Quality Stability of Multi-Station Assembly Process Based on Variation Stream

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英汉无损检测专业词汇汇编

英汉无损检测专业词汇汇编夏纪真编Aablution 清洗Absorbed dose 吸收剂量Absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率 A.C magnetic saturation 交流磁饱和acceptance specification 验收规范Acceptanc limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平验收标准Acceptance standard 验收标准Accessories 附件配件辅助设备辅助器材Accumulation test 累积检测Accuracy 精确度准确度acetone 丙酮Acoustic emission count 声发射计数Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器Acoustic emission (AE) 声发射Acoustic holography 声全息术Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustic-ultrasonic 声-超声（AU）Acoustical lens 声透镜across 交* 横过Activation 活化Activity 活度Adequate shielding 适当防护、适当屏蔽address: 地址: additional stress 附加应力AE 声发射air header 集气管air set 空气中凝固, 常温自硬自然硬化air supply 气源aisle 过道走廊alkaline battery 碱性电池alarm level 报警电平alarm condition 报警状态Alignment 对准定位调整校直allowable variation 允许偏差容许变化alternating current 交流电aluminum powder 铝粉amount 数量Ampere turns 安匝数amplifier panel 放大器面板Amplitude 振幅、幅度anchor bolt 锚定螺栓地脚螺栓analyzer 分析器Angle beam method 斜射法、角波束法Angle beam probe 斜探头、角探头Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 扩散角Angle of squint 偏向角、偏斜角Angle probe 斜探头、角探头Angstrom unit 埃(长度单位) angle square 角尺angle iron 角钢角铁angle steel 角钢angle fitting 弯头application drawing 操作图应用图arc welding 电弧焊arc cutting 电弧切割arc gouging 电弧刨削arc starting 起弧Area amplitude response curve 面积振幅响应曲Area of interest 评定区、关注区域线argon arc welding 氩弧焊Arliflcial disconlinuity 人工不连续性、人工缺陷arrangement diagram 布置图arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij) Artifact 人为缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope A型显示assembly 装配Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自动射线照相术automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器axonometric drawing 轴测图axiality 同轴度轴对称性Bback-feed 反馈background target 目标本底backwall echo 底波底面回波baiting valve 放料阀banjo fixing 对接接头band plate 带板Barium concrete 钡混凝土Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾Bath 槽液、浴池、槽base material 基底材料Bayard-Alpert ionization gage B-A型电离计Beam 声束、光束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 波束角、束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam path location 声程定位、声束路径位置Beam path 声程、声束路径Beam spread 声束扩散bellow type 波纹管式beveled edges 坡口Bending 挠曲弯曲beveling 磨斜棱磨斜边成斜角bending deformation 挠曲变形弯曲变形Betatron 电子感应加速器Bimetallic strip gage 双金属片计Bid 投标出价bend 弯管弯头弯曲Bipolar field 双极磁场Black light filter 黑光滤波器、黑光过滤片bisectrix 等分线Black light 黑光，紫外光Blackbody 黑体Blackbody equivalent temperature 黑体等效温Bleakney mass spectrometer 波利克尼质谱仪度blowhole 喷水孔通风孔通气孔(气)孔铸孔砂[气]眼气泡Bleedout 渗出、漏出blind 挡板窗帘blinding plate 盲板blind plate 隔离盲板盲板block up 封堵垫高bolt 螺栓螺钉bolton 螺栓紧固bonding wire 接合线焊线boost pressure 升压bottom plate 底板Bottom echo 底波底面回波both sides welding 双面焊接Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo 边界回波、界面回波Brand name 商标名称品牌branch connection 分支接续分支连接Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Broad-beam 宽射束宽（声、光）束bridge 桥breaking of contact 断接卡Brush application 刷涂B-scan presentation B型扫描显示B-scan B型扫描B扫描B-scope B型显示buckling deformation 翘曲变形buckle 满扣扣住buried depth 埋深butt joint 对接butt jointing 对接接头burn through 烧蚀烧穿butt weld 对接焊缝butt welding 对接焊bus duct 母线槽CC-scan C型扫描C扫描C-scope C型显示C-shape detector C型探测器（X射线实时成像）cable fitting电缆配件cable routing电缆路由选择cable gland 电缆衬垫cable tray 电缆盘cable armor 电缆铠装Cable sheath 电缆包皮层cable testing bridge 电缆测试电桥cable laying 电缆敷设cable channel 电缆槽电缆管道cable trunk 电缆管道电缆主干线Capping ends 顶盖末端calculation sheet 计算书calorimeter 热量计Calibration instrument 校准仪器Capillary action 毛细管作用carbon steel tube 碳钢管carbon steel 碳钢Carrier fluid 载液Carry over of penetrate 渗透剂转入cascade connection 串联连接Cassette 暗盒Cathode 阴极cathodic protection system 阴极保护系统caulking metal 填隙合金[金属](材料) CCD Camera 电荷耦合摄像机center line 中心线center plate 中心板拨盘centralized 集中的cement lined piping 水泥衬里管线channel bases沟渠基底center bearing bracket 中心支架certification of fitness 质量合格证书Charge Coupled Device 电荷耦合器件（简称CCD）Central conductor 中心导体中线（三相四线制）Central conductor method 中心导体法centripetal canting pull rope 向心斜拉索channel steel expansion ring 槽钢胀圈Characteristic curve 特性曲线Characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线Characteristic radiation 特征辐射标识辐射Chemical fog 化学灰雾check against 检查, 核对chipping 修琢check valve 止回阀chronometer精密计时表Ci 居里Cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术连续射线照相Circuit breaker断路开关circumferential weld 环焊缝Circumferential coils 圆环线圈Circumferential field 周向磁场环形磁场Circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法circumferential joint 周圈接缝civil engineer 土木工程师civil works 土建工程建筑工程Clean 清理clamp 夹钳clamping fixture 胎具夹具Clean-up 清除Clearing time 定透时间coaxial cable 同轴电缆cockle stairs 螺旋梯Coercive force 矫顽力Coherence 相干性Coherence length 相干长度（谐波列长度）Coil test 线圈试验Coil size 线圈尺寸Coil spacing 线圈间距Coil technique 线圈技术线圈法Coil method 线圈法Coil reference 线圈参考（参照线圈）Coincidence discrimination 符合性鉴别一致性鉴别cold lap 冷隔Cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计collar extension 环口Collimation 准直Collimator 准直器collision 碰撞冲突color identification 彩色识别Combined colour contrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂commencement 开始component part 构件(组合)零件部件Compressional wave 压缩波Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥comprehensive analysis and judgement 综合分析判断compression pump 压缩机压气机[泵] compression joint 压接压力接合comply with 遵守company 公司Compton scatter 康普顿散射condensation 冷凝conduit box [电]导管分线匣conducting wire 导线conductive paste 导电膏conduit outlet 电线引出口conduit entry 导管引入装置connector 接线器连接器Console 控制台construction work 施工工程content gauge 液位计contactor 触头接触器触点开关Contact pads 接触垫Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线性阵列Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Continuously Welded (CW) 连续焊Contrast stretch 对比度扩展Contrast 对比度衬度Contrast agent 对比剂造影剂Contrast aid 反差增强剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度Control echo 控制回波Copper intensifying screens 铜增感屏control 控制控制器control wiring 控制线路control cable控制电缆操纵索control console 控制台control unit 控制单元control valve actuator 阀控传动机构control valve控制阀convenience receptacle 电源插座core rod 芯棒corresponding 相应的cotton fibre 棉质纤维Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling medium 耦合介质Coupling losses 耦合损失Cracking 破裂裂纹裂化裂解Creeping wave 爬波蠕变波crate 板条箱柳条箱Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片晶体Curie point 居里点cubicle 室,箱cushion 垫层衬垫Curie temperature 居里温度Curie(Ci) 居里Current flow method 通电法电流法Current induction method 电流感应法current attenuation 电流衰减Current magnetization method 电流磁化法Cut-off level 截止电平Cutting 切割cutting opening 切孔切开CW (Continuously Welded) 连续焊DDark room packing 暗室包装（在暗室条件下将X射线胶片装入暗盒）data logger 数据记录器datum mark 基准点Dead zone 盲区死区Decay curve 衰变曲线Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷探测灵敏度Definition 清晰度定义Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetization factor 退磁因子退磁系数Demagnetizer 退磁装置退磁器Densitometer 黑度计密度计Density 黑度（底片）密度Density Strip 黑度比较片密度比较条Density comparison strip 黑度比较片密度比较depth scan 深度扫描条description 说明描述design pressure 设计压力Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液去垢剂Developer 显像剂显影剂Developer station 显像工位显影台Developer aqueous 水性显像剂Developer dry 干式显象剂Developer liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer nonaqueous（suspend）非水（悬浮）显象剂Developing time 显像时间显影时间Development 显影differential discriminator (电子)差动式鉴频器Diffraction mottle 衍射斑点衍射斑纹Diffuse indications 扩散指示Diffusion 扩散漫射Digital image acquisition system 数字图像采集系统Digital display 数字显示数显Dilatational wave 膨胀波疏密波Digital timer for darkroom 暗室用计时器（在暗室中可调及报警）Digital Thermometer 数字温度计（用于测定胶片处理液的温度）dimensional inspection 尺寸检验digital detector 数字探测器（X射线实时成像）Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位浸渍与滴落台Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像Direct contact method 直接接触法directional beam 定向辐射（指定向辐射的工业X射线机）Directivity 指向性disassembly and assembly 拆装Discontinuity 不连续性Distance-gain-size DGS曲线（距离-增益-尺寸曲线）（DGS德文为AVG）Distance marker 距离标志distribution board 配电盘, 配电屏Dose equivalent 剂量当量dosimeter 剂量计Dose rate meter 剂量率计Dosemeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶探头Double probe technique 双探头法doubleskin 重皮dose 剂量Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 双光路技术down lead 引下线Dragout 废酸洗液Drain time 滴落时间排液时间drain 排水管排水沟排水道排水draught 气流drying 烘干Drift 漂移Dry method 干法Dry powder 干粉Dry technique 干法Dry developer 干式显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干式显像柜Drying oven 干燥箱干燥炉Drying station 干燥工位干燥台Drying time 干燥时间D-scan D型扫描D-scope D型显示dual element transducers 双晶探头双晶片换能器Dual search unit 双探头双探测装置双探测器Dual-focus tube 双焦点(X射线)管due date 到期日预定日期duplicate part 备件Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器双线像质计Duplex wire type Image Quality Indicator 双线型像质指示器双线像质计Duration 持续时间Dwell time 停留时间Dye penetrant 着色渗透剂dye penetrant examination 着色渗透检验Dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量Dynamic range 动态范围Dynamic radiography 动态射线照相法Eearth wire 接地线地线earthing device 接地装置earthing pole 接地极earth resistance 接地电阻Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 声压往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Eddy current 涡流涡电流Eddy current flaw detector 涡流探伤仪Eddy current testing 涡流检测Edge 边缘棱边Edge effect 边缘效应Edge echo 棱边回波Effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸Effective depth penetration （EDP）有效穿透深度有效透入深度Effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率Effective resistance 有效电阻Effective permeability 有效磁导率有效渗透率相对渗透率Effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面Elastic medium 弹性介质elbow 弯管接头管肘Electric displacement 电位移electric heat tracing 电伴随加热electric force compounded grease 电力复合脂electric pressure 电压electric machine 电机electrified 带电Electrical center 电中心Electrode 电极电焊条electrical panel 配电板,配电盘electrical material电气材料electrical appliance 电器Electromagnet 电磁铁electron linear accelerator 电子直线加速器Electrolytic Sliver recovery unit 电解银回收装置（从定影液中回收银）Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer 电磁声换能器Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射Electromagnetic testing 电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数Electron radiography 电子辐射照相术Electron volt 电子伏恃Electronic noise 电子噪声Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂Emulsification 乳化E-mail: 电子邮件: 电子邮箱: embedded part 预埋件嵌入[埋置]部分Emulsification time 乳化时间Emulsifier 乳化剂emission count （声）发射计数Encircling coils 环形线圈End effect 端部效应端点效应Energizing cycle 激励周期enfoldment 折迭end socket 端头, (钢索的)封头envelope 包络包迹Equalizing filter 均衡滤波器平衡滤波器equipment 器材设备Equivalent 当量Equivalent I.Q.I. Sensitivity 当量象质指示器灵敏度Equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压当量氮气压力Equivalent method 当量法Equivalent penetrameter sensifivty 当量透度计灵敏度erection 架设Erasabl optical medium 可消光介质Etching 浸蚀腐蚀侵蚀蚀刻Evaluation 评定Evaluation threshold 评价阈值评定阈Event count 事件计数Event count rate 事件计数率examination 试验检验考试examine and approve 审批Examination area 检验范围Examination region 检验区域exfoliation 剥落脱落Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力/排放压力出口压力输送压力Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽时基扫描扩展expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion bolt 伸缩栓, 扩开螺栓Exposure 曝光Exposure table 曝光表Exposure chart 曝光曲线Exposure fog 曝光灰雾Exposure 曝光Extended source 扩展源延长源external diameter 外径eye survey 目测Ffabrication tolerance 制造容差fabrication 加工制造fabrication drawing 制造图纸制作图fall off 脱落Facility scattered neutrons 易散射中子False indication 假指示虚假指示Family 族系列Far field 远场Fast/slow timing Oscilloscope 带快慢调速的示波器Fast neutron detectors 快中子探测器FBH 平底孔(缩写) Fax: 传真:Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈Field 场（磁场、声场）feeder 馈电线field installation 现场安装field instrument 携带式仪表field fabricated 工地制造的现场装配的ferritic 铁素体的Fill factor 填充系数Film speed 胶片速度(胶片感光速度胶片感光度) fillet weld 角焊填角焊filler rod 焊条filler metal 焊料焊丝film density 胶片密度filling water test 充水试验filament 灯丝Film badge 胶片剂量计Film base 片基film cassette 胶片暗盒Film contrast 胶片对比度Film gamma 胶片γ值（胶片灰度系数）Film processing 胶片冲洗加工底片处理Film Hangers for manual processing 洗片架（手工洗片的胶片挂架）Film Hangers （Clip Type）夹式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型）Film Hangers （Channel Type）槽式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型）Film processing chemicals 胶片处理药品洗片药品Film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度Film viewing screen 胶片观察屏film viewer 底片评片灯观片灯底片观察用光源Filter 滤波器滤光板过滤器Final test 最终检验Fixing 固定fire barriers 防火间隔防火屏障flange joint 凸缘接头flange connection 凸缘联接flange gasket 法兰垫片flange 边缘轮缘凸缘法兰flange sealing surface 法兰密封面Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤缺陷瑕疵裂纹Flaw characterization 伤特性缺陷特征flash plate 闪熔镀层Flexural wave 弯曲波flexible conduit 软管flicker-free images 无闪烁图像Floating threshold 浮动阀值Fluorescence 荧光floor slab 楼板flow sheet 流程图flow instrument 流量计flushing 冲洗填缝flux 焊剂Fluorometallic intensifying screen 荧光金属增感Fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法屏Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验Fluorescent dry deposit penetrant 干沉积荧光渗Fluorescent light 荧光荧光灯透剂Fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉Fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂Fluorescent screen 荧光屏Fluoroscopy 荧光检查法fluorography 荧光照相术Flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场漏磁场Flux lines 磁通线Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度聚焦长度Focus size 焦点尺寸聚焦尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度聚焦宽度Focus electron 电子焦点聚焦电子束Focused beam 聚焦束（声束、光束、电子束）Focusing probe 聚焦探头Fog 灰雾Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距）Fog density 灰雾密度Footcandle 英尺烛光formula 公式foundation ring 底圈foundation settlement 基础沉降Freguency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带干扰带条纹边缘Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离full-scale value 满刻度值Full-wave direct current（FWDC）全波直流Fundamental frequency 基频Furring 毛状迹痕毛皮fusion 熔融熔合fusion arc welded 熔弧焊GGage pressure 表压表压力gage glass 液位玻璃管Gain 增益gamma camera γ射线照相机（γ射线探伤机）gamma equipment γ射线设备Gamma radiography γ射线照相术Gamma ray source γ射线源Gamma ray source container γ射线源容器Gamma rays γ射线Gamma-ray radiographic equipment γ射线照相Gamme ray unit γ射线机γ射线装置装置gamma source γ射线源γ源Gap scanning 间隙扫查间隙扫描Gas 气体gas cutting 气割gas shielded arc welding 气体保护焊Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术脉冲选通技术gauge board 仪表板样板模板规准尺Gauss 高斯Geiger-Muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器generating of arc 引弧Geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度girth weld 环形焊缝gland bolt 压盖螺栓Goggles 护目镜gouging 刨削槽Gray(Gy) 戈瑞Grazing incidence 掠入射切线入射Grazing angle 掠射角切线角入射余角grind off 磨掉grinder 磨床磨工grinding wheel 砂轮片砂轮grounding conductor 接地导体Group velocity 群速度grouting 灌（水泥）浆guide wire 尺度[定距]索,准绳gusset plate角撑板, 加固板HHalf life 半衰期Half-wave current （HW）半波电流Half-value layer(HVL) 半值层半价层Half-value method 半波高度法半值法Halogen 卤素Halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪Hard-faced probe 硬膜探头硬面探头hanger 吊架挂架洗片架Hard hat 安全帽Hard X-rays 硬X射线Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonic distortion 谐波畸变Harmonics 谐频谐波head face 端面Head wave 头波heat exchangers 热交换器heat absorbing glass 吸热玻璃Heating boxes 加热箱heat affected area 热影响区heat transfer 热传输Helium bombing 氦轰击法Helium drift 氦漂移Helium leak detector 氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal 气密密封密封密封装置High vacuum 高真空High energy X-rays 高能X射线high frequency generator 高频发电机highly sophisticated image processing 高度完善的图像处理hoisting upright column 吊装立柱high frequency 高频Holography 全息照相术（光全息、声全息）horizontal line 水平线Hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂亲水性去除剂Hydrostatic test 水压试验静水压试验Hysteresis 磁滞滞后hydrostatic pressure test静水压试验IIACS =International Annealed Copper Standard 国际退火(软)铜标准ice 冰ice chest 冰箱ice machine 制冰机，冷冻机iconoscope 光电摄像管ID (①inside ②inside dimensions) ①内径②内部尺寸ID coil ID线圈=Inside Diameter 内径线圈Image definition 图像清晰度idea 概念，意见，思想ideal 理想的，想象的identical 同一的，恒定的，相同的identification 鉴定，辨别，验明identification mark 识别标志identifier 鉴别器identify pulse 识别脉冲idiopathetic 自发的，特发的IEM (ion exchange membrane) 离子交换膜I.F. (intermediate frequency) 中频（30～3000千周/秒）illuminance 照（明）度illuminant 照明的，发光的illuminating lamp 照明灯泡illuminating loupe 放大照明镜illuminating mirror 照明镜illumination 照明的，照射illumination apparatus 照明器illumination plate 照明板illuminator ①照明器，照明装置②反光镜illuminometer 照度计illustration(abbr. illus.) 图解，例证，具体说明image amplifier 图像放大器，影像增强器image analysis system 图像分析系统image converter 影像转换器Image contrast 图像对比度影像对比Image enhancement 图像增强image freeze 影像冻结image intensifier 像亮化器，图像增强器image intensifier tube 影像增强管图像增强管image pick-up tube 摄像管Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量image monitor 图像监视器image multiplier 影像倍增器Image Quality Indicator 像质计像质指示器IQI 像质计像质指示器Image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度imager 图像仪，显像仪image reproducer 显像管，显像器image quality indication 像质指示Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器图像行扫描器image store 图像存储器image tube 显像管imagination 想象imagine 想象，推测，设想immediate payment 立即付款immersion 浸没，浸渍Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗浸液清洗immersion system 浸渍装置液浸系统Immersion testing 液浸试验Immersion time 浸没时间浸入时间impacter 冲击器impact strength 冲击强度Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图impedance matching 阻抗匹配impedance transducer 阻抗传感器，阻抗换能器impeller ①叶轮，转子②压缩机imperial quart 英制夸脱imperial gallon(abbr. ip gal) 英国标准加仑（英制容量单位合4.546升）Imperfection 不完整性缺陷Impulse eddy current testing 脉冲涡流检测import ①进口②输入import and export firm 进出口商行importation ①输入，传入②进口货import border station 进口国境站名import licence position 进口许可证impression 压迹，印模，版impression technic 印模术impression tray 印模盘impulse 冲动，搏动，脉冲impulse generator 脉冲发生器impulse oscilloscope 脉冲示波器impulser 脉冲发生器，脉冲传感器impulse recorder 脉冲自动记录器impulse scaler 脉冲计数器impulse timer 脉冲计数器impulse transmitting tube 脉冲发射管impurity 不纯，杂质In (①indium ②inch) ①铟②英寸（等于25.4毫米）inaction 无作用inadequacy 机能不全，闭锁不全Inc. (incorporated) 股份有限公司incandescent lamp 白炽灯inch(abbr.In;in) 英寸incidence ①入射，入射角②发生率incidental 偶发的，非主要的incident illumination 入射光incident light 入射光incident ray 入射光inclination 倾斜，斜度inclined tube type manometer 斜管式压力计include 包括，计入inclusion 包含包埋杂质incoming line 进线口incompatible 不相容的，禁忌的incompetence 机能不全，闭锁不全inconvertible 不可逆的incorporation ①并入②公司increase 增加，增大，增长indent 订单Incremental permeability 增量磁导率Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积index ①指数，索引②指针index card 索引卡片indexer 指数测定仪，分度器index hand 指针indicated light 指示灯indicating bell 指示铃indicating lamp 指示灯indicator ①指示器，显示器②指针③指示剂indicator paper 试纸indicatrix 指示量，指示线，特征曲线index signal 指示信号indicate 指示，表明Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示indifferent electrode 无关电极indiffusible 不扩散的indirect export 间接出口indirect import 间接进口indium(abbr.In) 铟individual 个体的，个别的Indirect exposure 间接曝光Indirect magnetization 间接磁化Indirect magnetization method 间接磁化法Indirect scan 间接扫查indoor 室内的induce 引起，感应，诱导induced electricity 感生电，感应电induct 感应，引导，引入inductance 电感，感应系数inductance bridge flowmeter 感应电桥流量计Induced field 感应磁场感生场Induced current method 感应电流法inductance meter 电感测定计induction ①引导，前言②感应，电感③吸气induction apparatus 感应器induction coil 感应线圈inductive transducer 感应传感器inductogram X射线照片inductometer 电感计inductor 感应器，感应机inductorium 感应器inductosyn 感应式传感器industrial(abbr.indust.) 工业的，产品的industrial exhibition 工业展览会industrial robot 工业机器人industry 工业，产业Industrial X-ray films 工业X射线胶片indutrial X-ray machin 工业X射线机industrial radiographic film dryer 工业射线胶片干燥器inert 惰性的，无效的inference 推论，推断infinite 无限的，无穷的infinitesimal 无限小的，无穷小的infinity 无穷大，无限，无限距inflame 燃，着火inflammable 可燃的，易燃的inflation 膨胀，充气，打气inflator 充气机inflow 流入，吸入，进气influence 影响，感应influx 流入，注入inform 报告，通告，告诉information 情报，资料，消息，数据information generator 信息发送器information storage unit 信息存储器infra- 下，低于，内，间infranics 红外线电子学infrared ①红外线的②红外线infrared detector 红外线探测器infrared drier 红外线干燥器infrared equipment 红外线设备infrared furnace 红外线炉infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析仪infrared heater 红外线加热器infrared lamp 红外线灯infrared laser 红外激光器infrared light 红外线infrared liner polarizer 红外线直线偏振镜infrared photography 红外摄影术infrared radiation 红外线照射infrared radiator 红外线辐射器infrared rays 红外线infrared spectrophotometer 红外分光光度计Infrared imaging system 红外成象系统Infrared sensing device 红外传感装置infrasonic frequency 次声频infrequent 稀有的，不常见的infrared thermography 红外热成象红外热谱Inherent fluorescence 固有荧光inherent 生来的，固有的，先天的inheritance 遗传，继承inhibition 抑制，延迟，阻滞inhibitor 抑制剂抑制器inhomogeneous 不纯的，不均匀的in-house 自身的，内部的initial 开始的，最初的initial charge 起始电荷initial data 原始数据initiator ①创造人②引发剂Inherent filtration 固有滤波Initial permeability 起始磁导率初始磁导率Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度始脉冲宽度injection 注射，喷射injection syringe 注射器injector 注射器，喷射器injector pump 注射泵injury 伤，损伤，损害ink 墨水，油墨ink jet printer 墨水喷射印刷机，喷水式打印机ink jet recorder 墨水喷射记录器ink writer 印字机ink writing oscillograph 记录示波仪inlay 嵌体，嵌入inlead 引入线inlet 入口，入线，输入inlet port 入口inner 内部的innocuous 无害的，良性的innovation 革新，改革innumerable 无数的，数不清的ino- 纤维inoperative 无效的，不工作的inorganic 无机的inorganic chemistry 无机化学inosculation 吻合，联合in-out box 输入-输出盒in parallel 并联in phase 同相的input 输入，输入电路input buffer 输入缓冲器input coupler 输入耦合器input device 输入装置input filter 输入滤波器input impedance 输入阻抗input output adapter 输入-输出衔接器input tranformer 输入变压器inscription 标题，注册in series 串联insert ①插入物，垫圈②插入，植入inserter 插入器，插入物insertion 插入insert tube 嵌入式X射线管inset 插页，插图，插入inside 内部，内侧，在……里面Inserted coil 插入式线圈Inside coil 内部线圈Inside-out testing 外泄检测泄出检测Inspection 检查检验insignificant 无意义的，轻微的insolation 曝晒，日照insoluble 不溶解的inspection 验收，检查，商检inspection certificate 检验证明书inspection fee 检验费inspection machine 检验设备inspection standard 检验标准inspector ①测定器②检验员inspectoscope 检查镜Inspection medium 检查介质检验介质Inspection frequency 检测频率inspissator 浓缩器，蒸浓器instability 不稳定性install 安装，装置installation ①安装②装置，设备installation fundamental circle 安装基准圆installing 安装，插入instance 例证，实例，情况instantaneous value 瞬时值，即时值instead 代替，更换instillation 滴注法，灌注institute 学会，协会，研究所institution 机关，机构，学校，制度instruction ①指示，命令②说明，说明书instruction counter 指令计数器instrument 仪器，器械，仪表instrumental error 仪器误差instrumentation ①器械，设备②器械操作法instrument air 仪表气源instrument board 仪表板instrument cabinet 器械柜instrument carriage 器械车instrument case 器械箱instrument cover 仪器外表instrument cupboard 器械柜instrument light 仪表信号灯instrument lubricant 器械润滑剂instrument rack 器械架仪器架instrumenent repairing table 器械修理台instrument stand 仪器架instrument table 器械台，器械桌insulant 绝缘材料insulated cable 绝缘电缆insulated sleeve 绝缘套管insulating oil 绝缘油insulation 绝缘，绝热，隔离insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulator 绝缘体，绝热体insullac 绝缘漆insusceptible 不受……影响的，不接受……的intact 完整的，未受损伤的integral ①积分（的）②完整的integraph 积分仪integrated circuit(abbr.IC) 集成电路integrated circuit microelectrode 集成电路微电极integrated circuit storage 集成电路存储器integrating dosimeter 累计剂量仪integrating instrument 积分仪，积算仪表integrator 积分仪integrogram 积分图integronics 综合电子设备intellect 智力，才智intensifier ①增强器②照明装置Intensifying factor 增感系数Intensifying screen 增感屏intensimeter X射线强度计intensionometer X射线强度量计intensity 强度intensity level ①强度级（声音）②亮度intensity output 声强输出intensive 加强的，集中的，重点的inter- 在……中间，内，相互interaction 相互影响，相互作用，干扰interception 相交，折射（光）interchange 交替，交换interchanger 交换器intercondenser 中间电容器intercooler 中间冷却器interdiction 禁止，制止interest 兴趣，关心，注意，利益interesting 有趣的interface （计算机）接口界面Interval arrival time （Δtij) 到达时间差(Δtij) Interface boundary 界面interface echo 界面回波interfacial tensiometer 界面张力计interfacial tension 界面张力Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干涉interference absorber 干扰吸收器interference filter ①干涉滤波器②干涉滤光镜interference preventer 防干扰装置interference refractometer 干涉折射计interference spectroscope 干涉分光镜interferogram 干涉图interferometer 干涉仪，干扰计interferoscope 干涉镜interior 内部，内部的interior angle welding line joint 内侧角焊缝接头intermission 间断间歇interlayer 夹层隔层intermediate frequency(abbr.I.F.) 中频（300～3000千周/秒）internal energy 内能internal exposure 体内照射internal gauge 内径规international(abbr.Int.) 国际的，世界的international candle 国际烛光international fair 国际博览会international market 国际市场international standard 国际标准international treaty 国际条约international unit(abbr. I.U) 国际单位interphase 界面interpolation 插入，内插法interpretation 翻译，解释，说明interpreter 翻译程序，翻译机interrupt 断续，中断interrupter 断流器，断续器interspace 空间，间隙，中间interstage amplifier 级间放大器inter-sync 内同步interval 间隔，时间间隔，中断期intervalometer 定时器，时间间隔计interval timer 限时器in toto 全，整体intra- 在内，内，内部interpretation 解释intrasonic 超低频intro- 入口，在内introduce ①引进，引导②前言，绪论introduction 说明书，前言，绪论intromission 插入，输入introscope 内腔检视仪，内孔窥视仪in vacuo 在真空中invagination 凹入，折入，套叠invasive 侵害的，侵入的invention 发明，创造inventor 发明者，创造者inventory ①清单，存货单②设备，机器inversion 转换，逆转inverted cone 倒锥形inverted image 倒像inverter 倒相器，交换器，换流器inverting amplifier 倒相放大器inverting eyepiece 倒像目镜invest 包埋，围模，附于investigation ①调查，研究②调查报告invisible light filter 不可见光滤光镜invisible spectrum 不可见光谱involuntary 不随意的，偶然的involve 包含，包括inward 内，向内的Io(ionium) 碘iodide 碘化物iodine(abbr. I) 碘iodo- 碘iodoform 碘仿，三碘甲烷ion pump 离子泵ion 离子ion analyser 离子分析仪ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange chromatography 离子交换色谱法ion exchanger ①离子交换器②离子交换器ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ionic rays 离子射线ionic strength 离子强度ionic weight 离子量ionization 电离，游离，离子化ionization chamber 电离室ionization constant 电离常数ionization meter 电离测量仪ion source 离子源Ionization chamber 电离室Ionization potential 电离电位Ionization vacuum gage 电离真空计电离真空压力计ion laser 离子激光器ion meter 离子计ionocolorimeter 氢离子比色计ionogram 电离图ionometer ①X射线量计②离子计ionosphere 电离层Ionography 离子放射照相法Ir-192 Gamma ray projector 铱192 γ射线探伤机ionotron 静电消除器ion source 离子源iontoquantimeter ①X射线量计②离子计iontoradiometer X射线量计IP (iso-electric point) 等电点Ir (iridium) 铱ir- “不，无，非”（同in-,但冠于r字头的词前）iraser 红外激射器，红外激光iridium(abbr. Ir) 铱iris ①虹膜②隔膜，膜片③可变光阑iris aperture 可变光圈，可变光阑iron 铁Iron intensifying screens 铁增感屏Irradiance E 辐射通量密度，辐照度Eiron triangle 铁三角架irradiation 照光，辐射irradiator 辐照器，辐射器irregular 不规则的，无规律的irregular lighting 不规则照明irreversibility 不可逆性IR spectrophotometer 红外线分光光度计iso- 同，等，均匀isobar 等压线isochore 等容线（在等体积下温度气压关系曲线）isochrone 等时线，瞬压曲线isochronism 等时性Isolation 隔离度绝缘Isotope 同位素isolation room 隔离室isolator 绝缘体，隔离器，隔离物isomer （同分）异构体isopotential 等电势的，等电的isothermal line 等温线isotope tracer 同位素示踪物isotopic tracer 同位素指示剂，示踪原子ISP(infrared spectrophotometer) 红外分光光度计Jjig 夹具jigger rotor 盘车转子job site 施工现场junction box 接线盒分线箱KK value K值Kaiser effect 凯塞(Kaiser)效应Kilo volt 千伏特（kv）Kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特（keV）Krypton 85 氪85LL/D ratio L/D比（长/径比）Lamb wave 兰姆波land (刀刃的)厚度(纹间)表面(钻头的)刃带(活塞的)环槽(柱塞的)挡圈连接盘焊接区lap width 搭接宽度Latent image 潜象Lateral scan 左右扫查横向扫描lateral translation 侧向平移layout drawing 布置图Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Latitude of an emulsion 胶片曝光宽容度lead foil 铅箔lead pipe铅管。

