The new fluid environmentcompatibility presses the system not to shoulder the size theinfluence, completely needs the oil of the hydraulic pressure system, the current capacity accordingto the control handle scope distribution point, definitely may deferto operator's intention with ease to complete the work. At the sametime, because the engine load is small may avoid the current capacitythe senseless loss, can realize slightly moves the operation and thecompound operation. The new hydraulic control technology applicationalso can increase the dynamic output, enhances the work speed, reducesthe fuel consumption.(3)Security performanceHas the strict legal rule in the European market and the North Americamarket to the security, the equipment security performance can givethe operator to provide the relieved work the environment, enhancesoperator's security. The small excavator security performance mainlymanifests in the cab ROPS/FOPS design below, should satisfy theperformance requirement in the cab experiment:①May satisfy must energy absorption;② May satisfy must anti- load;(4) Environmental protection technologyMainly manifests in the power, the low oil consumption, cleanlydischarges the engine in the application. The new engine shouldsatisfy the American EPATier2 standard and the European EU standard,will cause the environmental pollution the compound to discharge thecontrol in the threshold. The new engine simultaneously reduced thevibration and the noise, is beneficial to the environmental protectionand operator's health.(5) Man-machine project technologyThe cab conforms to the man-machine engineering principle,internal spacious, field of vision open, modelling artistic, the easeof operation, reduces effort the measuring appliance demonstrationdirect-viewing, is accurate, can provide one kind of comfortableoperating environment to the pilot, fully reduces pilot's weariness.(6) Services the maintenance technologyMaintains from the current maintenance to the regular inspectionservice, the simplification operation is extremely essential, canenhance the machine the reliability, makes the machine throughout tomaintain the good condition. Must cause the daily inspection side, the realization not to need withthe aid of the tool as soon as to touch the type operation.Maintenance repair then quickly dnd simplely, but fast carries on theinternal spare part and the system inspection and the service. Moreover, in the design must fully consider prevents the machine theaccident damage.Such as the cowling, the guard plateguards against the collision structural design;Moves the arm hydraulic cylinder guard plate design; Fuel oil tank draw-offvalve; The independence bulldozes the board hydraulic pressure hosedesign; Waterproofing electric system design; In the work installmenthose sets at the design; X frame and halfway up the mountainsidecaterpillar band design; The engine machine oil filter elementreplacement time lengthens; Has forerunner system which the pipelinefilters; Dual spatially filters structure design and so on.5 ConclusionsSociety's development has a more tremendous influence to the smallexcavator, at present the overseas small excavator had the suitable development, like Carter other forces, company and so on Hitachi,small pine, Mitsubishi, the small excavator product has formed theseries, and in unceasingly carries on the development, the expandeduse, the increase appendix type. The domestic small excavatordevelopment has also obtained the certain result,中文译文国内外小型挖掘机发展综述一、液压挖掘机简介液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。
矿井提升机中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译英文原文Study of Inherent Safety Mine hoist based on modern designmethodsAbstract—As a modern security design, Inherent Safety means that equipment and facilities is able to contain the inherent fundamental features to prevent accidents. Mine hoist is the most important equipment in the coal production. How to achieve safe, reliable, efficient production has been the focus study at home and abroad. Inherentsafety is reflected in hoist design, primarily through the design measures to improve the operation of hoist safety and reliability. In this paper, Inherent Safety theory is applied in the design of mine hoist, to proposed the design method by using the software of PRO/E PLC, Labview etc..Keywords-Mine hoist; Inherent Safety; PRO/E; PLC; LabviewI. INTRODUCTIONIn coal production, mine hoist is the equipment to carry coal, gangue, materials, workers and equipments along the rockshaft, the only way linked underground and aboveground, known as mine throat. Mine hoist is a large-scale reciprocating machinery which has the feature of own big inertia, load changes, running speed, and wide range et al.. The advantages and disadvantages of its operating performance, not only directly affect the normal production and coal production efficiency, but also relate to equipment and personal safety. In recent years, mine hoist failures and accidents have happened at home and abroad which have paid a heavy price to coal companies. Therefore, the production technology and safety of mine hoist are higher, and its mechanical manufacturing technology and electrical control technology has been an important research area to the international machine building industry and the electric control industry.Inherent Safety means that equipment and facilities is able to contain the inherent fundamental features to prevent accidents. Inherent Safety lies in design, through continuous improvement, to prevent accidents due to the equipment itself failures. Inherent safety is reflected in hoist design, primarily through the design measures to improve the operation of hoist safety and reliability. In this paper, Inherent Safety theory is applied in the design of mine hoist, to proposed the inherent safety design method by use the software of PRO/E PLC, Labview etc..II. INHERENT SAFETY THEORYThe term of inherent safety originates the development of world space technology in the 1950s. The concept is widely accepted closely linked with scientific technological progress and human understanding of safety culture. The concept of inherent safety produced after the World War II which became major safety concept in many industrialized countries since the mid 20th century.Inherent safety design as the basic method of hazard control, by selecting safe materials, process routes, mechanical equipment, devices, to eliminate or control hazards source rather than relying on "additional" security measures or management measures to control them. As inherent safety design, firstly analyze and identify hazards that may occur in system, and then choose the best methods to eliminate, control hazards, which reflected in project design.Ⅲ. THE DESIGN OF INHERENT SAFETY MINE HOISTMine hoist mainly includs the working device, control system, transmission system and drag, protection systems and other components. To the inherent safety mine hoist design, mainly the mechanical system, control system and monitor system is the major part to considered.A.In-depth investigations to find malfunctionThe concept of inherent safety is required safety all the time in the product design process. That is, the equipment has little malfunction as much as possible during the operation and has long normal operation cycle length. How can design inherent safety equipment, the most important thing is understanding enough to the equipment, especially in work. After in-depth research, fully understanding the situation, try the best to reduce or eliminate the fault in the design. After in-depth understanding of research, design product.B. Mechanical SystemThe traditional method of product has long design cycle, high costs. However, the virtual prototype technology has the advantage in saving the design cost, shortening the design circle, by using the method of modeling, simulation first and then builds the physical prototype. Therefore, the virtual design is the developing trends of mechanical design. In mechanical system design, the application of virtual prototype is used to design mine hoist, not only speeded up the design process, also simulated a variety of conditions to the virtual prototype to discover design faults, to improve the design, to improve mine hoist performance.Mine hoist mechanical system is composed of spindle, roller, reducer, motor, brakes and other components. In its design, virtual design software PRO / E is applied to establish hoist prototype, application of simulation software ADAMS is used to simulate and optimize the design. Specific process shown in Figure 1:Figure 1. Mechanical system designC. Control system designMine hoist control system includes start, run, brake, etc., the requirements in control system are:In normal hoist operation, participation in hoist speed control, brake the hoist when reaching the destination, known as the service braking;In case of emergency, can quickly slow down as required, brake hoist, to prevent the expansion of the accident, that is the safety braking; Participate in the hoist speed control when decelerati; To double-roller hoist, should brake the moving roller and fix roller respectively when regulating rope length, replacement level and changing rope, so that, moving roller would not move when spindle rotates with the fixed roller.Most of mine hoists in China (more than 70%) use the traditional electric control system (tkd-a as the representative). Tkd control system is composed of relay logic circuits, large air contactors, tachometer generator etc., which is a touch control system. After years of development, tkd-a series of electric control system has formed its own characteristics, but its shortcomings are obvious. Its electrical circuit is too complicated, multi-line, causing hoist parking and accidents occurred due to electrical fault. With the computer and digital technology, to form a digital hoist control systemof PLC has become possible. PLC control system has high control precision, parameter stability, simple hardware structure, self-diagnostic capability and communication networking function.Mine hoist control system based on PLC technology structure shown in Figure 2, mainly including the following components: the main plc control circuits, hoist route detection and display circuits, speed detection, and signal circuits. The PLC of the main control circuits uses Mitsubishi FX2N series in Japan which more domestic applications.Figure 2 PLC electric control systemD. Monitoring system designTo ensure safe operation of the hoist, except