福建医科大学神经病学2018年考博真题试卷
福建医科大学病理学2018,2019年考博初试真题
1、这个病人所有疾病的诊断和依据
2、分析这个疾病发生机制和进展过程
总结：与过去几年的考试模式比，今年学校遇上题型改革，第一次有了选择题，其他专业科目也多多少少增加了这个题型。身边有不少同学觉得难度提高了不少，因为选择题考的内容蛮细的，边边角角的小细节都有。全卷整体感觉更贴近临床相关知识，经常有题目就是提供病例让你进行分析。肿瘤疾病考得倒是没有想象中那么多，什么分级分期或者关于数据死记硬背的题目不多。
福建医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.粉刺癌
2.结核结节
3.冠心病
4.COPD
5.假小叶
6.早期胃癌
7.瘢痕修复
8.桥接坏死
9.肺肉质变
10.RS细胞
二、问答题
1.恶性高血压的病理特征。
2.炎症的类型及相关病理特点并举例说明。
3.糖尿病肾病病理改变。
4.霍奇金淋巴瘤病理分型。
5.乳腺癌。
6.酒精性肝炎的病理改变。
福建医科大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、单选题（1分×50）
二、名词解释
1、异型性
2、栓塞
3、假小叶
4、化生
5、纤维素性炎
三、简答题
1、栓子的运行路径
福建医科大学
────医科大学────一、我校2009年39个专业方案招收硕士研究生600名。
实际招收人数以国家下达的招生规模为准，并结合各专业实际上线人数作适当调整。
二、我校各专业均接收外校推荐免试生，欢送各兄弟院校向我校推荐优秀应届毕业生。
三、考生所提供的材料必须真实，否则一经发现，立即取消其报考资格或录取资格。
四、综合类试题：1、生物综合：细胞生物学、分子生物学、生物化学。
2、口腔综合：口腔科学、口腔颌面外科学、口腔修复学、口腔正畸学、口腔解剖生理学。
3、卫生综合：职业卫生与职业医学、环境卫生学、营养与食品卫生学、流行病学。
4、药学综合：生物化学、分析化学、有机化学。
5、管理综合：管理学根底、行政管理学、组织行为学。
五、带“●〞的学科专业具有博士学位授予权。
研究方向后括号为导师〔按研究方向排序〕，导师相关信息可查阅我校研究生处学位工作中导师队伍介绍。
六、同等学力人员不得跨专业报考，且在报考前须取得英语四级考试合格证书或考试成绩达425分以上，复试时应提供英语四级证书或成绩单复印件及毕业证书复印件，原件交验。
复试时须加试两门大学本科主干课程〔生理学、神经生物学、遗传学、细胞生物学、口腔临床医学专业加试：病理学、免疫学；影像医学与核医学、外科学、妇产科学、眼科学、耳鼻咽喉科学、肿瘤学、麻醉学专业加试：人体解剖学、病理学；生物化学与分子生物学、流行病与卫生统计学、劳动卫生与环境卫生学、营养与食品卫生学、儿少卫生与妇幼保健学、卫生毒理学专业加试：病理学、细胞生物学；社会医学与卫生事业管理加试：卫生法学、全科医学；其余专业加试：生物化学、生理学〕。
七、考生身体安康，符合我校体检要求。
八、目录中所提供的书目为主要参考书目〔除有特殊说明外，均为人民卫生出版〕。
我办一律不代购任何参考书及历年试卷。
九、欢送光临医科大学， .。
未尽事宜请与我校研究生招生办公室联系。
单位代码：10392 地址：省市上街学园路1号邮政编码：350108联系部门：研究生招生办公室：07 联系人：洪霞.. >- -12.. >。
医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解
2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。
各校神经病学考博试题
B.
交感神经节后纤维
C.
三叉神经运动纤维
D.
三叉神经感觉纤维
E.
副交感神经的节后纤维
四．问答题（每题 5 分，共 15 分）
1.
简述小脑传出投射二次交叉通路及其受损引起的障碍。
2.
简述终纹和丘脑髓纹的联系及意义。
3.
脑干内有哪些纤维交叉？各位在何平面？
五．填出下图各结构名称（每空 0.5 分，共 5 分） 2007 年哈医大神经内科考博真题
2．属于脑干网状结构内侧核群的是（ ）
A. 外侧网状核
B.
小细胞网状核
C.
楔形核
D.
臂旁内、外侧核
E.
巨细胞网状核
3．不参加构成小脑小球的是（ ）
A.
攀缘纤维
B.
苔藓纤维
C.
Golgi 细胞轴突终末
D.
颗粒细胞树突
E.
Golgi 细胞树突
4．到对侧红核小细胞部的小脑传出纤维主要发自（ ）
A.
顶核
B.
A.
海马
B.
齿状回
C.
角回
D.
中央旁小叶
E.
梨状皮质
11．属于听觉传导的纤维是（ ）
A.
锥体交叉
B.
内侧丘系交叉
C.
三叉丘系交叉
D.
外侧丘系交叉
E.