无损探伤英汉对照

NDT 英汉无损检测词汇abortion ---n.故障｀失灵｀失事abortive----v.失败abruption n 裂断｀中断。

断路absolute adj 绝对的｀纯粹的absolute sensitivity 绝对灵敏度absolute value 绝对值absorb 吸收`减震absorbance 吸收absorb dose 吸收计量absorbent 吸声材料，吸收体。

吸收性的。

Abutment joint 平接缝`对接缝。

对接。

AC yoke demagnetization 交流磁轭去磁，交流磁轭退磁AC yoke magnetization 交流磁轭磁化。

accept n 接受acceptable defect level 缺陷合格等级。

Acceptable emergency dose 容许的事故计量。

acceptable quality level(AQC)指验收等级，象指验收表准。

acceptance 接收，验收。

认可，肯定Acceptance certificate 验收证明书Acceptance criterion 验收准则` 验收Accessory device 辅助装置Accessory equipment 附属设备Accident 偶然事故，偶然损伤。

Accident condition 事故情况Accident error 偶然错误。

Accident prevention 安全措施Accidental exposure 偶然曝光Accidental radiation injury偶然辐射伤害。

Accumulate dose 总剂量，累计剂量。

Accumulator battery 蓄电池Accumulator cell 蓄电池Acetic acid 醋酸，乙酸。

ACDS（acoustic crack detection system）声裂纹检测系统，声裂纹检测装置，声裂纹检测仪。

铁塔专业术语_英语

冷轧cold rolling冷拨cold drawn生产效率production efficiency设备equipment强度strength直缝焊管straight welded tube-ERW螺旋焊管spiral welded tube薄钢板Thin steel plate中厚钢板Medium thick plate中板middle plate厚板thick plate特厚板especially thick plate理论重量Theoretical weight单位长度unit length单位面积unit area扁钢flat steel实际长度actual length实际重量actual weight偏差deviation负偏差negative deviation正偏差positive deviation开平板opened plate报价quote钢的牌号Steel grades材质material碳素结构钢carbon structural steel普通碳素结构钢ordinary carbon structural steel优质碳素结构钢high quality carbon structural steel屈服点yield point屈服强度yield strength质量等级Quality grade脱氧方法deoxidize受力强度stress strength塑性变形deformation沸腾钢boiling steel半镇静钢half calm steel镇静钢calm steel特殊镇静钢special calm steel低合金高强度结构钢High strength with low-alloy structural steel冲击试验impact test紧固件fasteners 碳钢焊条Carbon steel electrodes低合金钢焊条Low-alloy steel electrode 气焊Gas welding手工电弧manual arc气体保护焊gas shielded welding埋弧焊submerged arc welding钢焊缝手工超声波探伤方法Steel weld ultrasonic testing铁塔防腐Anti-corrosion热（浸）镀锌heat (dip) galvanized热喷锌hot zinc spray喷油漆spray paint维护成本maintenance cost热镀锌工艺hot galvanizing technology酸洗助镀处理picking help plating附着层attachment layer金属构件metal component锌铁合金层zinc-iron alloy layer电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion脱脂skimming酸洗pickling水洗pickling助镀help plating烘干drying热浸镀锌hot galvanized technology冷却cooling钝passivation锌层表面处理treatment of zinc layer surface质量检查quality inspection油污oil油脂grease油漆paint灰尘rust过酸洗Excessive pickling粗糙的coarse欠酸洗Owe pickling氧化oxidation附着性Adhesion均匀性Uniformity锌层zinc layer附着量Adhesion amount锌层测厚仪测量zinc layer thickness gauge measurement打灰Play ash氧化锌oxide zinc锌渣Zinc slag化合物compound捞渣Remove slag白锈White rust电解液electrolyte放炮Blasting工件work piece流黄水Yellow water flow气孔blowhole漏镀Leakage plating明瘤Obvious tumor挂灰Hanging ash堵孔Plugging hole填号Filling the number起泡Sparkling发花Grow dim锌瘤Zinc tumor外观appearance厚度thickness辅助手段auxiliary means污物dirt工序procedure放样lofting角钢生产Angle steel production连板生产Connection board production角钢全自动生产线automatic angle steel production line角钢NC数据Angle steel NC data压印Pressure seal冲孔punching下料baiting压号pressing number号料Laying out火曲线fire curve切角线corner cutting line切肢线cutting limb line生产指令production instruction工程代号project code塔型代号tower type code部件编号part number制孔区making hole zone铣刨区milling zone 制弯区bending zone焊接区welding zone剪切区shearing zone清clear root铲背shovel back切角corner cutting切小角cutting little horn切大角cutting great horn切肢cutting limb冲孔punching holes钻孔drilling holes割孔cutting holes火曲制弯fire bending开合角operating Angle switching检验examine打扁paying flat傍long side bending单向火曲one-way fire bending曲筋bending muscle双向火曲bidirectional fire bending角钢生产自动线angle steel automatic production line角钢半自动线Angle steel semi-automatic production line连板生产自动线board automatic production line划线marking off剪切下料Shearing material连扳NC数据Connection board NC data 组对fitting up电焊electric welding试组装trying assembly交库Back to the warehouse镀锌galvanization校直alignment包装packing发运Delivery质量控制点quality controlling points质量特性the key quality characteristic关键部位the key part薄弱环节the weak link性能performance精度precision寿命life可靠性reliability安全性security质量检验quality inspection破坏性试验destructive testing不合格特性Unqualified characteristics搬运设备Handing equipment行车traveling crane塔式起重机Tower crane龙门吊Gantry crane汽车起重机truck crane叉车Forklift简易推车Simple cart载重汽车Camion下料设备Baiting equipment剪板机Plate shearing machine手动火焰切割Manual flame cutting machine 半自动火焰切割机Semi-automatic flame cutting machine自动火焰切割机Automatic flame cutting machine下料机Baiting machine带自动剪切功能的数控生产线CNC line with automatic shearing function锯床Sawing machine制孔设备Drilling equipment冲床Punching machine钻床Drilling machine火焰切割机Flame cutting machine数控自动生产线CNC line焊接设备Welding equipment手工电弧焊Electrode welding气体保护焊Gas shielded welding埋弧焊Submerged-arc welding成型设备Molding equipment单柱压力机Mono column press四柱压力机Four column press冲床Punching machine摩擦压力机Friction press专用设备dedicated equipment坡口机Facing machine铣床Milling machine车床Punching machine刨床Planer machine等离子切割机Plasma cutting machine 有色金属non-ferrous metal热变形thermal deformation热影响区hot affected zone最终检验Final inspection质量指标quality indexes抽样sampling检验员inspectors主操main operator操作规程operating procedures标准Standard经济手段economic measure市场调节market regulation放样lofting供货计划delivery plan位置关系positional relationship部件制作明细details of component manufacturing原材料汇总summary of raw materials包装明细packaging details特殊工艺统计statistics of sspecial procedure样杆图sample rod drawing样板图sample plate drawing卡板card board切角板angle cutting board专用量具specialized measuring tool心线heart line楞线strength line楞点strength point楞线侧strength line side肢边侧limb side轧制边rolling side切角边corner cutting edge根开root open单面板single panel双面板double panel三面板three panels交叉板crossing boardV面板V panel折叠板folding board牛蹄板cattle's hoof board垫板pad填板filling the board连接板卷边connecting board curly edge地孔grounding hole安装用孔installation hole挂线孔hang line hole牌位孔memorial tablet hole多接腿multiple legs进货检验incoming quality control物理试验physics experiments抗拉强度tensile strength塑性plasticity伸长率elongation断面收缩率percentage of area reduction化学试验chemical experiments碳carbon,硫sulfur硅silicon锰manganese磷phosphorus过程检验process inspection半成品检验semi-finished products inspection 互检mutual inspection专检special inspection首检the first inspection自检self-inspection机器维护machine maintenance模具mold铁塔知识英语（P1~P200）铁塔tower输电线路铁塔transmission line tower电力塔electric power tower通讯塔communication tower景观塔landscape tower承重结构load-bearing structure钢管杆塔steel tube pole tower角钢塔angular tower组合塔combination tower钢管塔tubular tower电力系统electric power system发电厂power plant发电机generator升压变电所step-up transformer substation配电系统distribution system电压voltage 架空输电线路overhead transmission line 电缆线路cable line避雷线shield wire地线ground wire导线conductor / wire金具fitting绝缘子insulator拉线bracing wire基础foundation接地体grounding conductor接地引下线grounding down-lead钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete横截面cross-section钢芯铝绞线steel-reinforced aluminum conductor.高压high voltage低压low voltage超高压extra-high voltage特高压ultra-high voltage光缆optical fiber电流current三相三线制three phase three wire system 电压等级grade / rate of voltage电晕corona电抗linear reactance火线live line地线earth line零线null line回路loop / circuit交流电alternating current直流电direct current直线塔straight (line) tower转角塔angle tower终端塔terminal tower耐张塔strain tower换位塔transposition tower跨越塔crossing tower分歧塔branch tower转角度数rotation degree单回路single loop双回路double loop多回路multi-loop国家电网State Grid设计院designing institute呼高nominal height垂高vertical height横担cross arm挂点hanging point高低腿high-low leg自立式铁塔self-supporting tower拉线式铁塔guyed tower通信塔telecommunication tower微波塔microwave tower广播塔broadcast tower电视塔television tower馈线feeder line爬梯climbing ladder平台platform天线支架antenna cable rack / stand航标灯navigation light机房computer room接地网grounding net地面塔ground tower屋顶塔rooftop tower插接plugging法兰flange焊接welding圆形钢管杆塔circular steel pipe tower多边形钢管杆塔polygonal steel pipe tower 粗制螺栓crude bolt连板connection board脚钉foot nail变电站transformer substation桁架truss水泥柱concrete pillars接闪器air-termination system针尖tip避雷线shield / ground wire避雷带lightning strap避雷网lightning net电荷charge电容器capacitor通路pathway铁附件iron accessories塔段tower segment集装箱container附属部分subsidiary 地脚螺栓anchor bolt垫圈washer防爬刺anti-climbing thorn主材main / principal material辅助材auxiliary material斜材diagonal material横材transverse material补助材subsidies material塔脚形式type of tower foot塔腿插入式tower of insert花窗式flower window type岩石基础式rock basis type底脚螺栓式bottom feet screw type主材advocate material插入角钢形式insert Angle steel type底脚板形式bottom baseboard type地脚螺栓anchor bolt断面形状cross-section shape单管塔single-tube tower组合塔combination of tower底板bottom board靴板boots board肋板floors高低腿high-low leg塔身Tower body塔头tower head横担cross arm地线支架ground bracket通讯塔communication tower原材料raw materials镀锌锅galvanized pot接地体grounding body接地引下线grounding lead referrals航标灯支架navigation light bracket馈线架feeder frame垂直走线架vertical line frame水平走线架horizontal line frame内平台platform inside外平台platform outside塔脚定位模板tower feet positioning forms 地脚螺栓定位板anchor bolt positioning board反爬梯anti-climb ladder护圈protect circle护带belt脚蹬pedal连接角钢包角钢connection angle steel角钢packet angle steel槽钢channel steel网格板grid board花纹板decorative pattern plate护栏guardrail焊接welding connection工程塔engineering tower辅助材auxiliary materials斜材inclined material横（水平）材horizontal material连（接）板connecting(pick) board连板组合件board assemble呼高nominal height圆钢round steel腐蚀corrosion总图（司令图）assembly drawing (commander chart)单线图single line diagram结构图structure chart连接关系relationships构件明细component details大样图detailed graph零件图component drawing工艺卡片process card加工尺寸processing size加工工艺process图纸幅面drawing format比例proportion标注mark计量单位measured unit米meter厘米centimeter毫米millimeter英寸inch孔径aperture肢宽width of wing肢厚thickness of wing铆接riveting精制螺栓bright / refined bolt粗制螺栓crude bolt 合金钢alloy steel承压型高强度螺栓pressure-bearing high strength bolt螺母nut螺杆screw螺纹thread平垫gasket扣紧螺母securing nut公称抗拉强度respectively tensile strength value屈强比值yield strength ratio防卸（盗）螺栓security / anti-theft bolt 扳手wrench可装可卸防盗螺栓installation and loading anti-theft bolt可装不可卸防盗螺栓installation and unloading anti-theft bolt插销式防盗螺栓pin-type security bolt弯钩防滑式脚钉non-slip hook foot nail直脚钉straight foot nail构件编号component number投影projection视图view成影现象shadow phenomenon第一角表达法the first view expression第三角表达法the third view expression三视图three planes主视图front view俯视图plan view仰视图bottom view侧面图side view展开方向spread direction图纸目录drawings catalogue档距span生铁pig iron焦炭coke铁矿石iron ore石炭石carboniferous stone熟铁dug iron钢坯billet脱氧程度deoxidizing degree沸腾钢rimmed steel半镇静钢semi-killed steel镇静钢killed steel特殊镇静钢special killed steel锈蚀corrosion重皮（结疤）double-skin(scab)裂缝（裂纹、拉裂）crack (gash, pull cracks)表面夹杂surface impurity折叠enfoldment麻点（麻面、麻坑）pits: (Pitted surface, pockmark)凹坑concave圆背round-shouldered扭曲distortion分层segregation夹杂inclusion气泡bubble划痕（刮伤、擦伤、划伤）scratch（graze，scoring）角钢angle steel圆钢round steel扁钢flat steel槽钢channel steel看谱仪light spectrometer验钢镜check steel mirror等边角钢equilateral angle steel腰厚waist thick普通槽钢common channel steel轻型槽钢light channel steel热轧rolling钢管Steel tube中空的hollow无缝钢管seamless steel tube焊接钢管welded tube圆管circular steel tube异形管shaped tube矩形square半圆形hemicycle六角形hexagon等边三角形triangular八角形octagonal钢锭steel tube实心管坯solid tube箍铁hoop iron锻制forging冷拉cold pulling 钢筋steel reinforcement槽钢Channel steel凹槽形groove shape规格specification腰高waist height腿宽legs width不等边角钢inequilateral a ngle steel热轧hot rolling焊管welded pipe文案编辑词条B 添加义项?文案，原指放书的桌子，后来指在桌子上写字的人。

缩写

ASAP As soon as possible 尽快BF Boyfriend 男朋友BTW By the way 随便说一下BBL Be back later 稍后回来BRB Be right back 很快回来CU See you 再见CUL See you later 下次再会DIIK Damned if I known 我真的不知道DS Dunce smiley 笨伯FE For example 举例FTF Face to face 面对面FYI For your information 供参考GF girlfriend 女朋友IAE In any event无论如何IC I see 我明白ILY I love you 我爱你IMHO In my humble opinion 依愚人之见IMO In my opinion 依我所见IOW In other words 换句话说LOL laughing out loudly 大声笑NRN No reply necessary 不必回信OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件RSVP Reply if you please 请答复TIA Thanks in advance 十分感谢TTUL Talk to you later 以后再讲TY Thank you 谢谢VG very good 很好WRT With respect to 关于WYMM Will you marry me 愿意嫁给我吗------------2B or not 2B To Be Or Not To Be4ever ForeverA/S/L Age/Sex/LocationAFAIC As Far As I'm ConcernedAFAIK As Far As I KnowAFK Away From KeyboardAIAMU And I'm A Monkey's UncleAISI As I See ItAKA Also Known AsAMBW All My Best WishesANFAWFOWS And Now For A Word Word From Our Web SponsorAOTS All Of The SuddenASAFP As Soon As "Friggin" PossibleASAP As Soon As PossibleATST At The Same TimeAWGTHTGTTA Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again AWGTHTGTTSA Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh** Again AYSOS Are You Stupid Or SomethingB4 BeforeB4N Bye For NowBBFBBM Body By Fisher, Brains by MattelBBIAB Be Back In A BitBBIAF Be Back In A FewBBL Be Back LaterBBN Bye Bye NowBCNU Be Seein' YouBFD Big F***ing DealBFN Bye For NowBHOF Bald Headed Old FartBIF Basis In FactBITD Back In The DayBM Byte MeBMOTA Byte Me On The AssBNF Big Name FanBOHICA Bend Over Here It Comes AgainBR BathroomBRB Be Right BackBRT Be Right ThereBS Big SmileBT Byte ThisBTDT Been There Done ThatBTSOOM Beats The Sh** Out Of MeBTW By The WayBTWBO Be There With Bells OnBWDIK But What Do I Know?BWO Black, White or OtherCIAO Goodbye (in Italian)CID Consider It DoneCIO Check It OutCIS CompuServe Information ServiceCMF Count My FingersCof$ Church of ScientologyCRAFT Can't Remember a F***ing Thing CRAWS Can't Remember Anything Worth A Sh** CSL Can't Stop LaughingCTC Choaking The ChickenCUL8R See You LaterCWYL Chat With You LaterCYA Cover Your AssCYL See You LaterDBEYR Don't Believe Everything You ReadDD Due DiligenceDDD Direct Distance DialDETI Don't Even Think ItDGT Don't Go ThereDHYB Don't Hold Your BreathDILLIGAD Do I Look Like I Give A DamnDILLIGAS Do I Look Like I Give A Sh**DKDC Don't Know Don't CareDLTM Don't Lie To MeDQYDJ Don't Quit You're Day JobDRIB Don't Read If Busy DYSTSOTT Did You See The Size Of That ThingEG Evil GrinEOM End Of MessageESO Equipment Smarter than OperatorF2F Face-to-FaceFBKS Failure Between Keyboard and SeatFE Fatal ErrorFF&PN Fresh Fields and Pastures NewFO F*** OffFOAF Friend Of A FriendFTASB Faster Than A Speeding BulletFTL Faster Than LightFTTB For The Time BeingFUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All RecognitionFUBB F***ed Up Beyond BeliefFUD (Spreading) Fear, Uncertainty, and DisinformationFWIW For What It's WorthFYA For Your AmusementFYI For Your InformationFYM For Your MisinformationGAL Get A LifeGG Good Game or Gotta GoGIGO Garbage In, Garbage OutGIWIST Gee, I Wish I'd Said ThatGL Good LuckGLYASDI God Loves You And So Do IGMTA Great Minds Think AlikeGNBLFY Got Nothing But Love For YouGR&D Grinning Running And DuckingGR8 GreatGRRRR "Growling"GSOAS Go Sit On A SnakeGTG Got To GoGTGB Got To Go, ByeGTGP Got To Go PeeGTH Go To HellGTSY Glad To See YaGYPO Get Your Pants OffHAGO Have A Good OneHAK Hugs And KissesHB Hurry BackHD HoldHHO1/2K Ha Ha, Only Half KiddingHHOK Ha Ha, Only KiddingHIOOC Help! I'm Out of CoffeeHTH Hope This (That) HelpsHUA Heads Up AceHUYA Head Up Your A**IAC In Any CaseIAE In Any EventIANAC I Am Not A CrookIANAL I Am Not A LawyerIBT In Between TechnologyIBTD I Beg To DifferIC In CharacterIDGAF I Don't Give A F***IDGI I Don't Get ItIDK I Don't KnowIDKY I Don't Know YouIDST I Didn't Say ThatIDTS I Don't Think SoIFAB I Found A BugIFU I F***ed UpIGGP I Gotta Go PeeIIIO Intel Inside, Idiot OutsideIIMAD If It Makes An(y) DifferenceIIRC If I Remember CorrectlyIIWM If It Were MeILICISCOMK I Laughed, I Cried, I Spat/Spilt Coffee/Crumbs/Coke On My KeyboardILY I Love YouIMHO In My Humble OpinionIMNSHO In My Not So Humble OpinionIMO In My OpinionINMP It's Not My ProblemINPO In No Particular OrderIOH I'm Outta HereIOW In Other WordsIRL In Real LifeISS I Said SoITM In The MoneyIYKWIM If You Know What I MeanIYSS If You Say SoJ/C Just CheckingJ/K Just Kidding!J/W Just WonderingJAFO Just Another F***ing OnlookerKFY Kiss For YouKISS Keep It Simple StupidKIT Keep In TouchKMA Kiss My AssKWIM Know What I MeanKYPO Keep Your Pants OnL8R LaterLD Long DistanceLDTTWA Let's Do The Time Warp Again LLTA Lots And Lots Of Thunderous ApplauseLMAO Laughing My Ass OffLMK Let Me KnowLOL Laughing Out Loud -or- Lots of Luck (or Love)LTIC Laughing 'Til I CryLTNS Long Time No SeeLYL Love Ya LotsLYLAS Love You Like A SisterMHOTY My Hat's Off To YouMM Market MakerMorF Male or Female?MOTD Message Of The DayMOTSS Members Of The Same SexMTFBWY May The Force Be With YouMWBRL More Will Be Revealed LaterMYOB Mind Your Own BusinessNAK Nursing At KeyboardNAZ Name, Address, Zip (also means Nasdaq)NBD No Big DealNBIF No Basis In FactNFI No F***ing IdeaNFW No F***ing Wayasap=as soon as possibleD/N=debit noteimmd=immediatelyp/l=packing listrcvd=recivedrgds=regardsshpt=shipmentsvc=serivceTHX=thanksTHKS=thanksBCS=becausewith=w/please=plsyou=uyour=yrtoday=tdymessage=msgreceived=rcvddelivery=dlvyyou=uyou are= u rto=2donnot=dontcannot=canttomorrow=2morrowthanks=thanxplease=plsare=rlol = laugh out loudWTF = what the fuckr = arel8ter = laterg2g = got to goyrs = yearsa/s/l = age/sex/livewut = whatwazzup = what's upB : BEBCOS BCOZ BCS : BECAUSEBIZ BZ BUS :BUSINESSBK BNK : BANKBYR : BUYERCAT CATLG CTLG CA: CATALOGUECBL :CABLECFM CNF CNFM: CONFIRMCFS : CONTAINER FREIGHT STATIONCNT CANT: CAN`T CANNOTC/OFR C/OFA: COUNTER OFFERCOMM : COMMISION COMMERCIALCOND CONDI CNDTN: CONDITIONCONT CONTR CNTRCT : CONTRACTCOOP:COOPERATIONCSTMR : CUSTOMERCTN(S) :CARTON(S)CUD : COULDCR CRED : CREDITabt : aboutabv : aboveac a/c acct : accountaceptd : acceptedadd : addressadv : adviceaft afr aftr : afteraird : airmailedalrdy : alreadyamnd amd : amendamnt amt : amountarvd arrvd : arrivedasap : as soon as possibleatn attn att : attentionavbl avlbl : availablea/w : actual weightWTO----world trade organization 世贸CEO----chief executive officer 总裁R&B----research and development 研究开发CAD----computer assisted design 计算机辅助设计CTV----cable television 有线电视PCS----program control switches 程控电话交换机IDD----international direct dialing 国际长途直拨Int-tele----internet telephone 因特网电话Mob tele----mobile telephone 移动电话B-ISTN---- 宽带综合业务数字网E-b----E-business 电子商务SOE----state-owned enterprise 国有企业FIE----foreign-invested enterprise 外资企业FDI----foreign direct investment 外国直接投资JV ----joint venture 合资经营SEZ----special economic zone 经济特区TQC----total quality control 全面质量管理CI ----corporate image 企业形象h.o.---head office 总部IT-----information industry 信息产业memo---memora0000 备忘录5yr-P-----Five-Year Plan 五年计划telcom-----telecommunication 通讯CEO Chief Executive OfficerUN 联合国UNESCO 联合国科教文组织WHO 世界卫生组织OPEC 欧佩克（石油出口国家组织）GATT 关贸总协定OECD 经济合作与发展组织TMF 国家货币基金组织EEC 欧洲经济共同体NATO 北大西洋公约组织VOA 美国之音NY 纽约CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司PBS 美国公共广播电视公司ABC 澳大利亚广播公司BBC 英国广播公司IBM 国际商用电器公司ITT 国际电报电话公司CIA 中央情报局FBI 联邦调查局MIT 麻省理工大学VCLA 加利福尼亚州立大学KKK 三K党ERA 平等权利修正案UPI （美）合众国际社VIP 重要任务POW 战俘GI 美国士兵MP 国会议员（英）JAL 日本航空公司PRC 中华人民共和国CACC 中国民航局AD 公元BC 公元前WWII 第二次世界大战GMT 格林威治标准时间GNP 国民生产总值UFO CTN/CTNS carton/cartons 纸箱C/D customs declaration 报关单C&F cost&freight 成本加运费价C.O certificate of origin 一般原产地证D/A document against acceptance 承兑交单D/P document against payment 付款交单DL/DLS dollar/dollars 美元DOZ/DZ dozen 一打儿EA each 每个，各FAC facsimile 传真G.S.P. generalized system of preferences 普惠制G.W. gross weight 毛重IMP import 进口N.W. net weight 净重PCE/PCS piece/pieces 只、个、支等PKG package 一包、一捆、一扎、一件等T/T telegraphic transfer 电汇W with 具有w/o without 没有WT weight 重量WWW----万维网(World Wide Wdb)；Http---超文本传输协议(Hypertext transfer protocol)；FTP----文件传输协议(File Transfer Protocol)；TCP----传输控制协议(Transmission Control Protocol)；IP-----网际协议(Internet Protocol)；ISP----网络服务提供商(Internet Service Provider)；DNS----域名服务器(Domain Name Server)；IE-----网络浏览器(Internet Explorer)；OE-----邮件收发软件(Outlook Express)；BBS----电子布告栏系统；OICQ---网上聊天工具；LAN----局域网(Local Area Network)；MAN----城域网(Metropolitan Area Network)；WAN----广域网(Wide Area Network)ABS—防抱死制动系统ABS英文全称是“Anti-Lock Brake System”。

