口译材料医学2

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高级口译笔试听力原文出处：传统医学

高级口译笔试听力原文出处：传统医学什么是传统医学？文章介绍了传统医学的定义、传统医学的主要分支，和传统医学的主要使用人群。

接着文章介绍了目前传统医学面临的多样性、政策。

安全性、稳定性已经安全使用等方面的挑战。

WHO对此提出一些政策规定。

Traditional Medicine传统医学Key factsIn some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care.Herbal medicines are the most lucrative form of traditional medicine, generating billions of dollars in revenue.Traditional medicine can treat various infectious and chronic conditions: new antimalarial drugs were developed from the discovery and isolation of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L., a plant used in China for almost 2000 years.Counterfeit, poor quality, or adulterated herbal products in international markets are serious patient safety threats.More than 100 countries have regulations for herbal medicines.Traditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illnesses.Traditional medicine that has been adopted by other populations (outside its indigenous culture) is often termed alternative or complementary medicine.Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finishedherbal products that contain parts of plants or other plant materials as active ingredients.Who uses traditional medicine?In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care.In many developed countries, 70% to 80% of the population has used some form of alternative or complementary medicine (e.g. acupuncture).Herbal treatments are the most popular form of traditional medicine, and are highly lucrative in the international marketplace. Annual revenues in Western Europe reached US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China sales of products totaled US$ 14 billion in 2005. Herbal medicine revenue in Brazil was US$ 160 million in 2007.ChallengesTraditional medicine has been used in some communities for thousands of years. As traditional medicine practices are adopted by new populations there are challenges.International diversity: Traditional medicine practices have been adopted in different cultures and regions without the parallel advance of international standards and methods for evaluation.National policy and regulation: Not many countries have national policies for traditional medicine. Regulating traditional medicine products, practices and practitioners is difficult due to variations in definitions and categorizations of traditional medicine therapies. A single herbal product could be defined as either a food, a dietary supplement or an herbal medicine, depending on the country. This disparity in regulations at the national level has implications for international access and distribution of products.Safety, effectiveness and quality: Scientific evidence from tests done to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of traditional medicine products and practices is limited. While evidence shows that acupuncture, some herbal medicines and some manual therapies (e.g. massage) are effective for specific conditions, further study of products and practices is needed. Requirements and methods for research and evaluation are complex. For example, it can be difficult to assess the quality of finished herbal products. The safety, effectiveness and quality of finished herbal medicine products depend on the quality of their source materials (which can include hundreds of natural constituents), and how elements are handled through production processes.Knowledge and sustainability: Herbal materials for products are collected from wild plant populations and cultivated medicinal plants. The expanding herbal product market could drive over-harvesting of plants and threaten biodiversity. Poorly managed collection and cultivation practices could lead to the extinction of endangered plant species and the destruction of natural resources. Efforts to preserve both plant populations and knowledge on how to use them for medicinal purposes is needed to sustain traditional medicine.Patient safety and use: Many people believe that because medicines are herbal (natural) or traditional they are safe (or carry no risk for harm). However, traditional medicines and practices can cause harmful, adverse reactions if the product or therapy is of poor quality, or it is taken inappropriately or in conjunction with other medicines. Increased patient awareness about safe usage is important, as well as more training, collaboration and communication among providers of traditional and other medicines.WHO responseWHO and its Member States cooperate to promote the use of traditional medicinefor health care. The collaboration aims to:support and integrate traditional medicine into national health systems in combination with national policy and regulation for products, practices and providers to ensure safety and quality;ensure the use of safe, effective and quality products and practices, based on available evidence;acknowledge traditional medicine as part of primary health care, to increase access to care and preserve knowledge and resources; andensure patient safety by upgrading the skills and knowledge of traditional medicine providers.。

口译二阶段热点(全)

话题一: world expo重点词组重点词组：：mascot 吉祥物emblem 会徽non-commercial 非商业的approve: 审批，批准publicize: 宣传文化融合：cultural fusion主题演绎：interpretation of the theme城乡互动：interplay between urban and rural areas社区建设：community construction重要句型重要句型：：The mascot was named Haibao, which literally means "treasure of the world". It is a blue smiling cartoon figure with curly hair and shaped like the Chinese character REN, or human being.吉祥物叫做“海宝”，意为“四海之宝”，是一个蓝色的微笑的卷发卡通形象，形状像汉字的“人”。

举办2010年上海世博会，将为我国进一步改革开放和加快现代化建设增加新的动力，为世界了解中国、中国进一步走向世界开辟新的窗口，为加快全面建设小康社会提供新的机遇。

The hosting of the World Exposition 2010 in Shanghai will add new driving forces to China's reforms and opening up and accelerate China's modernization drive. It will not only open up a new window for the world to understand China and for China to become further integrated into the world, but provide new opportunities to speed up the construction of an all-round well-off society.世博论坛的特点是务实——每届论坛始终围绕上海世博会主题和副主题展开。

英汉口译练习1-3

英汉口译练习（一）Watch a video clip and translate English speech into Chinese.Promising Cancer Treatment1. You’ll be pleased to know that doctors andscientists are continuing to develop and discover new therapies to treat cancer.Let’s talk about some of the most promising.2. Biological therapies, also known asimmunotherapies, are designed to repair, stimulate, or enhance the immune system’s response to fighting cancer.Biological therapies may one day help your body better identify cancer cells and destroy them.3. Cancer Vaccines are one kind ofimmunotherapy. They work by triggering your own immune system to fight or block cancer cells. Some vaccines are made of cells from your own cancer.4. Still others are made of cells from yourimmune system. Vaccines can also be used to prevent certain viral infections that can lead to cancer, such as Human Papillomavirus, or HPV.5. Hormones are naturally-occurring substances in the body that stimulate the growth of certain organs and glands, like the breasts and prostate. Hormone therapy combats cancer with drugs that block hormone production or change the way hormones work.6. In addition to finding therapies with less impact on the whole body, researchers are working hard to find the methods with fewer side effects.7. Doctors hope cancer treatment of the futurewill destroy only cancer cells, and not the healthy cells around the cancer, meaning 你会乐意了解医生和科学家们在继续开发和发现治疗癌症的新疗法。