for selecting the reasonable operation design parameters, the use of advanced control system, should also monitor the technological parameters on regular, conscientiously do performance test work to master the hoist performance,discover the defects in time, eliminate hidden danger, avoid unnecessary losses. In addition, the hoist operation state can be improved to work in the best conditions based on test data. Therefore, the hoist could work safely, reliably, have high efficiency, and extend its work life.Virtual instrument technology is computer-based instrumentation and measurement technology, is loaded some software and hardware on the computer with similar appearance and performance of the actual independent instrument. The user operating the computer, like manipulating a especially conventional electronic devices designed theirs. The essence of virtual instrument technology is that hardware softwarized technology, take full advantage of the latest computer technology to implement and expand the functions of traditional instruments.LabVIEW (laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench) is a graphical programming and development environment, also known as "G" language. It is widely used by industry, academia and research laboratories, accepted as the standard data acquisition and instrument control software. LabVIEW not only provides and complies with all the functions of hardware and data acquisition cards communications of GPIB, VXI, RS-232 and RS-485 protocol, and built-in library functions support for TCP / IP, ActiveX and other software standards. The software for scientists and engineers is a programming language, it provides a simple, intuitive graphical programming mode, saves a lot of development time, has complete function, best embodied style of virtual instrument.In response to these circumstances, developed a mine hoist Integrate Performance Monitoring System based on virtual instrument LabVIEW-based. Show in Figure 3. With signal conditioning and data acquisition card to receive signals from sensors, then sent the received signal to the virtual instrument software platform, enables the following features: （1）show speed, acceleration, braking time, displacement, oil pressure, delay time and other relevant parameters in digital, and display speed, acceleration, traction, displacement and hydraulic curves.（2）Dynamically monitor the hydraulic oil pressure and oil pump running station, based on these parameters to avoid important braking system failure.（3）Test brake air travel time, relay delay time and other time parameters.（4）inquiry to the measured curve and hoist parameters; print a testreport.Figure 3. Diagram of test systemThe monitoring system has characteristics such as compact, light weight, high precision, testing convenient and flexible, feature-rich software etc.. the system can not only display automatically test results, but also finish multiple functions, for example , data transmission, analysis, processing, storage and report printing. The system is high precision, can easily monitor the hoist operation state, to ensure the reliability of hoist operation.Ⅳ. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, used virtual design software to design the hoist mechanical system, PLC to design control system, applied virtual instrument software-LABVIEW to design monitor system. Therefore, the mine hoist designed has good mechanical properties and safe operation, monitoring easy.REFERENCES[1] Weng qishu. The inherent safety and checks of cabin[J]. navigationTechnology 2006 (3):50-52. (in Chinese)[2] Li jangbo. Study of Test System of Composite Characteristic of Devices Based onVirtual instrument[D]. A Dissertation Submitted to Hebei University ofEngineering For the Academic Degree of Master of Engineering, 2007. (inChinese)[3] Wang chengqin, Li wei , Meng baoxing et al... Random vibration testing system ofhoisting gear based on virtual instrument. Coal mine machinery, 2008(4) :118-120.(in Chinese)[4] Chen baozhi Wu min. concept and practices of inherent safety[J]. Journal ofSafety Science and Technology,2008(6):79-83. (in Chinese)[5] Xu chenyi, Wu yongdong, Huanghe et al.. A PLC-based mine hoist control systemdesign [J]. LC&FA, 2008(10):52-56 (in Chinese)中文译文基于现代设计方法的矿井提升机内在安全性的研究摘要：作为一个现代的安全设计，内在的安全性意味着设备和设施能够包含防止事故发生的固有基本特征。
装载机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附录一中文翻译轮式装载机的典型20 世纪 20 年代，小型农用拖拉机都配备的轻质材料 re-handling 装载机铲斗。
这难以置信担任现代轮式装载机的最早的原型。
轮式装载机的最早版本是旋转桶和电梯武器装载上农场型拖拉机。
一桶装上拖拉机离合器的绞盘，通过使用金属丝绳，然后甩重力了通过旅行释放机制。
20 世纪 30 年代，多家厂家正在发展小型轮式装载机的紧固水桶到拖拉机上。
科技公司在英国曼彻斯特，桶装的拖拉机的他们缪尔山加载程序的第一次录制制造商之一，28 马力拖拉机装入 0.5 立方码 (0.4 m3) 电缆控制斗。
刚性框架轮式装载机1939 年，来自芝加哥的一位工程师弗兰克 G.霍夫的名称，开发第一个自包含、两轮驱动、橡胶累了、装载机称为 Hough 模型 HS。
这台机器了斗容量的 1/3 立方码(0.25 m3)。
桶重力通过闩锁机制被甩了。
其他制造商开始生产综合四轮驱动轮式装载机。
许多第一次的轮式装载机的有刚架。
虽然这些机器被集成在一起，他们刚架有限导致要转大圆圈损在严密的地方经营的机的操纵性能。
由毛毛虫，开发的第三个轮式装载机，例如了刚架。
其他制造商喜欢欧几里得 / 特雷克斯轮式装载机市场中输入 1957 年较晚，与小刚架轮式装载机单元称为L-7。
古河 FL35I 4 x 4 铰接式装载机也许在轮式装载机的演变中的最重要里程碑之一是铰接架的介绍。
厂商在俄勒冈州波特兰首创这一技术在 1953 年模型 LD-5，在 1944 年，霍夫接着液压与第一个生产装载机驱动斗倾斜。
这给了机器控制倾倒的能力，操作员可以接近低齿轮的一家银行和通过装载期间回倾斜桶铲充分的斗。
1947 年，霍夫将推进轮式装载机发展再一次当公司开发了世界上第一个四轮驱动液压轮式装载机 HM 模型。
模型仍被视为现代轮式装载机的先行者。
制造可以引进与液压马达时它开发模型 H 轮式装载机在 1952 年的第一个轮式装载机和模型 HP 轮式装载机在 1957 年贷记。
掘进机机械类外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
外文原文：The vertical Boom-type Roadheader design1 IntroductionMechanical design is in the process of product design and an important part of the main links, it is followed in programme design after the design work. The vertical Boom-type roadheader (the roadheader) to the overall design of the merits of complete machine play a decisive role, and the decision of the assembly, the system, coordination between the various components of the unity and match, to obtain the high-end performance and overall better economic efficiency technology. Roadheader design, including the following: 1)According to design project description choice type and various cellular construction pattern 2) Decides the complete machine the main technical performance parameter, Including size parameter, heavy parameter, the parameter of movement and the technical economy refer parameter, 3) According to system design performance requirement, definite complete machine system composition and between them match as well as each part main technical senate parameter, 4) The necessary whole, and the mapping of transmission, hydraulic, electronic control systems, and other plans.2 the selected models and various components and structural type, drive, and the overall layout of the reasonableIn determining the content, first task should be designed to meet the contents, especially the users of the main demands of the investigation, the two sides exchanged views repeatedly, to satisfy both users (or superior) conditions, can better meet the product development of the overall plan.2.1 the selected modelsAccording to roadheader use, for the coal mine tunnel boring or used for other sectors of the works, roadheader working conditions for cutting coal roadway or semi-Coal Lane, the compressive strength of coal and rock one-way (or the value of platts coefficient f) and the rock abrasion factor. At the same time the control line should be superscript MT138 ~ 1995"cantilevered Roadheader types and parameters",according to cutting coal and rock the biggest one-way compressive strength, the type of selected models.2.2 the structure of the various components, the way the driver identifiedRoadheader by cutting general agencies, shipping agencies, walking, hydraulic system, electronic control systems and auxiliary devices (such as dust removal devices, security devices, remote monitoring devices) and other components. 1) Cutting agencies. Cutting the drive from AC motor-driven, in the transmission system located in the general profile coupling with no mechanical overload protection device, the two planets reducer driven spindle front of the cutting head. Some sections of the working bodies boring machine has cut chain, disc-milling and cutting-such as cantilever. Cantilever due to the cutting-boring machine body flexible, relatively small, can cut a variety of shapes and sections of the roadway, and to achieve selective cutting, but cutting good effect, a higher rate of boring, so now used mainly cantilever Cutting-and has become boring machine working body of a basic pattern. By cutting head of the layout, is divided into horizontal and vertical axis of the two. The line-cutting head of the advantages are: Transmission convenient, compact and can be cut to any shape of the profile, easy access to the formation of a cross-section and is conducive to expansion in the use of cantilever, or ditch digging, in Waterloo. Cutting head the shape of a cylindrical, cone and the cone and cylindrical, as the latter two cutting head to drilling, and the cutting surface than the formation, use it more. This is the work of the shortcomings: As the longitudinal axis of cutting head in the horizontal swing at the cutting reaction force is not passed machine centres, with cantilevered form of torque to boring machine have a greater vibration, stability is poor. Therefore, the coal roadway excavation, the need to increase the body weight or support the installation of auxiliary equipment. At present, such a boring machine in some sections of the use of more boring machine. 