对齐颗粒度的英文

对齐颗粒度的英文一、单词1. Alignment- 英语释义：The act of arranging things in a straight line or in correct relative positions.- 用法：可作名词，例如：The alignment of the text in this document needs to be adjusted.（这个文档中的文字对齐需要调整。

） - 双语例句：The alignment of the gears is crucial for the smooth running of the machine.（齿轮的对齐对机器的平稳运转至关重要。

）2. Aligned- 英语释义：In a straight line or in correct relative positions (adjective form of alignment).- 用法：作形容词，如：The aligned columns in the table look very neat.（表格中对齐的列看起来非常整洁。

）- 双语例句：The pictures on the wall are not properly aligned.（墙上的画没有正确对齐。

）二、短语1. Fine - grained alignment- 英语释义：Alignment with a small or detailed level of granularity.- 用法：常用来描述较为细致程度的对齐情况，例如：We need to achieve a fine - grained alignment in this data analysis.（在这个数据分析中我们需要实现细粒度的对齐。

）- 双语例句：Fine - grained alignment of pixels can improve the quality of the image.（像素的细粒度对齐可以提高图像质量。

IT专业英语词典-Q

quad 四元组quad flat pack (QFP) 四方扁平封装quad operational amplifier 四重组装运算放大器quad power driver 四重功率驱动器quad raster operational chip 四向光栅运算芯片quad tree structure 四象限树状结构quadrant 象限quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 正交振幅调制quadrature axis 正交轴quadrature modulation 正交调制quadrature multiplexing 正交多路复用quadrature partial response signaling (QPRS) 正交局部响应信令quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) 四相移相键控qualification 资格qualification testing 合格性试验qualified life 合格寿命qualified logical link control (QLLC) 限定式逻辑链路控制qualitative techniques 定性技巧quality 品质quality assurance (QA) 品质保证quality control circle 品管圈quality factor (Q) 品质因数quality flow control (QFC) 质量流程控制quality of service (QOS) 服务品质quality-factor meter (Q-meter) 品质因数计quantitative techniques 定量技巧quantity, derived 导出量quantity, fundamental 基本量quantity, physical 物理量quantity, scalar 标量quantization 量化quantization error 量化误差quantization noise 量化噪声quantization, imaging 影像量化quantized 量化quantizer量化器quantizing 量化quantum 量子quantum Hall effect 量子霍尔效应quantum efficiency (QE) 量子效率quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum noise 量子噪声quantum theory 量子论quantum tunneling 量子隧道quantum-tunnel effect 量子隧道效应quantum-tunneling transistor 量子隧道晶体管quark 夸克quarter-phase circuit 二相电路quarter-sized outline package (QSOP) 四分一大小外型封装quartz 石英quartz crystal 石英晶体quasi-analog signal 拟模拟信号quasi-impulsive noise 拟脉冲噪声quasi-peak detector 准波峰检测器quasi-random signal 拟随机信号quasi-saturation 准饱和quasi-square wave 准方波quaternary code 四元代码quench detector 终止检测器query 谘询query language 谘询语言query processing unit (QPU) 查询处理单元queue 排列queue, code 代码排列queue, double-ended 双端排列queue, prefetch预找取排列queued arbitrated segment 排列判优区段queued telecommunications access method (QTAM) 排列远程通讯存取法queuing, tagged 标记式排列quick assembly optical encoder 快速组合式光编码器quick charge 快速充电quick sort 快速排序quick-break switch 快断开关quick-make 快速接通quiescent current 静态电流quiescent line 静态线quiescent point 静点quiescent-carrier transmission 抑止载波传输quiet line 不受干扰的线路quiet tuning 静态调谐quinary五进制的，五倍的，五元的。

船舶英语新

IACS意大利船级社Life saving appliance救生设备Plimsoll line普林索尔载重线Type A ship A类船Compartment 舱室Panama Canal 巴拿马运河Maritime 海事的Titanic 巨大的Maiden voyage 处女航Flood 进水Standard 规章Fire protection,detection and extinction防火、探火、灭火Liquefied gas carrier液化气船Casualty 灾难Corrosion 腐蚀Inter-governmental MaritimeConsultive OrganizationIMCO 国际政府间海事质询组织The Register of Shiping of the People’s Republic of China 中国船舶检验局Static equilibrium 静平衡Neutral equilibrium中性平衡Upright position 正浮位置Homogeneous cylinder均质柱状体Capsize 倾覆Resultant 合力Couple 力矩、力偶Righting arm 恢复力臂Capsizing moment 倾覆力矩Metacenter 稳心Initial stability at small angle of inclination 小倾角初稳性完整稳性Transverse stability 横稳性Metacentric height 稳心高Watertight integrity水密完整性Crucial element 重要因素Intact stability 完整稳性Ship hydrodynamics船舶水动力学Hydrodynamics 水动力的Hydrostatic 水静力的Eddy 漩涡Frictional resistance摩擦阻力Gradient 梯度Wetted surface 湿表面积Reynolds number 雷诺数ITTC=international Towing Tank Conference国际船模试验Wave-making resistance兴波阻力Eddy-making resistance漩涡阻力Residuary resistance剩余阻力Speed-to-length ratio速长比Nautical mile 海里Bow wave 首波Stern wave 尾波Wave pattern 波形Hole 水深凹处Shoulder 船肩Crest of wave 波峰Trough 波谷Bracket 轴支架Airfoil 水翼Angle of attack 攻角Viscosity 粘性Tangential 切向的Tangential viscous force切向粘性力Normal 法向的Drag 阻力、拖拽力Do work 做功Boundary layer 边界层Streamline 流线Curvature 曲率Paddle=oar 桨Patent 专利Fix-pitch 固定螺距式Adjustable-pitch可调螺距式Controllable-pitch可控螺距式Shrouded screw=ducted propeller导管螺旋桨Contant-pitch propeller定距螺旋桨Tunnel 隧道Sleeve 套管Contra-rotating propellers对转桨Jet propeller 喷水推进器Hub 桨毂Bolt 螺栓Astern 朝船尾Right-handed propeller右旋进桨Tip of a blade 桨叶叶梢Leading edge 导边Following edge 随边Helicoidal 螺旋面Generatrix 母线Extremity 末端Thread 螺纹Wake current 伴流Circulation theory 环流理论Blade section 叶元剖面Axial advance 轴向进速Unsymmetrical 非对称的Benoulli’s law伯努利定律Thrust 推力Torque 扭矩Cavity 空腔Cavitation 空泡Tip vortex 梢涡Worm gear 蜗杆A-bracket 人字架Aluminium alloy structure 铝合金结构Anchor recess 锚穴Angle bar 角钢Auxiliary engine seating辅机机座Auxiliary tank 调节水舱Bottom side tank 底边舱Bow door 首门Bow structure 首部结构Bracket floor 框架肋板Breasthook 首肘板Bridge 桥楼Bulwark 舷墙Cant frame 斜肋骨Cargo hatch 货舱口Catapult 弹射器Center keelson 中内龙骨Chain locker 锚链舱Clearance hole 通焊孔Clipper bow 飞剪型首Vertical bow 直立型首Vertical girder 竖绗Cofferdam 隔离舱Collision bulkhead 防撞舱壁Combatant ship 战斗舰艇Crosstie 撑杆Deck stringer 甲板边板Derrick platform起货机平台Derrick post 桅杆Doubling plate 复板Drain hole 流水孔Drain well 污水井Elevator 升降机Elliptical stern 椭圆形尾Emergency exit 应急通道Fender 护舷材glass fibre reinforced plastic 玻璃钢Flight deck 飞行甲板Forged steel stern 锻钢首柱Gusset plate 菱形板Hanger 机库Icebreaker bow 破冰形首Independent tank独立型液柜Integral tank 整体型液柜Internal insulation tanks内部隔热型液柜Mambrance tank内膜型液柜Integraled barge 分节驳Lightening hole 减轻孔Loader 装卸机Local strength 局部强度Panting beam 强胸结构Portable plate 可拆板Propeller post 螺旋桨柱Raised floor 升高肋板Raked bow 前倾型首Ramp 跳板Seam 边焊缝Single bottom 单底Shell expansion plan 外板展开图Solid floor 主肋板Sponson deck 舷伸甲板Strength deck 强力甲板Thruster 侧推器Topside tank 顶边舱Set course 设定航线Deviation 偏离Steering gear 舵机Electrohydraulic电动液压的Multi-propeller 多桨船Flanking rudders 侧翼舵Tantamount 等值的Thruster 助推器Bow thruster 首侧推器Six degrees of freedom六自由度Seasickness 晕船Antiroll fins 减摇鳍Froude number 傅汝德数Reynolds number 雷诺数Anti-pitching fins 减纵摇鳍Hydrodynamicist水动力学家Calm water 静水Dimensionless ratio无量纲比值Wave pattern 波形Mismatch 不匹配Rough water 汹涌的海面Geometrically similar form几何外形相似船型Skin friction 表面摩擦力Admiralty 海军部Model tank 船模水池Facility 设备Carriage 拖车Dynamometer 测力计Wave suppressor 消波器Sinkage 升沉Working allowance有效使用修正量Storm 风暴、扰动Open water 敞水Run 走车Cavitation tunnel 空泡水桐Speed of advance 进速Advance coefficient进速系数Self-propulsion 自航Wake 伴流Augment of resistance阻力增额Tunnel wall effect水同壁面效应Cavitation number 空泡数Ship trial 实船试验Mile post 里程标Solid interface不间断的交面Quay 与岸平行的码头Prier 与岸垂直的码头Lock 船闸King-post 主桅杆Stiffen 加强Extruded 压挤成的Section moulus 剖面模数In-plane load 面内载荷Build-up plate section组合型材Finite element 有限元Thermal effect 热效应Incremental plasticity增量塑性Mode shape 模式形状Springing 颤振Matrix method 矩阵法Uncertainty 不确定性Constraint condition 约束条件Shear buckling 剪切性屈曲Template 样板Forming operation 成型加工Flush 磨光Joggle 折曲Ledge 副梁材Leveler 矫直机Notch 开坡口Bulb plate 球头扁钢Drafsman 绘图员Loftman 放样员Allowance 公差，余量Butt weld 对缝焊接Intercostal 肋间的，加强肋Fillet weld connection贴角焊连接Back-up member 焊接垫板Axiomatic 理所固然的Taper 弄细，变尖Intervening deck 居中甲板Pillar 支柱Hostile sea 汹涌波浪Impact load 冲击载荷Slamming 砰击Deck wetness 甲板淹湿Distributed load 分布载荷Quartering sea 尾斜浪Torsional 扭转的Buckle 屈曲Tensile stress 拉应力Fastening 牢固件Deformation 变形Strain 应变Torque 扭矩Flexural 扭曲的Shear 剪切，剪力Fatigue 疲劳carling 垫板M/H cover腹板collar plate 补板slot hole 切口radius 半径web 腹板scallop 切角face flat 面板snip 剪切deliver 交货specific 详细capability 能力trial 试航investigation 投资quotation 报价broker 经济人financial 财政contract 合同negotiation 谈判agreement 协议regarding 着重于survey 鉴定guarantee service 售后服务purchase 购买in addition 另外carry out 承担storage management 保管order 订单instruction 指导，规程progress schedule 进度表berth 船台allocate 分配requisite 需要marine engineer 造机工程师naval architect 造船工程师specification 规格书stipulate 规格plan 设计图submit to 服从approval 批准认可permissible draft 许用吃水lines plan 型线图detailed plan 详细图纸shell plating 外板erection 安装架（上层建筑）bulkhead 隔舱壁framing 肋骨、骨架accommodation 居住space 舱室plumbing 水管系统electrical installation 电气装置auxiliary machinery 辅助机械layout 布置apart from 除了put forward 提出operation site 施工现场command 命令supervise 监督representative 代表fabrication 装配evaluate 评价check out 检查recommendation 建议authority 权威inspector 检查员register 登记、注册员construct 建筑comply with 符合initial 初始的continuing 后继的classification 船级assess 估价maritime nation 海运国concerned with 涉及provision 供应machinery 机械设备compulsory 强制性的adequate 适当的ship owner 船主unclassed 无船级的assignment 规定load line 载重线involved in 有关，涉及send out 派出surveyor 检查员supervisor 监造师barge carrier 载驳船a bold step 一大步in the trend toward 在某方面cargo 物资containerization 集装箱化port 港口、港泊barge 驳船lighter 港驳elevator 升降机platform 平台submerge 浸没align 成一直线trolley 拖车rail 运送ballast 压载bow 船艏stern 船艉laden 满载的hold 舱室fixture 设备erect 安装container ship 集装箱船virtually 实际上cargo liner route 货运航线terminal 港口waterproof 水密的hatch 舱口shore 岸上的idle 闲置的exclusively 专门的distinctive 独特的the very large crude carry (VLCC) 超大型油轮product tanker 成品油轮refined oil 精炼油parcel 分区的Sophisticated 完善的simultaneously 同步的edible 食用的acid 酸liquefied natural gas(LNG) 液化天然气liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)液化石油气aluminum 铝spherical 球形的prismatic-shaped 棱形的cope with 与．．．相适应expand 膨胀contract 收缩dry bulk cargo ship 散装干货船iron ore 矿砂limestone 石灰石installation 安装compartment 船舱crew 船员wheel house 驾驶室aft 船艉inner bottom plate 内底板slantingly 斜坡式knot 节１节＝１海里／小时ocean-going ship 远洋船density 比重stability 稳性rolling 横摇classification societies:Great Britain---L loyd’s Register of ShippingFrance---Bureau VeritasGermany---Germanischer LloydNorway---Det Norske VeritasItaly---Registro Italiano NavaleUnited States of America---American Bureau of Shipping Russia---Register of Shipping of the USSRJapan---Nippon Kaizi Ngokaipassenger-cargo ship 客货船property 特性sailing 航海capsize 倾覆、翻船self-turning 自身转向ferry 渡轮trailer 拖车lorry 车辆cruise liner 旅游船roll-on/roll-off ship 滚装船with a broad interpretation从广义上讲under this heading 在这一范畴内trailer ship 拖车运输船auto 汽车military vehicle 军用车辆pallet 货盘forklift truck 铲车immerse 浸没freeboard 干舷side port 舷门ramp 跳板transom stern 方形尾motorboat 汽艇sloping ramp 倾斜跳板clear deck 畅通甲板transverse bulkhead 横向隔舱壁unique 独特的arrangement 布局access 通道strategist 军事家submarine 潜水艇aircraft carrier 航空母舰humble 卑微的minesweeper 扫雷艇modular 单体的sensor 传感器personnel 人员explosion 爆炸mine-hunter 探雷器non-magnetic 无磁的glass fiber 玻璃纤维combat 战斗robot submersible 无人潜水艇inter-continental ballistic missile 洲际弹道导弹nuclear-powered 核动力bomb 炸弹ammunition 军火up and away 桥楼bridge 起飞funnel 烟囱fighter 战斗机dive-bomber 轰炸机fighter-bomber 战斗轰炸机torpedo 鱼雷hangar 飞机库spare part 备件aerial 天线row 成排turbine 汽轮机propeller 螺旋桨mount 装配arrestor 停机cable 缆绳armor 装甲beam 横梁salvage 打捞tug 拖轮pumping 抽水ice breaker 破冰船Maneuverable 易操纵的off shore 近海mobile drilling platform 移动式钻井平台self-elevating platform 自升式平台submersible 坐底式（平台）semi submersible 半潜式（平台）drill ship 钻井船jack-up 用千斤顶顶起tow 拖动limit up to 不大于offset 偏移version 翻版、变种bottom-supported unit 底坐式平台floater 浮动式平台plus the fact that 此外buoyancy 浮体rig-type 钻井机self-propelled 自推式的configuration 外形twin-hulled 双体型catamaran 双体船anchoring 锚泊ingenious 精确的dynamic positioning system 动力定位系统stabilize 使稳定fixed offshore structure 固定式近海平台template 样板，模板jacked structure 导管架平台pile 管装lateral 侧向的heavy lift ship 超重机derrick 起重机stock 铁轨voyage 航海painting 涂漆air-bubbling 气泡lubricate 润滑elegant 优雅的diesel engine 柴油机gearbox 齿轮箱fuel oil 燃油exhaust gas 排出的废气turbo-generator 涡轮（气轮）发动机electronic system 电子系统anti-collision radar 反碰撞雷达satellite navigation 卫星导航echo sounder 回声仪sensor 传感器data monitoring 数据监测spare 备件readout 数据显示装置program 编程steer 操纵，驾驶crew 船员cabin 舱室reinforce 加强vulnerable 易受损的hull form 船型robot 机器人propulsion 推进electro-magnetic generation 电磁代产品sail 船帆wind turbine 风力涡轮机high-altitude 高空convoy 护航舰队manned 有人操纵的performance 特性guiding principle 导航原理，定向原理be concerned with 与…有关seakeeping performance 海航性能floatability 漂移性stability 稳性floodability 不沉性fast speed 快速性wave-resistance 耐波性maneuverability 操纵性principal dimension 主尺度taking …into account 考虑到length overall 总长bulbous bow 球鼻艏length on the waterline 水线长design water line 设计水线full-load waterline 满载水线trim 纵倾length between perpendiculars 垂线间长rudder post 舵柱rudder post 舵梢breadth moulded 型宽breadth extreme 最大船宽overhang of deck 甲板舷伸部分fenders 护舷材depth moulded 型深base line 基线midship transverse cross section 舯横剖面rounded gunwale 圆弧舷顶边部deck line continued 甲板边线的延线draft 吃水freeboard 干舷sea-worthiness 适航性ship line 船体线型section 剖面截面intersection 相交交线orthogonal plane 正交平面body section 横剖面中剖面parallel 平行waterline 水线面（图）水线level line 水平型线面sheer profile 总剖线图buttock 后体纵剖线，纵剖线bow line 前体纵剖线fair 光顺fairing process 光顺过程space 间隔interdependence 互相协调coefficients of shipform 船型系数water plane area coefficient 水线面系数midship transverse cross section coefficient 舯剖面系数displacement coefficient 排水量系数block coefficient 方形系数longitudinal prismatic coefficient 纵向棱形系数geological characteristics of hull 船体几何特性ratios of principal dimensions 主尺度比值displacement 排水量lightload displacement 轻载排水量full-load displacement 满载排水量spare parts 备品spare gears 备件provision 粮食consumable 消耗品complement 定员normal displacement 正常排水量standard displacement 标准排水量deadweight 载重量total tonnage 总吨位net registered tonnage 净登记吨位deal with 谈到load line mark 载重线标记for the sake of 为了．．．的缘由be laid down 被制定incline 倾斜trim 纵倾heel 横倾metacenter of transverse incline nation 横倾稳心longitudinal inclination 纵向倾斜small metacentric angles 小倾角keel block 龙骨墩on being dry-docked 进入船坞时ballast water 压载水adjacent compartment 相邻舱resistance 阻力propulsion 推进friction 摩擦wave-making 兴波阻力eddy-making 涡流阻力transmission 传动propulsive coefficient 推进系数rated horsepower of the main engine 主机额定马力rolling 横摇pitching 纵摇heaving 升沉运动pattern of surface wave 表面波型deteriorate 变坏dampen 衰减rolling period 横摇周期initial stability 初稳性moderate 缓和bilge keel 舭龙骨activated fin stabilizer 主动减摇鳍passive or flume stabilizing tank 被动减摇水舱turning circle 回转范围helm 舵轮,转舵装置hull construction 船体结构superstructure 上层建筑main hull 主船体bow block 艏段midship block 舯段stern block 艉段side 舷侧upper deck 上甲板hollow structure 空心结构horizontal 水平的diaphragm 隔板lower deck 下甲板breadth 船宽transverse bulkhead 横向隔舱壁fore peak 艏尖舱aft peak 艉尖舱stem 艏柱stern post 艉柱bottom shell plating 船底外板flat plate keel 平板龙骨bilge strake 舭列板center vertical keel 中内龙骨side vertical keel 旁骨龙骨floor plate 肋板side shell plating 舷侧外板side plate 舷侧板sheer strake 舷顶列板frame 肋骨Side girder 舷侧纵桁beam 横梁deck girder 甲板板stiffener 强肋骨envelope 外壳buoyancy 浮力crisscross 纵横交错framing 骨架supplementary 补充的sea keeping performance 航海性能deckhouse 甲板室forecastle 艏楼poop 艉楼castle 桥楼trim 横倾heel 纵倾ballast water 压载水centerline stringer 中纵通材member 构件total longitudinal strength 总纵强度side girder 侧桁bend 弯曲dynamic pressure 冲击力port 左舷starboard 右舷layer 层single shell side 单层壳舷侧longitudinal big hatch 纵通长大舱口transversal framing 横向骨架web 腹板static water pressure 静水压rolling 横摇pitching 纵摇rudder 舵shaft strut 艉轴架panel stiffness 板格刚度vibration 振动weather deck 露天甲板roof 屋顶pant beam 横梁hatch beam 舱口横梁deck girder 甲板纵桁deck longitudinal 甲板纵骨hatch trunk 舱口围板pillar 支柱strength deck 强力甲板flange 翼缘boundary 边缘,界面neutral axis 中心轴plain plate 平板corrugated plate 波浪板kingpost 吊杆柱rigidity 刚性flooding 进水fore perpendicular 艏垂线fore peak zone 艏尖舱区域collision proof bulkhead 防撞舱壁sheets of plate 板材element 构件curved 曲面的but in either case 但不论哪种情况stanchion 支柱stringer 侧桁rolled 轧压(型材)extruded 挤压(型材)flanged 折边(型材)built-up plate sections 组合板型材bottom shell 外底板orient 取向center vertical keel 中内龙骨as appropriate 假如合适hull girder 船体梁passenger ship 客船ro/ro ship 滚装船bulk carrier 散货船tug 拖船cargo temperature 物资温度max pressure 最大压力min temperature最低温度max cargo density 物资最大密度Research Ship 调查船Training Ship 训练船Fire Fighting Ship 消防船Oil Recovery Ship 浮油回收船Fish Factory Ship 鱼类加工船Strengthened for Heavy Cargoes 重货加强Holds Nos may be Empty 能够舱空舱CCSS Structural safety Solutions 船舶结构分析评估系统、Greater Coastal Service 近海航区Coastal Service 沿海航区Sheltered Water Service 遮蔽航区Dalian Nagasaki Service 大连长崎In Water Survey 水下检验Enhanced Survey Programme 加强检验程序Ballast Water Management Plan 压载水治理打算lifting lug 吊马。

