英语商务合同中模糊语言的语用分析

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商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用研究

商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用研究一、本文概述Overview of this article在商务英语信函的交流中，语言的使用往往承载着丰富的信息和复杂的意图。

其中，模糊语言作为一种特殊的语言现象，其在商务沟通中的运用及其语用效果一直备受语言学者和商务实践者的关注。

本文旨在深入探讨商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用研究，旨在揭示模糊语言在商务语境下的独特功能及其在跨文化交际中的重要性。

In the communication of business English letters, the use of language often carries rich information and complex intentions. Among them, fuzzy language, as a special linguistic phenomenon, has always been of great concern to linguists and business practitioners in terms of its application and pragmatic effects in business communication. This article aims to delve into the pragmatic research of vague language in business English letters, aiming to reveal the unique functions of vague language in business contexts and its importance in cross-cultural communication.本文将首先界定模糊语言的概念，并阐述其在商务语境下的普遍性和必然性。

接着，文章将分析模糊语言在商务英语信函中的常见类型，如使用不确定的词汇、采用委婉的表达方式、借助模糊限制语等。

商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用功能探讨

商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用功能探讨在商务英语信函的写作中，经常会使用一些模糊语言，这些语言在实际操作中具有一定的语用功能。

本文将从语用学的角度，探讨商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用功能。

首先，模糊语言在商务英语信函中的语用功能之一是婉转委婉地表达意见或拒绝。

在商务交流中，有时可能需要拒绝某个请求或提议，使用模糊语言可以缓解这种拒绝的冲击。

例如，可以使用诸如"I'm afraid I won't be able to..."或"I regret to inform you that..."这样的表达方式来委婉地拒绝或陈述自己的无法满足对方要求的情况。

这样做不仅能够保持双方的面子，还可以维护双方的商业关系。

其次，模糊语言在商务英语信函中的语用功能之二是增加灵活性和可调整性。

在商务交流中，不同的情况和变数可能会导致计划或安排发生变化。

使用模糊语言可以留出余地，使双方在需要调整计划时更加灵活。

例如，可以使用表达如"可能"或"有可能"的词语来表明某事是可能的，但也存在变数。

这样的表达方式可以避免死板的承诺，同时为后续的协商创造了更多的机会。

第三，模糊语言在商务英语信函中的语用功能之三是消除不确定性。

在商务交流中，有时需要表达出一定的不确定性，以避免对方过于依赖或过分期望。

例如，可以使用表达如"可能"或"或许"的词语来表达对某个事情的不确定性。

这样的表达方式可以让双方都认识到情况不确定，从而做出合适的准备和安排。

最后，模糊语言在商务英语信函中的语用功能之四是减少冲突和争议。

在商务交流中，有时可能会涉及到一些敏感的话题或情况，使用模糊语言可以减少直接表达带来的冲突和争议。

例如，可以使用表达如"有人说"或"一些人认为"的词语来引用别人的观点，从而将责任和争议性降到最低。

国际商务信函中模糊语言的语用分析(1)论文

国际商务信函中模糊语言的语用分析(1)论文【论文摘要】随着模糊语言学这一新兴边缘学科的开创,以及经济日趋全球化,国际商务信函中的模糊语言得到广泛运用,其中最典型的是结构型模糊语言与模糊限制语,它们具有客观准确、机动灵活、自我保护、促进合作、体现商务素养等语用功能。

【论文关键词】商务信函模糊语言结构型模糊语言模糊限制语语用功能一、引言美国控制论专家札德(L.A.Zadeh)以模糊集合论为工具来研究自然语言的朦胧含蓄特性,从而开创了模糊语言学这一新兴边缘学科。

模糊语言是“词语的所指范围的边界是不确定的这种属性。

具体地说,它是符号使用者所感到的他使用的某个符号同他所指的一个或一个以上的对象之间的不确定性。

”语言的使用是十分复杂的语用过程,语言的人际功能、施为功能、感情功能等决定了出于不同社交目的、处于不同社会地位的人们为了自己的表达需要,常常使用模糊语言,以便在不明确之中准确的诠释自己的动机,实现预计的交际目的。

随着经济日趋全球化,人们开始高度重视模糊语言在国际商务交流中的运用,在一贯要求明确简洁的国际商务信函中,模糊语言得到广泛的应用。

二、结构型模糊语言与模糊限制语在国际商务信函中,结构型模糊语言与模糊限制语是最常用最典型的模糊语言。

结构型模糊语言是信函书写者为了语言表达的委婉含蓄而构成的句型,主要包括模糊型被动结构和模糊型否定结构；模糊限制语是“words whose job it is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzier”(一些把事物弄得更模糊或不那么模糊的词语), 模糊限制语分为变动型模糊限制语和缓和型模糊限制语,在商务信函中,它们得到广泛地应用。