医学英语第二册

[W]probably[M]ad. 大概﹐有可能[W]eminent[M]a. 著名的﹔突出的[W]artist[M]n. 藝術家﹔美術家[W]distant[M]a. 遠的﹐遠外的[W]brilliantly[M]ad. 鮮明地﹐輝煌地[W]canvas[M]n. 一塊油畫布﹔粗帆布[W]comprehend[M]vt. 了解﹐領會﹔包含[W]scientifically[M]ad. 科學地﹔系統地[W]arouse[M]vt. 喚起﹐激起﹔喚醒[W]viewer[M]n. 觀察者﹔電視觀眾[W]romantic[M]a. 浪漫的[W]sentimental[M]a. 激動的﹔情感的[W]emotion[M]n. 感情﹔情緒[W]choice[M]n. 選擇[W]scene[M]n. 景色﹔景象[W]poem[M]n. 詩[W]poet[M]n. 詩人[W]identical[M]a. 相同的﹔相等的[W]be identical to[M]與…相同[W]convey[M]vt. 轉達﹐傳達[W]instance[M]n. 例子﹔實例﹔實事[W]for instance[M]例如[W]nightfall[M]n. 黃昏[W]wilderness[M]n. 荒原﹐荒野[W]image[M]n. 映象﹔形像﹔圖像[W]create[M]vt. 創作﹔創造[W]verify[M]vt. 證實﹐核實[W]likewise[M]ad. 同樣地﹔也[W]mainly[M]ad. 主要地[W]interpret[M]vt. 解釋﹐口譯[W]transform[M]vt. 改變﹐轉變﹔改造[W]favorable[M]a. 有利的﹐贊成的[W]be favorable to[M]有利於﹐贊成[W]wring[M]vt. 擰﹐扭﹔強求[W]necessity[M]n. 需要﹔必要性[W]curiosity[M]n. 好奇心﹔珍品[W]trifling[M]a. 微不足道的[W]unexplained[M]a. 未得到解釋的[W]undoubtedly[M]ad. 無庸置疑﹔肯定地[W]supersonic[M]a. 超聲速的[W]aircraft[M]n. 飛機﹐航空器[W]frozen[M]a. 冷凍的[W]curb[M]vt. 控制﹐抑制[W]ravage[M]vt. 毀壞﹐蹂躪[W]utilize[M]vt. 利用[W]tropical[M]a. 熱帶的[W]tank[M]n. 桶﹐槽[W]reliable[M]a. 可信的﹐確實的[W]set about[M]著手﹐開始[W]contribution[M]n. 貢獻﹐捐獻﹐投稿[W]simplified[M]a. 精簡了的﹐簡化了的[W]reddish[M]a. 帶紅色的﹐微紅的[W]gather[M]vt. 收集﹐蒐集[W]rusty[M]a. 生了鏽的[W]observation[M]n. 觀察﹐觀測[W]hypothesis[M]n. 假說﹐假設[W]reset[M]v. 再試驗﹐重複試驗[W]survival[M]n. 生存﹐存活[W]maintain[M]vt. 繼續﹔維持[W]homeostasis[M]n. 內環境恆定[W]stable[M]a. 穩定的﹐恆定的[W]depict[M]vt. 描述﹔描繪[W]least[M]n. 最小﹐最少[W]at least[M]至少﹐無論如何[W]overall[M]a. 全面的﹐綜合的[W]dependent[M]a. 依靠的﹔由…決定的[W]by dependent on[M]依靠﹔由…決定[W]exception[M]n. 例外﹐除外[W]decompose[M]vt. 分解[W]basically[M]ad. 基本上﹐事實上[W]anus[M]n. 肛門[W]alimentary[M]a. 營養的﹔消化的[W]canal[M]n. 道﹐管[W]the alimentary canal[M]消化道[W]oral[M]a. 口的﹔口頭的[W]cavity[M]n. 腔[W]pharynx[M]n. 咽[W]throat[M]n. 喉[W]situated[M]a. 位於…的[W]esophagus[M]n. 食道[W]partially[M]ad. 部份地﹔偏袒地[W]rectum[M]n. 直腸[W]unabsorbed[M]a. 未被吸收的[W]elimination[M]n. 排除﹐清除[W]digestion[M]n. 消化﹐消化力[W]salivary[M]a. 唾液的[W]salivary gland[M]唾液腺[W]pancreas[M]n. 胰<腺>[W]exchange[M]vt. & n. 交換﹐互換[W]potentially[M]ad. 潛在地[W]poisonous[M]a. 有毒的﹔惡毒的[W]subway[M]n. 地道﹐地下鐵道[W]comprise[M]vt. 由…組成﹔包含[W]ultimately[M]ad. 終於﹐最後[W]rid[M]vt. 使…擺脫[W]rid someone of[M]使某人擺脫[W]get rid of[M]去掉﹐排除[W]urinary[M]a. 泌尿的﹔尿的[W]endocrine[M]a. 內分泌的﹔n. 內分泌[W]hormone[M]n. 激素﹐荷爾蒙[W]neuron[M]n. 神經原﹐神經細胞[W]network[M]n. 網﹐網狀系統[W]as a whole[M]整體上﹐作為一個整體[W]actual[M]a. 實際的﹐事實上的[W]contraction[M]n. 收縮﹐縮短[W]finally[M]ad. 最後﹐終於[W]skeletal[M]a. 骨骼的﹐骸骨的[W]excretory[M]a. 排泄的[W]reproductive[M]a. 生殖的﹔再生的[W]to sum up[M]總之﹔總結[W]respiration[M]n. 呼吸﹐呼吸作用[W]precisely[M]ad. 精確地﹐明確地[W]oxidize[M]ad. 使氧化[W]notably[M]ad. 特別是﹐顯著地[W]sensitive[M]a. 敏感的﹐靈敏的[W]sensitive to[M]對…敏感[W]hypoxia[M]n. 氧過少﹐低氧[W]anoxia[M]n. 缺氧症[W]complicated[M]a. 複雜的﹐難懂的[W]former[M]a. 以前的﹐前任的[W]the former[M]前者[W]signify[M]vt. 表示﹐表明﹔意味[W]denote[M]vt. 表示﹔意味著[W]subdivide[M]vt. 把…再分[W]be subdivided into[M]被再分成[W]phase[M]n. 階段﹔方面[W]inspiration[M]n. 吸氣﹐吸入[W]expiration[M]n. 呼氣﹔呼出物[W]expulsion[M]n. 驅逐﹔排除[W]portion[M]n. 一部份﹔一份[W]larynx[M]n. 喉[W]trachea[M]n. 氣管[W]windpipe[M]n. 氣管[W]bronchus[M]n. 支氣管[W]portal[M]n. 門﹐入口[W]entry[M]n. 進入﹔門口[W]principal[M]a. 主要的﹐最重要的[W]cluster[M]n. 一串﹐一束﹔一群[W]sac[M]n. 囊﹔液囊[W]alveolus[M]n. 肺泡[W]furnish[M]vt. 提供﹐供應[W]voluntary[M]a. 主觀意志所控制的[W]depth[M]n. 深度﹐深[W]comparatively[M]ad. 相對地﹐比較地[W]superficial[M]a. 淺的﹐表淺的[W]proportionately[M]ad. 成比例地﹐相稱地[W]impulse[M]n. 衝動﹐刺激[W]diaphragm[M]n. 隔膜﹐膈[W]conversely[M]ad. 相反﹐反過來[W]sex[M]n. 性別[W]slightly[M]ad. 稍微﹐輕微[W]circumstance[M]n. 情況[W]adult[M]n. 成年人[W]newborn[M]a. 新生的[W]infant[M]n. 嬰兒﹐幼兒[W]cellular[M]a. 細胞的[W]anatomically[M]ad. 解剖學上﹐結構上[W]confine[M]vt. 限制[W]uri[M]上呼吸道感染[W]passageway[M]n. 走廊﹔過道[W]travel[M]vi. 旅行﹔移動[W]membrane[M]n. 膜[W]rhinitis[M]n. 鼻炎[W]inflammation[M]n. 紅腫﹔發炎﹔炎症[W]pharyngitis[M]n. 咽炎[W]tracheitis[M]n. 氣管炎[W]pneumonia[M]n. 肺炎[W]list[M]vt. 列舉﹐編列成表[W]occurrence[M]n. 出現﹐發生[W]absorption[M]n. 吸收[W]intestinal[M]a. 腸的﹔內部的[W]mucosa[M]n. 粘膜[W]lymph[M]n. 淋巴﹐淋巴液[W]foregoing[M]a. 在前的﹐前述的[W]the foregoing[M]前文﹐前述事項[W]specifically[M]ad. 明確地﹔尤其[W]utilization[M]n. 利用﹐使用[W]merely[M]ad. 僅僅﹐只不過[W]preliminary[M]a. 預備的﹐初步的[W]metabolize[M]vt. <使>產生代謝變化[W]fuel[M]n. 燃料[W]mechanical[M]a. 機械的[W]catabolism[M]n. 分解代謝[W]anabolism[M]n. 組成代謝﹐合成代謝[W]construct[M]vt. 構成﹐建造[W]use up[M]耗盡﹐用完[W]roughly[M]ad. 粗略地﹔大體上[W]building-up[M]a. 組合的﹐合成的[W]constructive[M]a. 建造的﹐建設的[W]breaking-down[M]a. 毀壞的﹐分解的[W]destructive[M]a. 破壞的﹐分解的[W]miracle[M]n. 奇跡﹐神奇的事件[W]miraculous[M]a. 奇跡一樣的[W]mystify[M]vt. 使<人>驚奇[W]basal[M]a. 基礎的﹐基本的[W]tone[M]n. 緊張<度>﹔語調[W]metabolic[M]a. 新陳代謝的[W]awake[M]a. 清醒的﹔vt. 喚醒[W]relaxed[M]a. 鬆懈的﹐不拘束的[W]precede[M]vt. 領先﹐先于[W]preceding[M]a. 以前的﹐上述的[W]climate[M]n. 氣候[W]tension[M]n. 緊張﹐拉緊[W]relaxation[M]n. 鬆弛﹐鬆懈﹔休息[W]manual[M]a. 體力的﹐用手的[W]indoor[M]a. <在>室內的[W]sedentary[M]a. 坐著的[W]calorie[M]n. 卡<熱量單位> [W]automobile[M]n. 汽車﹐機動車[W]gasoline[M]n. 汽油<美>[W]furnace[M]n. 爐子﹔熔爐[W]blink[M]vi. 眨眼睛﹔閃爍[W]whatsoever[M]pron. & a. 無論什麼[W]potential[M]a. 潛在的﹔n. 潛能[W]length[M]n. 長﹐長度[W]centimeter[M]n. 厘米﹐公分[W]definition[M]n. 定義﹔界限[W]kilocalorie[M]n. 千卡﹐大卡[W]approximately[M]ad. 大約﹔近似[W]tobacco[M]n. 煙草﹐煙葉[W]soothe[M]vt. & vi. 安慰﹐減輕[W]hazard[M]n. 危害﹐損害[W]link[M]n. 連接﹐聯繫﹔vt. 連接[W]be linked to[M]同…有聯繫﹔伴有[W]loss[M]n. 喪失﹐損失﹔損耗[W]appetite[M]n. 食慾﹐胃口[W]nausea[M]n. 噁心﹐嘔吐[W]shortness[M]n. 短促﹐短﹐矮[W]shortness of breath[M]氣急﹐呼吸短促[W]irregularity[M]n. 不規則﹐不規律[W]cigarette[M]n. 紙煙﹐香煙[W]chronic[M]a. 慢性的﹔長期的[W]overwhelming[M]a. 絕大多數的[W]statistical[M]a. 統計的﹐統計學的[W]non-smoker[M]n. 不抽煙的人[W]conclusive[M]a. 明確的﹐結論性的[W]chew[M]vt. 咀嚼﹔嚼煙﹔深思[W]sniff[M]vt. & vi. 吮吸﹐用鼻吸[W]nicotine[M]n. 尼古丁﹐煙鹼[W]bind[M]vt. 