电力系统英语

智能终端---- In tellige nt Termi nal模糊控制---- Fuzzy Con trol组态---- Con figurati on仿真---- Simulatio n冗余---- Redundant客户/服务器--- Client/Server网络---- Network设备网——DeviceNET 基金会现场总线foundation fieldbus （FF）现场总线---- Fieldbus以太网---- Ethernet变频器---- In verter脉宽调制——Pulse Width Modulation （PWM）伺服驱动器Servo Driver软起动器一一Soft Starter 步进Step-by-Step控制阀---- Co ntrol Valver流量计---- Flowmeter仪表---- In strume nt记录仪---- Recorder传感器---- Sen sor智能传感器---- Smart Se nsor智能变送器---- Smart Tran sducer虚拟仪器------ Virtual In strume nt主站/ 从站 --- Master Statio n/Slave stati on操作员站/工程师站/管理员站---- Operator Station/Engineer Station/Manager Station电力专业英语（1）元件设备三绕组变压器：three-colum n tran sformer ThrCl nTrans双绕组变压器：double-colu mn tra nsformer DblCl mnTrans电容器：Capacitor并联电容器：shunt capacitor电抗器：Reactor母线：Busbar输电线：TransmissionLine发电厂：power plant断路器：Breaker刀闸（隔离开关）：Isolator分接头：tap电动机：motor（2）状态参数有功：active power无功：reactive power电流：current容量：capacity电压：voltage档位：tap position有功损耗：reactive loss无功损耗：active loss功率因数：power-factor功率：power功角：power-angle电压等级：voltage grade空载损耗：no-load loss铁损：iron loss铜损：copper loss空载电流：no-load current阻抗：impedance正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance电阻：resistor电抗：reactance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测：YC（telemetering）遥信：YX励磁电流（转子电流）：magnetizing current定子：stator功角：power-angle上限:upper limit下限：lower limit并列的：apposable高压: high voltage低压：low voltage中压：middle voltage电力系统power system发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current母线bus变压器transformer升压变压器step-up transformer高压侧high side输电系统power transmission system输电线transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation稳定stability电压稳定voltage stability功角稳定angle stability暂态稳定transient stability电厂power plant能量输送power transfer交流AC装机容量installed capacity电网power system落点drop point开关站switch station双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站transformer substation补偿度degree of compensation高抗high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿reactive power compensation故障fault调节regulation裕度magin三相故障three phase fault故障切除时间fault clearing time极限切除时间critical clearing time切机generator triping高顶值high limited value强行励磁reinforced excitation线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation)机端generator terminal静态static (state)动态dynamic （state）单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system机端电压控制AVR电抗reactance电阻resistance功角power angle有功（功率）active power无功（功率）reactive power功率因数power factor无功电流reactive current下降特性droop characteristics斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值reference value电压互感器PT分接头tap下降率droop rate仿真分析simulation analysis传递函数transfer function框图block diagram受端receive-side裕度margin同步synchronization失去同步loss of synchronization阻尼damping摇摆swing保护断路器circuit breaker电阻：resistance电抗：reactance阻抗：impedance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance导纳：admittance电感：inductance电容: capacitance常用电力专业英语（1）元件设备三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器：Capacitor 并联电容器：shunt capacitor 电抗器：Reactor母线：Busbar输电线：TransmissionLine 发电厂：power plant 断路器：Breaker 刀闸（隔离开关）：Isolator 分接头：tap电动机：motor（2）状态参数有功：active power无功：reactive power电流：current容量：capacity电压：voltage档位：tap position有功损耗：reactive loss 无功损耗：active loss 功率因数：power-factor 功率：power 功角：power-angle 电压等级：voltage grade 空载损耗：no-load loss 铁损：iron loss 铜损：copper loss 空载电流：no-load current 阻抗：impedance 正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance 电阻：resistor 电抗：reactance 电导：conductance 电纳：susceptance无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad 有功负载: active load PLoad 遥测：YC(telemetering) 遥信：YX 励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current 定子：stator 功角：power-angle 上限:upper limit 下限：lower limit 并列的：apposable 高压: high voltage 低压：low voltage 中压：middle voltage 单位标准：正确错误电能：千瓦时kW.h k,h 小写W 大写有功功率千瓦kW k 小写W 大写无功功率千乏kvar k,v,a,r 均小写视在功率千伏安kVA k小写V、A大写电压千伏kV k 小写V 大写长度千米km k,m 均小写电流安培 A A 大写电力系统power system 发电机generator 励磁excitation 励磁器excitor 电压voltage 电流current 母线bus 变压器transformer 升压变压器step-up transformer 高压侧high side 输电系统power transmission system 输电线transmission line 固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定stability 电压稳定voltage stability 功角稳定angle stability 暂态稳定transient stability 电厂power plant 能量输送power transfer 交流AC 装机容量installed capacity 电网power system 落点drop point 开关站switch station 双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站transformer substation 补偿度degree of compensation 高抗high voltage shunt reactor 无功补偿reactive power compensation 故障fault 调节regulation 裕度magin 三相故障three phase fault 故障切除时间fault clearing time极限切除时间critical clearing time 切机generator triping 高顶值high limited value 强行励磁reinforced excitation 线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation) 机端generator terminal 静态static (state) 动态dynamic (state) 单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system 机端电压控制AVR 电抗reactance 电阻resistance 功角power angle 有功(功率) active power 无功(功率) reactive power 功率因数power factor 无功电流reactive current 下降特性droop characteristics 斜率slope 额定rating 变比ratio 参考值reference value 电压互感器PT 分接头tap 下降率droop rate 仿真分析simulation analysis 传递函数transfer function 框图block diagram 受端receive-side 裕度margin 同步synchronization 失去同步loss of synchronization 阻尼damping 摇摆swing 保护断路器circuit breaker 电阻：resistance 电抗：reactance 阻抗：impedance 电导：conductance 电纳：susceptance 导纳：admittance 电感：inductance 电容: capacitance热工自动化常用英文缩写词ABC Automatic boiler control 锅炉自动控制AC Alternating current 交流（电）ACC Automatic combustion control 燃烧自动控制ACP Auxiliary control panel 辅助控制盘ACS Automatic control system 自动控制系统ACT actuator 执行机构A/D Analog /digital（conversion）模/数（转换）ADP Annunciation display panel 报警显示板AEH Analog electro- 模拟式电液调节AFC Air flow control ' 送风控制AGC Automatic generation control 自动发电量控制AI Analog input 模拟量输入A/M Automatic/manul 自动/手动AO Analog output 模拟量输入APC Automatic plant control 电厂自动控制ASS Automatic synchronized system 自动同期系统ARP Auxiliary relay panel 辅助继电器盘ATC Automatic turbine startup or shutdown control system 汽轮机自启停系统BCS Burner control system 燃烧器控制系统BF Boiler follow 锅炉跟踪BFC Boiler fuel control 锅炉燃料控制BPS By-pass control system 旁路控制系统BTG Boiler turbinegenerator（panel）锅炉、汽轮机、发电机（控制盘）CCR Central control room 单元（中央）控制室CHS Coal handing system 输煤控制系统CJC Cold junction compensator 冷端补偿器CPU Central processing unit 中央处理器CRT Cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管屏幕显示器D/A Digtal/analog（conversion）数/模（转换）DAS Data acquisition system 计算机监视系统或数据采集系统DC Direct current 直流（电）DCE Data circuit-terminating equipment 数据电路终端设备DCS Distributed control system 分散控制系统DDC Direct digital control 直接数字控制DDP Distributed datd processing 分散数据处理DEH Digital electro-hydraulic control system 数字式电液控制系统DI Digital input 数字量输入DMP Damper 挡板、风门DO Digital output 数字量输出DSB Distributed switch-board 配电盘DTE Data terminal equipment 数据中端设备EEPROM Electrically-erasable programmable read only mrmory 电可擦写只读存储器E/P Electro/pneumatic（converter）电/气（转换器）EPROM Electrically programmable read only memory 电可编程只读存储器ES Expert system 专家系统ETS Emergency trip system 紧急停机系统EWS Engineer wok station 工程师工作站FA Full arc 全周进汽FB Field bus 现场总线FCB Fast cut back （机组）快速甩负荷FDC Furnace draft control 炉膛压力控制FSS Furnace safety system 炉膛安全系统FSSS Furnace safeguard supervisory system 锅炉炉膛安全监控系统GV Governor valve 调节阀门HBP High-pressure by-pass valve 高压旁路I&C Instrumentation &control 仪表与控制INT Interlock 连锁I/O Input/output 输入/ 输出IDP Integrated data processing 集中数据处理KB Keyboard 键盘LBP Low-pressure by-pass valve 低压旁路LCD Liquid-crystal display 液晶显示器LED Light emitting diode 发光二极管LS Limit switch 限位开关LS Level switch 液位开关M/A Manual/automatic 手动/自动MAX Maximum 最大值MCC Motor control center 电动机控制中心MCR Maximum continuous rating 最大连续运行负荷MCS Modulating control system 模拟量控制系统MEH （BFTP）micro-electro-hydraulic control system （锅炉给水泵汽轮机）电液控制系统MFT Master fuel trip 总燃料跳闸MHC Mechanicial hydraulic control 机械液压式控制MIN Minimum 最小值MIS Management information syrtem 管理信息系统MTBF Mean time between failures 平均无故障工作时间MTTF Mean time to failure MTTR Mean time to repair NC Normally Closed 常闭NO Normally open 常开失效（故障）前平均工作时间平均故障修复时间OCS On-off control system 开关量控制系统OEI Optic electric interface 光电接口OFT Oil fuel trip 燃油跳闸OPC Overspeed protection CONTROL 超速保护控制OS Operator station 操作员站PA Partial arc 部分进汽PC Programmable controller 可编程控制器PCS Pulverizer control system 磨煤机控制系统PI Purse input 脉冲量输入PID Proportional integral derivative 比例-积分-微分PLC Programmable logic controller 可编程序逻辑控制器PO Pulse output 脉冲量输出RAM Random access memory 随机存取存储器RB Run back （辅机故障）快速甩负荷ROM Read only memory 只读存储器RTC Reheat steam temperature control 再热气温控制SBC Soot blower control system 吹灰控制系统SCM Single chip microcomputer 单片机SCS Sequence control system 顺序控制系统SER Sequence events recorder 事件顺序记录仪SOE Sequence of events 事件顺序记录ST Smart transmitter 智能变送器STC Superheated steam temperature control 过热气温控制TAS Turbine automatic system 汽轮机自动控制系统TBP Tuibine by-pass system 汽轮机旁路系统TCS Turbine control system 汽轮机控制系统TF Turbine follow 汽轮机跟踪TSI Turbine supervisory instrument 汽轮机监视仪表UCC Unit coordinated control 机组协调控制ULD Unit load demand（command）机组负荷指令UPS Uninterrupted power system 不间断电源WTS Water treatment contrd system 水处理控制系统7 月24 日电力专业英语电力专业英语carrie85 lj0185（1）元件设备三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器：Capacitor并联电容器：shunt capacitor 电抗器：Reactor 母线：Busbar 输电线：TransmissionLine 发电厂：power plant 断路器：Breaker 刀闸（隔离开关）：Isolator 分接头：tap 电动机：motor（2）状态参数有功：active power无功：reactive power电流：current 容量：capacity 电压：voltage 档位：tap position 有功损耗：reactive loss 无功损耗：active loss 功率因数：power-factor 功率：power 功角：power-angle 电压等级：voltage grade 空载损耗：no-load loss 铁损：iron loss 铜损：copper loss 空载电流：no-load current 阻抗：impedance 正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance 电阻：resistor 电抗：reactance 电导：conductance 电纳：susceptance 无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad 有功负载: active load PLoad 遥测：YC(telemetering) 遥信：YX 励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current 定子：stator 功角：power-angle 上限:upper limit 下限：lower limit 并列的：apposable 高压: high voltage 低压：low voltage 中压：middle voltage 电力系统power system 发电机generator 励磁excitation 励磁器excitor 电压voltage 电流current 母线bus 变压器transformer升压变压器step-up transformer 高压侧high side 输电系统power transmission system 输电线transmission line 固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定stability 电压稳定voltage stability 功角稳定angle stability 暂态稳定transient stability 电厂power plant 能量输送power transfer 交流AC 装机容量installed capacity 电网power system 落点drop point 开关站switch station 双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站transformer substation 补偿度degree of compensation 高抗high voltage shunt reactor 无功补偿reactive power compensation 故障fault 调节regulation 裕度magin 三相故障three phase fault 故障切除时间fault clearing time 极限切除时间critical clearing time 切机generator triping 高顶值high limited value 强行励磁reinforced excitation线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation) 机端generator terminal 静态static (state) 动态dynamic (state) 单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system 机端电压控制AVR 电抗reactance 电阻resistance 功角power angle 有功(功率) active power 无功(功率) reactive power 功率因数power factor 无功电流reactive current 下降特性droop characteristics斜率slope 额定rating 变比ratio 参考值reference value 电压互感器PT 分接头tap下降率droop rate 仿真分析simulation analysis 传递函数transfer function 框图block diagram 受端receive-side 裕度margin 同步synchronization 失去同步loss ofsynchronization 阻尼damping 摇摆swing 保护断路器circuit breaker 电阻：resistance 电抗：reactance 阻抗：impedance 电导：conductance 电纳：susceptance 导纳：admittance 电感：inductance 电容: capacitanceAGC Automatic Generation Control 自动发电控制AMR Automatic Message Recording 自动抄表ASS Automatic Synchronized System 自动准同期装置ATS Automatic Transform System 厂用电源快速切换装置AVR Automatic V oltage Regulator 自动电压调节器BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统CISConsumer Information System 用户信息系统CRMS Control Room ManagementSystem 控制室管理系统CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管DA DistributionAutomation 配电自动化DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制（系统）DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液（调节系统） DMS Distribution Management System 配电管理系统DPU Distributed Processing Unit 分布式处理单元DSM Demand Side Management 需求侧管理EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统ETS Emergency Trip System 汽轮机紧急跳闸系统EWS Engineering Working Station 工程师工作站FA Feeder Automation 馈线自动化FCS Fieldbus Control System 现场总线控制系统FSS Fuel Safety System 燃料安全系统FSSS Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System 炉膛安全监控系统FTU Feeder Terminal Unit 馈线远方终端GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear 气体绝缘开关设备GPS Global Position System 全球定位系统HCS Hierarchical Control System 分级控制系统LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示屏LCP Local Control Panel 就地控制柜MCC Motor Control Center （电动机）马达控制中心MCS Modulating Control System 模拟量控制系统MEH Micro Electro Hydraulic Control System 给水泵汽轮机电波控制系统MISManagement Information System 管理信息系统NCS Net Control System 网络监控系统OIS Operator Interface Station 操作员接口站OMS Outage Management System 停电管理系统PAS Power Application Software 电力应用软件PID Proportion Integration Differentiation 比例积分微分PIO Process Input Output 过程输入输出（通道）PLC Programmable Logical Controller 可编程逻辑控制器PSS Power System Stabilizator 电力系统稳定器RTU Remote Terminal Unit 站内远方终端SA Substation Automation 变电站自动化文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 数据采集与监控系统SCCSupervisory Computer Control 监督控制系统SCS Sequence Control System 顺序（程序）控制系统SIS Supervisory Information System 监控信息系统TDCS （TDC）Total Direct Digital Control 集散控制系统TSI Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation 汽轮机监测仪表UPS Uninterrupted PowerSupply 不间断供电WMS Work Management System 工作管理系统11文档收集于互联网，如有不妥请联系删。

妙文翻译公司行业术语整理- 电子类Q类

妙文翻译公司翻译样稿妙文翻译公司行业术语整理-电子类Q类上海妙文翻译公司()电子类中英对照Q factor,Q值因数Q-percentile life,可靠寿命quad array,方阵quadrant-edge orifice plate,1/4圆周边缘孔板quadrant electrom eter,象限静电计quadrupole field,四极场quadrupole ion trap,四极离子阱quadrupole mass filter,四极滤质器quadrupole mass spectrometer,四极质谱计quadrupole probe,四极探头quadrupole residual gas analyzer,四极残余气体分析器quadrupole rods,四极杆qualification,鉴定qualification standard,鉴定标准qualification test,鉴定试验qualitative analysis,定性分析quantitative differential thermal analysis (QDTA),定量差示热分析qualitative physical model,定性物理模型quality,质量quality assurance,质量保证quality control (QC),质量控制quality inspection,质量检验quality management,质量管理quality supervision,质量监督quantitative analysis,定量分析quantitative differential thermal analysis,定量差热分析quantitative differential thermal analyzer,定量差热（分析）仪quantity of heat,热量quantity of illumination,光照量quantity of radiant energy,辐射能量quantity of radiation,幅射能量quantity to be measured,被测量quantization,量化quantization error,量化误差quantized error,量化误差quantized noise,量化噪声quantized signal,量化信号quartet,四重布置；四重检测quarter circle orifice plate,1/4圆孔板quartz-Bourdon tube (pressure)gauge,石英弹簧管压力计quartz crystal unit humidity transducer[sensor]晶体振子式湿度传感器quartz module,石英组件quartz spring gravimeter,石英弹簧重力仪quartz thermometer,石英温度计；石英温度表quasi-equilibrium theory,准平衡理论quasi-molecular ion,准分子离子quasi-periodic vibration,准周期振动quasi-rigid rotor,准刚性转子quasi-sinusoidal quantity,准正弦量quasi-static unbalance,准静不平衡quasilinear chareacteristics,准线性特性quenching,阻塞question and answer mode,问答式queuing theory,排队论quick thermophysical property measuring apparatus,热物性快速测定仪quintet,五重布置；五重检测quotient-meter,商值表版权所有，妙文上海翻译公司()，如有转载，请注明出处。

肖柏明PPT—杂质研究色谱体系的建立、优化与疑难问题分析(1)

IMPs/DPs: Product was out of specification for a known 10,968 boxes DP,ergotaminine. IMPs/DPs; OOS result for total IMPs Pediatric Atropine Sulfate Injection, USP, 37,100 syringes at the 8 month stability testing 0.05 mg/ml; Single Dose interval. IMPs/DPs: Out of specification for related compounds at the 12-month Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate Oral Solution, 24,980 bottles 15 mg (base)/5 ml room temperature stability time point. IMPs/DPs: Ropinirole Hydrochloride Ropinirole Hydrochloride Tablets, 0.25 mg, Tablets may not meet the 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg, 100-count tablets per 1,103,813 bottles specification for a known IMP over bottle the product shelf life. IMPs/DPs: High out of specification Topiramate 25 mg & 200 mg tablets 82,653 tablets results for IMP. II IMPs/DPs; the level of chlorpheniramine ammonio acetate (CPAA) was slightly higher than TYLENOL® Cold Multi-Symptom Nighttime/Rapid 2,372,472 cartons Release Gelcaps expected in some TYLENOL® Cold MultiSymptom Nighttime Rapid Release Gelcaps.