2) Shipment of bodies. It generally from the middle loading and conveyor components. They were driven or focus may be linked, either by AC motor drive, can also be usedhydraulic motor drive. Trailing claw-is to use a turn moves the rake claws to continue to rake materials and in a reprint from transport operators. This structure is simple, reliable, small formfactor, loading good effect, the application is widespread. However, such institutions loading width restricted (because boring machine running track when agencies generally do not arouse). To expand the loading width, will shovel the entire harrow board, together with the claw agencies in the level of swing, or design dual rake claws, to expand the scope of loading. Institutions than the rake-wheel-claw simple, high intensity, reliable, but with less bulk materials. Loading agency programme is not only the installation of the claw-rake-wheel can also be installed, the two can be used interchangeably. Usually, the choice rake claw-loaded, but considering loading width of the problem, may choose to double rake claws, can also be designed to rake claw-round interchangeable with the loading mechanism. Some sections boring machine use of scraper chain conveyor agencies. Transportation agencies are generally undertaken by the tail to the nose tilted upward direction of the layout. Transportation agencies can be the driver, is about to motor or hydraulic motor and reducer layout in the scraper conveyor and around the side of the fuselage, the body in the driver loading at the same time, indirectly, to transport bodies to take the initiative to the tail shaft driven scraper Transportation agencies. This drive system components in small, relatively simple bodies, but loading and transportation agencies involved in the two campaigns, mutual influence. As the location less space layout more difficult. Transmission organizations to adopt an independent driver, is about to motor or hydraulic motor layout away from the machine side, driven by slow delivery agencies. This mode of transmission drive layout simple, and filling the campaign Hubuyingxiang. However, due to transmission and more dynamic components, the point of failure has increased. At present, the two transportation agencies are used, as appropriate, the design should be identified. General loading and institutions often use the same drive. Loading agencies can use motor-driven, can also be used hydraulic motor drive. However, in consideration of the working environment and wet with mud, optionalhydraulic motor drive for good. 3) Run institutions. Walking agencies tracked the general pattern, crawler-run institutions apply to the floor is uneven or soft conditions, no road track laying. Traction with large capacity, good mobility, reliability, flexibility and mobility on the floor adaptability of the advantages of good. But its complex structure, componentsand wear more serious. At present cross-section of the boring machine is usually used crawler-run institutions. Walking agencies tracked the general pattern, the two tracked separately by the respective power to drive, to achieve in situ. Caterpillar is the driving force of two motors and hydraulic motors, motor driver is generally set up a walking speed, hydraulic motor-driven large low-speed torque motor can be driven directly tracked sprocket, or used in the hydraulic motor speed Reducer led the drive sprocket track, it can achieve Promise governor. Tracked structure of a sliding and rolling two, when the speed machine to mobilize ≤ 10 m / min in the light Roadheader, should adopt the structure of sliding when the mobilization of speed machines> 10 m / min of heavy, severe Roadheader should be used Rolling structural type. 4) The hydraulic system. Hydraulic systems use of open-way valve system more centralized control (direct or remote control manipulation) way. Domestic and foreign use of the past, gear pumps, hydraulic system in recent years Roadheader used piston pump have increased the trend. 5) Electronic control system. Electronic control systems, including some power, control and inspection of the part. Electronic control system must be in accordance with the requirements of coal mine explosion-proof design, manufacture, testing, GB3836-2000 must meet the standards of the relevant provisions and requirements. In order to improve operations at the Roadheader in the security, operational flexibility and mechanical transmission part of the fault diagnosis and monitoring functions, from the practical point of view, the installation of the necessary machines from a remote control device, monitoring pressure, temperature, level and key parts the fault diagnosis device.2.3 LayoutGeneral layout of the contents include the following: 1) Identify thecomponents in complete machine said the location, shape and size of the request; 2) To identify the parts, components and the connections between complete machine; 3) estimates complete machine weight and the weight of all components requested; 4) layout of the manipulation of institutions, the driver's seat;5) examination of moving parts of the movement space, rule out the possibility of interference in the campaign.2.4 specific requirementsBoring machine in the general layout, the need to pay attention to the following questions: 1) institutions into the reducer reducer, as far as possible to coax axis; 2) cantilever and spade-suited to the size of relations, not only conducive to loading, to avoid cutting the first shovel cutting board; 3) the level of cantilever and vertical position can swing the center coincidence, can not overlap. From the increased stability of the machine, these are highly swing should be reduced. In the cantilever is not guaranteed to interfere with other agencies under the conditions of swing centres are located should try to rely on, but must ensure that the machines in the centre plane of vertical symmetry;4) When all the major components designed after. Checking should be carried out, does not meet requirements to be adjusted just so that the focus in track and less than the former center Shaopian L / 6 (L grounding for the track length). In addition, the center of gravity position in the demand for cutting bodies turret after the centerline, and Yuediyuehao high center of gravity to enhance stability when operating machinery. 5) the overall layout should consider the weight of symmetrical left and right and take care of work habits and to facilitate the operation. General driver in the left side of the fuselage and the fuselage in the rear, driver seat height should ensure that the people's attention, what good control of their machines, cutting out the rules of the roadway; 6) Caozong Tai position should be appropriate, should ensure that drivers easy manipulation, and effort. Instruments showed that the location devices for drivers to observe, not scattered normal operation of the driver's attention.2.5 types and power transmission components choicetransmission patterns and components should follow the principle of choice 1) the advanced nature of technology: machines to improve performance, increase productivity; 2) economic rationality: drive system as simple as possible, fewer components and easy processing, low price, easy maintenance, long life;3) reliability of the work: the transmission system reliability performance for the life of components, as well as component quality requirements; 4) adaptation: the drive system components should be adapted to load, working conditions and environmental conditions of the request. Agencies to the transmission system requirements and the choice of transmission patterns . Boring machine cutting, loading, transport, walking and other institutions generally are respectively transmission, all parts of the state and subject to different working conditions, thus driving patterns have different requirements. 1) institutions require a greater short-term Guozainengli, motor oil is very sensitive to the impact load, the loading capacity of low-impact cutting head for normal functioning. Therefore, the boring machine working body should adopt the motor-driven mechanical transmission type. Should make use of small size, power, a strong capacity for electric motors, and equipped with reliable electrical protection device. According to the compact body of work features, usually work in the reducer cantilever, an integral part of a cantilever. Cutting the first governor general way with a round peg for the method of transmission organizations to simple. 2) rake with institutions transmission device is characterized by: reducer be installed in the limited size of the lower part of the shovel plate, thus design a smaller space, poor working conditions. Reducer often soaked in muddy coal and rock in the cards when the material easy to overload. Trailing equipment, transportation agencies the use of mechanical transmission, for the larger motor, not the end of the conveyor installation, the shovel is generally installed on both sides of the board two motor, with a rake, a common power transmission organizations, such bound to make the Slowdown me the size of the increase in the spade under the board layout more tense. In addition, consider the claw and rake boards linked linked overload situation, to protect the motor did not burn, thegeneral needs of internal security in reducer friction-clutch. Trailing equipment, transportation agencies the use of motor oil transmission gear, as small size, light weight, will enable the two separate drive, thus simplifying transmission device, for the spade under the board layout, designed for good results sealed mechanical seal or reducer And shovel plate separation, while achieving automatic overload protection.3) walk the track-driven approach and a motor-driven motor oil in two ways. Respectively, through mechanical devices or directly from the slowdown in motor oil led the initiative sprocket running track. Mechanical transmission of the walking track, with General Motors will be tracked in two reducer rear, the brake hydraulic braking by mechanical means way. This transmission mode drive high reliability and low prices of motor, easy maintenance, but not speed, slow me larger, Lin Shui major roadway, the motor easily exposed to moisture and burned. Tracked walk to adopt hydraulic transmission patterns, simple system, better performance and advanced technology. Hydraulic transmission of the walking mechanism, in the form choice and hydraulic motor speed control mode design, there are different options. The use of low-speed torque motor-driven, characterized by the system simple, small size, light weight, to achieve stepless speed regulation and automatic overload protection. However, hydraulic motor drive complex, the high cost of manufacturing, maintenance more difficult. Gear used motor oil, the volume of high efficiency, performance and impact-resistant, easy maintenance, low cost, a 10 KW around the motor gear oil prices only with the power of the radial-Sema Da 1 / 10; small size, light weight. A 10 KW gear around the weight of motor oil, with the only major power low-speed torque motor of 1 / 18, the weight of the motor 1 / 13. Gear used motor oil, although lower-speed reducer size large torque motor, but a small electric (MRH-S50-13-type plane reducer transmission ratio i = 328). So can easily be motors, reducers, hydraulic Zhidong Fa, tight chain devices installed in the middle-tracked. In this way than on the technical performance of mechanical transmission, the economic indicators better than the low-speed torque motor drive. So has a unique advantage. The walking speed in two ways: one is a variable pump. The other is the useor diversion of the flow and speed control programmes, such as the MRH-S50-13 type