1.模糊型被动结构：为了语言表达的委婉含蓄,人们在商务信函中使用结构型模糊语言。

在涉及对方义务的情况下,为了避免直接提及对方应该做什么或还有什么没做,人们时常模糊行为主体而使用被动句,这样可以弱化语气。

让我们比较以下两例：We’d like to remind you that the payment for last shipment hasn’t been made yet. 如果将这一例句中的被动语态改为主动结构“…youhaven’t paid off the last shipment yet”则明显带有责备的语气,矛头直接指向you。

商务英语信函中模糊用语的语用分析

摘要本文首先结合模糊语言的国内外研究实际探讨了它的起源和发展，指出它在语言中不可缺少的地位；然后阐述了商务英语的定义及其特点，并说明了模糊语言在商务英语信函中所起到的积极作用，如使商务英语信函中的商务语言表达的更加灵活，从而加强了礼貌性。

适当的运用模糊语言，不仅会更准确的传达商务讯息，而且会拓宽人类想象的空间，让听话人更容易接受所说话语，从而增加其获准的机会；最后对中外商务英语信函中模糊用语的使用情况进行分析比较，并对今后如何更加恰当的使用模糊语言提出建议。

关键词：模糊用语；商务英语信函；礼貌原则ABSTRACTThis paper first explores the origin and development of vague language combined with the research at home and abroad and points out its indispensible place. It then elaborates the definition and characteristics of Business English and shows the positive role of using vague language in business correspondence. That is, making business expression more flexible, thereby enhancing the courtesy. To be more specific，it not only makes the delivery of business message more accurate but also broadens human‟s imagination. As a result, the listener is going to accept the information easily and the permissive chance will be increased. At last, the analysis and comparison of using vague language in business correspondence at home and abroad will be given and the feasible advice will be present.Key words：Vague Language; Business Correspondence; Politeness PrincipleContents1．Introduction (1)1.1 Necessity and significance of the study (1)1.2 Outline of the thesis (1)2. Vague language at home and abroad (3)2.1 Origin and definition of vague language (3)2.2 Clarification of some terms (6)2.3 Summary (8)3. Definition and characteristics of Business English (9)3.1 Principles of Business English (9)3.2 Necessity of using vague language in business correspondence (11)4. The Effect of vague language in business correspondence (13)4.1 Improving politeness (13)4.2 Enhancing the expression (16)5. Comparison and analysis of using vague language in business correspondence at home and abroad (18)6．Conclusion (22)Acknowledgements ............................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。

商务英语信函中的模糊语言研究

商务英语信函中的模糊语言研究在商务英语信函中，模糊语言扮演着重要的角色。

这种语言现象在各种商务情境，如贸易谈判、合同签订和纠纷解决等场合中频繁出现。

本文将探讨商务英语信函中模糊语言的特点、功能和研究现状。

灵活性：模糊语言可以表达多种含义，根据语境的不同，接收者可以从多个角度理解信息。

委婉性：在某些情况下，模糊语言可以避免直接表达可能带来的尴尬或冲突，为沟通双方留下余地。

策略性：在特定情境下，模糊语言可以作为一种策略手段，达到一定的交际目的。

在商务英语信函中，模糊语言的功能主要体现在以下几个方面：建立良好关系：在商务沟通中，模糊语言常被用来表达礼貌和尊重，从而有助于建立和保持良好的商务关系。

规避风险：在某些涉及敏感或不确定性较大的话题时，模糊语言可以避免过于明确可能带来的风险和误解。

提高效率：在一些情况下，模糊语言可以节省沟通时间，提高沟通效率。

近年来，随着跨文化商务沟通的增多，商务英语信函中的模糊语言现象引起了越来越多研究者的。

研究者们从不同角度对模糊语言进行了深入探讨，主要包括以下几个方面：语境与模糊语言：研究者们研究了语境对模糊语言理解和使用的影响，以及如何根据不同的语境选择合适的模糊语言。