包扎﹔附著﹐粘合[W]pyridine[M]n. 比啶﹐氮苯[W]ammonia[M]n. 氨﹐阿摩尼亞[W]ketone[M]n. 酮[W]aldehyde[M]n. 醛﹔乙醛[W]tar[M]n. 搭柏油﹐焦油[W]brownish[M]a. 帶褐色的[W]expose[M]vt. 使曝露﹔揭發[W]be exposed to[M]經受﹐接觸[W]saliva[M]n. 涎﹐唾液[W]afterward[M]ad. 後來﹔以後[W]swallow[M]vt. 吞下﹐嚥下[W]per cent[M]n. 百分之…[W]inhale[M]vt. 吸入[W]excrete[M]vt. 排泄﹔分泌[W]introduce[M]vt. 輸入﹐引進﹔介紹[W]dose[M]n. 劑量﹐用量[W]medulla[M]n. 髓質[W]oblongata[M]n. 延髓[W]medulla oblongata[M]延髓[W]reflex[M]n. 反射﹐反射作用[W]act upon[M]對…起作用﹔按照[W]slow up[M]減慢﹐減退[W]constrict[M]vt. 壓縮﹐使縮小[W]vomit[M]vt. 嘔吐﹔噴出[W]mildly[M]ad. 輕微地﹐溫和地[W]sedative[M]a. 鎮靜的﹐止痛的[W]calm[M]vt. 鎮靜﹔a. 平靜的[W]harmful[M]a. 有害的[W]branch out into[M]分成﹐分枝成[W]hairlike[M]a. 毛髮似的[W]cilia[M]n. 纖毛﹔睫[W]back and forth[M]前後來回地[W]sweep[M]vt. 掃﹐帶走[W]particle[M]n. 粒子﹐塵埃[W]upward[M]ad. 向上﹐上昇[W]dirt[M]n. 污物﹐污垢[W]slow down[M]減慢﹐減退[W]pack[M]n. 包﹐束﹔vt. 包裝[W]a pack of[M]一包[W]victim[M]n. 受害者﹔患者[W]resistance[M]n. 抵抗力﹔反抗﹐抵抗[W]ward[M]n. 守衛﹔vt. 保護﹐守衛[W]ward off[M]防止﹐擋住[W]pathogen[M]n. 病原體[W]factor[M]n. 因素﹐要素﹔因子[W]nonspecific[M]a. 非特異性的[W]moderate[M]a. 中等的﹐適度的[W]acidity[M]n. 酸性﹐酸度[W]unfavorable[M]a. 不適宜的﹐不利的[W]medium[M]n. 環境﹔媒介物﹔手段[W]cilium[M]n. 纖毛[W]hairlike cilium[M]毛髮狀的纖發[W]propel[M]vt. 推動﹐推進[W]outward[M]ad. 向外﹔外表上[W]alkalinity[M]n. 鹼濃度﹔鹼性[W]salinity[M]n. 鹽濃度﹐鹽分[W]inactivate[M]vt. 使不活動[W]envelop[M]vt. 包圍﹔裹住﹐封住[W]endothelial[M]a. 內皮的[W]node[M]n. 結﹔節[W]neutralize[M]vt. 中和﹔抵銷[W]precipitate[M]vi. 沉澱[W]stimulate[M]vt. 刺激﹔激發[W]lymphoid[M]a. 淋巴的或淋巴樣的[W]coryza[M]n. 普通感冒﹐鼻炎[W]influenza[M]n. 流行性感冒﹐流感[W]chickenpox[M]n. 水痘[W]measles[M]n. 痲疹[W]mumps[M]n. 流行性腮腺炎[W]poliomyelitis[M]n. 脊髓灰質炎[W]scarlet[M]a. 猩紅的﹐緋紅的[W]scarlet fever[M]猩紅熱[W]infancy[M]n. 嬰兒期﹔幼年期[W]pertussis[M]n. 百日咳[W]lifelong[M]a. 終身的﹐畢生的[W]immunization[M]n. 免疫[W]rabies[M]n. 狂犬病[W]rocky[M]a. 岩石的﹐多岩的[W]spot[M]vt. & vi. <使>變污[W]typhoid[M]n. 傷寒[W]passive[M]a. 被動的﹔消極的[W]attain[M]vt. & vi. 獲得﹔達到[W]inject[M]vt. 注射﹐注入[W]tend[M]vt. 趨向﹐走向[W]tend to[M]趨於﹐傾向于[W]renew[M]vt. 使更新﹔使恢復[W]infantile[M]a. 嬰兒的﹐幼兒的[W]diffuse[M]vi. 擴散﹔滲出[W]placenta[M]n. 胎盤[W]fetus[M]n. 胎﹐胎兒[W]injection[M]n. 注射﹔注射劑[W]serum[M]n. 血清[W]convalescent[M]a. 恢復期的[W]susceptible[M]a. 易感的﹐易受影響的[W]susceptible to[M]易患…的[W]exposure[M]n. 接觸﹔暴露[W]poison[M]n. 毒物﹐毒藥﹔毒害[W]immunize[M]vt. 使免疫﹐使免除[W]weaken[M]vt. 減弱[W]numerous[M]a. 許多﹐為數眾多的[W]relative[M]a. 相對的﹐相關的[W]absolute[M]a. 絕對的﹐獨立的[W]transportation[M]n. 運輸﹐運送[W]continual[M]a. 不斷的﹐連續的[W]billion[M]num. 萬億<英國﹑德國> [W]plasma[M]n. 血漿﹔原生質[W]interstitial[M]a. 組織間隙的﹐間質的[W]intracellular[M]a. 細胞內的[W]suspend[M]vt. & vi. 懸浮﹔吊[W]element[M]n. 成份﹔元素[W]formed[M]<血液>有形成份[W]designate[M]vt. 指明﹐標示[W]pickup[M]n. 拾起﹐收集[W]deliver[M]vt. 傳送﹔交付[W]delivery[M]n. 傳送﹔交付﹔分娩[W]target[M]n. 靶﹔目標[W]enzyme[M]n. 脢[W]buffer[M]n. 緩沖劑﹐緩沖[W]biochemical[M]a. 生物化學的﹐生化的[W]heat-regulating[M]a. 調節熱的[W]conductivity[M]n. 傳導性[W]appreciable[M]a. 可以感覺到的[W]core[M]n. 核﹔核心[W]readily[M]ad. 容易地﹐很快地[W]dissipate[M]vt. 使消散﹐擴散[W]functionally[M]ad. 功能上﹐機能上[W]ingenious[M]a. 精巧的﹐機靈的[W]efficient[M]a. 有效的﹐有能力的[W]quart[M]n. 夸脫[W]demand[M]n. & vt. 要求﹐需要[W]extra[M]a. 額外的﹐另外的[W]erythrocyte[M]n. 紅細胞[W]abundant[M]a. 豐富的﹐充裕的[W]pigment[M]n. 色素﹔v. 著色[W]acid-base[M]n. 酸-鹼[W]acid-base balance[M]酸-鹼平衡[W]lastly[M]ad. 最後[W]platelet[M]n. 血小板[W]thrombocyte[M]n. 血小板﹐凝血細胞[W]coagulation[M]n. 凝結[W]clot[M]v. 使凝結﹔使擁塞[W]interrelate[M]vt. & vi. <使>相互聯繫[W]distinct[M]a. 截然不同的﹐清楚的[W]plug[M]v. 塞﹐堵﹔n. 塞子[W]plug up[M]堵住﹐塞住[W]rupture[M]vt. <使>破裂[W]bleed[M]vi. 流血[W]pint[M]n. 品脫<等於1/2夸脫>[W]gallon[M]n. 加倫<等於4夸脫>[W]replacement[M]n. 還原﹔替換﹐取代[W]donor[M]n. 捐獻者﹐獻血者[W]recipient[M]n. 接受者﹐受血者[W]widely[M]ad. 廣泛地[W]miraculously[M]ad. 奇跡般地[W]antigen[M]n. 抗原[W]universal[M]a. 宇宙的﹔普遍的[W]clump[M]n. 團﹐塊﹔叢﹐簇[W]crosshatch[M]v. 交互配血[W]antisepsis[M]n. 防腐法﹐抗菌法[W]inherit[M]vt. 繼承[W]sail[M]v. 開船﹐啟航[W]sail through[M]順利地取得[W]a.b.[M]文學士[W]with flying colors[M]出色地﹐成功地[W]settle down[M]定居[W]settle down to[M]專心致志于[W]witness[M]vt. 親眼目睹﹐證明[W]ether[M]n. 乙醚﹐醚[W]b.m.[M]醫學士[W]fellow[M]n. 會員﹔夥伴﹔同事[W]royal[M]a. 皇家的﹐英國的[W]appreciate[M]vt. 意識到﹐懂得[W]technically[M]ad. 技術上﹐技能上[W]amputation[M]n. 截肢[W]discourage[M]vt. 使喪失信心[W]post-operative[M]a. 手術後的[W]putrefaction[M]n. 腐爛﹔腐敗[W]introduction[M]n. 輸入﹔介紹﹔導言[W]recall[M]vt. 回想﹐回憶[W]revelation[M]n. 啟示﹔新發現[W]reason[M]vt. 推理﹐思考[W]allow[M]vt. 允許﹔准許[W]search[M]v. 搜查﹐探索﹔n. 檢查[W]search for[M]尋找[W]agent[M]n. 作用藥劑﹐製劑[W]carbonic[M]a. 含碳的[W]carbonic acid[M]石炭酸[W]sewage[M]n. 污物﹐污水[W]convince[M]vt. 使確信﹐使信服[W]dilute[M]vt. 沖淡﹐稀釋[W]solution[M]n. 溶液﹔解決<辦法>[W]antiseptic[M]n. 抗菌劑﹔a. 無菌的[W]stage[M]n. 階段﹐時期﹐舞台[W]experimentation[M]n. 研究﹐實驗﹐試驗[W]technique[M]n. 技術﹐技能﹔方法[W]crucial[M]a. 關鍵性的﹐重要的[W]inevitably[M]ad. 不可避免地[W]survive[M]vi. 活下來﹐幸存[W]limb[M]n. 肢體﹐手足[W]aseptic[M]a. 無菌的﹐防腐的[W]modify[M]vt. 更改﹐修改﹔修飾[W]favour[M]n. 好意﹐支持﹐同意[W]in favour of[M]贊成﹐支持[W]asepsis[M]n. 無菌﹐無菌操作[W]deny[M]vt. 否認﹐否定﹔拒絕[W]sterilization[M]n. 消毒﹐滅菌[W]dressing[M]n. 調味品﹔敷料﹔敷裹﹔裝飾[W]gown[M]n. 白大褂﹐長外衣[W]glove[M]n. 手套[W]sepsis[M]n. 膿毒病﹐敗血[W]conquest[M]n. 征服﹔贏得[W]abscess[M]n. 膿腫[W]accidental[M]a. 意外的﹐偶然的[W]microorganism[M]n. 微生物[W]flu[M]n. 流感[W]for short[M]為簡略起見[W]contagious[M]a. <接觸>傳染的[W]filterable[M]a. 可濾過的﹐可濾的[W]uncomplicated[M]a. 不複雜的[W]secondary[M]a. 繼發性的﹔第二位的[W]bronchial[M]a. 支氣管的[W]lethal[M]a. 致命的﹐致死的[W]elderly[M]a. 上了年紀的[W]the elderly[M]老年人<指65歲以上> [W]subsequent[M]a. 隨後的﹐後來的[W]virulent[M]a. 致病力強的[W]epidemic[M]n. 流行病﹔a. 流行性的[W]lull[M]n. 間歇﹐暫停[W]outbreak[M]n. 流行﹐發作﹐爆發[W]resemble[M]vt. 類似于﹐象[W]weakness[M]n. 虛弱﹐軟弱[W]ache[M]vi. 痛﹔n. 疼痛[W]incubation[M]n. 潛伏[W]brief[M]a. 簡短的﹔短暫的[W]communicate[M]v. 傳染﹔通信﹔相通[W]depression[M]n. 沮喪抑鬱症[W]persist[M]vi. 持續﹔堅持[W]vaccine[M]n. 疫苗﹐菌苗[W]accordingly[M]ad. 因此﹔相應地[W]viral[M]a. 病毒的[W]nevertheless[M]ad. 