aircraft, that is, in the rapid mobilization of machinery, to stop carrying motor oil, only to run motor oil so that the boring machine has two Walking speed.3 determination complete machine main technology senate parameter Mechanical Roadheader complete machine main technical parameter including size senate parameter (length ×width ×highly); we ight parameter, parameter of movement and dynamic parameter.3.1 size parametersComplete machine length, width of the size directly related to its turning radius, Recommended light-length ≤ 7.5 m, medium-length ≤ 8.5 m, heavy machine ≤ l0m, the corresponding width were ≤ 1.6 m, ≤ 2.5 m, ≤ 3 m. The complete machine relates its tendency, the static stability highly directly, the adaptation scope and passes quality, therefore lower better. The current development trend of Chinese and foreign models is the dwarf models, medium and heavy-high 1.6 ~ 2 m, special light, light machine the height of 1.4 ~ 1.6 m. Roadheader to dig the biggest section of roadway, the minimum height and width should be designed to meet the requirements of the mission. Undercover depth of 250 ~ 400 mm, ground clearance C = B/13 +84 (mm), B for the two track distance). Middle-long conveyor entrance to the expected high degree of the best 400 mm, length of track ground with the center distance L B ratio for L / B ≤ 1.6.3.2 weight parametersThe complete machine dead weight is the mechanical roadheader - an important parameter, the engine weight too is light, the work stability drops, when swinging cutting can occur fishtails the phenomenon, the cutting efficiency drops, truncation tooth rate of wear increase; Heavy-weight, poor mobility, flexibility to decline. The self-respect as it may be w = (t) estimates, in the N-type body for cutting power, kW; V for the cutting head on average cutting speed, m / s; can also be Roadheader with reference to the existing analog method to determine , machine-(t) and cutting power (kW) ratio of 0.25 to 0.4. For general coal, rock bottom, the allowable value≤ 0.14 MPa; muddy for the water to soften the shale bottom,≤ 0.05 MPa.3.3 movement parametersCutting the movement parameters: cutting head of the average cutting speed V: on the one-way coal and rock compressive strength of σ c ≤ 40 MPa, V = 3 ~ 3.5m / s;σ c ≤ 60MPa, V = 2 ~ 2.5m / s, σ c > 60MPa. V = l ~ 2m / s. But eventually cuttingspeed by cutting technology to determine.3.4 dynamic parametersRoadheader-driven power sources are used Motors. Cutting power body size. In fact the general use of analogy, combined with roadheader some personality andexperience factors to determine. Roadheader in the operating process, the vertical axis and the horizontal axis-of the need for adequate cutting edge and push forward swing (horizontal and vertical) force. According to Russia (the former Soviet Union) in the laboratory test results that the cutting of coal and rock platts hardness f = 4 ~ 6 (equivalent to 0 C = 40 ~ 60MPa), grinding coefficient F = 5 ~ 7mg/mm2. Cutting the shaking force (traction) Pv = (1 ~ 1.34) P, P = M / Rcp, in the P-cutting head for the average cutting edge; Rcp cutting head for the average radius; M for cutting the head of the rated torque. Cut the feeding of (axial thrust) R; (1.8 ~ 2.5) Pv, this force should be no larger than the floor slippery track at the limits of traction.3.5 technical and economic indicatorsQ = (m3/min), in the sx-cutting head for the verticalcross sectional area, m2: Vn for the cutting head of cutting swing speed, m / min. Roadheader designed life, in the international advanced products up to 3 to 5 years, during which the need of major repair or wells, the general domestic product for 1 to 2 years.4 in accordance with design requirements. Determine the parameters of the main components and their relationship between the connector4.1 cutting agencies and technical parameters of the established link between1) Cutting-agency technical parameters of cutting the head with thegeneral pick for the double-headed or three spiral layout. Cutting head speed n = 20 ~ 65r/min, a sharp pick cutting the average speed V = 1.5 ~ 2.5m / s, cutting swing speed Vn = 0.8 ~ l0m / s. Cut-off line from t = 20 ~ 50mm, (when cutting coal from the value of all-time for small value). Average single-pole/double-throw force should reach: f4 grade coal and rock F ≥ 2500 N, f6 grade coal and rock F ≥ 5000 N, f8 grade coal and rock F ≥ 12000 N, pick the best angle for the installation of 45 ° ~ 48 °. 2) Cutting the link .Cutting agencies cantilever Chaxing-installed in front of the fixed-Chaxing rotary table, the turret to the rack. According to cutting agencies in the course of operating the force and torque, the application of MT475-1996 "cantilevered Roadheader rotary bearing type, the basic parameters and technical requirements" selected rotary bearing the structural type, determined by calculatingslewing ring size specifications. If the user does not require a cantilever stretching structure, is generally not recommended.4.2 shipping agencies determine the parameters1) Loading mechanism Loading bodies and Middle conveyor used linkage or single-action mode, loading the bodies rake claws speed is generally 25 ~ 48 r / min. Star Ferry's speed can be slightly higher than some. Using direct-drive hydraulic motors, the maximum output torque rated torque for calculating the value of 1.5 times. Shovel coal-general of the tilt angle to 21 ° ~ 25 °, it should be the width of track, spacious than the 0.6 ~ 1.2 m, declining position should not be less than the minimum depth of undercover maximum height should be increased to 350 ~ 400 mm. 2) Intermediate conveyor Middle conveyor chain may be single or double-stranded chain structure of the ring chain, chain-speed should not exceed 0.92 m / s, using the U.S. chain of universal sleeve roller chain single chain, the chain speed should not exceed 2.5 m / s, generally from 1.6 ~ 2 m in order to meet the changing demands a high degree of unloading, the tail should be set up multi-stage hydraulic cylinders to achieve take-off and landing movements, raising the minimum height for the hopper and a high degree of around 300 mm. If the tail need to swing around, the United States must adopt a universal sleeve roller chain, to set the location of the side-effect hydraulic cylinder to achieve the tail swingaround 45 °, to expan d the width of unloading.4.3 running track and identify the technical parameters of connectivity betweena)walking track drivers and transmission patterns have the following two ways, the overall design and layout determined at the time one of them.1) Drive a motor-driven than reducer (i ≈250) →led initiative sprocket. Can only establish a walking speed of 5 ~ 7.5 m / min. 2) The speed of a hydraulic motor torque direct drive or take the initiative sprocket of a slowdown in high-speed motor driven me a sprocket can take the initiative to achieve rapid mobilization and the need to slow operations, walking speed of 0 ~ 10 m / min of no - Speed. b) tracked the transmission link between Structure has two sliding and rolling, sliding simple structure, the resistance of larger, the special light, light and medium-sized roadheader recommend sliding structured. Rolling resistance smaller operation, crawler-crawler at the bottom andwear small chain of contacts. Heavy and severe roadheader recommend using this structure type. Track-installed at the bottom of the supporting wheels, each bearing capacity should be not less than 50 percent of weight, distance is generally tracked the plate pitch 1.5 times.4.4 the hydraulic system of technical parameters establishedHydraulic system of technical parameters should be determined in the hydraulic design calculations. The pressure should not be rated higher than the 20 ~ 25 MPa. A hydraulic motor in the system should be set up power transmission cooler, the system in the optional round series at the pump, rated pressure announced that the following 20 MPa. Selection of pumps and motors of the Anyu should be around 1.5. Each loop system in the pressure relief valve is set for the rated pressure of 1.8 to 2.2 times suitable.4.5 electronic control system identified the main technical parametersElectronic control system of power supply voltage should be roadheader models to determine the size of pressure levels, special light, light machine should be elected 660 V, medium and heavy aircraft should be elected 660 V/1140V. Some momentum in the electrical circuit components,the power supply should meet the range of 70% to 115% of the requests.4.6 other supporting systems1) Spray system, cutting nozzles installed in the front organizations cantilever pressure for 1.5 MPa. Spray nozzle within the system installed in cutting the first pick in the back seat of the spray system pressure of not less than 4 MPa. Cutting rock on the case should be to increase water pressure and water. 2) Inside and outside the water spray system shall not exceed the actual health roadheader capacity of 6 to 8 percent, or stagnant water in the face of slime.5 the overall calculation of the necessary plans and systemsSuch as in roadheader design and overall layout is complete with two of the main components of each system and the main structure, the basic technical parameters have been determined, theComplete machine should carry out the necessary calculations and the overall system, and other plans. 1) Cutting agencies roadheader static and dynamic stability of the calculation. 2) Transmission and hydraulic components of the electronic control system of power calculation.3) Hydraulic system heat balance calculations. 4) Drawing transmission, hydraulic, electronic control system plans. 5) Drawing cutting sections of roadway.6 ConclusionRoadheader design is roadheader design projects in the technical design of the components. It is the key to the design of the overall performance parameters of reasonable choices, the assembly of each system and optimize the design standards, in particular, cutting the cutting technology is particularly important. Roadheader described in this paper, the overall design is still based on traditional design, dynamics, kinematics, the calculation of the force should be wider use of modern design methods, such as conceptual design, 3D design kinematics, dynamics simulation technology, limited Yuan design and optimize the design. At the same time, the international community should be extensively studied this aspect of the new design for my use, to enhance our design standards, we have accumulated experience in the design, to produce a safe, reliable, high-performance high-end products.译文：悬臂纵轴式掘进机的总体设计总体设计是机械产品设计过程中的重要内容和主要环节，它是在方案设计之后紧接着进行的设计工作。