结合臂交叉
12．鼻腔、口腔粘膜感觉属于（ ）
A.
一般躯体感觉
B.
一般内脏感觉
C.
特殊内脏感觉
D.
特殊躯体感觉
E.
一般内脏运动
13．属于中间皮质结构的脑回是（ ）
_____________________ 的 传 入 纤 维 ； 后 者 发 出 的 主 要 传 出 纤 维 有 _____________________ 和
中山大学神经病学2018年考博真题考博试卷
中山大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
第1页 共1页
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1. lennox gaustant 2. doll eye reflection 3. 延髓腹侧综合征 4. 多巴反应性肌张力障碍 5. 帕金森病的冻结现象 6. 脊髓的间歇性跛行 7. 放射性神经系统疾病 8. 构音障碍手笨拙综合征 9. 体象障碍 10. 胆碱能危象 二、简答题 1. 癫痫的离子通道发病机制。 2. 偏头痛典型的临床表现。 3. TOAST 和 OPSC 分型。 4. 帕金森病的非运动症状。 5. 多发性硬化的治疗原则。 三、问答题 1. 呼吸泵衰竭的治疗原则。 2. 颅内静脉系统血栓需要做的主要辅助检查。 3. 多发性神经病的病因分类。 4. 病例分析: 23 岁女性，抽搐伴精神行为异常 17 天，查体:精神行为异常，认知功能障碍，
锥体及锥体外系均受损，双上肢及左下肢肌力 2 级，右下肢肌力 3 级，双下肢腱反射亢进， 四肢肌张力不高，病理征未引出，kerning 可疑阳性。辅助检查:3 个月前盆腔 b 超可见卵巢 包块。 诊断和鉴别诊断，还需要做哪些检查。
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神经病学考试题库
神经病学考试题库摘要：一、神经病学简介1.神经病学的定义2.神经病学的研究范围二、神经病学的发展历程1.古代对神经疾病的认识2.神经病学的现代发展三、神经病学的主要内容1.神经疾病的分类2.神经疾病的病因和发病机制3.神经疾病的诊断和治疗方法四、神经病学在医学领域的重要性1.神经疾病对人类健康的影响2.神经病学在现代医学中的地位和作用五、神经病学的发展趋势1.神经病学研究的最新进展2.神经病学未来发展的方向和挑战正文：神经病学是一门研究神经系统结构和功能异常疾病的学科，涉及范围包括脑血管疾病、帕金森病、癫痫、神经肌肉疾病等。
神经病学的发展历程悠久，从古代对神经疾病的朦胧认识到现代神经病学的快速发展，人类对神经系统的认识逐渐深入。
神经病学的主要内容包括神经疾病的分类、病因和发病机制、诊断和治疗方法等。
神经系统疾病种类繁多，病因复杂，需要神经病学医生运用专业的知识和技能进行诊断和治疗。
近年来，随着神经影像学、神经电生理等技术的不断发展，神经病学的诊断和治疗水平得到了显著提高。
神经病学在医学领域具有举足轻重的地位。
神经系统疾病不仅影响患者的生活质量，还可能对患者的生命造成威胁。
神经病学的研究成果为神经系统疾病的防治提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持，为提高人类健康水平做出了巨大贡献。
展望未来，神经病学仍面临诸多挑战和发展机遇。
随着人类生活方式的改变和人口老龄化趋势加剧，神经系统疾病的发病率呈上升趋势。
神经病学研究者需要不断拓展研究领域，提高诊断和治疗水平，以满足社会对神经系统疾病防治的需求。
同时，神经病学与生物学、计算机科学等领域的交叉融合将为神经病学的发展提供新的动力。
神经病学考试题库是针对神经病学领域的专业考试而设立的一套题库，旨在帮助医学生和医生更好地掌握神经病学的知识，提高业务水平。
题库内容涵盖了神经病学的各个方面，包括基础知识、临床表现、诊断和治疗等。
2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.On campus B.At he dentist'sC.At the pharmacyD.In the laboratory2. A.Pain B.Weakness C.Fatigue D.Headache3. A.Their weird behavior at school.B.Their superior cleverness over others'.C.Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D.Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A.John will be angry. B.John will be disappointed.C.John will be attracted.D.John will be frightened.5. A.They're quite normal. B.They're not available.C.They came unexpected.D.They need further explanation.6. A.He knows so little about Lady GagaB.He has met Lady Gaga before.C.He should have known Lady GagaD.He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.7. A.In the ward. B.Over the phone.C.In the emergency room.D.On their way to the hospital8. A.Health care B.Health reformC.Health educationD.Health maintenance9. A.Learning to act intuitively.B.Learning to argue academically.C.Learning to be critical of oneself.D.Learning to think critically and reason10. A.She is a pharmacist. B.She is a medical doctor.C.She is a scientist in robotics.D.She is a pharmacologist.11. A.She's pessimistic about the future.B.She's pessimistic about the far future.C.She's optimistic about the far future.D.She's optimistic about the near future.12. A.Negligence may put a patient in danger.B.Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C.Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D.Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A.The man works at eh ER.B.The man can do nothing but wait.C.The woman's condition is critical.D.The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A.A gynecologist. B.A psychologistC.A neurologist.D.A nephrologist.15. A.She has only one friend.B.She isolates herself from others.C.She suffers from a chronic disease.D.She is jobless and can't find a job.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions16-20are based on the following dialogue.16. A.Because she couldn't do other jobs well.B.Because it was her dream since childhood.C.Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D.Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A.The Self/Nonself Model B.The Danger ModelC.The vaccination theoryD.The immunological theory18. A.Being overactive B.Being mutantC.Being selectiveD.Being resistant19. A.It can help cure most cancers.B.It can help develop new drugs.C.It can help most genetic diseases.D.It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A.We should ignore the resistance.B.We should have the model improved.C.We should have the experiments on animals.D.We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A.The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A.Affordable costs B.Low pace of livingC.Five-star treatmentD.Enjoyable health vacation23. A.It is a$100billion business already.B.It is growing along with medical tourism.C.Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D.It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A.To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B.To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C.To buy and affordable medical insurance.D.To explore online to get well informed.25. A.A travel brochure.B.A lecture on medical tourism.C.A chapter of a medical textbook.D.A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions26-30are based on the following passage.26. A.Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B.Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C.There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D.Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A.In the warmer spring B.In the hottest summerC.In the coolest autumnD.In the coldest winter28. A.Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B.Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C.Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D.Because they cannot find enough food.29. A.They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B.They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C.They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D.They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A.Body size B.Migration routeC.Food preferenceD.Population growthPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain,weakness,oremotional_____is to ignore it,to tough it out.A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation33.