然而﹐不過[W]advisory[M]a. 顧問的﹐咨詢的[W]cardiovascular[M]a. 心血管的[W]pregnant[M]a. 懷孕的﹔含蓄的[W]vaccinate[M]vt. 給…接種疫苗[W]periodically[M]ad. 週期性地﹐定期地[W]revaccinate[M]vt. 再給…接種疫苗[W]mutate[M]v. <使>突變﹔<使>變異[W]genetic[M]a. 遺傳的﹔發生的[W]make-up[M]n. 特徵﹔成份[W]rna[M]核糖核酸[W]culprit[M]n. 罪犯﹔冒犯者[W]southeast[M]n. 東南﹑東南部[W]southeast asia[M]東南亞[W]dub[M]vt. 稱為﹐取名為[W]traveller[M]n. 旅行者﹐旅客[W]spotlight[M]n. 公眾注意中心[W]notorious[M]a. 臭名昭著的[W]swine[M]n. 豬[W]swine flu[M]豬流感[W]variant[M]n. 變體﹐變種﹐變形[W]isolate[M]vt. 隔開﹐隔離[W]complain[M]vi. 抱怨﹐訴說[W]complain of[M]主訴[W]headache[M]n. 頭痛﹔頭痛的事[W]hack[M]vi. 斷續地乾咳[W]hacking cough[M]猛烈的乾咳[W]joint[M]n. 關節﹔接合﹐接頭[W]moisture[M]n. 潮濕﹐濕氣[W]ventilate[M]vt. 使通風﹐使通氣[W]lift[M]n. 電梯﹐起重機﹔vt. 吊[W]illness[M]n. 疾病﹐病患[W]creature[M]n. 生物[W]successively[M]ad. 一個接一個地[W]infective[M]a. 易傳染的﹐傳染性的[W]infectious[M]a. 傳染的﹐感染性的[W]painstaking[M]a. 艱苦的﹔辛勤的[W]killer[M]n. 殺人者﹐兇手[W]accident[M]n. 事故﹐意外的事[W]by accident[M]偶然[W]fall[M]n. 秋季﹔降落﹔v. 落下[W]basement[M]n. 地下室﹔底層[W]bacteriologist[M]n. 細菌學家[W]deadly[M]a. 非常﹐極度[W]plate[M]n. 培養皿﹔盤[W]flourish[M]v. 茂密﹐茂盛﹔繁榮[W]somehow[M]ad. 由於某種原因[W]multiply[M]v. 增加﹐繁殖[W]in vitro[M]在試管內[W]in vivo[M]在活體內[W]submit[M]vt. 呈送﹐提交[W]print[M]v. 印刷﹔n. 印刷品[W]journal[M]n. 刊物﹐雜誌﹔日記[W]account[M]n. 報告﹐報導[W]ignore[M]vt. 忽視﹐不顧[W]meanwhile[M]ad. 當時﹐與此同時[W]by chance[M]偶然[W]german[M]n. 德國人﹐德語[W]sulfa[M]a. 磺胺的﹔n. 磺胺類藥物[W]sulfa drug[M]磺胺類藥[W]dye[M]n. 染料﹐染色[W]dreaded[M]a. 令人畏懼的[W]leprosy[M]n. 痲風病[W]dramatically[M]ad. 顯著地﹔戲劇性地[W]untoward[M]a. 不良的﹐不利的[W]effect[M]n. 效力﹔作用﹔結果[W]side effect[M]副作用[W]disadvantage[M]n. 缺點﹔不利作用[W]resume[M]vt. 重新開始﹐再繼續[W]declare[M]vt. 宣佈﹐聲明[W]application[M]n. 應用﹐施用﹔申請[W]find application[M]獲得應用[W]crystal[M]n. 結晶體[W]unlike[M]prep. 不象…﹔a. 不同的[W]occasionally[M]ad. 偶然﹐不經常地[W]allergic[M]a. 變應性的﹐過敏性的[W]allergic to[M]對…過敏[W]untold[M]a. 無數的﹐數不清的[W]foremost[M]a. 最初的﹐最主要的[W]inhibit[M]vt. 抑制﹔阻止[W]streptomycin[M]n. 鏈霉素[W]aureomycin[M]n. 金霉素[W]terramycin[M]n. 土霉素[W]colony[M]n. 菌落﹐群體﹔殖民地[W]flat[M]a. 淺的﹔扁平的[W]fluffy[M]a. 絨毛狀的﹔蓬松的[W]spoil[M]vt. 搞糟﹔損壞[W]curious[M]a. 好奇的﹐仔細留心的[W]antagonist[M]n. 對手﹐拮抗物[W]penicillium notatum[M]特異青黴素[W]antagonistic[M]a. 對抗性的[W]discontinue[M]vt. & vi. 中止﹐中斷[W]transplantation[M]n. 移植﹔移植法[W]breakthrough[M]n. 突破﹐沖垮[W]heal[M]vt. & vi. 治癒﹐愈合[W]mend[M]vt. 縫補﹔修理[W]remove[M]vt. 摘除﹐去掉﹔移動[W]tonsillitis[M]n. 扁桃體炎[W]tonsil[M]n. 扁桃體﹐扁桃腺[W]inflame[M]vt. & vi. 使發炎[W]anesthetize[M]vt. 使麻醉﹐使麻木[W]appendix[M]n. 闌尾﹐蚓突﹔附錄[W]appendectomy[M]n. 闌尾切除術[W]as well as[M]以及﹔除了…之外<還> [W]pin[M]n. 針﹐別針﹔釘﹔銷子[W]promote[M]vt. 促進﹔助長[W]faulty[M]a. 有病變的﹔有缺點的[W]valve[M]n. 瓣膜﹔閥﹔活門[W]man-made[M]a. 人造的﹐人工的[W]successful[M]a. 成功的﹔結果良好的[W]successfully[M]ad. 成功地﹐出色地[W]graft[M]n. 移植<物>﹔vt. 移植[W]autograft[M]n. 自體移植<物或術> [W]enormous[M]a. 重大的﹐巨大的[W]species[M]n. 物種﹔種類[W]homograft[M]n. 同種移植<物或術> [W]human being[M]n. 人[W]chimpanzee[M]n. 黑猩猩[W]heterograft[M]n. 異種移植<物或術> [W]afflict[M]vt. 使苦惱﹐折磨[W]be afflicted with[M]患﹐受…折磨[W]regain[M]vt. 恢復﹔復得﹐收回[W]cornea[M]n. 角膜[W]reject[M]vt. 排斥﹐抵制﹔否決[W]rejection[M]n. 排斥﹐拒絕﹔否決[W]ordinarily[M]ad. 平常,在一般情況下[W]accept[M]vt. 接受﹔承認﹐認可[W]tendency[M]n. 趨向﹐傾向[W]fight off[M]抵抗﹐擊退[W]suppress[M]vt. 防止﹐阻止﹔抑制[W]immunosuppressive[M]a. 抑制免疫反應的[W]alien[M]a. 相異的﹐外來的[W]match[M]n. 對手﹐相配者﹔比賽[W]match with[M]使…和…相配<稱>[W]turn out[M]原來是﹐結果成為[W]spare part[M]備件﹐附件[W]tissue-type[M]組織類型[W]tissue-typing[M]組織分類[W]attributable[M]a. 可歸因的﹐可歸屬的[W]attributable to[M]可歸因于﹐由…引起[W]discovery[M]n. 發現﹔被發現的事物[W]anesthetic[M]n. 麻醉劑﹔a. 麻醉的[W]anesthetist[M]n. 麻醉醫生[W]anesthesiologist[M]n. 麻醉學家[W]toothache[M]n. 牙痛[W]tablet[M]n. 碑﹔匾額﹔小塊﹐小片﹔藥片[W]taste[M]n. 味覺﹔v. 嘗[W]lessen[M]vt. 減輕﹐減少﹔縮小[W]sensation[M]n. 感覺﹐知覺[W]analgesic[M]n. 止痛藥[W]relieve[M]vt. 減輕﹐解除[W]on this ground[M]因此﹐因此之故[W]symposium[M]n. 專題討論會﹐座談會[W]opium[M]n. 鴉片﹔麻醉劑[W]nitrous[M]n. 含有三價氮的[W]nitrous oxide[M]一氧化二氮<笑氣> [W]painless[M]a. 不痛的﹐無痛苦的[W]deserve[M]vt. 應受﹐值得[W]credit[M]n. 榮譽﹔信任﹔vt. 相信[W]credit with[M]可歸功于[W]demonstration[M]n. 示範﹐表演﹔論證[W]massachusetts[M]n. 麻薩諸塞<美國州名> [W]boston[M]n. 波士頓<美國城市>[W]scottish[M]a. 蘇格蘭的﹔n. 蘇格蘭人[W]chloroform[M]n. 氯仿[W]childbirth[M]n. 分娩﹐生小孩[W]queen[M]n. 女王﹔王后[W]avert[M]vt. 防止﹐避開[W]signal[M]n. 信息﹐信號﹔vt. 標誌[W]induce[M]vt. 誘導﹔引起﹐導致[W]spray[M]vt. 噴﹔n. 浪花﹐噴霧[W]gel[M]n. 凝膠[W]lidocaine[M]n. 利多卡因<局部麻醉> [W]lidocaine gel[M]利多卡因凝膠<表面…> [W]ethyl chloride[M]n. 氯乙烷<表面麻醉劑> [W]rub[M]vt. 擦﹐擦上﹔摩擦[W]lining[M]n. 裡層﹐襯裡[W]nerve[M]n. 神經[W]ending[M]n. 末梢﹐末端﹔結尾[W]nerve endings[M]神經末梢[W]suitable[M]a. 合適的﹐適宜的[W]be suitable for[M]適用于[W]gastrostomy[M]n. 胃造口術[W]commonly[M]ad. 通常﹐一般[W]procaine[M]n. 普魯卡因[W]cerebrospinal[M]a. 腦脊髓的[W]ganglion[M]n. 節﹔神經節[W]performance[M]n. 施行﹔進行﹔演出[W]obstetrics[M]n. 產科學﹐助產術[W]majority[M]n. 多數﹐大多數[W]hospitalize[M]vt. 把…送入醫院治療[W]premeditation[M]n. 術前用藥[W]prior[M]a. 在先的﹐在前的[W]prior to[M]在…之前[W]achieve[M]vt. 達到﹐得到﹔完成[W]unconsciousness[M]n. 失去知覺﹐昏迷[W]halt[M]vt. 使停止﹔防止[W]exert[M]vt. 施加﹐行使[W]propose[M]vt. 提出﹐提議﹔推薦[W]intravenously[M]ad. 靜脈注射地[W]milkmaid[M]n. 擠奶女工[W]prick[M]vt. 扎穿﹐刺穿[W]dare[M]v. 敢[W]daring[M]a. & n. 大膽<的>[W]purpose[M]n. 目的﹐意圖﹔效用[W]anti-cowpox[M]a. 抗牛痘的[W]wear off[M]逐漸減弱﹐消失[W]incidentally[M]ad. 偶然地[W]native[M]a. 本國的﹐本土的[W]comparison[M]n. 比較﹐對照[W]instructive[M]a. 有教益的﹐有啟發的[W]grown-up[M]n. 成年人的﹐成熟的[W]haphazard[M]a. 無計劃的﹐隨意的[W]lay out[M]擬訂﹔佈置﹐安排[W]playmate[M]n. 游戲的夥伴[W]visual[M]a. 視覺的﹐目視的[W]visual aids[M]直觀教具[W]mastery[M]n. 精通﹐掌握﹔控制[W]gifted[M]a. 有天賦的﹐有才華的[W]inexact[M]a. 不準確的﹐不精確的[W]account for[M]說明﹐解釋﹔佔[W]flexible[M]a. 靈活的﹔柔韌的[W]flexibility[M]n. 靈活性﹐柔韌性[W]hold water[M]有理﹐說得通[W]argue[M]vt. 爭辯﹔論證[W]especially[M]ad. 特別﹐格外[W]behaviour[M]n. 行為﹐舉止[W]pronunciation[M]n. 發音﹐發音法[W]intonation[M]n. 語調﹐聲調[W]drink in[M]全神貫注地聽﹐欣賞[W]bubble[M]vi. 