挖掘机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
挖掘机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献外文文献A Summary of Small-size Excavators Home and Abroad I. The brief introduction of hydraulic excavatorParts such as the hydraulic excavator is by engine, hydraulic system and works device and walks device and electric control etc are formed. The hydraulic system is formed by hydraulic pump, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pressure motor, pipe route and fuel tank etc. The electric control system includes supervision dish, motor control system, pump brain and various kinds of sensor and solenoid valves etc. The hydraulic excavator is general by the work device and turns round the device and walks device three is mostly formed. According to his construction and use, we can differentiate : many kinds of types such as caterpillar tread type, tyre type, walk type, full hydraulic pressure, half hydraulic pressure, turns round entirely, not turns round entirely, utility version, mould for a special purpose, the joining with a hinge type and arm type stretched out and drawn back etc.The work device is directly accomplishing the device that excavates the assignment. It has been joined with a hinge by moves the arm, fights the pole and shovels the fill etc three parts. Moving that the arm rises and falls and the pole fought stretches out and draws back and shoveling fighting moves all with moving back and forth type two effect hydraulic cylinders control. In order to suit the needs of various difference construction school assignments, the hydraulic pressure excavator can be joined in marriage loading many kinds of work devices, if excavating and many kinds of school assignment machines and tools such as lifting job, loading, leveling, clamp and pushes soil and shock hammer etc.Turning round and walks the device is the organism of hydraulic pressure excavator, upper setting up power-on device and transmission system of turntable. The engine is the power supply of hydraulic pressure excavator, and adopts diesel oil will also can modify the electromotor in the convenient place mostly.The hydraulic drive system by way of the hydraulic pump with the engine the motivepromotion work device moves, thus accomplishes the various school assignments. Take more PV-200's mould hydraulic pressure excavators of use in building site as the example. This machine adopts the type the opening center load of advanced version to be passed feeling system (OLSS). This system is with oblique of control type oblique the method of angle (export volume of flow ) variable plunger pump, and reduced the power delivery of engine, thus reduces the oil consumption burnt, and is one kind of saving energy mould system. The characteristic of this kind of hydraulic system is: the fixed torque is controlled, and it is unchangeable to keep the hydraulic pump drive torque, and year absolutely control can reduce the off-loading loss of school assignment time; Oil capacity is controlled, and the export volume of flow of hydraulic pump in the time of can reducing neutral gear and fine control reduces the power loss.The history of the first hand excavator was published up to now to have more than 130 years, and went through from the steam drive fill to turn round that the machinery turns round the developing the course step by step of the complete automatic hydraulic pressure excavator of excavator and application mechanical and electrical liquid integration technology to power drive and the internal-combustion engine drive in the time. The application owing to the hydraulic technique had to join in marriage on the tractor loading hydraulic pressure to anti- the type hanging which shoveled machinery in the 1940’s, and developing out the pulling type at the initial stage of in the 1950’s w ith middle period in succession, to turn round the full hydraulic pressure of hydraulic pressure excavator and caterpillar tread type entirely mechanical. Initial stage the trial hydraulic pressure excavator is the hydraulic technique that adopts plane and machine tool, lacking the hydraulic pressure component that is suitable in the mechanical various operating modes, it is stable inadequately to make the quality, and necessary is not completely yet. From in the 1960’s, the hydraulic pressure excavator is entered the popularization and in vigorous development stage, and mechanical manufacturing plant and the breed of each country increases very fast, and the output is rapidly increased. 83% of the mechanical gross output was occupied to hydraulic pressure excavator output, and is close to 100% at present 1968-1970 certain period.ⅡSmall excavator development and its tendency20th century 80 ~ 90's small mechanical device in construction and soon in municipal engineering, transportation, pipeline has displayed abigger superiority and can rapidlymakes thesmall excavator mainly to use in the city the constructionconstruction and generally left a bigger contribution,gradually became in the city construct ionto have the representative construction machinery.The small excavator development mainly relies on the urbanconstruction development, because city transformation, constructionconstruction more, the request construction time short, theconstruction machinery affects small, safe, the low pollution, theradius of gyration to the environment is small, is advantageous fortransports as well as has with the city scenery appearancecoordination outward appearance, the small excavator has satisfied thecity each kind of work request, can maximum limit display itsproductivity in the city narrow working space, therefore has theunique superiority.1. The development of small excavatorsThe small excavator mainly uses in the city the constructionconstruction and the general housing repairs and maintains and so onthe work, the request has the good operating performance and therotation performance.Initial small excavator by tire type primarily, because the tire typewalks the natural in the soft ground and the passing difference,afterwards gradually by the marching substitution, and in moved thearm strut organization place to increase the rotation organizationabout, enabled the entire work equipment the relative organism tocarry on swings, completed the trench sidewall excavation renovationwork behind, but this kind of small excavator excavation scope wassmall, cannot realize the material. Hereafter, the small excavator increased upside has rotated theorganization, has solved behind themetial and so on the problem, enhancedthe excavator operating performance, formed the small excavator thebasic structure. Afterwards, the small excavator in the radius ofgyration, behind the field of vision, moved aspect and so on armelevation angle, machine capability has the further improvement,develops for the present standard type.2.Technical progressesSmall excavator working conditions majority of in city, in order toprevent walks when damages the road surface, starts from the 80's touse the rubber caterpillar band, and gradually obtains thepopularization. A rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel is when theinternal iron circuit board the movement, the hard circuit board jointplace and the heavy wheel contact falls to the ground, becomes walksthe destruction road surface main reason. Before uses the width shapeiron circuit board, a rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel diameter isbigger, therefore when approaches the ground, this slit changes in abig way, creates the caterpillarheavy wheel, onlywas the hard circuit board which in the caterpillar band used changesnarrowly, therefore when contacted the ground the slit changesslightly, reduced to the damage of ground.Rear area the small rotation excavator rotation rear part size isextremely small, in order to guarantee the excavator work thestability, must have the enough counterweight, and in does notincrease the mechanical weight under the premise, uses increases thecaterpillar band length and widens the chassis and so on the effectivemethod.But, the chassis width is transported the truck width the limit, forsolves this problem, has used ViCTAS in the super small excavator (Vio- Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability) the technology.fortablenessThe small excavator majority of seals cab, has not rained when thechair frequently drips wet by the rain seeps. In order to solve thisproblem, the use surface and the interior gather a peaceful fat rubberbody to manufacture has not sewn the seam the chair, cannot againfrom sew the seam place destruction, the durability also can enhance,becomes the complete waterproofing chair.Impels the small excavator market fast development the factor:(1) The small excavator has the widespread serviceable small excavatorvolume small, mobile is flexible, extremely is suitable for work andso on cities each kind of pipelining, foundation construction, publicutilities as well as house service. The small excavator compactvolume, the special design enable its to carry on the work in theenvironment which the large-scale excavator is unable to construct.(2) The small excavator has the multi-purpose small excavator truemerit is it has multi-purpose. The small excavator can install manyauxiliary works machines and tools, like the installment brokenhammer, the hydraulic pressure pliers use in the lightweightdemolision work, installs a clamp to use in to eliminate the work,installs the drum, the plate uses in the trench to fill in buriesthe compaction, the installment turns on lathe digs drills uses in thedrill hole, the lift hook uses in to hoist up heavy item and so on.(3)The small excavator is advantageous for the transportation and oneof shift work location small hydraulic pressure excavator market rapidexpansion reasons should belong to its size and the weight. The smallexcavation function conveniently shifts in each job location, thesmall excavator does not need the large-scale trailer perhaps theheavy-duty truck carries on the transportation, the small transportmeans may deliver. Like this not only can facilitate(4) Small excavator bright work characteristic: The rear part radiusof turn for the zero design, causes the small excavator not to need inthe work space limited environment mean industry time excavatoroperator to consider the job location is, whether thus enable theoperator to have the obstacle to hinder the excavator the rotation tosuffice wholly absorbed to the scoop operation, this has alsoprevented around the job location the building as well as theexcavator own damage.