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A.put downB.shut downC.settle downD.break down34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent36.New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A.collaboratingprehendingpromisingD.convincing37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.38.We must____the problem____,which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conform Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down,senses the"mystery"of anotherhuman beings,and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persistedrge community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilzation.A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects,suchas memory loss,fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce50.A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai,which means having one's view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpectedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging,improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload,which,51,can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented52data on a CAD(computer-aided diagnosis)program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53CT scanning.Their study was54by the NIH and the university.In the study,CAD was applied to32low-dose CT scanning with a total of50lung nodules,38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam.55the 38missed cancers,15were the result of interpretation error(identifying an image but56it as non cancerous)and2357observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found32of the38previously missed cancers(84%sensitivity),with false-positive58of 1.6per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer,it won't replace radiologists,said Sgmuel G Armato,PhD,lead author of the study."The computer is not perfect,"Armato said."It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that59.The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may60something suspicious.It's a spell-checker of sorts,or a second opinion.51.A.in common B.in turn C.in one D.in all52.A.preliminary B.considerate C.deliberate D.ordinary53.A.being used B.to use ing e54.A.investigated B.originated C.founded D.funded55.A.From B.Amid C.Of D.In56.A.disseminating B.degenerating C.dismissing D.deceiving57.A.were mistaken for B.were attributed to D.result in D.gave away to58.A.mortalities B.incidences C.images D.rates59.A.don't B.won’t C.aren’t D.wasn’t60.A.stand for B.search for C.account for D.mistake forPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner,the Harvard education specialist,describes his job today,he says he's"a translator between two hostile tribes"—the education world and the business world,the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner's argument in his book"Creating Innovations:The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World"is that our K-12and college tracks are not consistently"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace."This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now,there is only a high-wage,high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up,out or down faster than ever.That is,it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today,argues Wagner,should not be to make every child"college ready"but"innovation ready"—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate."Today,"he said via e-mail,"because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device,what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me,"We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change,but we can't teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative."My generation had it easy.We got to"find"a job.But,more than ever,our kids will have to "invent"a job.Sure,the lucky ones will find their first job,but,given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent,re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it"Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,"Wagner said,"and it is the only country where students leave high school'innovation-ready.'They learn concepts and creativity more than facts,and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day,little homework, and almost no testing.There are a growing number of"reinvented"colleges like the Olin College of Engineering,the M.I.T.Media Lab and the"D-school"Stanford where students learn to innovate."61.In his book,Wagner argues that_____.A.the education world are hostile to our kidsB.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world are too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62.What does the"tall task"refer to in the third paragraph?A.Sustaining the middle class.B.Saving high-wage,middle-skilled jobs.C.Shifting from"college ready"in"innovation ready."D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation.C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids.D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first job.65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.to orient future educationB.to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC.to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD.to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea,from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain:phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."Animals"behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as theNorthwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will_____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study____.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he says,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quick?