發出氣泡﹐起泡[W]ever-bubbling[M]不斷涌出的[W]assimilation[M]n. 同化﹔吸收﹔消化[W]as it were[M]可以說[W]advantage[M]n. 有利條件﹐優點[W]gesture[M]n. 手勢﹔姿勢[W]facial[M]a. 面部的[W]unnatural[M]a. 不自然的﹔人工的[W]scorching[M]a. 灼熱的[W]desire[M]n. & vt. 願望﹔要求[W]fulfill[M]vt. 完成﹔滿足﹔履行[W]relation[M]n. 家屬﹐親屬﹔關係[W]take great pains[M]煞費苦心﹐花大氣力[W]awkward[M]a. 不熟練的﹐笨拙的[W]encouragement[M]n. 鼓勵﹔獎勵品[W]merry[M]a. 有趣的﹔愉快的[W]overlook[M]vt. 忽視[W]faultless[M]a. 無過失的﹔完善的[W]accuracy[M]n. 準確﹐精確[W]unnecessarily[M]ad. 不必要地[W]sprinkle[M]vt. 洒水[W]plunge[M]vt. 將…投入水中[W]elaborate[M]a. 詳細的﹔精心製作的[W]preface[M]n. 序言﹐前言﹐緒言[W]pattern[M]n. 模型﹐典範[W]imply[M]vt. 暗示﹐意指[W]design[M]vt. 計劃﹐預定[W]underlie[M]vt. 位於…的下面[W]linguistic[M]a. 語言的[W]explanatory[M]a. 解釋的﹐說明的[W]introductory[M]a. 介紹的﹐引導的[W]for the most part[M]多半﹐通常[W]omit[M]vt. 省略﹐刪去[W]sufficient[M]a. 足夠的﹐充份的[W]memorise[M]vt. 記住﹐熟記<memorize=memorise> [W]repetition[M]n. 重複﹐反復[W]usage[M]n. 使用﹐用法﹔慣用法[W]grammatical[M]a. 語法的﹐符合語法的[W]imitation[M]n. 模仿﹐摹擬[W]frequent[M]a. 經常的﹐頻繁的[W]resort[M]n. 採取的手段﹐求助[W]publish[M]vt. 發表﹔出版﹔公佈[W]origin[M]n. 起源﹔由來[W]selection[M]n. 選擇﹐挑選[W]evolve[M]vi. 進化﹔生長﹔發育[W]nonhuman[M]a. 非人類的[W]primate[M]n. 靈長目動物[W]descend[M]vi. 下降﹔傳下[W]be descended from[M]是…的後裔﹐系出[W]ape[M]n. 猿﹐類人猿[W]geological[M]a. 地質學的[W]sensible[M]a. 明顯的﹔感覺得到的[W]notion[M]n. 概念﹔見解﹔想法[W]content[M]a. 滿足的﹔n. 內容[W]bible[M]n. 聖經[W]religion[M]n. 宗教﹔信仰[W]authoritarian[M]a. 權威主義的[W]camp[M]n. 陣營﹔野營[W]evolutionist[M]n. 進化論者[W]creationist[M]n. 神靈論者﹐上帝論者[W]solar[M]a. 太陽的﹐日光的[W]champion[M]vt. 擁護﹐支持﹔n. 冠軍[W]god[M]n. 上帝﹐神[W]fall short of[M]辜負﹔達不到﹔缺乏[W]expectation[M]n. 期望﹐期待[W]blindly[M]ad. 盲目地﹐輕率地[W]evolutionary[M]a. 進化的[W]similarity[M]n. 類似﹐相似[W]fascinate[M]vt. 迷住,強烈地吸引住[W]fit...into[M]使…適應于[W]ecological[M]a. 生態的﹐生態學的[W]niche[M]n. 小生境﹐生態位[W]teem[M]vi. 充滿﹐豐富[W]teeming[M]a. 豐富的[W]dock[M]vi. 靠碼頭[W]amass[M]vt. 積累﹐收集[W]meticulous[M]a. 細緻的﹐過細的[W]possibility[M]n. 可能﹐可能性[W]naturalist[M]n. 博物學家[W]independently[M]ad. 獨自地﹐單獨地[W]reluctantly[M]ad. 勉強地[W]argument[M]n. 辯論﹐爭論﹔認據[W]adapt[M]vt. 使適應﹐使適合[W]adaptation[M]n. 適應性﹔適應[W]sharpness[M]n. 鋒利﹐銳利[W]ferocious[M]a. 兇惡的﹐凶猛的[W]beast[M]n. 獸﹐野獸[W]jungle[M]n. 叢林﹐密林﹔原始林[W]equally[M]ad. 相同地﹐同樣地[W]adequate[M]n. 適當的﹐充份的[W]concise[M]a. 簡明的﹐簡要的[W]statement[M]n. 陳述﹐說明﹔聲明[W]diagram[M]n. 圖解﹐圖表[W]table[M]n. 表格﹐項目表[W]glance[M]n. 一瞥[W]at a glance[M]一眼[W]middle age[M]中世紀[W]experimental[M]a. 實驗上的[W]proof[M]n. 證據﹐證明﹐論證[W]program[M]n. 節目﹔計劃﹐規劃[W]geneva[M]n. 日內瓦<瑞士城市> [W]switzerland[M]瑞士[W]family planning[M]計劃生育[W]institute[M]n. <研究>所﹐學院[W]academy[M]n. 研究院﹔學會[W]memo[M]n. 備忘錄[W]officially[M]ad. 正式地﹐官方地[W]approval[M]n. 批准﹔讚同﹐同意[W]india[M]n. 印度[W]anticipate[M]vt. 期望﹔預料[W]clearance[M]n. 許可證[W]shortly[M]ad. 立刻﹐不久[W]enclose[M]vt. 圍住﹔把…封入[W]participant[M]n. 參加者﹐參與者[W]draft[M]n. 草案﹐草稿[W]agenda[M]n. 議事日程﹐提綱[W]document[M]n. 公文﹐文件﹔證件[W]despatch[M]vt. 發送﹐派遣﹐寄出[W]economy[M]n. 經濟﹔節省[W]residence[M]n. 居住﹐住處[W]deviation[M]n. 偏離﹔繞道﹐繞航[W]per diem[M]<拉>n. 每日[W]allowance[M]n. 津貼或補助費﹔允許[W]payment[M]n. 支付﹔支付的款項[W]visa[M]n. 簽証[W]transit[M]n. 通過﹔過境﹔vt. 通過[W]reservation[M]n. 預定<旅館房間等>[W]inclusive[M]a. 包含的﹐包含在內的[W]rail[M]n. 鐵軌﹔鐵路[W]alternatively[M]ad. 另外﹐此外[W]presently[M]ad. 現在﹐目前[W]attach[M]vt. 附加﹐隨附[W]sincerely[M]ad. 真誠地﹐真摯地[W]yours sincerely[M]您忠誠的<信末客套語> [W]signature[M]n. 署名﹐簽名[W]executive[M]a. 行政上的﹔n. 行政官[W]p.s.[M]<信末的>附言﹐再者[W]attestation[M]n. 證明﹐證實﹔證據[W]facilitate[M]vt. 使…便利﹐促進[W]obtention[M]n. 獲得[W]encls[M]附件﹐內封物<縮>[W]indicate[M]vt. 指出﹐指示﹐表示[W]invitation[M]n. 邀請﹐招待﹔請貼[W]privilege[M]n. 優惠﹔榮幸﹔特權[W]deem[M]vt. 認為﹐相信[W]issue[M]n. 問題﹐爭論點﹐期[W]eagerness[M]n. 急切的心情﹐渴望[W]previous[M]a. 以前的﹐先[W]convenience[M]n. 便利﹔方便[W]certificate[M]n. 執照﹐證<明>書[W]gratitude[M]n. 感謝﹐感激[W]regard[M]n. 注意﹐<復>致意[W]with best regards[M]此致敬禮<信末客套語> [W]inform[M]vt. 告訴﹐通知[W]director-general[M]總幹事﹔理事長[W]approve[M]vt. 批准﹐通過﹔贊成[W]grant[M]n. 補助金﹐津貼[W]fund[M]vt. 為…提供資金[W]institution[M]n. 協會﹔學校﹐機構[W]collaborate[M]vi. 協作﹐合作[W]fertility[M]n. 肥沃﹔能育性[W]collaborative[M]a. 協作的﹐合作的[W]pharmaceutical[M]a. 藥物的﹐藥學的[W]chicago[M]芝加哥<美國城市>[W]sri lanka[M]斯裡蘭卡[W]acceptance[M]n. 接受﹐領受﹔承認[W]duplicate[M]a. 副的,複製的﹔n. 副本[W]cable[M]vi. 發電報[W]undated[M]a. 無定期的[W]administrative[M]a. 行政的﹐管理的[W]officer[M]n. 官員﹐高級職員[W]promotion[M]n. 促進﹐增進[W]disposal[M]n. 處理﹔配置﹔控制[W]at one's disposal[M]由某人支配[W]scourge[M]n. 災難﹐禍害﹔vt. 蹂躪[W]achievement[M]n. 成就﹐成勣﹔完成[W]invention[M]n. 發明﹐創造﹔發明物[W]device[M]n. 器械﹔裝置﹔設計[W]sphygmomanometer[M]n. 血壓計[W]pressure[M]n. 壓﹔壓力[W]electrocardiograph[M]n. 心<動>電圖描記器[W]cg[M]心<動>電圖描記器<縮>[W]eeg[M]腦<動>電圖描記器<縮>[W]hand in hand[M]手拉手地﹐同時發生地[W]go hand in hand with[M]與…密切聯結在一起[W]radioisotope[M]n. 放射性同位素[W]trace[M]vt. 跟蹤﹐追蹤﹔n. 蹤跡[W]tracer[M]n. 追蹤者﹐示蹤物[W]so far[M]到目前為止﹐迄今為止[W]toxoid[M]n. 類毒素[W]threaten[M]vt. 威脅﹐恐嚇[W]life-threatening[M]威脅生命的[W]insulin[M]n. 胰島素[W]diabetes[M]n. 糖尿病[W]doom[M]vt. 註定﹐命定﹔n. 厄運[W]be doomed to[M]註定要[W]formerly[M]ad. 以前﹐從前[W]folic acid[M]n. 葉酸[W]incorporate[M]vt. 合併﹐結合﹔收編[W]coenzyme[M]n. 輔脢[W]remarkable[M]a. 顯著的﹔值得注意的[W]adenosine[M]n. 腺﹐腺嘌呤核[W]triphosphate[M]n. 三磷酸鹽[W]conceive[M]vt. 想象﹐設想[W]pituitary[M]n. 垂體<腦>﹐腦下腺[W]synthetic[M]a. 合成的﹐人造的[W]steroid[M]n. 甾族化合物﹐類固醇[W]gonad[M]n. 性腺﹐生殖腺[W]artificially[M]ad. 人工地﹐人造地[W]cortisone[M]n. 腎上腺皮質激素[W]acth[M]<縮>腎上腺皮質激素[W]stride[M]n. 進展﹐進步﹔v. 跨過[W]pave[M]vt. 鋪﹐筑路[W]pave the way for[M]為…鋪平道路﹔導致[W]undreamed of[M]a. 夢想不到的﹐意外的[W]microsurgery[M]n. 顯微外科﹔顯微手術[W]no longer[M]'不再[W]reality[M]n. 現實﹐真實存在的事[W]traffic[M]n. 交通﹔通行[W]subsequently[M]ad. 隨後﹐後來[W]discipline[M]n. 學科﹔紀律[W]await[M]vt. 有待于﹐期待[W]with a view to[M]目的在於﹐以便[W]radium[M]n. 鐳[W]trial[M]n. 試用﹐試驗﹔審判[W]take over[M]代替﹔接管﹐接任[W]reattach[M]vt. 重新接上[W]conquer[M]vt. 征服﹐攻克﹐戰勝[W]minimize[M]vt. 使減到最小。