英汉核电工程常用词汇

英汉核电工程常用词汇英语abnormal conditionabsorbed dose rateabsorber rodabsorption coefficientabsorption cross sectionabsorption ratioacceleration pressure dropacceleration pressure lossacceptable daily intake(ADI)acceptable limitacceptanceacceptance criterion(pl,criteria)acceptance reportacceptance standardacceptance testaccessaccident analysisaccident conditionsaccident interlocking moduleaccident managementaccident mitigationaccident preventionaccident sourceaccidental exposureaccidental shutdowmaccumulated doseaccumulatoracid-proof tileactivationactive carbon filteractive componentactive core heightactive poweractivityactivity concentrationactivity levelactuateadministration building and emergency centre ventilation systemadministration building and emergency centre water supply and drainage systemadopting (or adoption) by equationadopting (or adoption) by equivalentadsorber chilleraerial cableaerodynamic behaviouraerosolafter filter, (or post-filter)after-power,residual heat powerair (circuit)breakerair change rateair coolerair delivery pipeair filter and adsorber unit (AFAU)air filter unit (AFU)air filterair flow rateair handling unit (AHU)air hoseair intakeair pumpair sampling deviceair self-cooling typeair submersion doseairborne particulate sampler(APS)airborne radioactivityalarmalarm(output) modulealarm signalalarm windowalbedoaligning pinall volatile treatment (AVT)alphanumeric keyboardambient temperatureAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI)American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American Nuclear Society (ANS)American Society for Testing and Materials American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) American Society of Mechnical Engineers (ASME) ammeterampacityanalog channelanalog/digital(A/D) converteranalog inputanalog outputanalog signalsanalogue linkanchor boltanion bedannexanti-freezeanti-rust agentanti-seizer lubricantanti-vibration baranti-vibration baranti-whip deviceanticipated operational occurrencesanticipated transient without scram (ATWS)apparent powerappendixapplication packageapplication programapprovalarc lamparea radiation monitoring systemarmoured cablearmyas low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)as-built drawingaseismic jointassemblerassessmentassessment of exposureassessment of radiation protectionassignorasychronous motoratmospheric corrsionatmospheric dispersion factoratmospheric overvoltageatmospheric pressureatmospheric radiation monitoring apparatus atmospheric stabilityatom absorption spectroscopy (ASS)ATWS mitigation systemaudible count rate signalaudible signalsauditaudit follow-upaudit planaudit recordaudit reportaudit team leadoraudit team teamauditeeauditoraustenitic stainless steelauthorityauthorizationauthorized limitautomatic analytical balanceautomatic connection modeautomatic exchangeautomatic scalerautomatic selective callautomatic synchronization unitautomatic weldingautotransformerauxiliariesauxiliary boilerauxiliary building common facility room ventilation systemauxiliary building water supply and drainage system auxiliary component shieldingauxiliary contactauxiliary feed-water systemauxiliary feedwater pump building ventilation system auxiliary feedwater pumpauxiliary gutterauxiliary hoistauxiliary power supplyauxiliary steam distribution systemauxiliary steam production systemauxiliary steam system(conventional island)auxiliary transformeravailabilityavailable headavalancheaverage daily outputAvogadro's numberaxial offset(AO)axial peaking factoraxial peaking hot spot factoraxial power deviationaxial power factoraxial stiffnessazimuthal power tiltA/M transfer switchback lighted buttonback pressureback weldingbackdraft damperbackfill soilbackground surveybackgroundbacking weldingbackup (group electrical) heaterbackup manual operatorbackup power supplybackupbafflebaffle assemblybaffle platebalance of plant (BOP)balanced beambalancing chamberballastbankbar screenbarbarrel base platebarrel outlet nozzlebasebase loadbase load operationbase platebasementbasic designbasic limitbasis of design (or purchase)batching tankbearing capacitybearing framebearing housingbearing oil pumpbearing sleevebearing surfacebearing swiveling ringBecquerel (Bq)beginning of life (BOL)bellow sealbellowsbent frameberthbills of quantitiesbioaccumulation factorbiological half-lifebiological shieldingbistable (module)bitbite (control rods)blackoutblankblock diagramblock sequence weldingblockblow downblowdownblowdown phaseblowdown pumpblowdown rateblower,(fan)boar inward dialing (BID)body-bonnet connectionboiling heat transterboltbolting materialbooster pumpbootstrapbootstrap loaderBOP 380VAC power systemBOP building radiation monitoring system BOP communication systemBOP lighting systemborated glassborated waterborationboric acid batching tankboric acid concentrationboric acid filterboric acid mixing tankboric acid pumpboric acid storage tankboric acid surge tankboric acid transfer pumpboron concentration (or content) boron concentration monitoring system boron dilutionboron equivalentboron recycle systemboron removalboron-lined counterboron meterboronsilicate glassbottom head insulationbottom headbottom nozzlebottom platebox foundationbracketbraidbrake horsepowerbrake connectionbranch systembraze weldingbreak sizebreaker (circuit breaker)breaking capacitybreakpointbreather pipebridge (overhead) cranebroadcasting control panelbrushbucklingbuild-up factorbuild-up sequencebulk boilingbulk coolant temperaturebuoyancyburied cableburnable poisonburnable poison assemblyburnable poison materialburnable poison rodburnoutburnout correlationburnout ratioburnuobusbusbar,busbushingbutt weldingbuttressbuzzerbypassbypass flowbytecabcabinetcable boxcable connectorcable end fittingcable flatcable gallerycable layercable listcable pulling vaultcable spreadingcable supplycable terminationcable traycache memorycalculator nodulecallcalorimetercandlingcapable faultcapacitorcapacitycapture cross sectioncapture gamma raycarbon dioxide suppression system cardcardinal pointcarriage returncarry overcarry undercarrying railcarryovercarryover moisturecarryundercartridgecartridge (filter)cartridge fusecascadecasecasing adaptercassette tapecast-in-site conceretcatchment areacathode ray tube (display) (CRT) cation bedcation bedceiling lightcement solidificationcentral processing unit (CPU)centralized controlcentralized samplingcentrifugal charging pumpcentrifugal fancertificate of approvalcertificationcertification of compliancechange noticechange request fromchange requestchange review boardchangeoutchangeoverchanging fixtureschannelchannel deviationchannel flow areachannel headchannel integral modelchannel spacingchannel,conduitcharactercharacter printercharacter stringcharacteristic curvecharcoal adsorbercharcoal filtercharge-coupled device (CCD)charged ionizing particlechargedcharging pathcharging pumpCharpy V notch specimen（Cv）Charpy V testcheck sourcecheck valvecheck—listcheckholechemical addition tankchemical additivechemical and volume control system(CVCS) chemical cleaningchemical reagent injectionchemical treatment tankchemistry laboratory and its drain system chequered platecheveron platechilled waterchilled water circulation pumpchilling unitchloride concentration(content)chopped cosine profile distributioncircuit breaker opening(manual)circuit diagramcircuit railwaycircuiting coolercirculating cooling water drainage system circulating cooling water energy dispersion system circulating cooling water intake systemcirculating cooling water pumping station system circulating cooling water treatment system circulating cooling water yard pipe network system circulating water pumpcirculation ratiocircumferential ridgecivil worksclad pellet gapclad(ding)claddingcladding creepcladding flatteningcladding strainclassification of recordscleaningcleanoutclear—water reservationclevis insertclimatologyclock systemclosed circuit TV systemclosed cycle cooling water system closed—circulating cooling waterclosing(circuit breaker)closure headcoagulantcoagulationcoarse sandcoast down flowcoated electrodecoaxial cablecobalt-base alloycodecode casecode controllercode of federal regulation(CFR)coefficient of thermal expansioncoilcoil stack assemblycold junction boxcold legcold performance testcold shutdowncold startupcold test(ing)cold-wall effectcollapsecollapsed levelcollectioncollective dose equivalentcolor codecommandcommissioningcommitted dose equivalentcommon base platecommon pointcommon switchboardcommunication linkcommunication systemcompany standardcompartmentcompensated ionization chamber compensationcompensation cablecompilercomplete logbookcompletion certificatecompletion of erection release compliance with requirements component cooling watercomponent cooling water heat exchanger component cooling water pump composite structurecompressed air systemcompressible flowcomputer networkconcentrate storage tankconceptual designcondensatecondensate coolercondensate polishing system condensate pumpcondensate systemcondensate transfer pumpcondensercondenser vacumm systemcondition adverse to quality conducting wireconductivity integralconductorconduitconfidenceconfigurationconfined pointconical headconnection boxconnection diagramconnection pointconservation of energyconservation of massconservation of momentumconsoleconstant current power supplyconstant voltage power supply construction managerconstruction permitconstruction qualitycontact conductancecontactorcontained sourcecontainment air cleanup system containment back pressurecontainment hydrogen mixing system containment hydrogen recombiner system containment hydrogen ventilation system containment instrumentation system containment isolation signal containment penetrationcontainment purge ventilation system containment reactor coolant drain system containment spray heat exchanger containment spray pumpcontainment spray signalcontainment spray systemcontainment spray system heat exchanger containment sumpcontent by weightcontinuitycontinuous weldingcontraction coefficientcontraction pressure losscontrolcontrol (rod) assemblycontrol (rod) bankcontrol (rod) calibrationcontrol (rod) clustercontrol (rod) groupcontrol boardcontrol cablecontrol dampercontrol level of surface contamination control logic cabinetcontrol of itemscontrol of purchased itemscontrol rodcontrol rod control systemcontrol rod drive linecontrol rod drive line alignement control rod drive mechanism(CRDM)control rod dropping timecontrol rod ejectioncontrol rod guide thimblecontrol rod movement speedcontrol rod position indication systemcontrol rod withdrawalcontrol switchcontrol volumecontrolled area access personal dose monitoring and management systemcontrollde areaconvection boilingconventional island DC & AC UPS system conventional island (CI)converterconveyer beltconveyer carcoolant chemistrycoolant flow ratecoolant mixingcoolant specific enthalpycoolercooling coilcooling towercooling watercore areacore average heat flux (density)core barrel assemblycore barrel cylindercore barrel flangecore configurationcore flow subfactorcore integritycore maximum heat fluxcore mixing subfactorcore physicscore refloodingcore shellcore support padcore thermal designcore uncovercore unloadingcore void fractioncorrective actioncorridorcorrosioncorrosion fatiguecorrosion inhibitorcorrosion inhibitor addition tankcorrosion mediumcorrosion productcorrosion ratecorrosion resistancecosmic radiationcost benefit analysiscounter area γ monitorcounter flowcoupling breakercouponcoverCPDM power supply systemCPU(central processing unit)CRDM adaptorCRDM cooling systemCRDM ventilation shroudCRDM ventilation systemcreepcreepage distancecrevice corrosioncriterioncritical concentrationcritical experimentcritical exposure pathwaycritical flowcritical groupcritical heat flux (CHF)critical heat flux modified cold-wall factor critical heat flux modified shape factor critical heat flux modified spacer factor critical loadcritical masscritical mass flowcritical mass fluxcritical nuclidecritical size (core)critical transfer pathwaycritical volumecritical accidentcritical alarm systemcritical approach curvecritical safetycross flowcross sectioncrossover legCRT(cathode-ray tube)cubicleculvertcurrent curve versus timecurrent densitycurrent transformercursorcurvaturecushioncut-off energycutoff valvecylindrical shellD.C.hold cabinetD.C.stabilized power supplydadodaily variation coefficientdamperdashpot actiondashpot characteristicsdashpot drop timedashpot regiondashpot sectiondata acquistion and processing system(DAP) data acquistiondata basedata busdata channeldata communication system(DCS)data filedata organizationdata processing moduledata of standard implementationdaughter productDC & AC UPS systemdead banddeborating demineralizerdebugdecaydecay chaindecay constantdecay heatdecay tankdecommissioningdecontaminationdecontamination factor (DF) decontamination systemdeformationdegradationdegree of enrichmentdegree of subcoolingdegree of superheatdelay circuit moduledelay criticaldelay neutron fractiondelay neutrondelithium demineralizerdelta connectiondemineralized waterdemineralized water tankdemineralizerdemineralizer after-filterdemineralizer per-filterdemographydensificationdensimeterdensity wavedentingdeoxygenated waterdeoxygenated water coolerdeoxygenated water pumpdeoxygenated water tankdepature from film boilling(DFB)depature from film boilling(DNB)depature from film boilling ratio (DNBR)depleted fueldepletiondeposit corrosiondeposited corrosion prooductdeposited metaldepositiondepressurizationdepth of corrosiondepth of foundationderived air concentration(DAC)derived limitdescription for drawing up standarddesign assumptiondesign basisdesign basis accident (DBA)design basis eventdesign-basis source termsdesign changedesign codedesign conditiondesign controldesign for reactor core safety in nuclear power plants design interface controldesign objective limitdesign pressuredesign reportdesign reviewdesign specificationdesign temperaturedesign verificationdesignationdesignation of systemdesilting basindetail(detailed) designdetection limitdetector push-pull devicedetector storage tubedetector welldiagnostic programdialog keyboarddiaphragm valvedielectric strengthdiesel generatordiesel generator setdifferential pressuredifferential pressure controllerdifferential pressure gaugedifferential pressure transmittterdifferential protectiondifferential worthdifferentiator modulediffuserdiffuser platediffusion coefficientdiffusion theorydigital filteringdigital inputdigital voltmeter moduledigital/analog (D/A) converter dilutiondilution factordimineralized water pumpdirect burialdirect groundingdirect inward dialing (DID) direct outward dialing (DOD) direct interlocking circuit direct of weldingdirectorydisadvantage factordischarge burnupdischarge pumpdischargedisconnectdisconnect buttondisconnect plugdisconnect roddished headdished pelletdisinfectiondiskdisk filedisk operating systemdisk storagedispersed flowdisplaydisplay framedisplay operating station distributed computer system distributed networkdistribution boxdistribution cabinet distribution listdistribution systemdivisionDNB heat fluxdocument approvaldocument changedocument controldocument control manager document distribution document preparationdocument retentiondocument reviewdomestic sewagedomestic water yard pipe network system domestic waterDoppler coefficientDoppler effectdose assessmentdose commitmentdose equivalentdose equivalent commitmentdose equivalent limitdose rate conversion factordosimeter readerdouble ended breakdouble fume chamber and hooddouble hookdoble perioddouble-pole single-throw (DPST)switch(relay) double-pulse generatordouble-reeling systemdownhand weldingdownstreamdraft standard for approvaldraft standard for examinationdrain flash tankdrain recovery tankdrain tankdrawerdrawingdrawing listdrawing volume listdrift fluxdrip pandrive shaftdrive shaft assemblydrive unitdrop timedropletdroplet entraimentdrumdry bulb temperaturedry depositiondry-insultated transformerdry-type transformerdryer(drier)drying ovendryoutdual trace oscilloscopedural-frequency simplex operationdual-tone multifrequency(DTMF)ductductworkduplex transceiverduplicationduration timedye penetrant examination(inspection)dynamic analysisdynamic balancedynamic equilibriumdynamic headdynamic instabilitydynamic parameterearth leakage protectionearth returnearthingearthing resistanceearthing systemearthquakeearthquake subsidenceeditoreductoreffective delayed neutron fractioneffective dose equipvalenteffective flow rateeffective full power days(EFPD)effluent radiation monitoring systemegg crate grid(rod) ejection accidentejectorelastic scatteringelectret microphoneelectric dispatch networkelectric furnaceelectric heaterelectric hornelectric monorail hoistelectric-hydraulic actuating brakeelectrical buildingelectrical building cooling systemelectrical building smoke exhaust systemelectrical building ventilation systemelectrical building water supply and drainage system electrical conduitelectrical panelelectrical penetrationelectroacoustic componentelectromagnetic brakeelectromagnetic flowmeterelectro-slag remeltingelectro-slag remelting processelectro-sound telephone systemelectronic pocket dosimeterelectrotechnical boxelevationellipsoidal headembeded partemergency announcementemergency borationemergency control room systememergency core coolingemergency diesel generator building water supply and drainage systememergency diesel generator room ventilation system emergency diesel generator systememergency disk brakeemergency drainemergency exposureemergency feedwater tankemergency oil pumpemergency outletemergency poweremergency power source (or supply)emergency shutdownemergency telephone systememergency transfer equipmentemergency trip timeenclosed motorend of cycleend of life (EOF)end plugend truckend-of erection state reportend-of-travel limit switchend-window counterenergizationenergy groupenergy levelenergy resolutionenergy responseenergy response,energy dependenceenergy spectrumengineer stationenggineering heat flux hot spot factorengineering companyengineering enthaply rise factorengineering factorengineering heat flux hot channel factorengineering manualenrichedenriched fuelenriched uraniumenriched uranium reactorenrichmententhalpy rise engineering hot channel factor enthalpy rise factor (F△H)enthalpy rise uncertainty factorentrainmentenvironmental monitoringenvironmental qualificationenvironmental assessment (EA)environmental monitoring vehicleenvironmental qualityepicenterepithermal neutronequilibrium enrichmentequilibrium poisoningequipment hatchequipment listequipotential connectionequivalent core diameterequivalent diametererosion corrosionescape rate coefficientescapeessential chilled water systemessential service water intake filtration system essential service water pumpessential service water pumping station system essential service water yard pipe network system evaporative air cooling (EAV) unitevaporatoreventex-core instrumentationexaminationexcess letdownexcess letdown heat exchangerexcess powerexcess reactivityexcitationexclusion area boundary (EAB)exhaust cleanup unit (ECU)exhaust fanexhaust holeexhausting smoke fanexpansion jointexpansion ringexpansion tankexpert's opinionexpert's reportexternal contaminationexternal exposureexternal interfaceexternal loadexternal pressureface of weldface platefailed fuel assembly location detecting system failed fuel fractionfailurefailure detector modulefanfaster connectorfast fissionfast fission factorfast neutron fluencefast neutron fluxfaultfeasibility studyfeed water heaterfeed water pumpfeed water storage tankfeederfeedwater inlet nozzlefeedwater ringfiberglassfieldfield changefield inspectionfilefilingfillfiller metalfillet weldingfilm badgefilm boilingfilterfilterfinfinal acceptancefinal acceptance reportfinal safety analysis report (FSAR) final storage of documentfine sandfire alarmfire annihilation protecting equipment fire breakfire damperfire extinctionfire extinction agentfire extinction pump(fire pump)fire fighting foam systemfire-fighting waterfire hosefire hydrantfire proof installationfire protectionfire protection water supply system fire ratingfire resistantfire stopfire stopping wallfire collision probalibityfirst corefirst out alarmfissile nucleusfission and corrosion product activity fission chainfission chamber(miniature)fission cross sectionfission energyfission neutronfission productfission ratefission sourcefission spectrumfission yieldfissionablefittingfixed pointfixed radio stationfixed tubeflame arresterflame resistentflammableflange weldingflanged connectionflare groove weldingflare testflashingflashing alarmflask,caskflat headflexible connectionflexible cordflexible couplingflexible couplingfloat chargefloat type flowmeter floatation tankfloating pointflood lightfloodingfloor contamination monitor floor drainfloor drain tankfloppy diskflow coastdownflow diagramflow distributionflow distribution plate flow induced vibrationflow instabilityflow lift forceflow restrictorflow transmitterflow-head curvefluorescent lampflush pumpflush-mountedflushing waterfluxflux densityflux flatteningflux gradientflux instrumentation guide tubeflux mapfollow-up actionfolppy diskfood chainforced circulationforegroundforeign materialforged partsforgingformatfoemerfouling coefficientfracture mechanicsframeframeworkfree-standing claddingfrequency analysisfrequency meterfresh waterfretting corrosionfretting wearfriction coefficient（factor）friction lossfront computerfront panelfuctional assignmentfuelfuel assembly(FA)fuel assembly sipping devicefuel assembly visual inspection equipmentfuel basketfuel buildingfuel building bridgefuel building cranefuel building ventilation systemfuel building water supply and drainage system fuel burnupfuel clusterfuel columnfuel cyclefuel cycle lifetimefuel elementfuel element failure accidentfuel handing systemfuel inventoryfuel loading and unloadingfuel managementfuel mispositioning accidentfuel pelletfuel pool bridgefuel shipping container rigfuel storage, transportation and inspection systemfuel swelingfuel transfer shieldingfuel transfer systemfuel transfer tubefuel tubefuel penetration weldfull penetration weldingfull powerfull-load torquefunction keyfunction testfundation ringfusefuse isolator (disconnector, disconnecting switch, link) fuse switchfusion weldinggalvanic corrosiongantrygantry cranegap conductancegas accumulated flowmetergas chromatograph (GC)gas coolergas gapgas heatergas insulated switchgear (GIS)gas strippergas-strippinggas-stripping unitgaseous samplegaseous spacegaseous waste treatment systemgasketgate valvegear couplinggear reducerGeiger-Muller counter(G-M)general arrangementgeneral corrosiongeneral scientiliation countergeneral standardgenerationgenerator&main tranformer systemgenetic effectgeographygirdergirth weldinggland packingglass dosimeterglobe valveglove boxgovernor valvegrab samplinggrain-sizegraphic displaygraphic packagegraphic printergraphic screengravelly sandGray codegravelly code shaperGray(GY)gridgrid cellgrid springgrid telephone networkgrippergroovegroove anglegroove weldingground faultground watergrounded eletrodegrounding conductorgrounding resistancegrounding wiregroundwater levelgroup displaygroup selector(rotary)guideguide cylinderguide railguide thimbleguide tubeguide tube assemblyguide tube support plateguide vanehabilability areahand and foot monitorhand holehandling openinghandrailhands-free speaking telephone set hangerhard copy printerhardwareharmful effecthazardous atmospherehead block assemblyhead dome insulationhead flange insulationhead lossheat tracing(electric)head。