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever before.B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C.will surely lower the average world temperature.D.needs the research-based supporting information.70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will_____.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B.get more data to be required for their research.e more novel technologies in research.D.conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management,aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests.Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases,by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities,often termed'stratified（分层的）'or 'personalized'medicine,are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine,which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way,has,until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component,the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect,so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.For some clinicians,particularly those involved in clinical research,these advances are already a reality.However,a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice,perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations,media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed,knowing one's entire genomic sequence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally,both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms,the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What,according to the second paragraph,can be said of genetic medicine?A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73.The future of the genomic technologies,for the most part,lies in_____.A.the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74.In the last paragraph,the author cautions against_____.A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D.Genetic medicine is defined as"stratified"medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors'minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards,such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students'work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular,they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes,frequently skipping appointments with advisees,showing favoritism to some students,ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,belittling colleagues in front of students,providing little or no feedback on students'theses or dissertations,and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue,we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance,on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines,institutions and individual departments can play a big part here,by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address,but"inadequate teaching" can be subjective.Still,if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,real patterns of abuse will be easier to find.For instance,these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within15days,provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis,or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short,universities should establish teaching-integrity committees,similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual,or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B.The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D.The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.77.What,in the respondents'mind,is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A.It is a serious high-profile infraction.B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.78.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribedto____.A.their offering more courses than they can handleB.their paying little attention to the students'feedbackC.their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own79.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A.Development of codes of conductB.Exposure online of the misconductscation about the rules of proper mentoringD.Development of clear mechanism for reporting80.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A.The approaches to addressing the problems of"inadequate teaching."B.The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C.The different committees dealing with"inadequate teaching."D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat?I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new。
神经内科考博试题及答案
神经内科考博试题及答案神经内科是医学中研究神经系统疾病的领域，涉及诊断和治疗多种神经系统疾病。
如果你正准备考博，以下是一些关于神经内科的常见考题及答案，希望能对你的考试备考有所帮助。
1. 什么是帕金森病？请简要描述其临床表现和病因。
答：帕金森病是一种进行性神经系统疾病，其主要特征包括肌肉僵硬、震颤和运动不协调。
常见症状包括手部震颤、姿势僵直、步态异常和面部表情缺失。
帕金森病的病因尚不完全清楚，但可能与遗传因素、环境因素和神经递质的异常有关。
2. 什么是脑卒中？请简要描述其类型和常见症状。
答：脑卒中是一种突发性的脑血管疾病，常见类型包括缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中。
缺血性脑卒中是由于脑周围血管的堵塞而导致的，而出血性脑卒中是由于脑血管破裂导致脑内出血。
常见症状包括突发的面瘫、肢体无力、言语困难和意识障碍。
3. 什么是阿尔茨海默病？请简要描述其临床表现和治疗方法。
答：阿尔茨海默病是一种慢性进行性神经系统疾病，主要表现为记忆力减退、认知障碍和行为改变等。
阿尔茨海默病的确切病因不明，但与神经元损伤和β-淀粉样蛋白在脑内沉积有关。
治疗方法包括药物治疗、康复训练和支持性疗法等。
4. 什么是癫痫？请简要描述其发作类型和治疗方法。
答：癫痫是一种慢性神经系统疾病，其主要特征是反复发作的癫痫发作。
常见的癫痫发作类型包括全身强直-阵挛性发作、部分性发作和失神发作等。
癫痫的治疗方法主要包括药物治疗、手术治疗和生活方式管理。
5. 什么是多发性硬化症？请简要描述其临床表现和诊断方法。
答：多发性硬化症是一种自身免疫性疾病，其特点是神经系统多发性病变。
临床表现包括肢体无力、感觉异常、平衡困难和视力问题等。
诊断多发性硬化症主要依靠临床症状、神经影像学检查和脑脊液分析等。
以上是关于神经内科常见疾病的考博试题及答案。
希望这些内容对你的备考有所帮助。
在准备考试时，建议你结合相关教材和参考资料进行更深入的学习和理解，以便更好地应对考试。
祝你考试顺利！。
2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试题部分
31.The medical team discussed their shared
A.
obedience B. susceptibility C.
to eliminating this curable disease. inclination D. dedication
32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness,or emotional
A.
imaginable B. capable
C. sensible
D. humble
42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.
A.
C.
in students a sense of modesty and a sense of
instilling
D. disillusivery good at filtering out sensory information that is not
be at-tending to.
A.