二级口译笔记

二级口译笔记
二级口译笔记主要涉及以下内容：
1. 主题信息：这是口译笔记的核心部分，包括主要观点、事实和数据。

应记录讲话者提到的具体信息，如日期、地点、人物和事件等。

2. 逻辑关系：这部分主要记录讲话者的论证过程、结论和转折点，帮助理解整体逻辑。

3. 个人理解：这部分包括对讲话内容的个人见解和总结，有助于后续的口译工作。

4. 关键词汇：这是专业口译必备的技能，涉及特定领域或行业的术语和词汇，需特别注意并准确记录。

5. 非语言信息：包括面部表情、手势、语调和语速等非语言信息，这些在口译中也非常重要。

6. 备用信息：这部分是额外的信息，可能对口译有所帮助，如讲话者的个人背景、文化背景等。

为了达到更好的笔记效果，建议使用特定的符号、缩写和颜色标记来提高记录速度，同时保证笔记的清晰和易于理解。

请注意，以上内容仅供参考，建议查阅官方资料或咨询专业人士获取更多准确信息。

翻译二级口译实务-卫生与健康(Public+Health)

翻译二级口译实务-卫生与健康(Public Health)(总分：200.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}英译汉{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：100.00)1.{{B}} Passage 1 {{/B}} Honorable Ministers， Your Excellencies， Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great pleasure to welcome you to the first session of the Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. One hundred and twenty one countries are now contracting parties to the Convention. Of these, 110 are here today, with full powers of participation. You represent nearly three quarters of the world's population. You represent nations at all levels of income and all stages of development. //In this powerful gathering, we have three of the five top tobacco-leaf exporting countries, and four of the five top cigarette-exporting countries. This group of countries represents 69% of the world's cigarette consumption. It might seem astonishing that this group is also preparing to put into action the roadmap for countries to control tobacco. But this group has already changed history. // When the process began there was some skepticism over its success. The skeptics were wrong. You are driving change forward. To name some examples: India has introduced comprehensive tobacco advertising bans. Australia, Brazil, Canada, Singapore and Thailand have introduced highly visible graphic warnings on cigarette packets. The European Union is on its way to doing the same. In Ireland, Norway, and now in Spain, smoking has been banned in indoor public places. These, and other similar steps, will result in a major reduction in tobacco deaths. // New York State passed a smoking ban. It termed this act its "strongest public health policy ever". Ironically, now it's said that the only place you can smoke with impunity in New York City is the United Nations Building. Both Ann Veneman and I have said that this is wrong. // Smoking should be banned in all UN premises. Also, cigarette sales should be banned in all United Nations premises. After all, the people who are smoking in the UN building sometimes are the representatives of the same Member States who have signed up to the Framework Convention. But it can be hard to put agreements into practice. We will all face this. // Ladies and gentlemen, when we know that, in an Irish pub, a smoking ban can really work, then we know that anything is possible. Smoking is an advance contract. Those who smoke don't pay now, but will do so 30 to 40 years later, when their health fails. They pay with lung cancer, with obstructive airways disorders, with cardiovascular diseases. One in two smokers pays with their life. We have to help them stop smoking. We have to prevent them from starting. // This convention is something that we all committed to. Its provisions are bold. They are based on knowledge of what is effective. We will make it work. Thank you. // (Speech by LEE Jong-wook, former Director-general of WHO, at the Conference of the Parties in Geneva on February 6, 2006)（分数：25.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：尊敬的各位部长，阁下，女士们，先生们：非常高兴欢迎各位参加世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约缔约方会议第一次会议。

口译材料unit

Part II 实践与实战.中医的魅力口译基础P198音频位置：实践与实战如今，隔三差五坐飞机来北京看中医的外国人屡见不鲜。

日前，一位患病的美国医生给北京中医医院打来越洋长途，跟内科专家张志真预约下次看病的时间。

不愿接受激素治疗的他，每三个月坐着飞机到中国来看一次中医，因为确实见效，已坚持了一年多。

像这样的外国人还有很多，他们中有带着病寻访名医的；有旅游累了让中医给放松放松的；也有“小病大养”，要求在这里住院，顺便享受一下药膳和药浴的；还有什么病都没有，就为专程来瞧瞧中医是怎么看病的。

在他们眼里，中医的针灸推拿是那么神秘和优雅。

不远万里看中医，外籍患者的病可谓五花八门。

大到肿瘤，心脏病，小到失眠，肥胖。

各国对中医中药的了解也不尽相同，日本人特别信按摩推拿，欧洲人对针灸情有独钟，美国人爱拔火罐。

时间一长，大夫们总结出外国人看中医的一些规律：圣诞节前后是他们就诊的高峰期，好多人都是利用长假来中国旅游加看病。

外国人对中医中药表现出的虔诚出乎中医大夫们的意料。

一位喀麦隆患者吃过中药后，称中药为“苦咖啡”，并告诉同伴喝“苦咖啡”是一种享受。

皮肤科医生告诉一位法国牛皮癣患者应该注意饮食，病人立刻掏出小本，将什么能吃，什么不能吃一字不落地开出单子。

看来，中医的魅力还真的不小。

.中医的魅力译文Many foreigners fly to Beijing for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment. The other day, an American patient made a long-distance phone call for a reservation with Doctor Zhang Zhizhen at Beijing Chinese Medical Hospital. Instead of using hormones, he has flown to China every three months for Chinese medical treatment. And it has worked. He kept seeing Chinese doctors for over a year. He is not alone. Some foreigners seek famous doctors for treatment, some just feel tired in their travel and want relaxation through TCM, some simply want to enjoy medical food and baths, and some come all the way here just to see how people are treated with TCM. In their eyes, TCM, like massage and cupping, are very mysterious and graceful.Their diseases are varied, like tumors, heart disease, insomnia and obesity. Their understanding of TCM also differs: Japanese believe in massage, Europeans favor acupuncture, Americans like cupping. Some experienced doctors find the time before and after Christmas is the peak season for treatment, because during the holiday the foreign patients can travel to China to see a doctor.The foreigners’devotion is beyond TCM doctors’expectation. A Cameroonian patient called TCM “bitter coffee”, and recommended it to his countrymen as a sort of enjoyment. A psoriasis patient from France, when being given by the doctor some tips on diet, carefully noted down every word of the instruction. These examples can show how much fascination TCM has.Medical Advice 口译基础P199音频位置：实践与实战It is never nice to fall sick or ill in a strange country. What happens if you do and need to seek medical help Let us provide you with some useful medical advice and tips regarding seeking medical help or assistance in China.Though many hospitals in China practice Western medical treatment system, a good percentage practice traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Increasingly, a large percentage of hospitals now practice a mixture of Western and Chinese medicine. Some can offer a full range of medical services such as operations, check-ups and in-patient facilities while other smaller clinics may simply be able to diagnose the symptoms of minor ailments.The first thing you should know about local medical services is the emergency call number 120. You can call 120 from anywhere. An ambulance will normally arrive in a few minutes but traffic conditions can cause delays.Most Chinese will visit a local hospital. If your company doesn’t cover medical expenses or you can’t find a Western clinic because you are in a much smaller town, you can also try visiting a local Chinese hospital. If you wish to do what the Chinese do, and you’ve decided to see a doctor in a local public hospital, you should have an interpreter accompan y you as most of the doctors and nurses don’t speak English fluently.Treatments are mostly western medical techniques including diagnosis, medication, injection or the necessary scans. However, medications can be a mixture of Western and Chinese drugs. Your doctor may give you a prescription for you to buy medicine in a drugstore, most of the time at the lobby of the out-patient section building. Go to a drugstore, show the chemist the prescription and you’ll be given what you need. Medicines in independent drugstores are often cheaper than those in hospital pharmacies.Medical Advice 译文在陌生的国家生病从来都不是什么好事。