约束非线性系统理想点多目标安全预测控制

第41卷第2期2024年2月控制理论与应用Control Theory&ApplicationsV ol.41No.2Feb.2024约束非线性系统理想点多目标安全预测控制何德峰†,操佩颐,岑江晖(浙江工业大学信息工程学院,浙江杭州310023)摘要:考虑具有状态和控制约束的仿射非线性系统多目标安全控制问题,本文提出一种保证安全和稳定的多目标安全模型预测控制(MOSMPC)策略.首先通过理想点逼近方法解决多个控制目标的冲突问题.其次,利用控制李雅普诺夫障碍函数(CLBF)参数化局部控制律,并确定系统不安全域.在此基础上,构造非线性系统的参数化双模控制器,减少在线求解模型预测控制(MPC)优化问题的计算量.进一步,应用双模控制原理和CLBF约束,建立MOSMPC策略的递推可行性和闭环系统的渐近稳定性,并保证闭环系统状态避开不安全域.最后,以加热系统的多目标控制为例,验证了本文策略的有效性.关键词:非线性系统;模型预测控制;多目标控制;安全控制;稳定性引用格式:何德峰,操佩颐,岑江晖.约束非线性系统理想点多目标安全预测控制.控制理论与应用,2024,41(2): 355–363DOI:10.7641/CTA.2023.20542Utopia multi-objective safe predictive control ofconstrained nonlinear systemsHE De-feng†,CAO Pei-yi,CEN Jiang-hui(College of Information Engineering,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou Zhejiang310023,China) Abstract:This paper considers the multi-objective safe control problem of input-afﬁne nonlinear systems subject to the constraints on the state and control.A new multi-objective safe model predictive control(MOSMPC)scheme is proposed for the system with guaranteed safety and stability.First,the utopia-point approximation method is adopted to solve the conﬂicting problem of multiple control objectives.Second,the control Lyapunov-barrier function(CLBF)is used to parameterize the local control laws of the system and determine the unsafe domains of the system.Then the parameterized dual-mode controller of the nonlinear system is constructed to reduce the computational amount of online solving the MPC optimization problem.Moreover,recursive feasibility of the MOSMPC scheme and asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system are established via the dual-mode control principle and the CLBF constraint,which ensures that the states of the closed-loop system can avoid the unsafe domain.Finally,an example of multi-objective control of a heating system is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.Key words:nonlinear systems;model predictive control;multi-objective control;safety control;stabilityCitation:HE Defeng,CAO Peiyi,CEN Jianghui.Utopia multi-objective safe predictive control of constrained nonlinear systems.Control Theory&Applications,2024,41(2):355–3631引言安全与稳定是工业过程正常生产的前提,安全事故一旦发生,轻则造成生产过程严重的经济损失,重则威胁生产者的生命健康[1–2],如何保证安全与稳定运行成为工业生产过程的首要任务.除了工业现场的安全保护装置外,过程控制系统可以通过对控制器的约束设计保证生产过程的安全与稳定运行[3–5].因此,各种约束条件在工业过程控制中普遍存在[3–6].另一方面,工业过程控制问题通常涉及多个控制目标,如能耗、效率和控制速率等要求,这些控制目标通常相互冲突[6–8].因此,控制器的设计需要保证这些相互冲突的目标在运行过程中协调实现.现已证明,模型预收稿日期:2022−06−17;录用日期:2023−06−01.†通信作者.E-mail:**************.cn;Tel.:+86130****0667.本文责任编委:夏元清.国家自然科学基金项目(62173303),浙江省重点研发计划项目(2020C03056)资助.Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173303)and the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (2020C03056).356控制理论与应用第41卷测控制(model predictive control,MPC)具有在求解最优控制问题的同时对约束和多目标问题进行有效处理的优点,已被广泛应用于各种工业生产过程的最优控制[6–10].近年来,兼顾稳定性与安全性的MPC方法受到了学术界和工业界越来越多的关注.例如,文献[11–12]提出一种基于控制避障函数的安全反馈设计来保证系统的安全运行;文献[13]提出利用安全指标函数作为硬约束定义不安全区域,结合稳定控制和控制安全,结果显示所提出的方法可以实现非线性系统的闭环稳定性和运行安全性;文献[14–16]考虑控制目标和安全约束之间的潜在冲突,提出一种基于控制李雅普诺夫障碍函数(control Lyapunov-barrier function,CLBF)的控制策略,通过加权控制李雅普诺夫函数(control Lyapunov function,CLF)和控制障碍函数(control barrier function,CBF)兼顾闭环系统的稳定性和控制安全性,文献[14–16]同时还给出了存在多个不安全情况下的控制方法;文献[15]提出了一种基于CLBF的模型预测控制策略,解决满足约束和保证安全的非线性系统的稳定问题,保证状态收敛到稳态而不进入一个指定的不安全区域;文献[17]推广了不安全区域的定义,并通过基于CLBF的控制方法得到验证.现有基于CLBF的控制策略侧重系统安全性和稳定性控制目标,但缺少对工业过程更多控制目标的系统性处理.工业过程控制通常存在多个相互冲突的性能指标,本质上是一种多目标优化控制问题[18–19].加权函数法因其使用方便,通常被用来近似求解多目标优化控制问题,但确定适当的加权系数通常很困难,一般需要经过大量的离线实验才能得到,特别是复杂系统或非凸的多目标控制问题[20–21].为此,近年来相关学者提出了一些新的多目标优化MPC方法,如对控制目标进行优先级排序的优先级多目标MPC[22–24]、基于拐点的进化多目标优化MPC[25–26]以及基于多目标理想点逼近的多目标MPC[27–28]等.理想点逼近多目标M-PC策略通过帕累托前沿实现理想点目标跟踪,无需复杂的参数选择就能自动处理各个性能指标的冲突性,并获得令人满意的多目标控制结果,在工业过程多目标控制研究中得到了广泛关注.仿射输入非线性系统是工业过程控制中常用的一类非线性模型,广泛用于描述加热过程[29]、聚合反应过程[15–17]等工业过程的动态特性.本文考虑具有状态和控制约束的仿射输入非线性系统,提出一种具有稳定性和安全性保证的非线性系统多目标安全模型预测控制(multi-objective safe predictive control,MO-SMPC)策略.首先,采用理想点跟踪方法协调多个控制目标的冲突性.再利用约束CLBF的特性设计系统参数化局部控制律,保证闭环系统状态避开不安全区域.同时,构造非线性系统的参数化双模MPC控制器,在优化多目标性能的同时减少在线求解优化问题的计算量,从而可增加预测时域扩大闭环系统的初始可行域.进一步,应用双模控制原理和CLBF约束,建立MOSMPC策略的递推可行性和闭环系统的渐近稳定性,并且保证系统状态在初始可行域能始终避开不安全区域.最后,通过加热系统的多目标控制仿真实验验证本文结论的有效性和优越性.符号说明:I 0表示非负整数的集合;I a:b表示集合{i∈I 0:a i b},其中a∈I 0和b∈I 0;u(t0:t1)表示t∈[t0,t1]的一个连续时间信号u(t);给定初始状态x0,对于输入信号u(0:t),t时刻系统的解x(t)由x(t)=ϕ(t;x0,u(0:t))表示;符号|·|表示向量的2范数;上标T表示向量或矩阵的转置;“\”表示集合差,即A\B={x∈R n|x∈A,x/∈B};∅表示空集;∂D 表示集D⊂R n的边界;L f V是标量函数V(·)沿向量函数f(·)的李导数.2问题描述和预备考虑连续时间仿射输入非线性系统为{˙x(t)=f(x(t))+g(x(t))u(t),t 0,x(0)=x0.(1)其中:x(t)∈X和u(t)∈U是t时刻系统的状态变量和控制变量;x0是初始状态;X⊆R n和U⊆R m分别是状态和控制的约束集;f(x)和g(x)是自变量x的连续函数.不失一般性,令原点为该系统的平衡点,并假设系统状态是可测的.为简化书写,令F(x,u)= f(x)+g(x)u.考虑系统状态和控制约束为(x(t),u(t))∈Z,∀t 0,(2)其中Z⊆X×U是包含原点为内点的紧凸集.考虑性能函数向量L(x,u)=[L1(x,u)···L l(x, u)],其中L j:Z→R,j∈I1:l(l 2),并假设L j(x,u)关于x和u连续有界.则定义系统(1)的多目标稳态优化问题为min(x,u)∈Z{L(x,u):F(x,u)=0},(3)由于各性能函数L j(x,u)相互冲突,无法同时取得各个性能指标的最优性,通常采用帕累托(Pareto)最优性定义问题(3)的最优解,即给定优化问题(3)的可行解(x ps,u ps),如果不存在其他可行解,使得如下不等式成立:L j(x,u) L j(x ps,u ps),j∈I1:l,(4)且不等式组中至少有一个j∈I1:l,使得L j(x,u)<L j(x ps,u ps).考虑系统(1)在采样时间t k的状态x k,即x(t k)= x k,则定义有限预测时域0<T<∞上的目标函数为J j(x k,u(t k:t k+T))=第2期何德峰等:约束非线性系统理想点多目标安全预测控制357∫tk+Tt kL j(x(s),u(s))d s,(5)其中s为预测时间.注意单目标MPC通过最小化单个目标函数J j(x,u)优化镇定系统(1),而多目标MPC除闭环系统的稳定性外,应同时优化多个相互冲突的目标函数,因此,定义系统(1)的多目标有限时域最优控制问题为minu(t k:t k+T)J(x k,u(t k:t k+T))s.t.˙x(s)=F(x(s),u(s)),∀s∈[t k,t k+T], (x(s),u(s))∈X×U,∀s∈[t k,t k+T],x(t k)=x k,(6)其中:u(t k:t k+T)是在采样时间t k预测的未来时段[t k:t k+T]的控制输入;J(x,u)是需要最小化的l个目标函数向量,即J(x,u)=[J1(x,u)J2(x,u)···J l(x,u)],(7)如果多目标最优控制问题(6)存在可行解,则设u∗(t k:t k+T)是问题(6)的一个帕累托最优解.根据滚动时域优化控制原理,多目标MPC控制律定义为u(t)=u∗(t k:t k+1),∀t∈[t k,t k+1),k∈I 0,(8)即u∗(t k:t k+T)作用于系统(1)直到下一个采样时刻t k+1=t k+δ,其中采样周期δ>0.在下一采样时刻t k+1,用更新的状态x k+1重复整个过程.多目标MPC控制律(8)作用下的闭环系统的稳定性无法由优化问题(6)中目标函数的最优性保证.进一步,闭环状态演化过程中存在不安全域,如温度、压力、浓度过高等运行区域,但优化问题(6)无约束条件使闭环状态避开系统不安全域.令开集X d表示系统(1)运行区间的不安全区域,本文目标是寻找一个最优反馈控制u(x)∈U,使闭环系统状态轨迹x(t;x0, u)∈X但始终避开X d,即x(t;x0,u)/∈X d,∀t 0, x0∈X,从而确保系统是最优且安全运行的.对此,本文将引入CLBF概念设计安全约束,采用MPC方法保证闭环系统能安全避开不安全域,并渐近稳定于平衡点.考虑系统(1)的一个连续可微函数W c(x),定义集X e=x∈X\(X d∪0)|W c(x)/∂x=0,X c=x∈X|W c(x) 0和X uc={x∈X|˙W c(x)=L f W c(x)+L g W c(x)u(x)< 0,u(x)∈U}∪0∪X e,其中L f W c(x)和L g W c(x)分别为W c(x)对函数f(x)和g(x)的李导数.定义1[15]考虑系统(1)及不安全域X d⊂X uc,如果函数W c(x)有下界,在原点有最小值,并满足如下:1)W c(x)>0,∀x∈X d;2)|∂W c(x)∂x| r(|x|);3)X c=∅;4)X uc\(X d∪X c)∩¯X d=∅;5)L f W c(x)<0,∀x∈{s∈X uc\(X d∪0∪X e)| L g W c(s)=0},其中r是K类函数,则W c(x)是该系统的一个控制李雅普诺夫障碍函数CLBF.注1在实际中,CLBF可以由控制李雅普诺夫函数和控制障碍函数复合而成.令V(x)和B(x)分别是系统(1)的控制李雅普诺夫函数[30]和控制障碍函数[15],则该系统的一个CLBF为W c(x)=V(x)+λB(x)+ν,其中λ和ν可由V(x)和B(x)的上下界给定,详见文献[15].3多目标安全MPC设计3.1理想点计算考虑优化问题(3)的第j∈I1:l个性能函数L j(x,u),求解对应稳态优化问题为L∗s,j:=min(x,u)∈Z{L j(x,u):F(x,u)=0},(9)得最优解(x∗s,j,u∗s,j),其中最优值L∗s,j=L j(x∗s,j,u∗s,j).由于各性能函数L j(x,u)相互冲突,故各L j(x,u)对应的最优解(x∗s,j,u∗s,j)不同.为此,应用L∗s,j定义目标函数向量J(x,u)的理想点为J∗s=T[L∗s,1L∗s,2···L∗s,l]T,(10)显然,理想点J∗s是目标函数向量J(x,u)的不可达点,但给出了各个目标函数J j(x,u)的理想期望性能.因此,求解与该理想点J∗s最接近性能函数值对应的稳态解(x cs,u cs)为(x cs,u cs)=arg min(x,u)∈Z{∥T L(x,u)−J∗s∥p:F(x,u)=0},(11)其中∥·∥p是向量p范数.稳态解(x cs,u cs)又称为多目标优化问题(6)的折衷稳态点.因此,本文多目标MPC控制器的设计遵循使J(x,u)逐渐逼近J∗s并使闭环系统稳定于x cs的原则实现各个目标函数的最优化.3.2基于CLBF的控制器设计为应用CLBF概念设计MPC控制器,首先将系统(1)的折衷稳态点(x c s,u c s)平移至原点.令坐标转换z=x−x cs和v=u−u cs,则系统(1)可变换为˙z=f(z(t)+x s)+g(z(t)+x s)(v(t)+u s):=¯F(z,v),(12)令Z d=X d−x c s及W c(z)为系统(12)的一个CLBF,则有以下结论.引理1考虑系统(12)及其不安全域Z d,并给定358控制理论与应用第41卷实数D 1>0和D 2>0,则存在非空集S T 及其反馈控制律v (z )=h (z,µ)=−p (z,µ)β(z )T ,(13)其中参数µ=(µ1,µ2)∈D =[0,D 1]×(0,D 2],增益为p (x,µ)=α(z )+µ1√α(z )2+µ2|β(z )|4|β(z )|2,β(z )=0,0,β(z )=0,(14)其中α(z )=L f W c (z )和β(z )=L g W c (z ),使其闭环系统满足约束(2),并在不变集S T 中渐近稳定,同时使闭环状态避开不安全域Z d .证令S T ⊂X 为W c (z )的最大水平集,则由CL-BF 定义可知,集S T 非空.当z ∈S T \Z d ,由CLBF 定义可得W c (z ) 0.对W c (z )沿闭环系统状态轨迹求导得˙Wc (z )=α(z )+β(z )h (z,µ)=−µ1√|α(z )|2+µ2|β(z )|4,(15)当β(z )=0时,由CLBF 定义可得˙W c (x )=α(z )<0;当β(z )=0时,˙Wc (x )=−µ1√|α(z )|2+µ2|β(z )|4,即W c (z (t ))<W c (z (0))<0,∀t 0,z (t )/∈Z d .则应用定理1[15]的证明思路可得,闭环系统状态轨迹z 在控制律h (z,µ)作用下保持在域S T \Z d 内,且在不变集S T 内渐近稳定.注2不变集S T 的大小与参数µ取值相关.文献[31]给出了一种不变集S T 的选取方法,如下:先定义集Z h ={z ∈R n |∃µ∈D s .t .h (z,µ)+u c s ∈U }和S T (r )={z ∈R n|W c (z ) r },再将r 从0逐渐增加,直到集(X −x c s )∩Z h无法包含S (r ),从而得到与r max 相关的最大不变集S Tmax ,令S Tmax ={z ∈R n |W (z ) r max }⊆X ,则每时刻都至少存在一个µf ∈D ,使具有控制器(13)的闭环系统(12)满足约束(2),并且闭环状态轨迹在避开不安全域Z d 的前提下渐近收敛到原点.由引理1和注2可知,闭环系统(12)–(13)存在一个不变集S max ,使得闭环系统渐近稳定到平衡点,并且满足对状态量和控制量的约束.为简化书写,令S T (x c s )={x ∈X :x =z +x cs ,∀z ∈S max },其中至少存在一个可行的µf ∈D ,使相应的控制器u (x )=h (x −x c s ,µf )+u cs 满足系统状态和控制约束(2).为设计约束系统(1)–(2)的多目标安全MPC,定义参数化双模控制律如下[30]:u DM (x )={h (x −x c s ,µf )+u cs +c,x /∈S T (x c s ),h (x −x c s ,µ)+u cs ,x ∈S T (x c s ),(16)其中:c ∈R 是求解多目标最优控制问题的修正项;µ是控制器参数向量.在k ∈I 0的每个采样时间t k ,如果状态x (t k )/∈S T (x c s ),则通过在线求解优化问题J (x,u )得到c (t k );如果x (t k )∈S T (x c s ),则在线求得µ(t k ).由此将得到系统(1)满足约束(2)的稳定多目标安全MPC.注3传统双模控制方法[32–35]仅通过在线计算修正项求解最优控制问题,而在终端域S T (x c s )中定义的终端控制律通常是通过系统(1)的线性化模型离线确定的.在本文策略中,当闭环系统状态进入终端域时,通过CLBF 得到一个带可变参数的状态反馈控制律,整体在线更新.这种修改一方面将终端域内外的计算统一到一个代价函数,有利于解决需要在线调整成本函数的控制要求.另一方面,通过引入可变参数,最大程度上弱化控制器和终端域的耦合性,通过在终端控制律(16)中选择一些可行参数µf ,可以离线计算S T (x c s ),降低多目标MPC 在线优化时的计算量.3.3双模多目标安全MPC 算法考虑约束系统(1)–(2),稳态折衷点(11)和双模控制器(16),定义折衷性能指标函数为ˆJ(x (t k ),u (t k :t k +T ))=∥J (x (t k ),u (t k :t k +T ))−J ∗s ∥p ,(17)则定义系统(1)的多目标安全有限时域最优控制问题分别为minc (t k t k +T )ˆJ(x (t k ),u (t k :t k +T ))s.t.˙x (s )=F (x (s ),u (s )),(x (s ),u (s ))∈Z ,u (s )=h (x (s )−x c s ,µf )+u cs +c (s ),x (t k +T )∈S T (x c s ),x (t k )=x k ,∀s ∈[t k ,t k +T ](18)和min µ(t k )∈DˆJ(x k (t k ),u (t k :t k +T ))s.t.˙x (s )=F (x (s ),u (s )),(x (s ),u (s ))∈Z ,u (s )=h (x (s )−x c s ,µ(t k ))+u c s ,x (t k )=x k ,∀s ∈[t k ,t k +T ],(19)其中:目标函数向量J (x,u )和其稳态理想点J ∗s分别由式(7)–(10)给定;c (t k :t k +T )为采样时刻t k 的预测范围[t k t k +T ]内的预测修正.由此本文提出的考虑安全性的双模多目标安全MPC 算法归纳如下:步骤1设定采样周期δ>0、预测时域T =T 0>δ、多个性能指标函数L j 和参数域D ;步骤2离线计算理想点J ∗s ,折衷解(x c s ,u c s )和带参数µf ∈D 的终端不变集S T (x c s );设k =0和t k =0;步骤3在采样时刻t k ,测量当前状态x k ,令x (t k )=x k ;第2期何德峰等:约束非线性系统理想点多目标安全预测控制359步骤4如果状态x (t k )/∈S T (x c s ),在线解决优化问题(18)得到修正项c ∗(t k ),转入步骤5;否则,求解优化问题(19)得µ∗(t k ),转入步骤6,令T =T 0;步骤5将u DM(t )=h (x (t )−x c s ,µf )+u c s +c ∗(t k:t k +1)应用到系统(1),直到下一个采样时刻;令k =k +1和T =T −δ;返回步骤3;步骤6将u DM(t )=h (x (t )−x c s ,µ∗(t k ))+u cs 应用于系统(1),直到下一个采样时刻;令k =k +1并返回步骤3.定义2考虑约束系统(1)–(2),若系统的某一初始状态x (t 0)/∈S T (x c s ),且在此初始时刻优化问(18)存在可行解满足其约束条件,则称x (t 0)为闭环系统的初始可行状态,所有满足条件的初始可行状态值构成的集合称为初始可行域,记为X f0.定理1考虑约束系统(1)及其多目标安全有限时域最优控制问题(18)–(19),则在充分长的预测时域T 内该优化问题是递推可行的.证由注2–3可知,当状态x (t k )∈S T (x c s )时,至少存在一个可行的参数向量µf 满足约束(19);当状态x (t k )/∈S T (x c s )时,由双模控制策略可知,闭环状态可以在一个有限时域T 内被驱动到终端域S T (x c s )内,一旦状态进入S T (x c s ),则回到上一种情况.因此可得算法1中的最优控制问题在容许状态集X f0中是递推可行的.证毕.定理2考虑约束系统(1)-(2)及其控制李雅普诺夫避障函数W c (x )和不安全区域X d ,则对任意初始状态x 0∈X f0,算法1作用下的闭环系统稳定到稳态x c s ,且始终不会进入不安全区域X d .证已知对于初始状态x (t 0)/∈S T (x c s ),在双模控制器作用下,闭环系统状态可在有限时域T 内进入终端域S T (x c s ),记为x T ∈S T (x cs ).假设x T ∈S T (x c s )X d,则由CLBF 定义可得˙W c (x (t ))<0,∀x (t )∈S T (x c s)\(X d ∪{0}),(20)即W c (x (t ))<W c (x (0))<∞,∀t 0.根据控制李雅普诺夫避障函数W c (x )的特性可知,闭环系统的状态轨迹是有界的.这意味着由x 的极限点构成的集合Ω(x )是非空的连通紧集,且lim t →∞d (x (t ),Ω(x ))=0,其中d 为状态和集的距离[36].由注1或文献[15]可知,函数W c (x )=V (x )+λB (x )+ν的控制李雅普诺夫函数V (x )为正定函数,参数和存在下界,则W c (x )存在下界.又不等式(20)意味着W c (x )是单调递减函数,故W c (x )必收敛.考虑对于由x 的极限点构成的集合t n →∞时x (t n )→ξ.由W c (x )的连续性可知,lim t n →∞W c (x (t n ))=W c (ξ),因此,可得Ω(x )={ξ∈X |W c (ξ)=lim n →∞W c (x (t n ))}⊂S T (x c s ),则W c (x )收敛于集Ω(x ),且沿着此时状态轨迹有u =0.当u (t )=0,t 0时,可得d (x (0),Ω(x ))=0,则d (x (t ),Ω(x ))=0,t 0.因此在集Ω(x )中,W c (x )=W c (0)=0,得到Ω(x )={0},即lim t →∞|x (t )|=0.注4尽管优化问题(18)–(19)计算得到的参数c ∗和μ∗是开环解,但由于参数化双模控制律(16)结构特点,算法1得到的多目标MPC 控制器是闭环控制律.进一步,在算法1的预测时间窗口[t k ,t k +T ]内的参数µ的值是不变的,从而,通过参数化压缩了优化问题的决策变量维数,因此,这将有助于减轻算法1的在线优化计算量.注5由于算法1的双模形式,MPC 的控制律关于x 通常是不连续的.然而,对于任何初始条件x 0∈X f0,状态x 都可以被驱动到x ∈S T (x c s ).一旦x 进入S T (x cs ),则可以通过基于CLBF 的解析控制律(16)实现连续条件下的渐近稳定控制.4实例仿真考虑一个多输入多输出非线性加热系统,如图1所示.图中加热系统由一个外部加热装置和一个内部可拆卸传热容器组成,内部容器中可放置需要加热的对象.加热过程目标是通过调节外部加热装置的温度T h 和内部容器的温度T n ,从而对容器中的对象进行加热.这是由加热装置的两个加热器共同控制的,可用的控制输入分别是加热器提供的两个电源W h1和W h2.此外,内部管道通过水温对内部容器进行温度调节实现热量交换,而外部温度通过引起环境的辐射冷却来干扰加热系统.该系统可以表征中药等加热过程,将需要处理的中药放置在内部容器中进行加热处理.图1加热系统示意图Fig.1Schematic representation of the heating system考虑图1所示加热系统,应用传热学和能量守恒原理,加热系统的动力学表示如下[29]: m n c n ˙T n (t )=W n0+A 1h 1(T h (t )−T n (t )),m h c h ˙Th (t )=W h1(t )+W h2(t )−A 1h 1(T h (t )−T n (t ))+A 2h 2(T 4ext(t )−T 4h (t )),(21)其中:T h 是内部可拆卸容器温度;T n 是加热对象温度;T ext 是加热系统的外部温度;m n 是内部容器质量;m h 为加热装置质量;c n 为内部容器比热;c h 为加热装置比热;h 1为内部容器对流系数;h 2为加热装置对流360控制理论与应用第41卷系数;A 1为内部容器面积;A 2为加热装置面积;W n0为每个采样间隔内部管道带来的热量;W h1和W h2为加热器电源功率.该加热系统模型参数值:T ext =283K;m n =3.0kg;m h =20.0kg;c n =300J /kg ·K;c h =4000/kg ·K;h 1=200kg /K ·s 3;h 2=9.203×10−7kg /K ·s 3;A 1=0.3m 2;A 2=0.8m 2;W n0=250W .分别选择内部容器温度T n 和外部加热装置温度T h 为该加热系统的状态变量x 1和x 2,选择加热器W h1和W h2分别为控制输入u 1和u 2,即系统的状态和控制输入x =[T n T h ]T 和u =[W h1W h2]T ,且满足以下约束:200K T n 400K ,0W Wh112000W ,200K T h 400K ,0W W h240400W .(22)对加热系统而言,通常希望在使用过程中降低系统能耗,即最小化性能函数L 1(x,u )=W h1+W h2,(23)同时希望温度变化率尽可能大,使系统在保证安全的前提下尽快达到指定温度,即最小化性能函数L 2(x,u )=−(˙T 2n +˙T 2h ),(24)并且跟踪设定温度373K,即最小化性能函数L 3(x,u )=|T h −373|+|T n −373|,(25)因此,在设计加热系统控制器时应同时满足上述3个性能要求.定义性能函数向量L (x,u )=[L 1(x,u )L 2(x,u )L 3(x,u )]T .根据稳态优化问题(9),L (x,u )的理想稳态点计算为L ∗s =[004.167]T,分别对应稳态解O 1(x ∗s ,u ∗s )=(300.485,296.18,0,0),O 2(x ∗s ,u ∗s )=(300.531,296.364,2.101,1.451)和O 3(x ∗s ,u ∗s )=(373.742,69.576,713.323,7345.673),上述3组稳态最优解不一致,表明L 1(x,u ),L 2(x,u ),L 3(x,u )之间具有冲突性,即加热系统控制是一个多目标冲突的优化控制问题.由式(11)计算2范数下的折衷稳态解O (x c s ,u cs )=(300.534,296.368,1.898,1.898),则加热系统的控制目标是同时最小化性能函数(23)–(25),使系统在满足约束的前提下安全渐近稳定到折衷稳态点.本文算法通过平衡点O (x c s ,u cs )定义移位状态向量z =x −x c s 和控制变量v =u −u cs .为此,选择移位系统的CLF 为定义控制李雅普诺夫函数V (z )=z T P z ,其中P =[29.744.844.8195.8].不安全域Z d 定义为终端区域内的一个开集,状态域Z d 中外部加热装置和内部容器的温差较大,包含在实际加热过程中会产生安全威胁的不安全状态,其范围表示为Z d :={z ∈R 2|F (z )=(z 1+4.2)2+(z 2−1)2/10<0.06}.又定义H :={z ∈R 2|F (z )<0.07},可由文献[15]设计控制避障函数为B (z )=F (z )e F (z )−0.07−e −6,z ∈H ,−e −6,z /∈H ,(26)其中,对于所有状态z ∈H ,B (z )>0.按照注1构造控制李雅普诺夫避障函数W c (x )=V (x )+λB (x )+ν,其中参数c 1=15,c 2=210,c 3=max z ∈∂H|z |2=29.99,c 4=min z ∈∂Z d|z |2=10.62,λ=2.1×106,ν=−c 1c 4=−159.3.终端域S T (x c s )={z ∈R 2:W c (z ) −4764.68},通过离线试错得参数向量µ的范围为[0.0110]×[0.0110].在仿真中,取采样周期为2s,预测步长为10,仿真总步长为500.采用MATLAB2021A 软件中的fminc-on 函数优化计算最优控制问题.选取系统初始状态点A (−5.51.9),B (−61.7)和C (−51.4).图2给出了闭环系统从3个不同初始状态点到稳态点的状态移动轨迹,图中结果显示,所有闭环状态能避开不安全区域,并能最终收敛到稳态点.加热系统从初始状态A 开始,比较本文方法DM-MOSMPC 和基于CLF 的MOMPC [28]控制下的状态轨迹,结果如图3所示,其中,实线表示基于CLBF 的安全MOMPC 控制下的状态轨迹,虚线表示基于CLF 的MOMPC 控制下的状态轨迹.结果显示,本文基于CLBF 的双模安全多目标MPC 将闭环系统的状态保持在稳定安全区域内并驱动到稳态点,而基于CLF 的MOMPC 无法对状态空间中的不安全域进行躲避.因此,DM-MOSMPC 在状态约束下优于基于CLF 的MOMPC,同时,保证系统的安全性和闭环稳定性.图2闭环系统不同初始点的状态轨迹Fig.2The closed-loop state trajectories of different initialpoints为比较本文DM-MOSMPC 和CLBF-MOMPC 方第2期何德峰等:约束非线性系统理想点多目标安全预测控制361法,选择系统从初始状态B 开始,系统状态轨迹如图4所示,其中:实线表示本文控制方法,虚线表示CL-BF-MOMPC 方法[16].系统的状态曲线如图5所示,结果表明本文方法更快更准确地趋近稳态点.3个性能函数的优化过程如图6所示,其中,点实线是稳态性能,实线表示DM-MOSMPC 方法,虚线表示CLBF-MO-MPC 方法.曲线表明,多个冲突经济目标通过控制器的优化迅速下降,直到稳定在稳态性能附近.另外,在计算量方面也可以看到本文方法的优势.图7显示本文方法DM-MOSMPC(蓝色柱状图)和CL-BF-MOMPC 方法(红色柱状图)在不同预测时域进行一次在线优化时的计算CPU 时间的比较.结果显示,本文方法在线优化所用的计算CPU 时间在各个不同的预测时域比所选取的对比方法时间短.图3DM-MOSMPC 和DM-MOMPC 方法的闭环系统状态轨迹Fig.3The closed-loop state trajectories under DM-MOSMPCandDM-MOMPC图4DM-MOSMPC 和CLBF-MOMPC 方法的闭环系统状态轨迹Fig.4The closed-loop state trajectories under DM-MOSMPCandCLBF-MOMPC图5DM-MOSMPC 和CLBF-MOMPC 方法的状态曲线Fig.5The state proﬁles under DM-MOSMPCandCLBF-MOMPC图6DM-MOSMPC 和CLBF-MOMPC 方法的性能函数曲线Fig.6The Performance function proﬁles underDM-MOSMPC and CLBF-MOMPC362控制理论与应用第41卷图7DM-MOSMPC和CLBF-MOMPC方法的在线优化计算的CPU时间Fig.7The average computational CPU time for online optimi-zation of DM-MOSMPC and CLBF-MOMPC为比较不同的多目标处理方法,表1给出理想点和加权两种方法对应的系统状态量的稳态误差.在加权方法中,3个目标函数(23)–(25)被转化为一个加权和形式的单目标函数L w(x,u)=w1L1(x,u)+w2L2(x,u)+w3L3(x,u),(27)其中标量w i>0为权重因子,i=1,2,3.在加权法中分别采用3种权重,对应的(w1,w2,w3)分别为a(100,0.1,0.1),权重b(10,50,0.1)和权重c(0.1,10, 100).表1理想点和加权方法的稳态误差Table1Steady-state error of the Utopia point andweighting methods控制策略E1=x1−x c s1E2=x2−x c s2本文方法0.05470.221加权法(a)0.06420.376加权法(b)0.06460.353加权法(c)0.07360.795可以看出,本文方法得到的稳态误差相对较小,在加权方法中对不同权值的选择会得到不同的误差.这意味着在实际中适当的权值是难以选择的,缺乏系统性的权重调整规则,并且会增加控制器实现的复杂性.需要指出的是,此仿真对比并不是为了说明加权方法在控制性能上不如理想点方法,而是为了说明前者过分依赖手工调优和设计者的经验,而本文方法则提供一种更为系统的方法来处理多目标控制问题.通过上述仿真结果和讨论,可以得到对于系统(21),双模MOSMPC算法能够更有效实现加热控制目标.5总结本文考虑连续时间仿射输入非线性系统,提出一种多目标安全模型预测控制(MOSMPC)策略.该策略首先利用理想点逼近方法解决多控制目标冲突问题.其次,引入满足约束的CLBF设计参数化局部控制律,并由约束保证闭环系统的安全性.进一步,应用双模控制原理和CLBF约束,建立MOSMPC策略的递推可行性和闭环系统的渐近稳定性,并且策略保证系统状态在初始可行域能始终避开不安全区域.最后,通过对一加热系统的多目标控制仿真对比实验,验证了本文策略的有效性和优越性.在此基础上,未来的工作方向包括对多目标安全非线性模型预测控制(nonli-near model predictive control,NMPC)的鲁棒性和多目标优化算法的研究.参考文献:[1]WANG rge property damage losses in the hydrocarbon-chemical industries.Petroleum Planning&Engineering,1993,4(3): 59–60.[2]JIANG Chunming,LI Qi.The development and application of pro-cess safety management and technology.China Petroleum and Chem-ical Standard and Quality,2007,27(5):45–49.(姜春明,李奇.过程安全管理与技术的发展与应用.中国石油和化工标准与质量,2007,27(5):45–49.)[3]KLATT K,MARQUARDT W.Perspectives for process systemsengineering-personal views from academia and puters and Chemical Engineering,2009,33:536–550.[4]Liu Derong.The advanced control of complex industrial process.Ac-ta Automatica Sinica,2014,40(9):1841–1842.(刘德荣.复杂工业过程的先进控制.自动化学报,2014,40(9): 1841–1842.)[5]KRETCHIK JOE T.Process safety management of highly hazardouschemicals.Chemical Health&Safety,2000,7(5):44.[6]AGRAWAL N,RANGAIAH G P,RAY A,et al.Multi-objective op-timization of the operation of an industrial low-density polyethylene tubular reactor using genetic algorithm and its jumping gene adap-tations.Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2006,45(9): 3182–3199.[7]FLORES-TLACUAHUAC A,MORALES P,RIVERA-TOLEDO M.Multiobjective nonlinear model predictive control of a class of chem-ical reactors.Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2012, 51(17):5891–5899.[8]WOJSZNIS W,MEHTA A,WOJSZNIS P,et al.Multi-objective opti-mization for model predictive control.ISA Tansactions,2007,46(3): 351–361.[9]ANGELI D,AMRIT M,RAWLINGS J B.On average performanceand stability of economic model predictive control.IEEE Transac-tions on Automatic Control,2012,57(7):1615–1626.[10]MULLER M A,ALLGOWER F.Economic and distributed modelpredictive control:Recent developments in optimization-based con-trol.SICE Journal of Control,Measurement,and System Integration, 2017,10(2):39–52.[11]WIELAND P,ALLGOWER F.Constructive safety using control bar-rier functions.IFAC Proceedings Volumes,2007,40(12):462–467.[12]AMES A D,XU X,GRIZZLE J W,et al.Control barrier functionbased quadratic programs for safety critical systems.IEEE Transac-tions on Automatic Control,2017,62(8):3861–3876.[13]ALBALAWI F,DURAND H,CHRISTOFIDES PD.Process opera-tional safety using model predictive control based on a process Safe-ness puters and Chemical Engineering,2017,104:76–88.。

碎石垫层质量保证措施

碎石垫层质量保证措施英文回答：Quality assurance measures for the gravel cushion layer include several key steps to ensure the desired outcome. Firstly, it is important to conduct a thorough inspection of the materials being used for the gravel cushion layer. This involves checking the quality and size of the stones to ensure they meet the specified requirements. Any stones that are too large or too small should be removed to maintain uniformity and stability.Secondly, proper compaction techniques should be employed to ensure the gravel cushion layer is compacted to the desired density. This can be achieved through the use of compaction equipment such as vibratory rollers or plate compactors. The compaction process helps to eliminate air voids and improve the load-bearing capacity of the layer.In addition, it is essential to monitor the thicknessof the gravel cushion layer during construction. This can be done using a laser level or by taking regular measurements to ensure the layer is being built to the specified thickness. Maintaining the correct thickness is crucial for providing the necessary support and preventing settlement or deformation of the overlying pavement layers.Furthermore, regular quality control testing should be conducted to assess the strength and durability of the gravel cushion layer. This can involve conducting laboratory tests on samples taken from the construction site, such as California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests or plate load tests. These tests provide valuable information about the performance of the layer and help identify anypotential issues that need to be addressed.Lastly, proper drainage measures should be implemented to prevent water accumulation within the gravel cushion layer. This can be achieved by incorporating a suitable drainage system, such as perforated pipes or geotextile fabrics, to ensure effective water removal. Adequate drainage is essential for maintaining the stability andintegrity of the layer, especially in areas with high water table or heavy rainfall.In conclusion, ensuring the quality of the gravel cushion layer requires careful inspection of materials, proper compaction techniques, monitoring of thickness, regular quality control testing, and implementation of proper drainage measures. These measures help to guarantee the desired performance and longevity of the layer, ultimately contributing to the overall quality of the pavement structure.中文回答：碎石垫层的质量保证措施包括几个关键步骤，以确保达到预期效果。