set...back B. take...over C. pull...in
D. break...down
39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather
A. intermittent B. precedent
C. dominant
D. prevalent
神经病学试题(附参考答案)
神经病学试题（附参考答案）一、单选题（共98题，每题1分，共98分）1.特发性面神经麻痹症状、体征的哪项表述不正确A、Bell征(+)B、多为单侧病变C、可伴耳后疼痛D、可伴患侧咀嚼肌无力E、可伴患侧舌前2/3味觉障碍正确答案：D2.24岁男性患者。
发热,咳嗽7天,四肢无力一天入院。
体检:四肢近端肌力1级,远端2级,感觉正常,小便正常。
脑脊液检查:白细胞8×10/L,蛋白0.25克/L,血钾3.5mmol/L。
此患者最可能的诊断是:A、急性脊髓炎B、全身型重症肌无力C、急性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病D、周期性瘫痪E、急性脊髓灰质炎正确答案：C3.Hunt综合征的临床表现不包括A、舌前2/3味觉丧失B、听觉过敏C、面部感觉障碍D、耳廓疱疹E、外耳道疱疹正确答案：C4.45岁女性有双手间歇性刺痛史一年,该症状一天内发作几次,特别是早晨醒来时和长时间家务劳动后加重,既往无特殊,体检:肌力,感觉和腱反射均正常,最可能的诊断为:A、腕管综合征B、多发性周围神经病C、颈神经根病D、多发性硬化E、短暂性脑缺血发作正确答案：A5.9岁女孩,右眼外展不能,左侧上下肢中枢性瘫痪,病变部位在A、左延髓B、右桥脑C、右中脑D、右内囊E、左内囊正确答案：B6.不符合特发性面神经麻痹的症状、体征是A、听觉过敏B、Hunt综合征C、舌前2/3味觉减退D、耳后疼痛E、面部感觉减退正确答案：E7.对脑动脉瘤破裂的预后估计,最重要的是A、脑动脉瘤的多少B、意识障碍的程度C、血压上升的程度D、脑动脉瘤的大小E、偏瘫的有无正确答案：B8.眼球内斜视A、舌下神经损害B、三叉神经损害C、动眼神经损害D、面神经损害E、外展神经损害正确答案：E9.男性， 62 岁，活动中突发头痛、左侧肢体乏力伴呕吐 3 小时。
既往有高血压病史 15 年。
体查：神清，左侧肢体肌力 0 级，肌张力低，左侧偏身感觉减退。
该患者最有诊断价值的辅助检查是：A、脑脊液检查B、TCDC、头颅 CTD、脑电图E、肌电图正确答案：C10.脑栓塞最常见的病因：A、脑血管痉挛B、慢性房颤C、微栓子D、脑动脉粥样硬化E、血管炎F、先天性动脉瘤G、血液病H、高血压 I. 溶栓治疗正确答案：B11.35岁男性药物过量醒后有右足下垂不能用右足趾站立,右踝部背屈无力,外翻内翻可,右踝腱反射未引出。
福建医科大学历年复试真题合集
福建医科大学历年复试真题合集一、风湿免疫科（一）名词解释1.EPITOPES2.MHC3.HAPTENS4.SELECTIN5.DENDRIC CELL（二）简答题1.什么是抗原?2.试述抗体的多样性性产生机制?3.补体的生物学活性是什么?4.比较TCR和BCR的分子结构和功能?5.简述T细胞的功能?6.如何检测可疑体液免疫缺陷的病人?二、神经病学2012年福建医科大学神经内科复试真题（一）名词解释1.蛋白细胞分离2.Sturge-weber综合征（三叉神经面神经血管瘤）3.感觉性失语4.三偏综合征5.Jolly试验6.烟雾病（二）论述题1.震颤性麻痹的临床表现2.重症肌无力的诊断方法3.脑脊液的正常值及异常值见于哪些疾病4.癫痫的病因5.脑梗塞急性期治疗（三）病例分析急性脊髓炎的病例分析（四）面试题1.低钾周期性麻痹2.大脑中动脉梗塞的表现3.F波和H反射2011年福建医科大学神经内科复试真题（一）名词解释1.Shy-Drager综合征（二）简答题1.脑梗死的二级预防2.脑脊液的正常指标3.癫痫和痫性晕厥的区别（三）面试题1.一个患者右脚活动障碍考虑什么问题三、神经外科（一）简答题1.抗利尿综合征诊断标准？何谓脑耗盐综合征？2.三叉神经痛主流病因学说？治疗方法有哪些？3.听神经瘤术后并发症有哪些及处理方法？4.脑动脉瘤再出血的因素有哪些？5.脊髓损伤的分类四、肿瘤学2011年福建医科大学肿瘤学复试真题（一）名词解释1.癌2.小肝癌3.肿瘤的一级预防4.细胞因子5.Kurkenberg瘤6.细胞周期7.上腔静脉综合征8.早期胃癌（二）简答题1.左右结肠癌的区别2.癌痛三阶梯的治疗原则和代表药物3.胃窦部癌D2手术清除范围4.乳癌的治疗原则2010年福建医科大学肿瘤学复试真题（一）名词解释1.早期胃癌2.类癌综合征3.细胞周期4.前哨淋巴结5.乳腺Paget病（二）简答题1.化疗药物的近期毒副反应2.癌痛三阶段药物分类及代表药物3.乳腺癌的综合治疗措施包括什么4.恶性肿瘤的转移途径5.左半结肠癌与右半结肠癌的临床表现的区别？原因是什么五、麻醉学（一）名词解释1.mac2.低氧血症3.horner综合征4.缺血再灌注损伤（二）简答题1.低钾血症2.喉痉挛3.临床输血指征4.癌痛三阶梯（三）论述题1.局麻药毒性反应2.肾上腺素药理六、人体解剖学2018年福建医科大学人体解剖学复试真题（一）简答题1.胸骨角平面的意义2.尿道损伤特点3.手拿热水杯有关的传导通路4.椎基底动脉系统的主要分支及支配范围5.食管的毗邻及动脉供应6.手掌间隙有哪些及其境界7.胸导管的走形及支配范围七、眼科学2019广东医科大学眼科专硕复试题（一）简答题：1.原发性闭角型青光眼发病机制2.角膜炎机制3.眼外肌及神经支配4.视网膜分哪十层5.做过科研吗。
2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题_真题-无答案
2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题(总分70,考试时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularySection ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1. The medical team discussed their shared ________ to eliminating this curable disease.A. obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ________is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. turmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ________communication and indulge in their own worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down4. The school board attached great emphasis to ________in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ________to what we need to be attending to.A. pertinentC. precedentD. prominent6. New studies have found a rather ________ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing7. We must test our ________ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions8. We must ________ the problem ________ , which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set….backB. take…overC. pull….inD. break…down9. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are ________rather than persistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ________that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conformSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.11. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery” of another human beings, and offers the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensible12. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted13. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate14. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subject with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely15. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.A. fetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans16. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our childrenA. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse17. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically18. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming19. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterD. induce20. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countablePart Ⅱ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETThe same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer — the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 【A1】, can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 【A2】data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 【A3】CT scanning. Their study was 【A4】by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 【A5】the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 【A6】it as noncancerous) and 23 【A7】observational error (not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 【A8】of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G. Armato PhD, lead author of the study. “**puter is not perfect”, Armato said, “it will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 【A9】. The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **puter may 【A10】something suspicious. It’s sort of a spell-checker, or a second opinion.”21. 【A1】A. in commonB. in turnC. in oneD. in all22. 【A2】A. preliminaryB. considerateC. deliberateD. ordinary23. 【A3】A. being usedB. to useC. usingD. use24. 【A4】A. investigatedB. originatedC. foundedD. funded25. 【A5】A. FromB. AmidC. OfD. In26. 【A6】A. disseminatingB. degeneratingC. dismissingD. deceiving27. 【A7】A. were mistaken forB. were attributed toC. resulted inD. gave way to28. 【A8】A. mortalitiesB. incidencesC. imagesD. rates29. 【A9】A. don’tB. won’tC. aren’tD. wasn’t30. 【A10】A. stand forB. search forC. account forD. mistake forPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s “a translator between two hostile tribes” — the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People WhoWill Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job — the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried — made obsolete — faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready” — ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail, “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate — the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life — and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think — to ask the right questions — and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world,” Wagner said, “and it is the only country where students leave high school “innovation-ready”. They learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many electives — all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented” colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media Lab and the ‘D-school’ Stanford where students learn to innovate.”31. In his book, Wagner argues that ________.A. the education world is hostile to our kidsB. the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC. the business world is too demanding on the education worldD. the education world should teach what the marketplace demands32. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” to “innovation ready”.D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.33. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.34. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the author’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s gene ration to find their first jobs.35. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To orient future education.B. To exemplify the necessary shift in education.C. To draw a conclusion about the shift in education.D. To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.Passage TwoSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）,” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic&**ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful. Finally, both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.36. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A. Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B. Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C. Physical examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.D. Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.37. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the **munity.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.38. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in________.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals39. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against________.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in **mon diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics40. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genet ic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage ThreeFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface.Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max’s observationswith data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.41. According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to ________.A. sunspot activityB. unusual weather patternsC. increased levels of dustD. fluctuations in the Earth’s temperature42. Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A. The Earth is too far from the Sun.B. Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C. There is not enough sunlight during the day.D. The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.43. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?A. Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B. Solar Max’s instruments were getting old.C. The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max’s instruments.D. Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max’s detectors.44. The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as ________.A. an ongoing research effortB. a question that can never be answeredC. an issue that has been resolvedD. historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns45. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. **ponents of the Earth’s atmosphere.B. The launching of a weather satellite.C. The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D. The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students’ work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job ofexposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules, the societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching” can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.46. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B. The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C. The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D. The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.47. What, in the respondent’s mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A. It is a serious high-profile infraction.B. It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C. It is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.D. It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.48. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ________.A. their offering more courses than they can handleB. their paying little attention to the students’ feedbackC. their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD. their lacking interest in the areas other than their own49. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A. Development of codes of conduct.B. Exposure of online misconducts.C. Education about the rules of proper mentoring.D. Development of clear mechanism for reporting.50. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A. The approaches to addressing the problems of “inadequate teaching”.B. The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C. The **mittee s dealing with “inadequate teaching”.D. The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat? I’m reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx（流入）of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is aprofession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school’s intake.But I’m beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I’m questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished（润色）their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, and faculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a&**petitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs（无足轻重的成员）in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget（装饰品）.Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors’spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower（畏缩）before number crunchers and bean counters.51. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students?A. Because he misinformed them in their choice.B. Because he worries about medicine as a profession.C. Because he questions their ambition **petence.D. Because he is not sure about their diverse personalities.52. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?A. More positions.B. Greater influenceC. **petitiveness.D. More exposure to new ideas.53. What is the most probable message from the passage?A. Most employers are short-term petty-minded.B. Medicine is becoming more like a factory job.C. Doctors’ role and responsibilities change all the time.D. Senior doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.54. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ________.A. the government against limiting the doctors to take additional rolesB. the organizations against viewing doctors as factory workersC. the practitioners against taking on additional responsibilitiesD. the doctors against spreading their wings too widely55. What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To advise the organizations to be open-minded.B. To remind the readers of medicine as a profession.C. To question the role of taking on an additional position.D. To explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.Passage SixThe use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can be drastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward — for both supporters and opponents of animal research — occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro (“within the glass”), and on computational models and algorithms（演算法）. These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate — and in some cases more accurate than — information collected from studies in whole animal.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug’s distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in。