二级口译实务中国传统医学

二级口译实务中国传统医学摘要：一、引言1.介绍中国传统医学2.阐述二级口译实务在传播中国传统医学中的重要性二、中国传统医学的发展历程1.古代医学的发展2.现代医学的变革与创新三、中国传统医学的主要理论体系1.阴阳五行学说2.脏腑经络学说3.气血津液学说四、中国传统医学的诊疗方法1.望、闻、问、切四诊法2.辨证论治五、中国传统医学的实践应用1.中药疗法2.针灸疗法3.推拿按摩六、二级口译实务在传播中国传统医学中的挑战与机遇1.语言和文化差异2.医学专业术语的准确传达3.提高译者的医学知识储备七、结论1.总结中国传统医学的特点和价值2.强调二级口译实务在传播中国传统医学中的关键作用正文：一、引言中国传统医学，源远流长，是中华民族在长期的生产生活实践中逐渐形成和发展起来的一种独特的医学体系。

近年来，随着我国国际地位的日益提高，越来越多的国家和地区对我国的传统医学产生了浓厚兴趣。

在这个过程中，二级口译实务发挥着举足轻重的作用。

本文将简要介绍中国传统医学的发展历程、主要理论体系、诊疗方法以及实践应用，并探讨二级口译实务在传播中国传统医学中的挑战与机遇。

二、中国传统医学的发展历程1.古代医学的发展中国古代医学的发展可追溯至上古时期。

当时的医学以巫医为主，逐渐演变为以针灸、推拿等为主的疗法。

春秋战国时期，医学理论逐渐形成体系，出现了诸如扁鹊、华佗等著名的医学家。

两汉时期，中医理论得到进一步发展，出现了《黄帝内经》等重要医学著作。

2.现代医学的变革与创新近现代以来，中国传统医学在融合西方医学的基础上，不断进行自我创新和发展。

一方面，中西医结合取得了显著成果；另一方面，传统医学的诊疗方法和技术也得到了广泛传播和应用。

三、中国传统医学的主要理论体系1.阴阳五行学说阴阳五行学说是中国传统医学的基础理论，认为宇宙万物皆由阴阳二气、五行（金、木、水、火、土）构成。

阴阳二气相互依存、相互制约，五行之间相生相克。

这一理论贯穿于中医的诊断、治疗和养生等方面。

翻译资格考试英语高级笔译材料：医学相关.doc

2019年翻译资格考试英语高级笔译材料：医学相关汉译英1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

然而，对于他们中不少人而言，现代医学已成为一把双刃剑。

2. 医生采用一系列航空时代技术进行治疗的能力已超过人体本身的治愈能力。

从医学的角度来说，有更多的疾病能够得以诊治，可对于许多病人而言，复原的希望却微乎其微。

甚至生死之间的基本差别也难以界定清楚。

3. 不少美国人身陷医学囹圄，形同南韩拳击手金得九(Duk Koo Kim)的境遇。

金得九在一次打斗中受到重击，人事不省，大脑停止运转，只能依靠人为方法赖以存活。

经其家人允许，拉斯维加斯的医生切断了维持其生命的器械，死神便接踵而来。

4. 医疗技术进步了，是力求生存还是注重生命质量，哪个目标更为重要，这一问题在全美的医院和疗养院里引发了激烈的争论。

5. 归根结底，问题在于，医疗的宗旨是什么?位于纽约哈德逊河上黑斯廷斯的社会、伦理及生命科学学会主席丹尼尔卡拉汉说，是真的要挽救生命还是要为病人谋取更大的利益?6. 医生、病患、家属，通常还有法庭都不得不在医疗方面作出艰难的抉择。

而这些道德难题往往最容易产生于生命的两个极端生命开初的重病新生儿和生命终端的垂死病患。

7. 这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。

如今，全美127 家医学院中已有不少机构开设了医学伦理学课程，要在十年前，根本没人会去注意这个领域。

不少医院的员工队伍都包含了牧师、哲学家、精神病医师以及社会工作者，以求帮助病人作出关键性抉择，而有二十分之一的机构专门成立了伦理委员会解决这些难题。

8. 在所有特护病房的垂死病人当中，有约莫20%的病例，其当事人面临艰难的道德抉择是继续尽力挽救生命还是改变初衷、听凭病患死去。

对于是否要维持生命的治疗，不少病房每周大约要作三次决定。

9. 现在就连死亡的定义也已经改变。

既然人工心肺机能够代替心肺维持人的呼吸和血液循环，死神往往不会随着病患的最后一丝喘息或是心脏停止跳动而如期而至。

口译二级实务卫生与健康练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)

口译二级实务卫生与健康练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. Chinese-English TranslationPART 2 Chinese-English Translation (50 points, 30 minutes)Interpret the following passages from Chinese into English. Start interpreting at the signal and stop it at the signal. You may take notes while you are listening. You will hear the passages only ONCE. Now let’s begin.1．自1月27日至3月16日，我国有16个省(市、自治区)相继发生高致病性禽流感疫情，对人民群众的财产和健康安全构成严重威胁。

面对突发疫情，党中央、国务院高度重视，紧急部署，及时启动防治高致病性禽流感应急预案，成立全国防治高致病性禽流感指挥部。

//在党中央、国务院的坚强领导下，各地区、各部门加强领导、密切配合，依靠科学、依法防治，群防群控、果断处置，以对人民群众高度负责的精神，认真落实各项防治措施。

//经过一个多月的努力，高致病性禽流感疫情得到迅速控制。

随着今天广西南宁市和西藏拉萨市疫区的解除封锁，我国前一阶段确诊的49起高致病性禽流感疫情已全部扑灭，全国已有29天没有接到新的高致病性禽流感报告，也没有发生人的感染。

高致病性禽流感阻击战取得了阶段性成果。

// 这个成绩来之不易，是党中央、国务院果断决策、坚强领导的结果；是各地区、各部门密切配合，共同努力的结果；是人民群众特别是疫区广大干部群众团结奋战的结果；是全国畜牧兽医战线的同志们无私奉献、忘我工作的结果。

// 但是，我们应该看到，当前防治工作形势依然严峻。

从动物传染病的流行规律看，如果不加强防范，疫情还有可能出现反复。

医用英语2翻译

医用英语2翻译UNIT1-B发炎炎的定义和性质1当活组织受伤，一系列的变化，这可能会持续几个小时，几天或几周，发生在和周围的损伤面积。

这种损伤的反应称为炎症，一词源于拉丁文，意思是烧inflammare。

2伤是不正常的，但身体的反应，炎症，是一种正常的，复杂的生理反应，只有一个可能，尤其是受伤的情况下。

由约翰·亨特（1794），谁，他的战争创伤的研究后，得出结论：“炎症本身是不被考虑作为一种疾病，但这种炎症反应性被首次发现，作为一个有益的操作，一些暴力或一些随之而来的病“。

许多不同类型的损伤可能会引起炎症。

他们可分为如下：1）物理因素，如过度加热或冷却，紫外线或电离辐射或机械损伤。

2）化学物质，包括各种细菌的毒素。

3）过敏反应。

可能与细菌或其他抗原抗体或致敏淋巴细胞的反应，过敏释放物质引起的炎症反应机制。

4）微生物感染的炎症很重要的原因。

在一些微生物可能伤害组织方式由外或内毒素的释放，过敏机制或看到许多病毒感染的细胞死亡的细胞增殖。

5）从几乎任何原因引起的组织坏死，导致在邻近的活组织诱导炎症的物质释放。

4，在受伤后的头几个小时的反应伤害的原因是定型，并广泛应用于不同的各种类似的初步反应，急性炎症反应。

通常表示后缀炎的炎症病灶性质。

因此，阑尾发炎是阑尾炎，肝炎等。

偶尔有历史的例外。

肺部发炎是传统的肺炎，肺炎，胸膜胸膜炎胸膜炎。

急性和慢性长期指的响应时间。

急性炎症持续数天或数周;慢性炎症持续几个星期，几个月，甚至几年。

5炎症反应通常是有益的，的确是在打击大多数感染和限制许多有毒物质的有害影响的关键。

然而，它并不总是利益。

有许多情况下，当组织或其他不良影响的破坏是由于不损伤剂，但一个或其他方面的身体受伤的反应。

例如在喉部的急性炎症有可能是足够的炎性肿胀，阻碍呼吸道和窒息导致死亡。

同时在奥胡斯的反应和某些蜱叮咬，组织坏死，局部反应是由物质积聚在损伤部位的炎症反应的一部分，多形核白细胞中解放出来：如坏死引起的，不会发生在剥夺动物骨髓的毒药，如氮芥治疗前血白细胞。