(5) Invests the repayment rate to be high, the cost recycles quicklyThe small excavator price is cheap, the cost recycles quickly.Slightly digs take the 6t level as the example, American, the Europeandate brand machine price about 400,000 Yuan, South Korea's machineprice about 320,000 Yuan, the domestically produced machine price is30 ~ 320,000 Yuan some brands is lower; But the 20t level center digsthe price in 70 ~ 1 million Yuan. The higher investment repayment ratecauses the small excavator deeply the general center small earthworkconstruction to contract owner's welcome.4 Small excavators technological development tendenciesThe small excavator technological development complied with the globaldiversification job location the demand, has experienced more than 30years history successional variation process, passes through theunceasing improvement consummation, in aspect and so on technicalperformance, job function, work efficiency, security, environmentalprotection, energy conservation and maintenance maintenance had thelarge scale enhancement, has formed the quite consistent technicalstandard and the work standard. Mainly manifests in following severalaspects:(1) The tailless rotation and moves the arm deflection technology totake slightly digs the basic concept to move the arm deflection andthe tailless rotation function later period promotes in the 1990s facethe world market. Moves the arm deflection in the organism front part,but does not have the organization to be able to realize is locatednearby the lower part of wall the direct excavation work to havefrequently to move the fuselage. The tailless rotation structureapplication, causes it when the neck of land work does not need toworry the rear part the collision. The tailless rotation structuraldesign difficulty lies in rotates in the platform the generalarrangement, the dynamic system thermal equilibrium solution as wellas the entire machine stable solution. But moves the arm deflectionorganization the design difficulty to lie in an articulation positionthe determination and the hinge body manufacture technology.(2) New hydraulic control technologyserviceability is good, has the good efficiency, may carryon the high efficiency, the powerful work. The new fluid environmentcompatibility presses the system not to shoulder the size theinfluence, completely needs the oil of the hydraulic pressure system, the current capacity accordingto the control handle scope distribution point, definitely may deferto operator's intention with ease to complete the work. At the sametime, because the engine load is small may avoid the current capacitythe senseless loss, can realize slightly moves the operation and thecompound operation. The new hydraulic control technology applicationalso can increase the dynamic output, enhances the work speed, reducesthe fuel consumption.(3)Security performanceHas the strict legal rule in the European market and the North Americamarket to the security, the equipment security performance can givethe operator to provide the relieved work the environment, enhancesoperator's security. The small excavator security performance mainlymanifests in the cab ROPS/FOPS design below, should satisfy theperformance requirement in the cab experiment:①May satisfy must energy absorption;② May satisfy must anti- load;③The crew member safety zone enough is big.(4) Environmental protection technologyMainly manifests in the power, the low oil consumption, cleanlydischarges the engine in the application. The new engine shouldsatisfy the American EPATier2 standard and the European EU standard,will cause the environmental pollution the compound to discharge thecontrol in the threshold. The new engine simultaneously reduced thevibration and the noise, is beneficial to the environmental protectionand operator's health.(5) Man-machine project technologyThe cab conforms to the man-machine engineering principle,internal spacious, field of vision open, modelling artistic, the easeof operation, reduces effort the measuring appliance demonstrationdirect-viewing, is accurate, can provide one kind of comfortableoperating environment to the pilot, fully reduces pilot's weariness.(6) Services the maintenance technologyMaintains from the current maintenance to the regular inspectionservice, the simplification operation is extremely essential, canenhance the machine the reliability, makes the machine throughout tomaintain the good condition. Must cause the daily inspection side,operation.Maintenance repair then quickly dnd simplely, but fast carries on theinternal spare part and the system inspection and the service. Moreover, in the design must fully consider prevents the machine theaccident damage.Such as the cowling, the guard plateguards against the collision structural design;Moves the arm hydraulic cylinder guard plate design; Fuel oil tank draw-offvalve; The independence bulldozes the board hydraulic pressure hosedesign; Waterproofing electric system design; In the work installmenthose sets at the design; X frame and halfway up the mountainsidecaterpillar band design; The engine machine oil filter elementreplacement time lengthens; Has forerunner system which the pipelinefilters; Dual spatially filters structure design and so on.5 ConclusionsSociety's development has a more tremendous influence to the smallexcavator, at present the overseas small excavator had the suitable development, like Carter other forces, company and so on Hitachi,small pine, Mitsubishi, the small excavator product has formed theseries, and in unceasingly carries on the development, the expandeduse, the increase appendix type. The domestic small excavatordevelopment has also obtained the certain result, but all needsfurther to improve and the consummation in the technology and theproduction.中文译文国内外小型挖掘机发展综述一、液压挖掘机简介液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。
挖掘装载机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献挖掘装载机国内现状与市场开发之分析挖掘装载机俗称“两头忙”。
因为它具有独特的构造，前端是装载装置，后端为挖掘装置。
在工地内，您只需要转动一下座椅，即可完成从装载机到挖掘机操作手角色的转变。
挖掘装载机主要用于城市和农村的公路建设及养护、电缆铺设、电力和机场工程、市政建设、农田水利建设、农村住宅建设、开山取石以及各种小型建筑队所从事的个中建筑施工工程。
“两头忙”属于小型多功能工程机械的一种，一般在大工程完成后的小工程中使用。
一、挖掘装载机分类挖掘装载机俗称“两头忙”，同时具备装载、挖掘两种功能。
挖掘装载机分类如下：1.结构上从结构上来分，挖掘装载机有两种形式：一种是带有侧移架，另一种不带侧移架。
前者的最大特点是挖掘工作装置可以侧移，便于在特殊场地作业，它在运输状态时重心较低，有利于装载和运输。
缺点是：由于结构上的限制，支腿多为支腿，支撑点在车轮边缘以内，两支撑点距离较小，挖掘是整机稳定性差（特别是挖掘工作装置侧移到一侧时）。
这种形式的挖掘装载机功能重点在装载方面，在欧洲生产得较多，后者的挖掘工作装置不能侧移，整个挖掘工作装置可通过回转支承绕车架后部中心做180°回转，支腿为蛙腿式支撑，支撑点可伸到车轮外侧偏后，挖掘时稳定性好，有利于挖掘能力的提高。
由于没有侧移架，整机造价相应降低。
缺点是收斗时铲斗悬挂在车后部，外型尺寸长，机车处于运输和装载状态时，稳定差，对装载和运输有一定影响，此种机型功能重点在挖掘方面，以美国生产居多。
2.动力分配上从动力分配上来分，挖掘装载机有两轮（后轮）驱动和四轮（全轮）驱动两种形式。
前者不能完全利用附着重量，使机车与地面的附着力以及牵引力比后者下降，但造价比后者低得多。
1.底盘上底盘上来分：小型多功能工程机械常用的三种底盘中，微型挖掘机的动力大多在20kw 以下，整机重量1000～3000㎏、采用履带行走机构，行走速度不足5km/h,多用于农场、园林等小规模的土方作业。
浅谈中国工程机械发展史外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：金雨轩学号：052115382015 年4月3日外文资料原文On the history of the development of china constructionmachineryChina is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.（1）Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceedednational science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by Tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, Tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, Changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, Changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of Hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, Xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and Tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development,production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.（2）The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons ) of great 3-ton bells made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modeling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modeling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuber oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metal forming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metal forming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering,carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas intruding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, Tsinghai university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine Datong laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid brooding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefy petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, Tsinghai university invented new MIG welding arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.外文资料翻译译文浅谈中国工程机械发展史中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。
国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势工程机械主要配套件有动力元件、传动元件、液压元件及电气元件等。
目前工程机械动力元件基本上都用内燃式柴油发动机（简称柴油机）；传动分机械传动、液力机械传动、静液压传动、电传动等。
但目前工程机械用得最多、最普遍的为液力机械传动及静液压传动。
整个传动系统还包括传动轴、驱动桥等。
静液压传动有多种结构形式，有的有传动轴、驱动桥，有的没有，视情况而定；液压元件主要有缸、泵、阀、密封件及液压附件等。
静液压元件的泵（主要是变量泵）、马达（变量与定量），以及相应的减速机等；电气元件以前对工程机械的影响还并不大，最早的工程机械电气系统，主要是起动电路及照明电路，系统及元件都非常简单，起动可以用拖起动，白天干活不用照明，因此，这两个电路系统出了故障也能勉强维持工作。
但工程机械发展到今天，电气系统及电气元件已经成了工程机械一个非常关键的部分，可以说今天的绝大多数工程机械，电气系统出了故障根本就不能工作，有的甚至寸步难行，等于一堆废钢铁。
因此电气系统、电器元件目前也是工程机械最关键最主要的配套件之一。
主要电器元件除传统的元件外，还有各种传感器，各种控制元件及微处理机等等。
下面就国际上这些工程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势谈谈看法。
1国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况目前国外工程机械主要配套件大多数都生产历史悠久，技术成熟、供应充足，生产集中度高，品牌效应突出。
配套件的发展随主机的发展而发展，同时配套件自身的发展反过来又促进主机的发展。
目前国外工程机械配套件的发展形势好过主机的发展形势。
1.1 目前国外工程机械配套件的发展形势比较好近些年来国外工程机械有一种发展趋势，主机制造企业逐步向组装企业方向发展，配套件逐步由供应商来提供。
比如世界上实力最强的主机制造企业美国的卡特彼勒、凯斯、日本的小松、瑞典的沃尔沃等世界上这些大型的工程机械主机制造企业，其配套件的配套能力也是非常强的，它们的配套件外配的数量也是在逐年大幅度地增长，一些中小工程机械企业就更是如此，配套件逐步主要由零部件制造企业来提供。
国内外小型挖掘机发展漫谈
２）ＧＤＰ 增长，劳动 力成本增加，机器代替 人力，作业效率高，成本 低。
３）价格较便宜，相 对投资回报率高（２～３年 收回成本，寿命 ５～７ 年 左右）。
４）一机多能，适用 范围广，作业灵活，能耗 低，运输方便。
５）短尾动臂无偏转 型小挖兼具中挖的基本 功能，作业稳定，坚固耐 用，可强负荷操作。
装旋挖钻具用于钻孔，钓钩用于起吊重物等等。 ２．３ 小型挖掘机便于运输和转移作业场地
小型挖掘机便于各个施工现场间的转移，无
小型挖掘机生产的企业则达到 ６０ 余家，并且还不 需大型拖车或是重型卡车来进行运输，小型的运
断有新企业进入。图 ２ 表示了 ２００５ 年部分国外与 输工具就可将其运载。这样不但能够方便运输，
ＺＨＡＮＧ Ｈｏｎｇ，ＺＨＡＮＧ Ｊｉａｎ
１ 全球市场发展概述
２０ 世纪八九十年代以来，小型工程机械在市 政工程、交通等施工中发挥了较大优势并得以迅 速发展。小型挖掘机在这些工程中为节省人力、 物力做出了较大贡献，满足了城市各种作业要求， 在城市狭窄的工作空间内能够最大限度地发挥其 生产能力，逐步成为城市施工中具有代表性的施 工机械。
完成作业。同时，由于发动机的负荷小可避免流 量的无谓损失，能够实现微动操作和复合操作。 新型液压控制技术的应用还能够增加动力输出， 提高作业速度，降低燃料消耗。 ４．３ 安全性能
欧洲和北美对工程机械安全性有严格的法律 规定，设备的安全性能能够给操作人员提供安心 作业的环境，提高操作人员的安全性。小型挖掘 机的安全性能主要体现在驾驶室的ＲＯＰＳ／ＦＯＰＳ 设计上，在驾驶室的试验中应满足以下性能要
年度 ２０００ 年 ２００１ 年 ２００２ 年 ２００３ 年 ２００４ 年 ２００５ 年 西欧 ４０９６４ ４２２０２ ４０２６７ ４１８５０ ４７２９２ ４５０００ 日本 ２９１００ ２５１９０ ２０１１０ ２０６８０ ２３４５０ ２５０００ 北美 １０４００ １０８１０ １１６７５ １４８８０ ２２１００ ２４０００