无损检测标准术语英语

无损检测标准术语A.C magnetic saturation^交流磁饱和Absorbed dose^吸收剂量Absorbed dose rate^吸收剂量率Acceptanc limits^验收范围Acceptance level^验收水平Acceptance standard^验收标准Accumulation test^累积检测Acoustic emission count^声发射计数emission count^发射计数Acoustic emission transducer^声发射换能器（声发射传感器）Acoustic emission(AE)^声发射Acoustic holography^声全息术Acoustic impedance^声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching^声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method^声阻法Acoustic wave^声波Acoustical lens^声透镜Acoustic^—ultrasonic^声-超声Activation^活化Activity^活度Adequate shielding^安全屏蔽Ampere turns^安匝数Amplitude^幅度Angle beam method^斜射法Angle of incidence^入射角Angle of reflection^反射角Angle of spread^指向角Angle of squint^偏向角Angle probe^斜探头Angstrom unit^埃(A)Area amplitude response curve^面积幅度曲线Area of interest^评定区Artificial discontinuity^人工不连续性Artifact^假缺陷Artificial defect^人工缺陷Artificial discontinuity^标准人工缺陷A-scan A^型扫描A-scope; A-scan A^型显示Attenuation coefficient^衰减系数Attenuator^衰减器Audible leak indicator^音响泄漏指示器Automatic testing^自动检测Autoradiography^自射线照片Evaluation^评定Barium concrete^钡混凝土Barn^靶Base fog^片基灰雾Bath^槽液Bayard- Alpert ionization gage B- A^型电离计Beam^声束Beam ratio^光束比Beam angle^束张角Beam axis^声束轴线Beam index^声束入射点Beam path location^声程定位Beam path; path length^声程Beam spread^声束扩散Betatron^电子感应加速器Bimetallic strip gage^双金属片计Bipolar field^双极磁场Black light filter^黑光滤波器Black light; ultraviolet radiation^黑光Blackbody^黑体Blackbody equivalent temperature^黑体等效温度Bleakney mass spectrometer^波利克尼质谱仪Bleedout^渗出Bottom echo^底面回波Bottom surface^底面Boundary echo(first)^边界一次回波Bremsstrahlung^轫致辐射Broad-beam condition^宽射束Brush application^刷涂B-scan presenfation B^型扫描显示B-scope; B-scan B^型显示C- scan C^型扫描Calibration,instrum ent^设备校准Capillary action^毛细管作用Carrier fluid^载液Carry over of penetrate^渗透剂移转Cassette^暗合Cathode^阴极Central conductor^中心导体Central conductor method^中心导体法Characteristic curve^特性曲线Characteristic curve of film^胶片特性曲线Characteristic radiation^特征辐射Chemical fog^化学灰雾Cine-radiography^射线(活动)电影摄影术Contact pads^接触垫Circumferential coils^圆环线圈Circumferential field^周向磁场Circumferential magnetization method^周向磁化法Clean^清理Clean- up^清除Clearing time^定透时间Coercive force^矫顽力Coherence^相干性Coherence length^相干长度（谐波列长度）Coi1 test^测试线圈Coil size^线圈大小Coil spacing^线圈间距Coil technique^线圈技术Coil method^线圈法Coil reference^线圈参考Coincidence discrimination^符合鉴别Cold-cathode ionization gage^冷阴极电离计Collimator^准直器Collimation^准直Collimator^准直器Combined colour comtrast and fluorescent penetrant^着色荧光渗透剂Compressed air drying^压缩空气干燥Compressional wave^压缩波Compton scatter^康普顿散射Continuous emission^连续发射Continuous linear array^连续线阵Continuous method^连续法Continuous spectrum^连续谱Continuous wave^连续波Contract stretch^对比度宽限Contrast^对比度Contrast agent^对比剂Contrast aid^反差剂Contrast sensitivity^对比灵敏度Control echo^监视回波Control echo^参考回波Couplant^耦合剂Coupling^耦合Coupling losses^耦合损失Cracking^裂解Creeping wave^爬波Critical angle^临界角Cross section^横截面Cross talk^串音Cross-drilled hole^横孔Crystal^晶片C-scope; C-scan C^型显示Curie point^居里点Curie temperature^居里温度Curie(Ci)^居里Current flow method^通电法Current induction method^电流感应法Current magnetization method^电流磁化法Cut－off level^截止电平Dead zone^盲区Decay curve^衰变曲线Decibel(dB)^分贝Defect^缺陷Defect resolution^缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity^缺陷检出灵敏度Defect resolution^缺陷分辨力Definition^清晰度image definition^图像清晰度Demagnetization^退磁Demagnetization factor^退磁因子Demagnetizer^退磁装置Densitom eter^黑度计Density^黑度（底片）Density comparison strip^黑度比较片Detecting medium^检验介质Detergent remover^洗净液Developer^显像剂Developer station^显像工位Developer^，agueons^水性显象剂Developer^，dry^干显象剂Developer^，liquid film^液膜显象剂nonaqueous Developer^非水（可悬浮）显象剂sus-pendible^非水（可悬浮）显象剂Developing time^显像时间Developm ent^显影Diffraction mottle^衍射斑Diffuse indications^松散指示Diffusion^扩散Digital image acquisition system^数字图像识别系统Dilatational wave^膨胀波Dip and drain station^浸渍和流滴工位Direct contact magnetization^直接接触磁化Direct exposure imaging^直接曝光成像Direct contact method^直接接触法Directivity^指向性Discontinuity^不连续性Distance- gain- size^距离-增益-尺寸Distance marker^距离刻度Dose equivalent^剂量当量Dose rate meter^剂量率计Dosemeter^剂量计Double crystal probe^双晶片探头Double probe technique^双探头法Double transceiver technique^双发双收法Double traverse technique^二次波法Dragout^带出Drain time^滴落时间Drain time^流滴时间Drift^漂移Dry method^干法Dry powder^干粉Dry technique^干粉技术Dry developer^干显像剂Dry developing cabinet^干显像柜Dry method^干粉法Drying oven^干燥箱Drying station^干燥工位Drying time^干燥时间D-scope; D-scan D^型显示Dual search unit^双探头Dual-focus tube^双焦点管Duplex-wire image quality indicator^双线像质指示器Duration^持续时间Dwell time^停留时间Dye penetrate^着色渗透剂Dynamic leak test^动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurem ent^动态泄漏测量Dynamic range^动态范围Dynamic radiography^动态射线透照术Echo^回波Echo frequency^回波频率Echo height^回波高度Echo indication^回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure^往复透过率Echo width^回波宽度Eddy current^涡流Eddy current flaw detector^涡流探伤仪Eddy current testiog^涡流检测Edge^端面Edge effect^边缘效应Edge echo^棱边回波Edge effect^边缘效应Effective depth penetration^有效穿透深度EDP^有效穿透深度Effective focus size^有效焦点尺寸Effective magnetic permeability^有效磁导率Effective permeability^有效磁导率Effective reflection surface of flaw^缺陷有效反射面Effective resistance^有效电阻Elastic medium^弹性介质Electric displacement^电位移Electrical center^电中心Electrode^电极Electromagnet^电磁铁Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer^电磁声换能器Electromagnetic induction^电磁感应Electromagnetic radiation^电磁辐射Electromagnetic testing^电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor^机电耦合系数Electron radiography^电子辐射照相术Electron volt^电子伏恃Electronic noise^电子噪声Electrostatic spraying^静电喷涂Emulsification^乳化Emulsification time^乳化时间Emulsifier^乳化剂Encircling coils^环绕式线圈End effect^端部效应Energizing cycle^激励周期Equalizing filter^均衡滤波器Equivalent^当量Equivalent I．Q. I. Sensitivity^象质指示器当量灵敏度Equivalent nitrogen pressure^等效氮压Equivalent pentameter sensitivity^透度计当量灵敏度Equivalent method^当量法Erasable optical medium^可探光学介质Etching^浸蚀Evaluation^评定Evaluation threshold^评价阈值Event count^事件计数Event count rate^事件计数率Examination area^检测范围Examination region^检验区域Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure^排气压力Exhaust tabulation^排气管道Expanded time-base sweep^时基线展宽Exposure^曝光Exposure table^曝光表格Exposure chart^曝光曲线Exposure fog^曝光灰雾Exposure，radiographic exposure^曝光，射线照相曝光Extended source^扩展源Facility scattered neutrons^条件散射中子False indication^假指示Family^族Far field^远场Feed-through coil^穿过式线圈Field resultant magnetic^复合磁场Fill factor^填充系数Film speed^胶片速度Film badge^胶片襟章剂量计Film base^片基Film contrast^胶片对比度Film gamma^胶片γ值Film processing^胶片冲洗加工Film speed^胶片感光度Film unsharpness^胶片不清晰度Film viewing screen^观察屏Filter^滤波器/滤光板Final test^复探Flat-bottomed hole^平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent^平底孔当量Flaw^伤Flaw characterization^伤特性Flaw echo^缺陷回波Flexural wave^弯曲波Floating threshold^浮动阀值Fluorescence^荧光Fluorescent examination method^荧光检验法Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection^荧光磁粉检验Fluorescent dry deposit penetrate^干沉积荧光渗透剂Fluorescent light^荧光Fluorescent magnetic powder^荧光磁粉Fluorescent penetrate^荧光渗透剂Fluorescent screen^荧光屏Fluoroscopy^荧光检查法Flux leakage field^磁通泄漏场Flux lines^磁通线Focal spot^焦点Focal distance^焦距Focus length^焦点长度Focus size^焦点尺寸Focus width^焦点宽度Focus(electron)^电子焦点Focused beam^聚焦声束Focusing probe^聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d)^焦点-胶片距离（焦距）Fog^底片灰雾Fog density^灰雾密度Footcandle^英尺烛光Freguency^频率Frequency constant^频率常数Fringe^干涉带Front distance^前沿距离Front distance of flaw^缺陷前沿距离Full- wave direct current^（FWDC^）全波直流Fundamental frequency^基频Furring^毛状迹痕Gage pressure^表压Gain^增益Gamma radiography^γ射线透照术Gamma ray source^γ射线源Gamm a ray source container^γ射线源容器Gamma rays^γ射线Gamma-ray radiographic equipm ent^γ射线透照装置Gap scanning^间隙扫查Gas^气体Gate^闸门Gating technique^选通技术Gauss^高斯Geiger-Muller counter^盖革.弥勒计数器Geometric unsharpness^几何不清晰度Gray(Gy)^戈瑞Grazing incidence^掠入射Grazing angle^掠射角Group velocity^群速度Half life^半衰期Half- wave current^（HW^）半波电流Half-value layer(HVL)^半值层Half-value method^半波高度法Halogen^卤素Halogen leak detector^卤素检漏仪Hard X-rays^硬X^射线Hard-faced probe^硬膜探头Harmonic analysis^谐波分析Harmonic distortion^谐波畸变Harmonics^谐频Head wave^头波Helium bombing^氦轰击法Helium drift^氦漂移Helium leak detector^氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal^气密密封High vacuum^高真空High energy X-rays^高能X^射线Holography (optical)^光全息照相Holography^，acoustic^声全息Hydrophilic emulsifier^亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover^亲水性洗净剂Hydrostatic text^流体静力检测Hysteresis^磁滞Hysteresis^磁滞IACS IACS ID coil ID^线圈Image definition^图像清晰度Image contrast^图像对比度Image enhancement^图像增强Image magnification^图像放大Image quality^图像质量Image quality indicator sensitivity^像质指示器灵敏度Image quality indicator(IQI)/image quality indication^像质指示器Imaging line scanner^图像线扫描器Immersion probe^液浸探头Immersion rinse^浸没清洗Immersion testing^液浸法Immersion time^浸没时间Impedance^阻抗Impedance plane diagram^阻抗平面图Imperfection^不完整性Impulse eddy current testing^脉冲涡流检测Incremental permeability^增量磁导率Indicated defect area^缺陷指示面积Indicated defect length^缺陷指示长度Indication^指示Indirect exposure^间接曝光Indirect magnetization^间接磁化Indirect magnetization method^间接磁化法Indirect scan^间接扫查Induced field^感应磁场Induced current method^感应电流法Infrared imaging system^红外成象系统Infrared sensing device^红外扫描器Inherent fluorescence^固有荧光Inherent filtration^固有滤波Initial permeability^起始磁导率Initial pulse^始脉冲Initial pulse width^始波宽度Inserted coil^插入式线圈Inside coil^内部线圈Inside- out testing^外泄检测Inspection^检查Inspection medium^检查介质Inspection frequency/ test frequency^检测频率Intensifying factor^增感系数Intensifying screen^增感屏Interal,arrival time^（Δtij)/arrival time interval^（Δtij^）到达时间差(Δtij) Interface boundary^界面Interface echo^界面回波Interface trigger^界面触发Interference^干涉Interpretation^解释Ion pump^离子泵Ion source^离子源Ionization chamber^电离室Ionization potential^电离电位Ionization vacuum gage^电离真空计Ionography^电离射线透照术Irradiance^，E^辐射通量密度，E Isolation^隔离检测Isotope^同位素K value K^值Kaiser effect^凯塞(Kaiser)^效应Kilo volt kv^千伏特Kiloelectron volt keV^千电子伏特Krypton 85^氪85L^／D ratio L/D^比Lamb wave^兰姆波Latent image^潜象Lateral scan^左右扫查Lateral scan with oblique angle^斜平行扫查Latitude (of an emulsion)^胶片宽容度Lead screen^铅屏Leak^泄漏孔Leak artifact^泄漏器Leak detector^检漏仪Leak testtion^泄漏检测Leakage field^泄漏磁场Leakage rate^泄漏率Leechs^磁吸盘Lift-off effect^提离效应Light intensity^光强度Limiting resolution^极限分辨率Line scanner^线扫描器Line focus^线焦点Line pair pattern^线对检测图Line pairs per millimetre^每毫米线对数Linear (electron) accelerator(LINAC)^电子直线加速器Linear attenuation coefficient^线衰减系数Linear scan^线扫查Linearity^（time or distance^）线性（时间或距离）Linearity^，anplitude^幅度线性Lines of force^磁力线Lipophilic emulsifier^亲油性乳化剂Lipophilic remover^亲油性洗净剂Liquid penetrant examination^液体渗透检验Liquid film developer^液膜显像剂Local magnetization^局部磁化Local magnetization method^局部磁化法Local scan^局部扫查Localizing cone^定域喇叭筒Location^定位Location accuracy^定位精度Location computed^定位，计算Location marker^定位标记Location upon delta-T^时差定位Location^，clusfer^定位，群集Location^，continuous AE signal^定位，连续AE^信号Longitudinal field^纵向磁场Longitudinal magnetization method^纵向磁化法Longitudinal resolution^纵向分辨率Longitudinal wave^纵波Longitudinal wave probe^纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique^纵波法Loss of back reflection^背面反射损失Loss of back reflection^底面反射损失Love wave^乐甫波Low energy gamma radiation^低能γ辐射Low－enerugy photon radiation^低能光子辐射Luminance^亮度Luminosity^流明Lusec^流西克Maga or million electron volts MeV^兆电子伏特Magnetic history^磁化史Magnetic hysteresis^磁性滞后Magnetic particle field indication^磁粉磁场指示器Magnetic particle inspection flaw indications^磁粉检验的伤显示Magnetic circuit^磁路Magnetic domain^磁畴Magnetic field distribution^磁场分布Magnetic field indicator^磁场指示器Magnetic field meter^磁场计Magnetic field strength^磁场强度(H) Magnetic field/field^，magnetic^磁场Magnetic flux^磁通Magnetic flux density^磁通密度Magnetic force^磁化力Magnetic leakage field^漏磁场Magnetic leakage flux^漏磁通Magnetic moment^磁矩Magnetic particle^磁粉Magnetic particle indication^磁痕Magnetic particle testing/magnetic particle examination^磁粉检测Magnetic permeability^磁导率Magnetic permeability^磁导率Magnetic pole^磁极Magnetic saturataion^磁饱和Magnetic saturation^磁饱和Magnetic slorage meclium^磁储介质Magnetic writing^磁写Magnetizing^磁化Magnetizing current^磁化电流Magnetizing coil^磁化线圈Magnetostrictive effect^磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer^磁致伸缩换能器Main beam^主声束Manual testing^手动检测Markers^时标MA-scope; MA-scan MA^型显示Masking^遮蔽Mass attcnuation coefficient^质量吸收系数Mass number^质量数Mass spectrometer^质谱仪MS^质谱仪Mass spectrometer leak detector^质谱检漏仪Mass spectrum^质谱Master/slave discrimination^主从鉴别MDTD^最小可测温度差Mean free path^平均自由程Medium vacuum^中真空Mega or million volt MV^兆伏特Micro focus X - ray tube^微焦点X光管Microfocus radiography^微焦点射线透照术Micrometre^微米Micron of mercury^微米汞柱Microtron^电子回旋加速器Milliampere^毫安Millimetre of mercury^毫米汞柱Minifocus x-ray tube^小焦点调射线管Minimum detectable leakage rate^最小可探泄漏率Minimum resolvable temperature difference^最小可分辨温度差MRTD^最小可分辨温度差MRDT^）Mode^波型Mode conversion^波型转换Mode transformation^波型转换Moderator^慢化器Modulation transfer function^调制转换功能MTF^调制转换功能Modulation analysis^调制分析Molecular flow^分子流Molecular leak^分子泄漏Monitor^监控器Monochrom atic^单色波Movement unsharpness^移动不清晰度Moving beam radiography^可动射束射线透照术Multiaspect magnetization method^多向磁化法Multidirectional magnetization^多向磁化Multifrequency eddy current testiog^多频涡流检测Multiple back reflections^多次背面反射Multiple reflections^多次反射Multiple back reflections^多次底面反射Multiple echo method^多次反射法Multiple probe technique^多探头法Multiple triangular array^多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition^窄射束NC NC Near field^近场Near field length^近场长度Near surface defect^近表面缺陷Net density^净黑度Net density^净(光学)密度Neutron^中子Neutron radiograhy^中子射线透照Neutron radiography^中子射线透照术Newton^牛顿Nier mass spectrometer^尼尔质谱仪Noise^噪声Noise^噪声Noise equivalent temperature difference^（NETD^）噪声当量温度差（NETD^）Nominal angle^标称角度Nominal frequency^标称频率Non-aqueous liquid developer^非水性液体显像剂Noncondensable gas^非冷凝气体Nondcstructivc Examination^无损试验NDE^无损试验Nondestructive Evaluation^无损评价NDE^无损评价Nondestructive Inspection^无损检验NDI^无损检验Nondestructive T esting^无损检测NDT^无损检测Nonerasble optical data^可固定光学数据Nonferromugnetic material^非铁磁性材料Nonrelevant indication^非相关指示Non-screen-type film^非增感型胶片Normal incidence^垂直入射（亦见直射声束）Normal permeability^标准磁导率Normal beam method; straight beam method^垂直法Normal probe^直探头Normalized reactance^归一化电抗Normalized resistance^归一化电阻Nuclear activity^核活性Nuclide^核素Object plane resolution^物体平面分辨率Object scattered neutrons^物体散射中子Object beam^物体光束Object beam angle^物体光束角Object-film distance^被检体-胶片距离Object-film distance^物体-胶片距离Over development^显影过度Over emulsfication^过乳化Overall magnetization^整体磁化Overload recovery time^过载恢复时间Overwashing^过洗Oxidation fog^氧化灰雾P P Pair production^偶生成Pair production^电子对产生Pair production^电子偶的产生Palladium barrier leak detector^钯屏检漏仪Panoramic exposure^全景曝光Parallel scan^平行扫查Paramagnetic material^顺磁性材料Parasitic echo^干扰回波Partial pressure^分压Particle content^磁悬液浓度Particle velocity^质点(振动)速度Pascal（Pa）^帕斯卡（帕）Pascal cubic metres per second^帕立方米每秒（Pa·m3/s）Path length^光程长Path length difference^光程长度差Pattern^探伤图形Peak current^峰值电流Penetrameter^透度计Penetrameter sensitivity^透度计灵敏度Penetrant^渗透剂Penetrant comparator^渗透对比试块Penetrant flaw detection^渗透探伤Penetrant rem oval^渗透剂去除Penetrant station^渗透工位Penetrant water- washable^水洗型渗透剂Penetration^穿透深度Penetration time^渗透时间Permanent magnet^永久磁铁Permeability coefficient^透气系数Permeability a-c^交流磁导率Permeability d-c^直流磁导率Phantom echo^幻象回波Phase analysis^相位分析Phase angle^相位角Phase controlled circuit breaker^断电相位控制器Phase detection^相位检测Phase hologram^相位全息Phase sensitive detector^相敏检波器Phase shift^相位移Phase velocity^相速度Phase-sensitive system^相敏系统Phillips ionization gage^菲利浦电离计Phosphor^荧光物质Photo fluorography^荧光照相术Photoelectric absorption^光电吸收Photographic emulsion^照相乳剂Photographic fog^照相灰雾Photostimulable luminescence^光敏发光Piezoelectric effect^压电效应Piezoelectric material^压电材料Piezoelectric stiffness constant^压电劲度常数Piezoelectric stress constant^压电应力常数Piezoelectric transducer^压电换能器Piezoelectric voltage constant^压电电压常数Pirani gage^皮拉尼计Pirani gage^皮拉尼计Pitch and catch technique^一发一收法Pixel^象素Pixel size^象素尺寸Pixel disply size^象素显示尺寸Planar array^平面阵(列)Plane wave^平面波Plate wave^板波Plate wave technique^板波法Point source^点源Post emulsification^后乳化Post emulsifiable penetrant^后乳化渗透剂Post-cleaning^后清除Post-cleaning^后清洗Powder^粉未Powder blower^喷粉器Powder blower^磁粉喷枪Pre-cleaning^预清理Pressure difference^压力差Pressure dye test^压力着色检测Pressure probe^压力探头Pressure testing^压力检测Pressure- evacuation test^压力抽空检测Pressure mark^压痕Pressure,design^设计压力Pre-test^初探Primary coil^一次线圈Primary radiation^初级辐射Probe gas^探头气体Probe test^探头检测Probe backing^探头背衬Probe coil^点式线圈Probe coil^探头式线圈Probe coil clearance^探头线圈间隙Probe index^探头入射点Probe to weld distance^探头-焊缝距离Probe/ search unit^探头Process control radiograph^工艺过程控制的射线照相Processing capacity^处理能力Processing speed^处理速度Prods^触头Projective radiography^投影射线透照术Proportioning probe^比例探头Protective material^防护材料Proton radiography^质子射线透照Pulse^脉冲波Pulse^脉冲Pulse echo method^脉冲回波法Pulse repetition rate^脉冲重复率Pulse amplitude^脉冲幅度Pulse echo method^脉冲反射法Pulse energy^脉冲能量Pulse envelope^脉冲包络Pulse length^脉冲长度Pulse repetition frequency^脉冲重复频率Pulse tuning^脉冲调谐Pump- out tubulation^抽气管道Pump-down time^抽气时间Q factor Q^值Quadruple traverse technique^四次波法Quality (of a beam of radiation)^射线束的质Quality factor^品质因数Quenching^阻塞Quenching of fluorescence^荧光的猝灭Quick break^快速断间Rad(rad)^拉德Radiance L^面辐射率，L Radiant existence^， M^幅射照度M Radiant flux^；radiant power^，ψe^辐射通量、辐射功率、ψe Radiation^辐射Radiation does^辐射剂量Radio frequency display^射频显示Radio-frequency mass spectrom eter^射频质谱仪Radio frequency(r-f) display^射频显示Radiograph^射线底片Radiographic contrast^射线照片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor^射线照相等效系数Radiographic exposure^射线照相曝光量Radiographic inspection^射线检测Radiographic inspection^射线照相检验Radiographic quality^射线照相质量Radiographic sensitivity^射线照相灵敏度Radiographic contrast^射线底片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor^射线透照等效因子Radiographic inspection^射线透照检查Radiographic quality^射线透照质量Radiographic sensitivity^射线透照灵敏度Radiography^射线照相术Radiological examination^射线检验Radiology^射线学Radiometer^辐射计Radiometry^辐射测量术Radioscopy^射线检查法Range^量程Rayleigh wave^瑞利波Rayleigh scattering^瑞利散射Real image^实时图像Real-time radioscopy^实时射线检查法Rearm delay time^重新准备延时时间Rearm delay time^重新进入工作状态延迟时间Reciprocity failure^倒易律失效Reciprocity law^倒易律Recording medium^记录介质Recovery time^恢复时间Rectified alternating current^脉动直流电Reference block^参考试块Reference beam^参考光束Reference block^对比试块Reference block method^对比试块法Reference coil^参考线圈Reference line method^基准线法Reference standard^参考标准Reflection^反射Reflection coefficient^反射系数Reflection density^反射密度Reflector^反射体Refraction^折射Refractive index^折射率Refrence beam angle^参考光束角Reicnlbation^网纹Reject; suppression^抑制Rejection level^拒收水平Relative permeability^相对磁导率Relevant indication^相关指示Reluctance^磁阻Rem(rem)^雷姆Remote controlled testing^机械化检测Replenisers^补充剂Representative quality indicator^代表性质量指示器Residual magnetic field/field^，residual magnetic^剩磁场Residual technique^剩磁技术Residual magnetic method^剩磁法Residual magnetism^剩磁Resistance^（to flow^）气阻Resolution^分辨力Resonance method^共振法Response factor^响应系数Response time^响应时间Resultant field^复合磁场Resultant magnetic field^合成磁场Resultant magnetization method^组合磁化法Retentivity^顽磁性Reversal^反转现象Ring-down count^振铃计数Ring-down count rate^振铃计数率Rinse^清洗Rise time^上升时间Rise-time discrimination^上升时间鉴别Rod-anode tube^棒阳极管Roentgen(R)^伦琴Roof angle^屋顶角Rotational magnetic field^旋转磁场Rotational magnetic field method^旋转磁场法Rotational scan^转动扫查Roughing^低真空Roughing line^低真空管道Roughing pump^低真空泵S S Safelight^安全灯Sampling probe^取样探头Saturation^饱和Saturation^，magnetic^磁饱和Saturation level^饱和电平Scan on grid lines^格子线扫查Scan pitch^扫查间距Scanning^扫查Scanning index^扫查标记Scanning directly on the weld^焊缝上扫查Scanning path^扫查轨迹Scanning sensitivity^扫查灵敏度Scanning speed^扫查速度Scanning zone^扫查区域Scattared energy^散射能量Scatter unsharpness^散射不清晰度Scattered neutrons^散射中子Scattered radiation^散射辐射Scattering^散射Schlieren system^施利伦系统Scintillation counter^闪烁计数器Scintillator and scintillating crystals^闪烁器和闪烁晶体Screen^屏Screen unsharpness^荧光增感屏不清晰度Screen-type film^荧光增感型胶片SE probe SE^探头Search-gas^探测气体Second critical angle^第二临界角Secondary radiation^二次射线Secondary coil^二次线圈Secondary radiation^次级辐射Selectivity^选择性Semi-conductor detector^半导体探测器Sensitivity va1ue^灵敏度值Sensitivity^灵敏度Sensitivity of leak test^泄漏检测灵敏度Sensitivity control^灵敏度控制Shear wave^切变波Shear wave probe^横波探头Shear wave technique^横波法Shim^薄垫片Shot^冲击通电Side lobe^副瓣Side wall^侧面Sievert(Sv)^希(沃特)Signal^信号Signal gradient^信号梯度Signal over load point^信号过载点Signal overload level^信号过载电平Signal to noise ratio^信噪比Single crystal probe^单晶片探头Single probe technique^单探头法Single traverse technique^一次波法Sizing technique^定量法Skin depth^集肤深度Skin effect^集肤效应Skip distance^跨距Skip point^跨距点Sky shine(air scatter)^空中散射效应Sniffing probe^嗅吸探头Soft X-rays^软X^射线Soft-faced probe^软膜探头Solarization^负感作用Solenoid^螺线管Soluble developer^可溶显像剂Solvent remover^溶剂去除剂Solvent cleaners^溶剂清除剂Solvent developer^溶剂显像剂Solvent remover^溶剂洗净剂Solvent-removal penetrant^溶剂去除型渗透剂Sorption^吸着Sound diffraction^声绕射Sound insulating layer^隔声层Sound intensity^声强Sound intensity level^声强级Sound pressure^声压Sound scattering^声散射Sound transparent layer^透声层Sound velocity^声速Source^源Source data label^放射源数据标签Source location^源定位Source size^源尺寸Source-film distance^射线源-胶片距离Spacial frequency^空间频率Spark coil leak detector^电火花线圈检漏仪Specific activity^放射性比度Specified sensitivity^规定灵敏度Standard^标准Standard^标准试样Standard leak rate^标准泄漏率Standard leak^标准泄漏孔Standard tast block^标准试块Standardization instrum ent^设备标准化Standing wave; stationary wave^驻波Step wedge^阶梯楔块Step- wadge calibration film^阶梯楔块校准底片Step- wadge comparison film^阶梯楔块比较底片Step wedge^阶梯楔块Step-wedge calibration film^阶梯-楔块校准片Step-wedge comparison film^阶梯-楔块比较片Stereo-radiography^立体射线透照术Subject contrast^被检体对比度Subsurface discontinuity^近表面不连续性Suppression^抑制Surface echo^表面回波Surface field^表面磁场Surface noise^表面噪声Surface wave^表面波Surface wave probe^表面波探头Surface wave technique^表面波法Surge magnetization^脉动磁化Surplus sensitivity^灵敏度余量Suspension^磁悬液Sweep^扫描Sweep range^扫描范围Sweep speed^扫描速度Swept gain^扫描增益Swivel scan^环绕扫查System exanlillatien threshold^系统检验阈值System inclacel artifacts^系统感生物System noise^系统噪声Tackground^，target^目标本底Tandem scan^串列扫查Target^耙Target^靶Television fluoroscopy^电视X^射线荧光检查Temperature envelope^温度范围Tenth-value-layer(TVL)^十分之一值层Test coil^检测线圈Test quality level^检测质量水平Test ring^试环Test block^试块Test frequency^试验频率Test piece^试片Test range^探测范围Test surface^探测面Testing^，ulrasonic^超声检测Thermal neutrons^热中子Thermocouple gage^热电偶计Thermogram^热谱图Thermography^，infrared^红外热成象Thermoluminescent dosemeter(TLD)^热释光剂量计Thickness sensitivity^厚度灵敏度Third critiical angle^第三临界角Thixotropic penetrant^摇溶渗透剂Thormal resolution^热分辨率Threading bar^穿棒Three way sort^三档分选Threshold setting^门限设置Threshold fog^阈值灰雾Threshold level^阀值Threshotd tcnet^门限电平Throttling^节流Through transmission technique^穿透技术Through penetration technique^贯穿渗透法Through transmission technique; transmission technique^穿透法Through-coil technique^穿过式线圈技术Throughput^通气量Tight^密封Total reflection^全反射Totel image unsharpness^总的图像不清晰度Tracer probe leak location^示踪探头泄漏定位Tracer gas^示踪气体Transducer^换能器/传感器Transition flow^过渡流Translucent base media^半透明载体介质Transmission^透射Transmission densitomefer^发射密度计Transmission coefficient^透射系数Transmission point^透射点Transmission technique^透射技术Transmittance^，τ 透射率τTransmitted film density^检测底片黑度Transmitted pulse^发射脉冲Transverse resolution^横向分辨率Transverse wave^横波Traveling echo^游动回波Travering scan; depth scan^前后扫查Triangular array^正三角形阵列Trigger/alarm condition^触发/报警状态Trigger/alarm level^触发/报警标准Triple traverse technique^三次波法True continuous technique^准确连续法技术Trueattenuation^真实衰减Tube current^管电流Tube head^管头Tube shield^管罩Tube shutter^管子光闸Tube window^管窗Tube-shift radiography^管子移位射线透照术Two-way sort^两档分选Ultra- high vacuum^超高真空Ultrasonic leak detector^超声波检漏仪Ultrasonic noise level^超声噪声电平Ultrasonic cleaning^超声波清洗Ultrasonic field^超声场Ultrasonic flaw detection^超声探伤Ultrasonic flaw detector^超声探伤仪Ultrasonic microscope^超声显微镜Ultrasonic spectroscopy^超声频谱Ultrasonic testing system^超声检测系统Ultrasonic thickness gauge^超声测厚仪Ultraviolet radiation^紫外辐射Under development^显影不足Unsharpness^不清晰Useful density range^有效光学密度范围UV-A A^类紫外辐射UV-A filter A^类紫外辐射滤片Vacuum^真空Vacuum cassette^真空暗盒Vacuum testing^真空检测Vacuum cassette^真空暗合Van de Graaff generator^范德格喇夫起电机Vapor pressure^蒸汽压Vapour degreasing^蒸汽除油Variable angle probe^可变角探头Vee path V^型行程Vehicle^载体Vertical linearity^垂直线性Vertical location^垂直定位Visible light^可见光Vitua limage^虚假图像Voltage threshold^电压阈值Voltage threshold^阈值电压Wash station^水洗工位Water break test^水膜破坏试验Water column coupling method^水柱耦合法Water column probe^水柱耦合探头Water path; water distance^水程Water tolerance^水容限Water-washable penetrant^可水洗型渗透剂Wave^波Wave guide acoustic emission^声发射波导杆Wave train^波列Wave from^波形Wave front^波前Wave length^波长Wave node^波节Wave train^波列Wedge^斜楔Wet slurry technique^湿软磁膏技术Wet technique^湿法技术Wet method^湿粉法Wetting action^润湿作用Wetting action^润湿作用Wetting agents^润湿剂Wheel type probe; wheel search unit^轮式探头White light^白光White X-rays^连续X^射线Wobble^摆动Wobble effect^抖动效应Working sensitivity^探伤灵敏度Wrap around^残响波干扰Xeroradiography^静电射线透照术X-radiation X^射线X-ray controller X^射线控制器X-ray detection apparatus X^射线探伤装置X-ray film^射线胶片X-ray paper X^射线感光纸X-ray tube X^射线管X-ray tube diaphragm X^射线管光阑Yoke^磁轭Yoke magnetization method^磁轭磁化法Zigzag scan^锯齿扫查Zone calibration location^时差区域校准定位Zone location^区域定位abortion^故障,失灵,失事abortive^失败abruption^裂断,中断,断路absolute^绝对的,纯粹的absolute sensitivity^绝对灵敏度absolute value^绝对值absorb^吸收`减震absorbance^吸收absorb dose^吸收计量。