考博考研神经内科考试题目题 库#精选、
考博考研神经内科考试题目题库(一)一、填空（每空１分，共２０分）１、运动性失语的病变部位在________半球________回________份２、症状性癫痫是由于脑部病损和代谢障碍，原因有________，________，________，________，________，________，________等。
３、脑出血的常见部位在________，________，________和________。
其中以________ 出血为最常见。
４、下运动神经元瘫痪表现是________，________，________，________和________ 。
二、名词解释（每题５分，共３０分）１、霍纳(Horner)综合征２、贝耳(Bell)麻痹３、布朗－塞卡(Brown-sequard)综合征４、脑栓塞５、TIA三、问答题（每题１０分，共４０分）１、动眼神经瘫痪的临床表现是什么？常见原因有哪些？２、缺血性和出血性脑血管病的鉴别诊断，主要是哪些？３、抗癫痫药物的使用，要注意哪些原则？４、上颈段大脊髓横贯损害的临床表现有哪些？四、病例分析：（１０分）男，６２岁，２天前早餐时出现头昏，半小时后不能讲话，继之右上肢无力，并逐渐加重，来院急诊。
检查、神志清楚，说不出话，也听不懂别人讲话，口角歪向左侧，伸舌偏右，右上肢肌力０°肌张力增高、反射活跃，右下肢４°。
双侧痛觉存在，右下肢巴彬氏征阳性，颈软。
急诊当天CT未见异常。
入院后检查：生命体征正常、心肺肝脾正常，神经体征同前。
请讨论定位诊断和定性诊断，并说明诊断依据。
考博考研神经内科考试题目题库(二)一、填空：１、运动性失语的损害部位在________侧________回。
２、左侧周围性面神经瘫痪时________侧皱额不能________侧________不能，口角歪向________侧。
３、急性感染性多发性神经炎（格林－巴利综合症）的典型脑脊液改变是________与________分离现象，即________增高，而________相对正常。
神经病学考博10-11
2010年博士题一、简述下列各题（每小题5分，共40分）1、瞳孔对光反射径路？传到径路：光线—视网膜—视神经—视交叉—视束—中脑顶盖前区—两侧E-W核—动眼神经—睫状神经节—节后纤维—瞳孔括约肌。
2、视辐射损害所引起的视野改变？视辐射全部受损，出现双眼对侧视野的同向性偏盲，见于基底节区脑血管病。
部分视辐射受损出现象限盲，如视辐射下部（颞叶）损害，出现双眼对侧视野的同向性上象限盲，见于颞叶后部肿瘤、血管病等，视辐射上部（枕叶）受损，出现双眼对侧视野同向性下象限盲，见于顶叶肿瘤、血管病等。
3、何为命名性失语？其病变部位在哪里？患者丧失对物品命名的能力，对于一个物品，只能说出它的用途，说不出它的名称。
是颞中、下回候补损害所致。
4、何为CADASIL？伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病是一种遗传性小动脉疾病。
患者表现为TIA或卒中、严重情感障碍、伴先兆的偏头痛、痴呆等表现MRI或CT显示皮质下白质、基底节广泛异常改变时，要考虑CADASIL诊断。
皮肤活组织检查有参考价值，Notch3基因检查可以帮助确诊。
5、脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症？是一种罕见的以脑桥基底部出现对称性脱髓鞘为病理特征的脱髓鞘疾病，患者在低钠血症纠正过快、慢性酒精中毒及其他严重疾病的基础上，突然出现皮质脊髓束和皮质脑干束受损的症状应高度怀疑本病，头颅MRI可明确诊断。
MRI可清楚显示脑桥基底部对称分布的长T1、长T2异常信号，有时呈特征性的蝙蝠翅样，无明显占位效应，造影强化不明显，矢状位显示病变更清晰。
6、癫痫的临床诊断思路？癫痫诊断需遵循三步原则。
一、首先确定是否是癫痫：癫痫的特征即脑电图上的痫样放电和癫痫的临床发作，而病史是诊断癫痫的主要依据，需要通过病史了解①发作是否具有癫痫发作的共性②发作表现是否具有不同发作类型的特征，同时尚需要除外其他非癫痫性发作性疾病如假性发作、晕厥、偏头痛、TIA、过度换气综合征。
二、明确癫痫发作类型及是否是癫痫综合征：癫痫综合征是由一组体征和症状组成的特定癫痫现象，它所涉及的不仅仅是发作类型，还包含着其特殊的病因、病理、预后、转归等三、确定癫痫的病因：可考虑行头CT、磁共振、同位素脑扫描或脑血管造影等检查。
福建医科大学考博分生真题
福建医科大学考博分生真题2008年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学（专业基础）简答题（共7题，每题10分）1.简述重组DNA技术的基本步骤2.简述目的基因的获取方法3.简述原癌基因激活的机制4.简述DNA-pol I的生物学活性5.反式作用因子DNA结合域的主要结构及其特点6.基因家族的主要类型及其特点7.克隆载体应具备的条件论述题（共2题，各15分）1.试述真核生物基因表达调控的机制2.如何使外源蛋白在原核表达系统高效、可溶性表达且易于纯化2009年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学（专业基础）1.何谓基因、基因组、基因组学2.何谓异源酶、同尾酶、核酶3.何谓增强子、启动子、顺贩子4.简述反式作用因子的基本特性5.简述基因治疗的策略6.简述DNA芯片技术的基本原理7.分离DNA时，为什么在缓冲液中加入蔗糖和EDTA8.简述受体的作用和特点9.简述蓝白筛选的原理10.简述DNA重组技术的基本步骤二。
问答题1.试述PCR反应的条件和机制2.如何以大肠杆菌质粒DNA为载体，克隆一个编码动物激素的基因，并使之在大肠杆菌内表达？简要说明实验中可能遇到的问题及可能的解决方法？3.结合实例，设计一个研究方案，分析其特定基因的功能2011年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学（专业基础）1.简述DNA芯片技术的基本原理2. 简述蓝白筛选的原理3. 简述反式作用因子的基本特性4. 分离DNA时，为什么在缓冲液中加入蔗糖和EDTA5. .简述受体的作用和特点6. 简述DNA重组技术的基本步骤7. 何谓基因、基因组、基因组学二、问答题1.试述PCR反应的条件和机制2.试述基因分析的基本策略2012年福建医科大学博士入学考试医学分子生物学（专业基础）简答题1、碱裂法提取质粒DNA原理。
2、真核表达系统有哪些？3、原核克隆载体有哪些，片段长度。
4、反式作用因子DNA结合结构域结构种类及其特点。
5、探针的标记方法。
福建医科大学_人体解剖学2015--2018年考博真题试卷
2.引起患者左侧大腿后侧疼痛，并向小腿和足背放射是损伤了什么神经。
3.直腿抬高实验时为何疼痛会加剧，躯体向右侧倾斜时为何疼痛会减轻？
福建医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
2、腋窝淋巴结的分群，位置，引流方向。
3、脑脊液的产生和排出途径。
4、股三角的境界、内容。
5、简述男女直肠前方的毗邻结构。
6、简述副交感神经成分的脑神经及来源。
7、胃床。
8、结肠的形态特征、分部和血供。
二、问答题
1、内囊的形态位置、分部和穿过的纤维束。
2、气管颈段的毗邻。
3、心脏血供和神经支配。
4、病例分析题：男性尿道球部损伤。
2.肺两套血管的功能及特点。
3.胸段食管的毗邻和纵膈胸膜的关系。
4.额顶枕区软组织的层次结构和特点。
5.腹腔干的分支和范围。
6.臂丛的位置及分支，臂丛上干损伤会引起什么症状？
食管胸部毗邻，会阴解剖，坐骨神经痛原因，肝硬化侧枝循环～门静脉分支，臂丛组成，肺部两套血管系统
福建医科大学人体解剖学病理分析题60分。
食管胸部毗邻会阴解剖坐骨神经痛原因肝硬化侧枝循环门静脉分支臂丛组成肺部两套血管系统福建医科大学人体解剖学病理分析题60一乳腺癌1
福建医科大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
1、简述头皮的血供及神经支配。
一、乳腺癌
1.乳腺癌皮肤橘皮样产生机制
福建医科大学2018年医学分子生物学博士入学考试真题
福建医科大学·2018年·医学分子生物学博士入学考试真题——————————————————————————————————
一、简答题（7*10分=70分）
1.请简述原核生物基因组的特点。
2.基因工程中良好的载体应具备哪些特点。
3.请列举基因工程中常用的工具酶。
4.什么是非编码RNA？它有什么生物学意义？请列举常见的非编码RNA。
5.请简述转基因动物的制备过程。
6.核酸探针的标记方法有哪些？
7.请列举研究蛋白功能基因组学的方法。
二、论述题（2*15分=30分）
1.请列出基因诊断常用的技术方法。
2.利用慢病毒系统可获得外源基因稳定表达的细胞株，请简述制备过程。
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攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
福建医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题：
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1.共济失调 2.椎基底动脉构成及分支，及支配区域 3.重症肌无力3个危象 4.ALS鉴别诊断 5.何为癫痫持续状态及癫痫持续状态分类 6.神经系统副肿瘤综合征 7.一个英文名词 什么综合征的英文名词 二、论述题： 1.帕金森病治疗原则及主要药物及机制。 2.艾滋病神经系统损害表现。
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