挖掘机外文翻译外文文献中英翻译
挖掘机臂液压系统的模型化参量估计摘要首先介绍了液压挖掘机的一个改装的电动液压的比例系统。
根据负载独立流量分配（LUDV ）系统的原则和特点，以动臂液压系统为例并忽略液压缸中的油大量泄漏，建立一个力平衡方程和一个液压缸的连续性方程。
基于电动液压的比例阀门的流体运动方程，测试的分析穿过阀门的压力的不同。
结果显示压力的差异并不会改变负载，此时负载接近2.0MPa。
然后假设穿过阀门的液压油与阀芯的位移成正比并且不受负载影响，提出了一个电液控制系统的简化模型。
同时通过分析结构和承重的动臂装置，并将机械臂的力矩等效方程与旋转法、参数估计估计法结合起来建立了液压缸以等质量等为参数的受力平衡参数方程。
最后用阶跃电流控制电液比例阀来测试动臂液压缸中液压油的阶跃响应。
根据实验曲线，阀门的流量增益系数被确定为2.825×10-4m3/(s·A)，并验证了该模型。
关键词：挖掘机，电液比例系统，负载独立流量分配（LUDV ）系统，建模，参数估计1 引言由于液压挖掘机具有高效率、多功能的优点，所以被广泛应用于矿山，道路建设，民事和军事建设，危险废物清理领域。
液压挖掘机在施工机械领域中也发挥了重要作用。
目前，机电一体化和自动化已成为施工机械发展的最新趋势。
因此，自动挖掘机在许多国家逐渐变得普遍并被认为重点。
挖掘机可以用许多控制方法自动地控制操作器。
每种使用方法，研究员必须知道操作器结构和液压机构的动态和静态特征。
即确切的数学模型有利于控制器的设计。
然而，来自外部的干扰使得机械结构模型和各种非线性液压制动器的时变参数很难确定。
关于挖掘机时滞控制的研究已经有人在研究了。
NGUYEN利用模糊的滑动方式和阻抗来控制挖掘机动臂的运动，SHAHRAM等采取了阻抗对挖掘机远距传物的控制。
液压机构非线性模型已经由研究员开发出来了。
然而，复杂和昂贵的设计控制器限制了它的应用。
在本文，根据提出的模型，根据工程学和受力平衡，挖掘机臂液压机构模型简化为连续均衡的液压缸和流动均衡的电液比例阀；同时，确定了模型的参量的估计方法和等式。
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中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：吴宝生学号： 052116152015 年 1 月 22 日国内外小型挖掘机发展综述1液压挖掘机简介液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。
液压系统由液压泵、控制阀、液压缸、液压马达、管路、油箱等组成。
电气控制系统包括监控盘、发动机控制系统、泵控制系统、各类传感器、电磁阀等。
液压挖掘机一般由工作装置、回转装置和行走装置三大部分组成。
根据其构造和用途可以区分为：履带式、轮胎式、步履式、全液压、半液压、全回转、非全回转、通用型、专用型、铰接式、伸缩臂式等多种类型。
工作装置是直接完成挖掘任务的装置。
它由动臂、斗杆、铲斗等三部分铰接而成。
动臂起落、斗杆伸缩和铲斗转动都用往复式双作用液压缸控制。
为了适应各种不同施工作业的需要，液压挖掘机可以配装多种工作装置，如挖掘、起重、装载、平整、夹钳、推土、冲击锤等多种作业机具。
回转与行走装置是液压挖掘机的机体，转台上部设有动力装置和传动系统。
发动机是液压挖掘机的动力源，大多采用柴油要在方便的场地，也可改用电动机。
液压传动系统通过液压泵将发动机的动力传递给液压马达、液压缸等执行元件，推动工作装置动作，从而完成各种作业。
以工地使用较多的PV-200型液压挖掘机为例。
该机采用改进型的开式中心负荷传感系统（OLSS）。
该系统用控制斜盘式变量柱塞泵斜盘角（输出流量）的方法，减少了发动机的功率输出，从而减少燃油消耗，是一种节能型系统。
这种液压系统的特点是：定转矩控制，能维持液压泵驱动转矩不变，载断控制，可以减少作业时间的卸荷损失；油量控制，可减少空挡和小调控制时液压泵的输出流量，减少功率损失。
械到电力驱动和内燃机驱动回转挖掘机、应用机电液一体化技术的全自动液压挖掘机的逐步发展过程。
由于液压技术的应用，20世纪40年代有了在拖拉机上配装液压反铲的悬挂式机械，20世纪50年代初期和中期相继研制出拖式全回转液压挖掘机和履带式全液压机械。
初期试制的液压挖掘机是采用飞机和机床的液压技术，缺少适用于机械各种工况的液压元件，制造质量不够稳定，配套件也不齐全。
从20世纪60年代起，液压挖掘机进入推广和蓬勃发展阶段，各国机械制造厂和品种增加很快，产量猛增。
1968-1970年间，液压挖掘机产量已占机械总产量的83%，目前已接近100%。
2小型挖掘机的发展及其趋势20 世纪80～90 年代小型挖掘机在市政工程、交通、管道等施工中发挥了较大优势并得以迅速发展。
它在城市的土建施工工程中为节省人力、物力出了较大贡献 , 逐步成为城市施工中具有代表性的施工机械。
小型挖掘机的发展主要依赖于城市建设的发展,由于城市的改造、建设施工较多,要求施工时间短、施工机械对周围环境影响小、安全、低污染、回转半径小、便于运输以及具有与城市景色相协调的外观,小型挖掘机满足了城市各种作业要求，在城市狭窄的工作空间内能够最大限度地发挥其生产能力,因此具有独特的优越性。
1. 小型挖掘机的发展小型挖掘机在城市中主要用于土建施工及一般住宅修整等工作,要求具有良好工作性能和回转性能。
最初的小型挖掘机以轮胎式为主,由于轮胎式在软地面的行走性和通过性差,后来逐渐被履带式替代,并在动臂支撑机构处增加了回转机构,使整个工作装置能相对机体进行左右摆动,以完成沟道侧壁挖掘整修工作,但这种小型挖掘机挖掘范围小、不能实现后部卸料。
此后,小型挖掘机增加了上部回转机构,解决了后部卸料等问题,提高了挖掘机的工作性能,形成小型挖掘机的基本结构。
后来,小型挖掘机在回转半径、后部视野、动臂仰角、机械性能等方面得到进一步改善,发展为现在的标准型。
2. 技术的进步小型挖掘机工作环境大部分在城市,为了防止行走时损坏路面,从 80 年代开始使用橡胶履带 ,并逐步得到普及。
橡胶履带的支重轮是在内部铁芯板上运动 , 铁芯板接缝处与支重轮接触落地时,成为行走破坏路面的主要原因。
以前使用宽形铁芯板,橡胶履带的支重轮直径较大,因此在接近地面时,这个缝隙变大,造成履带对路面的破坏。
超级小型挖掘力小,减小了对地面的损坏。
后方小回转型挖掘机的回转尾部尺寸非常小,为了确保挖掘机工作的稳定性,必须有足够的配重,并在不增加机械重量的前提下,采用增大履带长度及加宽车体等有效方法。
但是,车体宽度受运输卡车宽度的限制,为解决这个问题,在超级小型挖掘机中采用ViCTAS (Vio - Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability )技术。
3. 舒适性小型挖掘机大部分没有封闭的驾驶室, 下雨时座椅常常被雨淋湿而渗水。
为了解决这一问题,使用表面与内部聚安脂橡胶一体制作的没有缝制缝的座椅 ,不会再从缝制缝处破坏 ,耐久性也得以提高,成为完全防水型座椅。
3推动小型挖掘机市场快速发展的因素(1) 小型挖掘机具有的广泛适用性小型挖掘机体积小、机动灵活,非常适用于城镇的各种管道铺设、基础施工、公用事业以及房屋维修等作业。
小型挖掘机紧凑的体积、特殊的设计使其能够在大型挖掘机无法施工的环境中进行作业。
(2) 小型挖掘机具有的多功能性小型挖掘机的真正优点是它具有多功能性。
小型挖掘机能够安装许多辅助作业机具,如安装破碎锤、液压钳用于轻量级的拆除作业,安装夹钳用于清除作业,安装滚筒、平板夯用于沟槽的填埋压实,安装旋挖钻具用于钻孔,吊钩用于起吊重物等等。
(3) 小型挖掘机便于运输和转移作业场地小型液压挖掘机市场迅速扩张的原因之一应归于它的尺寸和重量。
小型挖掘机能方便地在各个施工现场间转移,小型挖掘机无需大型拖车或是重型卡车进行运输,小型的运输工具就可运载。
这样不但能够方便运输,还可以大大降低机器的运输费用。
(4) 小型挖掘机鲜明的作业特点:尾部旋转半径为零的设计,使得小型挖掘机在作业空间有限的环境下作业时挖掘机操作人员无须考虑施工现场是,从而使操作人员能否有障碍物阻碍挖掘机的转动够更专心于铲斗的操作,这也防止了施工现场周围建筑物以及挖掘机自身的损坏。
(5) 投资回报率高、成本回收快小型挖掘机的价格便宜,成本回收快。
以6t级小挖为例,美、欧日品牌机的价格在四十万元左右,韩国的机器价格在三十二万元左右,国产机器价格为30～32 万元，一些品牌价格较低；但20t级中心挖掘机价格在70 万~100万元。
较高的投资回报率使得小型挖掘机深受广大中小土方工程施工承包人的欢迎。
4小型挖掘机的技术发展趋势小型挖掘机的技术发展顺应全球多样化的工作位置要求，经历了超过30年的历史成功的变化过程，经过不断的改进完善，在技术性能等方面，工作职能，工作效率，安全，环保，节能，维修保养有了大幅度的提高，形成了比较一致的技术标准和工作标准。
主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）无尾的旋转和移动臂偏转技术把小挖的基本概念动臂偏转和无尾旋转的功能，促进在上世纪90年代后期，面对世界市场。
动臂偏转在机体前部，但没有组织能够实现位于壁直接开挖工作要经常移动机身下部附近。
无尾回转结构的应用，使土地工作时颈部不必担心后部碰撞。
无尾回转结构设计的难点在于在平台总布置的旋转时，动力系统热平衡的解决方案以及整机的稳定的解决方案。
但动臂偏转机构的设计难点在于发音位置和铰链体制造技术的测定。
（2）适用性好，具有良好的效率，可以进行效率高，强大的工作。
新的流体环境兼容机系统不承担尺寸的影响，需要液压系统油，根据控制处理范围分布点的电流容量，完全可以按照操作者的意图，轻松完成工作。
同时，由于发动机负荷小可以避免无谓的损失电流的能力，可以实现轻微移动操作和复合操作。
新型液压控制技术的应用还可以增加动力输出，提高了工作速度，降低燃料消耗。
（3）安全性能在欧洲市场，严格的法律规则和北美国市场的安全，设备安全性能可以给经营者提供安心的工作环境，安全。
在驾驶室ROPS／FOPS设计以下的小型挖掘机主要应满足安全性能，驾驶室中的实验性能要求：①可满足必须的能量吸收；②可以满足一定抗负荷；③乘员安全区足够大。
（4）环境保护技术主要体现在功率，低油耗，清洁排放发动机的应用。
新的发动机应该满足美国epatier2标准及欧洲欧盟标准，会造成环境污染的化合物在阈值控制放电。
新的引擎的同时减少振动和噪声，有利于保护环境和操作者的健康。
（5）人机工程技术驾驶室符合人机工程学原理，内部宽敞，视野开阔，场造型美观，操作方便，省力的仪表显示直观，准确，能提供一种舒适的操作环境为先导，充分降低了驾驶员的疲劳。
（6）服务维修技术从目前的维修维护定期检查服务，简化操作是非常必要的，可以提高机器的可靠性，使机器始终保持良好的状态。
要使日常检查侧操作。
维修然后迅速而快速的进行内部零部件与系统的检查与维修。
此外，在设计中必须充分考虑防止机器损坏的事故。
如罩，护板的防碰撞结构设计；动臂液压缸护板设计；燃料油罐排水阀；独立的推土板液压软管设计；防水电气系统设计工作；在安装设置在设计；X架和半山腰侧卡特彼勒带设计；发动机机油滤芯的更换时间延长；具有先进的系统，管道过滤器；双空间滤波器的结构设计等。
5结论小型挖掘机对社会的发展有较大影响，目前海外小型挖掘机有了相当大的发展，像卡特其军队，日立公司等，小松树，三菱，小型挖掘机产品已形成系列，并在不断进行发展，扩大使用，增加附录型。
国内小型挖掘机的发展也取得了一定的效果，但都需要进一步改进和完善的技术和生产。
外文原文A Summary of Small-size Excavators Home and Abroad1 The brief introduction of hydraulic excavatorParts such as the hydraulic excavator is by engine, hydraulic system and works device and walks device and electric control etc are formed. The hydraulic system is formed by hydraulic pump, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pressure motor, pipe route and fuel tank etc. The electric control system includes supervision dish, motor control system, pump brain and various kinds of sensor and solenoid valves etc. The hydraulic excavator is general by the work device and turns round the device and walks device three is mostly formed. According to his construction and use, we can differentiate : many kinds of types such as caterpillar tread type, walk type, full hydraulic pressure, half hydraulic pressure, turns round entirely, not turns round entirely, utility version, mould for a special purpose, the joining with a hinge type and arm type stretched out and drawn back etc.The work device is directly accomplishing the device that excavates the assignment. It has been joined with a hinge by moves the arm, fights the pole and shovels the fill etc three parts. Moving that the arm rises and falls and the pole fought stretches out and draws back and shoveling fighting moves all with moving back and forth type two effect hydraulic cylinders control. In order to suit the needs of various difference construction school assignments, the hydraulic pressure excavator can be joined in marriage loading many kinds of work devices, if excavating and many kinds of school assignment machines and tools such as lifting job, loading, leveling, clamp and pushes soil and shock hammer etc.Turning round and walks the device is the organism of hydraulic pressure excavator, upper setting up power-on device and transmission system of turntable. The engine is the power supply of hydraulic pressure excavator, and adopts diesel oil will also can modify the motor in the convenient place mostly.The hydraulic drive system by way of the hydraulic pump with the engine the motive promotion work device moves, thus accomplishes the various school assignments. Take more PV-200's could hydraulic pressure excavators of use in building site as the example. This machine adopts the type the opening center load of advanced version to be passed feeling system (OLSS). This system is with oblique of control type oblique the method of angle (export volume of flow ) variable plunger pump, and reduced the power delivery of engine,thus reduces the oil consumption burnt, and is one kind of saving energy could system. The characteristic of this kind of hydraulic system is: the fixed torque is controlled, and it is unchangeable to keep the hydraulic pump drive torque, and year absolutely control can reduce the off-loading loss of school assignment time; Oil capacity is controlled, and the export volume of flow of hydraulic pump in the time of can reducing neutral gear and fine control reduces the power loss.The history of the first hand excavator was published up to now to have more than 130 years, and went through from the steam drive fill to turn round that the machinery turns round the developing the course step by step of the complete automatic hydraulic pressure excavator of excavator and application mechanical and electrical liquid integration technology to power drive and the internal-combustion engine drive in the time. The application owing to the hydraulic technique had to join in marriage on the tractor loading hydraulic pressure to anti- the type hanging which shoveled machinery in the 1940’s, and developing out the pulling type at the initial stage of in the 1950’s with middle period in succession, to turn round the full hydraulic pressure of hydraulic pressure excavator and caterpillar tread type entirely mechanical. Initial stage the trial hydraulic pressure excavator is the hydraulic technique that adopts plane and machine tool, lacking the hydraulic pressure component that is suitable in the mechanical various operating modes, it is stable inadequately to make the quality, and necessary is not completely yet. From in the 1960’s, the hydraulic pressure excavator is entered the popularization and in vigorous development stage, and mechanical manufacturing plant and the breed of each country increases very fast, and the output is rapidly increased. 