医学口译

1. Abdomen 腹部2. Blood 血液3. Blood vessels 血管4. Brain 脑部5. Chest 胸6. Gastrointestinal system 肠胃系统7. Immune System 免疫系统8. Musculoskeletal System 骨骼系统9. Nervous System 神经系统10. Reproductive system 生殖系统ReferencesHarris, P., Nagy, S. & Vardaxis, N. (2006). Mosby’s Disctionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions. Marrickville: Elsevier Australia. abdominoplasty. (n.d.). Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved October 08, 2008, from website: /browse/abdominoplastyDawson, D. (1995). Magill’s Medical Guide: Health and Illness. California: Salem Press.Chen, Y. (2006). English Dictionary of Common Words for Medical Students. Beijing: People’s Health Press.diarrhoea. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved October 09, 2008, from website: /browse/diarrhoeahaemophilia. (n.d.). WordNet® 3.0. Retrieved October 09, 2008, from website:/browse/haemophiliaFrance, P. (1981). Translation and eloquence. Journal of European Studies, 11, 1-8. Retrieved May 4, 2008, from .au/cgi/reprint/11/41/1.Al-Qinai, J. (2004). Convergence and divergence in translating VS interpreting competence. Journal of the Australasian Universities Modern Language Association, 102, 61-84. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from Academic Research Library database.Chernov, G. V. (2004). Inference and Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpreting: A Probability-prediction Model. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Collin, P. H. (1986). English Business Dictionary. Middlesex: Peter Collin Publishing.Edwards, R., Temple, B. & Alexander, C. (2005). Users’ experiences of interpreters: The critical role of trust. Interpreting, 7(1), 77-95. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from the EBSCO Host Electronic Journals ServiceGarretson, D. (ND). A psychological approach to consecutive interpretation. In Martin. C. (Ed.), Book of Readings (pp. 1-14). Sydney:University of Western Sydney.Gentile, A., Ozolins, U. & Vasilakakos, M. (1996). The role of the interpreter. In Martin. C. (Ed.), Book of Readings (pp. 211-224). Sydney: University of Western Sydney.Hale, S. (1997). The Treatment of Register Variation in Court Interpreting. In Martin. C. (Ed.), Book of Readings (pp. 153-170). Sydney: University of Western Sydney.Hale, S. (2007). Community Interpreting. Hampshire: Macmillan Distribution Ltd.Halliday, M. A.K. & Hasan, R. (1985). Language, Context, and Text. Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspectiv e. Victoria: Deakin University.Yeo, R. (2008). Notebooks as memory aids: Precepts and practices in early modern England. Memory Studies, 1, 115 - 136. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from SAGE Journals Online.。

翻译二级口译实务-33

翻译二级口译实务-33(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：50.00)1.HIV/AIDS is now recognized clearly as a growing threat to China. According to official Chinese estimates, China now has approximately 840,000 persons infected with HIV. As of the end of 2003, only 62,159 persons had been tested and officially confirmed to be HIV-positive. The remaining HIV-positive persons in China, estimated at 780,000 persons or more, are not known to public health authorities, and the individuals themselves probably do not know their status, posing significant risks for the further spread of HIV. Senior Chinese officials, as well as international experts operational in China, now assert that HIV is steadily moving from source population such as injecting drag users and commercial sex workers into the general population.However, China has made important advances in outlook, policy and resource commitments. New leaders have emerged in China with a stronger commitment to improving social welfare and to addressing HIV/AIDS in particular. China has initiated a more proactive response to the HIV/AIDS challenge, including a national treatment and care program. New policy guidelines promote "four frees and one care": free drug treatment for poor citizens, free testing and counseling for poor citizens, free treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, free schooling for AIDS orphans, and care for families affected by HIV/AIDS. Senior leaders have committed to implementing harm reduction strategies, including condom promotion, needle exchange, and methadone substitution therapy for drug addicts.Formidable challenges lie ahead. In spite of many positive developments, daunting challenges -- political, technical, and normative -- lie ahead for China to combat HIV/AIDS. It is difficult to overstate the scale and challenges in terms of planning, costs, logistics, human resources, technical capacity, and the pervasive problems posed by stigma. Weak and incomplete national HIV testing and surveillance system, debilitated and dysfunctional public health system, particularly in rural areas, serious lack of qualified personnel and the necessary equipment and technologies to properly diagnose, counsel, treat, monitor and care for HIV/ADS, just to name a few.US-based commentators have suggested that success in addressing HIV/AIDS in China will require continued high-level leadership, both in China and internationally. For engaged US policymakers, as well as country leaders and heads of international organizations, priority should lie in near to medium-term steps which sustain Chinese leadership's focus on HIV/AIDS and public health. China's formidable structural and organizational weaknesses must be addressed systematically. Failure to implement a more strategically coordinated plan risks the loss of international support over time. Prevention and awareness should receive higher priority in China's strategic national Plan to combat HIV/AIDS. And human resources development, through education and training of medical professionals, is crucial.（分数：25.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(当前在中国，艾滋病毒和艾滋病被视为正在上升的一大威胁。

医学英语二复习重点资料

15急诊班1医学英语Part I TranslationSection A1.尿失禁 urinary incontinence 3.上腔静脉 superior vena cava 5.结缔组织 connective tissue 7.心血管系统 cardiovascular system 9.胰岛素抵抗 insulin resistance2.多尿 polyuria4.粘膜 mucosa6.血液透析 hemodialysis8.子宫内膜异位症 endometriosis10.促肾上腺皮质激素 adrenocorticotropinSection B1. A disorder of an endocrine gland may consist of either hypersecretion of the gland ，manifested as overactivity of the target organ regulated by the gland, or insufficient secretion ，resulting in underactivity of the organ controlled by the gland.内分泌腺的紊乱可能包括腺体分泌过多，表现为腺体调节的靶器官的过度活动，或分泌不足，导致腺体控制的器官活动不足。

2. Some materials contained in urine are only slightly soluble in water. Therefore, when stagnation occurs ，the microscopic crystals of calcium phosphate, along with uric acid and other substances ， may clump together to form kidney stones.尿中的某些物质仅微溶于水。

当代医学英汉笔译与口译（课堂笔记划重点）

当代医学英汉笔译与⼝译（课堂笔记划重点）当代医学英汉笔译与⼝译A Course of English-Chinese Translation&Interpretation for Medical Purpose1.导论医学汉英笔译教学1医学是发展中的科学12年前，在医学院开学典礼上院长对新⽣说：“我们在这⾥教给你们的东西有⼀半是错的”。

遗憾的是，当时新⽣难以理解相信这⼀点。

在解剖实验室、在演讲厅、在⽰教室，向他们展⽰的是⼈体怎么活着、怎么⼯作、怎么死亡的秘密。

这就像数学⼀样，有⼀种权威和肯定⽆疑的感觉。

但现在，当年的学⽣已成为主治医⽣和住院医⽣的带教⽼师，对院长的那句警句有了深切的理解。

确实，医学是⽽且历来是进展中的动态科学。

这必然意味着我们对医学的了解是在不断改变的；医学永远不断地在提出、同时⼜在推翻假设。

从远处看，医学像是⼀套完美的知识。

但在⾏医的地⽅靠近观察，可以清楚地发现我们的知识体在迅速成长、不断改变着。

医学上的进步就是这样取得的：⼀次⼀个答案。

Twelve years ago,during the medical school open-ceremony,the dean said to the freshmen:“Half of what we teach you here is wrong”.Regrettably,it was hard for freshmen to understand and believe at the time.In the anatomy lab,in the lecture hall and in the instruction room,they were being shown the secrets of how the body lives,how it works,how it dies.Like math,it has the feel of authority and certainty.But now,the then-students have become attending doctors and teachers of residents,who have a profound understanding of that dean's aphorism.Indeed,medicine is,and always has been,an evolving and dynamic science.And this necessarily means that what we know about medicine is constantly changing;that medicine is forever putting forth,and simultaneously upending,assumptions.From a distance,medicine looks like a complete and beautiful body of knowledge.But here, up close,where medicine is practiced,it's clear that our body of knowledge is growing rapidly, changing constantly.It's the way progress is made in medicine,one answer at a time.医学汉英笔译教学2希波克拉底誓⾔对当代医⽣的意义希波克拉底誓⾔写于约公元前400年,作为医学价值观的⼀种表述，在西⽅医学职业经历数百年变化中延续了下来。

二级口译材料

加中贸易理事会演讲非常高兴出席今天的午餐会。

首先，我要感谢加中贸易理事会的热情邀请和周到安排，使我有机会同各位新老朋友见面。

长期以来，在座各位为增进中加两国人民相互了解和友谊、推动两国关系改善和发展作出了积极努力。

我对此表示衷心感谢。

I am delighted to join you at this . I want to thank the Canada China Business Council (CCBC) for its kind invitation and warm hospitality. It is a real pleasure to meet all of you, friends both old and new. For years, you have worked hard to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between our two peoples and promote bilateral relations between our two countries. Let me take this opportunity to express thanks for what you have done.我首次访问加拿大是在30多年前。

当时，我从事外交工作不久，作为一个中方代表团的工作人员访问贵国。

加拿大热情的人民、广袤的土地、优美的环境给我留下了深刻印象。

后来由于工作关系，我多次来访。

此次是我担任中国外长以来首次访加，故地重游，倍感亲切。

我这次来访是为了与加方就中加关系和共同关心的问题深入交换意见，增加了解，扩大共识，深化合作，推动两国关系进一步改善和发展。

昨天，我同坎农外长举行了会谈，并会见了金塞拉参议长。

今天上午，我分别会见了哈珀总理和自由党领袖伊格纳蒂夫先生。

我们谈得很好，访问取得了积极成果。

I first visited Canada more than 30 years ago. That was shortly after I joined the foreign service and I came here as a staff member of a Chinese delegation. I was deeply impressed by your warm people, vast land mass and scenery. Later on, my work brought me here several times. Yet this is my first visit to Canada as the Chinese Foreign Minister and it is nice to be back again. The purpose of my visit is to continue our in-depth discussions on bilateral relations and other issues of mutual interest, increase understanding, build consensus, deepen cooperation, and push for continued improvement and growth of our bilateral ties. Yesterday, I had talks with Minister Cannon, and met with the Noël A. Kinsella, Speaker of the Senate. And this morning, I had separate meetings with the Right Honorable Prime Minister Stephen Harper and the Honorable Michael Ignatieff, Leader of the Liberal Party. The talks and meetings went very well, making my visit a very productive one.中加关系源远流长。