使用期的溶液稳定性-EMEA

The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products7Westferry Circus,Canary Wharf,London,E144HB,UKLondon,1March 2001CPMP/QWP/2934/99COMMITTEE FOR PROPRIETARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS (CPMP)NOTE FOR GUIDANCE ON IN-USE STABILITY TESTING OF HUMAN MEDICINAL PRODUCTS DISCUSSION IN THE QUALITY WORKING PARTY (QWP)January/October 1999TRANSMISSION TO THE CPMPDecember 1999RELEASE FOR CONSULTATIONDecember 1999DEADLINE FOR COMMENTSJune 2000ADOPTION BY CPMPFebruary 2001DATE FOR COMING INTO OPERATION September 2001NOTE FOR GUIDANCE ON IN-USE STABILITY TESTING OF HUMANMEDICINAL PRODUCTSObjectiveThe purpose of in-use stability testing is to establish-where applicable-a period of time during which a multidose product can be used whilst retaining quality within an accepted specification once the container is opened.ScopeThis guideline refers to medicinal products in multidose containers which-by nature of their physical form and chemical composition-due to repeated opening and closing,may pose a risk to its content with regard to microbiological contamination,proliferation and/or physico-chemical degradation once the system has been breached.IntroductionThe continued integrity of products in multidose containers after the first opening is an important quality issue.While this principle is acknowledged in the Ph.Eur.and EU Guidelines,no specific guidance is available on defining test design and conduct of studies to be undertaken to define in-use shelf life in a uniform fashion.Therefore,this document attempts to define a framework for selection of batches,test design,test storage conditions, test parameters,test procedures etc.,taking into consideration the broad range of products concerned.Nevertheless should this Note for guidance also be read in connection with the Notes for guidance on Development pharmaceutics(CPMP/QWP/155/96),Stability testing of existing active substances and related finished products(CPMP/QWP/556/96)and Stability testing of new drug substances and products(CPMP/ICH/2736/99).The registration dossier for a multi-dose product should include either the in-use stability data on which the in-use shelf life is based or a justification why no in-use shelf life is established. This justification can also be based on experimental results.Selection of batchesA minimum of two batches,at least pilot scale batches,should be subjected to the test.At least one of the batches should be chosen towards the end of its shelf life.If such results are not available,one batch should be tested at the final point of the submitted stability studies. The batch number,date of manufacture and size of each batch should be stated.The container and closure of the product and,if present,the medicinal device should be equivalent to that proposed for marketing.If the product is to be supplied in more than one container size or in different strengths,the in-use stability test should be applied to the product which the greatest susceptibility to change.The choice of the tested product should always be justified.Test designAs far as possible the test should be designed to simulate the use of the product in practice taking into consideration the filling volume of the container and any dilution/reconstitution before use.At intervals comparable to those which occur in practice appropriate quantities should be removed by the withdrawal methods normally used and described in the product literature.Sampling should take place under normal environmental conditions of use.The appropriate physical,chemical and microbial properties of the product susceptible to change during storage should be determined over the period of the proposed in-use shelf life.If possible,testing should be performed at intermediate time points and at the end of the proposed in-use shelf life on the final remaining amount of the product in the container.Test storage conditionsThe product should be stored under the conditions as recommended in the product literature (SPC and PIL)throughout the in-use stability test period.Any other storage conditions should be justified.Test parametersThe appropriate physical,chemical and microbial properties of the product susceptible to change during use should be monitored.The tests used must be appropriate to individual dosage forms,however,examples of parameter types which may need to be studied are given below:Physical:colour,clarity,closure integrity,particulate matter,particle sizeChemical:active substance assay(s),antimicrobial preservative and antioxidant content(s),degradation product level(s),pHMicrobial:Total viable count,sterilityAnalytical proceduresThe analytical procedures used in the study should be described and fully validated.Stability indicating assays should be employed.Presentation of the resultsThe results should be summarized and tabulated.If relevant,the results should be presented graphically.EvaluationConclusions reached based on the data provided should be stated.In the case of anomalous results these should be explained.Where applicable and justified an in-use shelf life specification should be given.In-use stability data should be used to determine whether or not a declaration of an in-use shelf life and additional storage conditions are necessary.Labelling of the primary containerThe in-use shelf life should be stated on the label.In addition(if space allows)there should be a space for the user to write the date of opening or the"use-by"date.SPC,leaflet and labelling of the secondary containerThe in-use shelf life and in-use storage recommendations-if applicable-should be included in SPC,leaflet and outer carton text.。

电力系统常用英文词汇

电⼒系统常⽤英⽂词汇电⼒专业英语词汇(较全)1、元件设备三绕组变压器three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器Capacitor并联电容器shunt capacitor电抗器Reactor母线Busbar输电线TransmissionLine发电⼚power plant断路器Breaker⼑闸(隔离开关)Isolator分接头tap电动机motor2状态参数有功active power⽆功reactive power电流current容量capacity电压voltage档位tap position有功损耗reactive loss⽆功损耗active loss空载损耗no-load loss铁损iron loss铜损copper loss空载电流no-load current阻抗impedance正序阻抗positive sequence impedance负序阻抗negative sequence impedance零序阻抗zero sequence impedance⽆功负载reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测YC(telemetering) 遥信YX励磁电流(转⼦电流)magnetizing current下限lower limit并列的apposable⾼压: high voltage低压low voltage中压middle voltage电⼒系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer⾼压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功⾓稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电⼚ power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电⽹ power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation 补偿度 degree of compensation⾼抗 high voltage shunt reactor⽆功补偿 reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping ⾼顶值 high limited value强⾏励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机⽆穷⼤系统 one machine - infinity bus system 机端电压控制 AVR 功⾓ power angle有功功率 active power⽆功功率 reactive power功率因数 power factor⽆功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变⽐ ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻resistance阻抗impedance电导conductance电纳susceptance导纳admittance电感inductance电容: capacitanceAGC Automatic Generation Control⾃动发电控制AMR Automatic Message Recording ⾃动抄表ASS Automatic Synchronized System ⾃动准同期装置ATS Automatic Transform System ⼚⽤电源快速切换装置AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator ⾃动电压调节器BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统CRMS Control Room Management System 控制室管理系统CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制系统DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液(调节系统) DPU Distributed Processing Unit 分布式处理单元EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统ETS Emergency Trip System 汽轮机紧急跳闸系统EWS Engineering Working Station ⼯程师⼯作站FA Feeder Automation 馈线⾃动化FCS Field bus Control System 现场总线控制系统FSS Fuel Safety System 燃料安全系统FSSS Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System 炉膛安全监控系统GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear ⽓体绝缘开关设备GPS Global Position System 全球定位系统HCS Hierarchical Control System 分级控制系统LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显⽰屏LCP Local Control Panel 就地控制柜MCS Modulating Control System 模拟量控制系统MEH Micro Electro Hydraulic Control System 给⽔泵汽轮机电液控制系统MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统NCS Net Control System ⽹络监控系统OIS Operator Interface Station 操作员接⼝站OMS Outage Management System 停电管理系统PID Proportion Integration Differentiation ⽐例积分微分PIO Process Output 过程输⼊输出通道PLC Programmable Logical Controller 可编程逻辑控制器PSS Power System Stabilizator 电⼒系统稳定器SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 数据采集与监控系统SCC Supervisory Computer Control 监督控制系统SCS Sequence Control System 顺序(程序)控制系统SIS Supervisory Information System 监控信息系统 TDCS TDC Total Direct Digital Control 集散控制系统TSI Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation 汽轮机监测仪表UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply 不间断供电标准的机组数据显⽰ (Standard Measurement And Display Data)负载电流百分⽐显⽰ Percentage of Current load(%)单相/三相电压 Voltage by One/Three Phase (Volt.)每相电流 Current by Phase (AMP)千伏安 Apparent Power (KVA) 中线电流 Neutral Current (N Amp)功率因数 Power Factor (PF)频率 Frequency(HZ)千⽡ Active Power (KW)千阀 Reactive Power (KVAr)最⾼/低电压及电流 Max/Min. Current and Voltage输出千⽡/兆⽡⼩时 Output kWh/MWh运⾏转速 Running RPM机组运⾏正常 Normal Running超速故障停机 Overspeed Shutdowns低油压故障停机 Low Oil Pressure Shutdowns⾼⽔温故障停机 High Coolant Temperature Shutdowns起动失败停机 Fail to Start Shutdowns冷却⽔温度表 Coolant Temperature Gauge机油油压表 Oil Pressure Gauge机组运⾏⼩时表 Genset Running Hour Meter怠速-快速运⾏选择键 Idle Run – Normal Run Selector Switch运⾏-停机-摇控启动选择键 Local Run-Stop-Remote Starting Selector Switch 其它故障显⽰及输⼊ Other Common Fault Alarm Display and电⼒⾏波词汇⾏波travelling wave模糊神经⽹络fuzzy-neural network神经⽹络neural network模糊控制fuzzy control研究⽅向 research direction电⼒系统the electrical power system⼤容量发电机组large capacity generating set输电距离electricity transmission超⾼压输电线super voltage transmission power line投运commissioning⾏波保护Traveling wave protection⾃适应控制⽅法adaptive control process动作速度speed of action⾏波信号travelling wave signal输电线路故障transmission line malfunction⼦系统subsystem暂态⾏波transient state travelling wave偏移量side-play mount电压electric voltage附加系统add-ons system波形waveform⼯频power frequency延迟变换delayed transformation延迟时间delay time减法运算subtraction相减运算additive operation求和器summator模糊规则fuzzy rule参数值parameter values可靠动作action message⾪属函数membership function模糊规则fuzzy rule模糊推理fuzzy reasoning模糊推理矩阵fuzzy reasoning matrix样本集合 sample set感应定律law of electromagnetic induction 励磁 excitation 励磁器 magnetizing exciter励磁器 exciter恒定励磁器constant exciter励磁器激振器exciter励磁电流magnetizing current强⾏励磁 reinforced excitation励磁调节器 excitation regulator⽆功伏安 volt-ampere reactive。

QCDS

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Daily
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成本
Cost
Daily
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
D = 交期 Delivery S = 服務 Service (or 安全 Safety)
为何需要QCDS管理？Why Do QCDS Management?
安全生产 Safety Practices 训练及激励多工序操作的员工
Trained & Motivated Multi-Process Handlers

10
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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无损检测专业词汇中英对照

该表节选自《中英文无损检测名词术语查询系统（NDTGP）》A.C magnetic saturation 交流磁饱和Absorbed dose 吸收剂量Absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率Acceptance limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平Acceptance standard 验收标准Accumulation test 累积检测Acoustic emission count（emission count）声发射计数（发射计数）Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器（声发射传感器）Acoustic emission(AE) 声发射Acoustic holography 声全息术Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustical lens 声透镜Acoustic—ultrasonic 声-超声（AU）Activation 活化Activity 活度Adequate shielding 安全屏蔽Ampere turns 安匝数Amplitude 幅度Angle beam method 斜射法Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 指向角Angle of squint 偏向角Angle probe 斜探头Angstrom unit 埃(A)Area amplitude response curve 面积幅度曲线Area of interest 评定区Artificial discontinuity 人工不连续性Artifact 假缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷Artificial discontinuity 标准人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope; A-scan A型显示Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自射线照片Evaluation 评定Barium concrete 钡混凝土Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾Bath 槽液Bayard- Alpert ionization gage B- A型电离计Beam 声束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam index 声束入射点Beam path location 声程定位Beam path; path length 声程Beam spread 声束扩散Betatron 电子感应加速器Bimetallic strip gage 双金属片计Bipolar field 双极磁场Black light filter 黑光滤波器Black light; ultraviolet radiation 黑光Blackbody 黑体Blackbody equivalent temperature 黑体等效温度Bleakney mass spectrometer 波利克尼质谱仪Bleedout 渗出Bottom echo 底面回波Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo(first) 边界一次回波Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Broad-beam condition 宽射束Brush application 刷涂B-scan presentation B型扫描显示B-scope; B-scan B型显示C- scan C型扫描Calibration, instrument 设备校准Capillary action 毛细管作用Carrier fluid 载液Carry over of penetrate 渗透剂移转Cassette 暗合Cathode 阴极Central conductor 中心导体Central conductor method 中心导体法Characteristic curve 特性曲线Characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线Characteristic radiation 特征辐射Chemical fog 化学灰雾Cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术Contact pads 接触垫Circumferential coils 圆环线圈Circumferential field 周向磁场Circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法Clean 清理Clean- up 清除Clearing time 定透时间Coercive force 矫顽力Coherence 相干性Coherence length 相干长度（谐波列长度）Coi1，test 测试线圈Coil size 线圈大小Coil spacing 线圈间距Coil technique 线圈技术Coil method 线圈法Coil reference 线圈参考Coincidence discrimination 符合鉴别Cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计Collimator 准直器Collimation 准直Collimator 准直器Combined color contrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥Compressional wave 压缩波Compton scatter 康普顿散射Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线阵Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Contract stretch 对比度宽限Contrast 对比度Contrast agent 对比剂Contrast aid 反差剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度Control echo 监视回波Control echo 参考回波Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling losses 耦合损失Cracking 裂解Creeping wave 爬波Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片C-scope; C-scan C型显示Curie point 居里点Curie temperature 居里温度Curie(Ci) 居里Current flow method 通电法Current induction method 电流感应法Current magnetization method 电流磁化法Cut－off level 截止电平Dead zone 盲区Decay curve 衰变曲线Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷检出灵敏度Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Definition 清晰度Definition，image definition 清晰度，图像清晰度Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetization factor 退磁因子Demagnetizer 退磁装置Densitometer 黑度计Density 黑度（底片）Density comparison strip 黑度比较片Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液Developer 显像剂Developer station 显像工位Developer，agueons 水性显象剂Developer，dry 干显象剂Developer，liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer，nonaqueous （sus- pendible）非水（可悬浮）显象剂Developing time 显像时间Development 显影Diffraction mottle 衍射斑Diffuse indications 松散指示Diffusion 扩散Digital image acquisition system 数字图像识别系统Dilatational wave 膨胀波Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像Direct contact method 直接接触法Directivity 指向性Discontinuity 不连续性Distance- gain- size-German A VG 距离- 增益- 尺寸（DGS德文为A VG）Distance marker; time marker 距离刻度Dose equivalent 剂量当量Dose rate meter 剂量率计Dosemeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶片探头Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 二次波法Dragout 带出Drain time 滴落时间Drain time 流滴时间Drift 漂移Dry method 干法Dry powder 干粉Dry technique 干粉技术Dry developer 干显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干显像柜Dry method 干粉法Drying oven 干燥箱Drying station 干燥工位Drying time 干燥时间D-scope; D-scan D型显示Dual search unit 双探头Dual-focus tube 双焦点管Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双丝像质指示器Duration 持续时间Dwell time 停留时间Dye penetrant 着色渗透剂Dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量Dynamic range 动态范围Dynamic radiography 动态射线透照术Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Eddy current 涡流Eddy current flaw detector 涡流探伤仪Eddy current testing 涡流检测Edge 端面Edge effect 边缘效应Edge echo 棱边回波Edge effect 边缘效应Effective depth penetration （EDP）有效穿透深度Effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸Effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率Effective permeability 有效磁导率Effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面Effective resistance 有效电阻Elastic medium 弹性介质Electric displacement 电位移Electrical center 电中心Electrode 电极Electromagnet 电磁铁Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer 电磁声换能器Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射Electromagnetic testing 电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数Electron radiography 电子辐射照相术Electron volt 电子伏恃Electronic noise 电子噪声Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂Emulsification 乳化Emulsification time 乳化时间Emulsifier 乳化剂Encircling coils 环绕式线圈End effect 端部效应Energizing cycle 激励周期Equalizing filter 均衡滤波器Equivalent 当量Equivalent I．Q. I. Sensitivity 象质指示器当量灵敏度Equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压Equivalent penetrameter sensitivity 透度计当量灵敏度Equivalent method 当量法Erasable optical medium 可探光学介质Etching 浸蚀Evaluation 评定Evaluation threshold 评价阈值Event count 事件计数Event count rate 事件计数率Examination area 检测范围Examination region 检验区域Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽Exposure 曝光Exposure table 曝光表格Exposure chart 曝光曲线Exposure fog 曝光灰雾Exposure，radiographic exposure 曝光，射线照相曝光Extended source 扩展源Facility scattered neutrons 条件散射中子False indication 假指示Family 族Far field 远场Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈Field，resultant magnetic 复合磁场Fill factor 填充系数Film speed 胶片速度Film badge 胶片襟章剂量计Film base 片基Film contrast 胶片对比度Film gamma 胶片γ值Film processing 胶片冲洗加工Film speed 胶片感光度Film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度Film viewing screen 观察屏Filter 滤波器/滤光板Final test 复探Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤Flaw characterization 伤特性Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flexural wave 弯曲波Floating threshold 浮动阀值Fluorescence 荧光Fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验Fluorescent dry deposit penetrant 干沉积荧光渗透剂Fluorescent light 荧光Fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉Fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂Fluorescent screen 荧光屏Fluoroscopy 荧光检查法Flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场Flux lines 磁通线Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度Focus size 焦点尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度Focus(electron) 电子焦点Focused beam 聚焦声束Focusing probe 聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距）Fog 底片灰雾Fog density 灰雾密度Footcandle 英尺烛光Freguency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离Full- wave direct current（FWDC）全波直流Fundamental frequency 基频Furring 毛状迹痕Gage pressure 表压Gain 增益Gamma radiography γ射线透照术Gamma ray source γ射线源Gamma ray source container γ射线源容器Gamma rays γ射线Gamma-ray radiographic equipment γ射线透照装置Gap scanning 间隙扫查Gas 气体Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术Gauss 高斯Geiger-Muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器Geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度Gray(Gy) 戈瑞Grazing incidence 掠入射Grazing angle 掠射角Group velocity 群速度Half life 半衰期Half- wave current （HW）半波电流Half-value layer(HVL) 半值层Half-value method 半波高度法Halogen 卤素Halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪Hard X-rays 硬X射线Hard-faced probe 硬膜探头Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonic distortion 谐波畸变Harmonics 谐频Head wave 头波Helium bombing 氦轰击法Helium drift 氦漂移Helium leak detector 氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal 气密密封High vacuum 高真空High energy X-rays 高能X射线Holography (optical) 光全息照相Holography，acoustic 声全息Hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂Hydrostatic text 流体静力检测Hysteresis 磁滞Hysteresis 磁滞IACS IACSID coil ID线圈Image definition 图像清晰度Image contrast 图像对比度Image enhancement 图像增强Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量Image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度Image quality indicator(IQI)/image quality indication 像质指示器Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗Immersion testing 液浸法Immersion time 浸没时间Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图Imperfection 不完整性Impulse eddy current testing 脉冲涡流检测Incremental permeability 增量磁导率Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示Indirect exposure 间接曝光Indirect magnetization 间接磁化Indirect magnetization method 间接磁化法Indirect scan 间接扫查Induced field 感应磁场Induced current method 感应电流法Infrared imaging system 红外成象系统Infrared sensing device 红外扫描器Inherent fluorescence 固有荧光Inherent filtration 固有滤波Initial permeability 起始磁导率Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度Inserted coil 插入式线圈Inside coil 内部线圈Inside- out testing 外泄检测Inspection 检查Inspection medium 检查介质Inspection frequency/ test frequency 检测频率Intensifying factor 增感系数Intensifying screen 增感屏Interal,arrival time （Δtij)/arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij) Interface boundary 界面Interface echo 界面回波Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干涉Interpretation 解释Ion pump 离子泵Ion source 离子源Ionization chamber 电离室Ionization potential 电离电位Ionization vacuum gage 电离真空计Ionization radiography 电离射线透照术Irradiance，E 辐射通量密度，EIsolation 隔离检测Isotope 同位素K value K值Kaiser effect 凯塞(Kaiser)效应Kilo volt kv 千伏特Kilo electron volt keV千电子伏特Krypton 85 氪85L／D ratio L/D比Lamb wave 兰姆波Latent image 潜象Lateral scan 左右扫查Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Latitude (of an emulsion) 胶片宽容度Lead screen 铅屏Leak 泄漏孔Leak artifact 泄漏器Leak detector 检漏仪Leak test 泄漏检测Leakage field 泄漏磁场Leakage rate 泄漏率Leechs 磁吸盘Lift-off effect 提离效应Light intensity 光强度Limiting resolution 极限分辨率Line scanner 线扫描器Line focus 线焦点Line pair pattern 线对检测图Line pairs per millimetre 每毫米线对数Linear (electron) accelerator(LINAC) 电子直线加速器Linear attenuation coefficient 线衰减系数Linear scan 线扫查Linearity （time or distance）线性（时间或距离）Linearity，amplitude 幅度线性Lines of force 磁力线Lipophilic emulsifier 亲油性乳化剂Lipophilic remover 亲油性洗净剂Liquid penetrant examination 液体渗透检验Liquid film developer 液膜显像剂Local magnetization 局部磁化Local magnetization method 局部磁化法Local scan 局部扫查Localizing cone 定域喇叭筒Location 定位Location accuracy 定位精度Location computed 定位，计算Location marker 定位标记Location upon delta-T 时差定位Location，cluster 定位，群集Location，continuous AE signal 定位，连续AE信号Longitudinal field 纵向磁场Longitudinal magnetization method 纵向磁化法Longitudinal resolution 纵向分辨率Longitudinal wave 纵波Longitudinal wave probe 纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique 纵波法Loss of back reflection 背面反射损失Loss of back reflection 底面反射损失Love wave 乐甫波Low energy gamma radiation 低能γ辐射Low－energy photon radiation 低能光子辐射Luminance 亮度Luminosity 流明Lusec 流西克Maga or million electron volts MeV兆电子伏特Magnetic history 磁化史Magnetic hysteresis 磁性滞后Magnetic particle field indication 磁粉磁场指示器Magnetic particle inspection flaw indications 磁粉检验的伤显示Magnetic circuit 磁路Magnetic domain 磁畴Magnetic field distribution 磁场分布Magnetic field indicator 磁场指示器Magnetic field meter 磁场计Magnetic field strength 磁场强度(H)Magnetic field/field，magnetic 磁场Magnetic flux 磁通Magnetic flux density 磁通密度Magnetic force 磁化力Magnetic leakage field 漏磁场Magnetic leakage flux 漏磁通Magnetic moment 磁矩Magnetic particle 磁粉Magnetic particle indication 磁痕Magnetic particle testing/magnetic particle examination 磁粉检测Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic pole 磁极Magnetic saturataion 磁饱和Magnetic saturation 磁饱和Magnetic storage meclium 磁储介质Magnetic writing 磁写Magnetizing 磁化Magnetizing current 磁化电流Magnetizing coil 磁化线圈Magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩换能器Main beam 主声束Manual testing 手动检测Markers 时标MA-scope; MA-scan MA型显示Masking 遮蔽Mass attenuation coefficient 质量吸收系数Mass number 质量数Mass spectrometer （M.S.）质谱仪Mass spectrometer leak detector 质谱检漏仪Mass spectrum 质谱Master/slave discrimination 主从鉴别MDTD 最小可测温度差Mean free path 平均自由程Medium vacuum 中真空Mega or million volt MV兆伏特Micro focus X - ray tube 微焦点X 光管Micro-focus radiography 微焦点射线透照术Micrometer 微米Micron of mercury 微米汞柱Microtron 电子回旋加速器Milliampere 毫安（mA）Millimeter of mercury 毫米汞柱Minifocus x- ray tube 小焦点调射线管Minimum detectable leakage rate 最小可探泄漏率Minimum resolvable temperature difference （MRTD）最小可分辨温度差（MRDT）Mode 波型Mode conversion 波型转换Mode transformation 波型转换Moderator 慢化器Modulation transfer function （MTF）调制转换功能（MTF）Modulation analysis 调制分析Molecular flow 分子流Molecular leak 分子泄漏Monitor 监控器Monochromatic 单色波Movement unsharpness 移动不清晰度Moving beam radiography 可动射束射线透照术Multiaspect magnetization method 多向磁化法Multidirectional magnetization 多向磁化Multifrequency eddy current testing 多频涡流检测Multiple back reflections 多次背面反射Multiple reflections 多次反射Multiple back reflections 多次底面反射Multiple echo method 多次反射法Multiple probe technique 多探头法Multiple triangular array 多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition 窄射束。

射波刀G3系统六维颅骨追踪的曝光参数选择的研究—全国射波刀诊疗中心之欧阳音创编

射波刀G3系统六维颅骨追踪的曝光参数选择的研究张鑫汪胜钱伟*蔚华史立群张涛（中国人民解放军第117医院射波刀治疗研究中心，杭州 310013）[摘要] 目的：探索研究6D-skull(六维颅骨追踪)的曝光参数选择。

方法：以模型LUCY（体模名字）为实验模体，改变曝光参数的电压，电流和时间值，采集影响追踪出的误差与参考数据。

然后对数据进行定量分析。

结果：6D-skull的曝光参数选择为：电压在97kV～107kV之间为最佳(电流为100mA，曝光时间为75ms时)，电流在100mA～200mA之间最佳（电压为90kV，曝光时间为75ms 时），曝光时间在100ms～125ms之间最佳(电压为90kV，电流为100mA时)。

结论：所得结果可指导曝光参数选择，保证治疗的稳定性，一定程度的减少了治疗时间。

[关键词] 射波刀；影像引导放疗；曝光参数；6D-skullThe research to the choose of exposureparameter while the G3 Cyberknife systemworkby 6D-skull traceZhang xin，Wang sheng，Qian wei*，Wei hua，Shi Li-qun，Zhang tao(The Cyberknife Treatment and researchcentre in the 117th hospital of PLA )【Abstract】Objective:To research the choose of the exposure parameters for 6D-skull trace. Method:The LUCY which was a body mold was placedon the treatment couch, The traced error and the reference data were collected while changed the exposure parameters: KV, MA and EX . then we made a quantifiable analyswas for those data. Result:The choose of the exposure parameters were that: the optimum voltage was range between 97kV and 107kV while theelectric current was 100 mA and the time of exposure was 75ms; the optimum electric current was range between 100mA and 125mA while the voltage was 90 kV and the time of exposure was 75ms; the optimum time of exposure was range between 100ms and 125ms while the voltage was 90 kV and the electric current was 100 mA. Conclusion: The result might lead to the choose of exposure parameters, and ensured the stability of treatment, and decreased the time of treatment.【Key word】: Cyberknife；Image guided radiotherapy；exposure parameters；6D-skull 0.引言立体定向放射治疗的目的是最大程度地提高肿瘤靶区的剂量，并尽可能降低正常组织的受照剂量[1]。