83% of the mechanical gross output was occupied to hydraulic pressure excavator output, and is close to 100% at present 1968-1970 certain period.2 Small excavator development and its tendency20th century 80 ~ 90's small mechanical device in construction and soon in municipal engineering, transportation, pipeline has displayed a bigger superiority and can rapidly makes the small excavator mainly to use in the city the construction and generally left a bigger contribution,gradually became in the city construct into have the representative construction machinery.The small excavator development mainly relies on the urban construction development, because city transformation, construction more, the request construction time short, the construction machinery affects small, safe, the low pollution, the radius of gyration to the environment is small, is advantageous for transports as well as has with the city sceneryappearance coordination outward appearance, the small excavator has satisfied the city each kind of work request, can maximum limit display its productivity in the city narrow working space, therefore has the unique superiority.1. The development of small excavatorsThe small excavator mainly uses in the city the construction and the general housing repairs and maintains and so on the work, the request has the good operating performance and the rotation performance.Initial small excavator by tire type primarily, because the tire type walks the natural in the soft ground and the passing difference,afterwards gradually by the marching substitution, and in moved them strut organization place to increase the rotation organization about, enabled the entire work equipment the relative organism to carry on swings, completed the trench sidewall excavation renovation work behind, but this kind of small excavator excavation scope was small, cannot realize the material. Hereafter, the small excavator increased upside has rotated the organization, has solved behind the metial and so on the problem, enhanced the excavator operating performance, formed the small excavator the basic structure. Afterwards, the small excavator in the radius of gyration, behind the field of vision, moved aspect and so on arm elevation angle, machine capability has the further improvement,develops for the present standard type.2.Technical progressesSmall excavator working conditions majority of in city, in order top revent walks when damages the road surface, starts from the 80's to use the rubber caterpillar band, and gradually obtains the popularization. A rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel is when the internal iron circuit board the movement, the hard circuit board join place and the heavy wheel contact falls to the ground, becomes walks the destruction road surface main reason. Before uses the width shape iron circuit board, a rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel diameter is bigger, therefore when approaches the ground, this slit changes in a big way, creates the caterpillar heavy wheel, only was the hard circuit board which in the caterpillar band used changes narrowly, therefore when contacted the ground the slit changes slightly, reduced to the damage of ground.Rear area the small rotation excavator rotation rear part size is extremely small, in order to guarantee the excavator work the stability, must have the enough counterweight, and in does the mechanical weight under the premise, uses increases the caterpillar band length and widens the chassis and so on the effective method.But, the chassis width is transported the truck width the limit, for solves this problem, has used VCTAS in the super small excavator (Vio- Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability) the technology.fortablenessThe small excavator majority of seals cab, has not rained when the chair frequently drips wet by the rain seeps. In order to solve this problem, the use surface and the interior gather a peaceful fat rubber body to manufacture has not sewn the seam the chair, cannot again from sew the seam place destruction, the durability also can enhance,becomes the complete waterproofing chair.3 Impels the small excavator market fast development the factor(1) The small excavator has the widespread serviceable small excavator volume small, mobile is flexible, extremely is suitable for work and so on cities each kind of pipe , foundation construction, public utilities as well as house service. The small excavator compact volume, the special design enable its to carry on the work in the environment which the large-scale excavator is unable to construct.(2) The small excavator has the multi-purpose small excavator true merit is it has multi-purpose. The small excavator can install man works machines and tools, like the installment broken hammer, the hydraulic pressure pliers use in the lightweight on work, installs a clamp to use in to eliminate the work,installs the drum, the plate uses in the trench to fill in buries the compaction, the installment turns on lathe digs drills uses in the drill hole, the lift hook uses in to hoist up heavy item and so on.(3)The small excavator is advantageous for the transportation and one of shift work location small hydraulic pressure excavator market rapid expansion reasons should belong to its size and the weight. The small excavation function conveniently shifts in each job location, the small excavator does not need the large-scale trailer perhaps the heavy-duty truck carries on the transportation, the small transport means may deliver. Like this not only can facilitate(4) Small excavator bright work characteristic: The rear part turn for the zero design, causes the small excavator not to need in the work space limited environment mean industry time excavator operator to consider the job location is, whether thus enable the operator to have the obstacle to hinder the excavator the rotation to suffice wholly absorbed to the scoop operation, this has also prevented around the job location the building as well as the excavator own damage.(5) Invests the repayment rate to be high, the cost recycles quicklyThe small excavator price is cheap, the cost recycles quickly.Slightly digs take the 6t level as the example, American, the European date brand machine price about 400,000 Yuan, South Korea's machine price about 320,000 Yuan, the domestically produced machine price is30 ~ 320,000 Yuan some brands is lower; But the 20t level center digs the price in 70 ~ 1million Yuan. The higher investment repayment rate causes the small excavator deeply the general center small earth work construction to contract owner's welcome.4 Small excavators technological development tendenciesThe small excavator technological development complied with the global diversification job location the demand, has experienced more than 30years history success variation process, passes through the unceasing improvement consummation, in aspect and so on technical performance, job function, work efficiency, security, environmental protection, energy conservation and maintenance maintenance had the large scale enhancement, has formed the quite consistent technical standard and the work standard. Mainly manifests in following several aspects:(1) The tailless rotation and moves the arm deflection technology to take slightly digs the basic concept to move the arm deflection and the tailless rotation function later period promotes in the 1990s face the world market. Moves the arm deflection in the organism front part,but does not have the organization to be able to realize is located nearby the lower part of wall the direct excavation work to have frequently to move the fuselage. The tailless rotation structure application, causes it when the neck of land work does not need to worry the rear part the collision. The tailless rotation structural design difficulty lies in rotates in the platform the general arrangement, the dynamic system thermal equilibrium solution as well as the entire machine stable solution. But moves the arm deflection organization the design difficulty to lie in an articulation position the determination and the hinge body manufacture technology.(2) Serviceability is good, has the good efficiency, may carry on the high efficiency, the powerful work. The new fluid environment compatibility presses the system not to shoulder the size the influence, completely needs the oil of the hydraulic pressure system, the current capacity according to the control handle scope distribution point, definitely may defer to operator's intention with ease to complete the work. At the same time, because the engine load is small may avoid the current capacity the senseless loss, can realize slightly moves the operation and the compound operation. The new hydraulic control technology application also can increase the dynamic output, enhances the work speed, reduces the fuel consumption.(3)Security performanceHas the strict legal rule in the European market and the North America market to the security, the equipment security performance can give the operator to provide the relievedwork the environment, security. The small excavator security performance main in the cab ROPS/FOPS design below, should satisfy the performance requirement in the cab experiment:①May satisfy must energy absorption;②May satisfy must anti- load;③The crew member safety zone enough is big.(4) Environmental protection technologyMainly manifests in the power, the low oil consumption, cleanly discharges the engine in the application. The new engine should satisfy the American EPATier2 standard and the European EU standard,will cause the environmental pollution the compound to discharge the control in the threshold. The new engine simultaneously reduced the vibration and the noise, is beneficial to the environmental protection and operator's health.(5) Man-machine project technologyThe cab conforms to the man-machine engineering principle,internal spacious, field of vision open, modeling artistic, the ease of operation, reduces effort the measuring appliance demonstration direct-viewing, is accurate, can provide one kind of comfortable operating environment to the pilot, fully reduces pilot's weariness.(6) Services the maintenance technologyMaintains from the current maintenance to the regular inspection service, the simplification operation is extremely essential, can enhance the machine the reliability, makes the machine throughout to maintain the good condition. Must cause the daily inspection side operation.Maintenance repair then quickly but fast carries on the internal spare part and the system inspection and the service. Moreover, in the design must fully consider prevents the machine the accident damage.Such as the cowling, the guard plate guards against the collision structural design;Moves the arm hydraulic cylinder guard plate design; Fuel oil tank draw-off valve; The independence bulldozes the board hydraulic pressure hose design; Waterproofing electric system design; In the work install sets at the design; X frame and halfway up the mountain side caterpillar band design; The engine machine oil filter element replacement time lengthens; Has forerunner system which the pipeline filters; Dual spatially filters structure design and so on.5 ConclusionsSociety's development has a more tremendous influence to the small excavator, at present the overseas small excavator had the suitable development, like Carter other forces, company and so on Hitachi,small pine, Mitsubishi, the small excavator product has formedthe series, and in unceasingly carries on the development, the expanded use, the increase appendix type. The domestic small excavator development has also obtained the certain result, but all needs further to improve and the consummation in the technology and the production.。