文化与模糊语言：有研究表明，不同文化背景的商务人员在模糊语言的运用上存在差异。

因此，跨文化角度的模糊语言研究逐渐成为热点。

模糊语言的语用策略：一些研究者从语用策略角度出发，探讨了商务英语信函中如何运用模糊语言达到有效沟通、规避风险等目的。

模糊语言的翻译与解读：由于不同语言之间的差异，模糊语言的翻译和解读一直是研究的难点。

研究者们对如何准确翻译和解读商务英语信函中的模糊语言进行了深入研究。

商务英语信函中的模糊语言研究具有重要意义。

通过对模糊语言的深入了解和研究，可以帮助商务人员更好地掌握跨文化商务沟通的技巧，提高商务英语应用能力，从而在日益全球化的商业环境中取得更好的业务成果。

在商业交流中，精确、明确的沟通方式一直是主流。

商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能分析

商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能分析商务英语信函的目的是建立和维持商业联系、促进贸易合作与保持良好商务关系，其表达效果的好坏直接关系到企业或公司的经济效益。

模糊限制语广泛应用于各种商务英语信函中，而模糊限制语对于商务英语的交际效果有着举足轻重的作用。

本文根据分析了商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能,指出合理地使用模糊限制语能使商务交际更准确、更灵活、更礼貌、更有效。

标签：商务英语信函模糊限制语语用功能一、引言随着社会经济的高速发展，商务英语信函逐渐成为人们在全球经济领域内国际贸易双方进行书面商务信息沟通的重要手段,通过它人们可以交流信息、联系业务、商谈贸易、磋商、处理问题、传递友谊等，其撰写成功与否对企业的业务很关键。

目前模糊语言广泛应用于多种商务信函中，这些模糊语言的使用在很大程度上提高了语言交际能力,使得商务信函更加严谨、准确、礼貌、得体，能产生积极的效果,从而实现和对方良好的沟通,以达到目的。

因此,对于商务英语信函中的模糊语言进行研究具有重要的现实意义。

二、模糊限制语模糊是自然语言的本质属性。

模糊限制语最早由美国语言学家拉科夫（Lakoff）于1972年提出并开始研究的。

拉科夫把模糊限制语解释为“把事物弄得模模糊糊的”语言。

由此可见,模糊限制语是指人们有时无法说得很精确,甚至有意说得“模糊”以达到某种语用目的的语言。

模糊就是指语言的不确定性。

“模糊”并非“稀里糊涂”,也绝非含混不清。

语言是交际艺术的重要手段。

艺术上的模糊,是委婉含蓄的体现。

模糊限制语在商贸谈判、政治外交、法律用语、新闻广告等方面广泛应用,具有很强的语言应用价值。

三、商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能商务英语信函中用到模糊限制语的原因，笔者认为模糊限制语所具备的特殊语用功能可以帮助其实现某种交际目的。

下面分别从礼貌原则、顺应性理论来分析商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能:1.礼貌原则礼貌原则是商务英语信函写作的基本要求。

礼貌现象作为确保人类交际成功的基本手段之一,引起了语用学、社会语言学、心理学的广泛关注。

商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用功能探讨

《商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用功能探讨》一、引言在商务交流中，英语信函作为一种重要的沟通方式，其语言的准确性和精确性显得尤为重要。

然而，在实际的写作中，我们常常会使用一些模糊的语言，来表达特定的含义或达到某种特定的目的。

本文将就商务英语信函中模糊语言的语用功能进行探讨，旨在帮助读者更全面、深刻地理解这一语言现象。

二、模糊语言在商务英语信函中的表现形式1. 否定词的使用在商务英语信函中，为了委婉地表达拒绝或否定的意思，常常会使用一些模糊的否定词，如“possibly”、“unlikely”等。

2. 模棱两可的表达为了不直接拒绝对方或提出明确要求，商务英语信函中常常会使用一些模棱两可的表达方式，比如“可能会考虑”、“或许有可能”等。

3. 婉转的建议或意见在商务交流中，为了不得罪对方或保持良好的关系，有时会使用模糊语言来表达建议或意见，比如“或许可以考虑一下”、“可能需要做进一步的调查”。

三、模糊语言的语用功能1. 委婉拒绝通过使用模糊语言，可以委婉地拒绝对方的要求或提议，避免直接冲突或伤害到对方的自尊心。

这种语言方式能够维护双方的关系，体现了商务交流中的礼貌和尊重。

2. 模糊的建议或意见在商务英语信函中，有时需要提出建议或意见，但又不希望过于直接或强硬，这时就可以使用模糊语言来表达，以保持较好的沟通氛围和关系，同时又能传达自己的想法。

3. 留有余地模糊语言在商务英语信函中还可以用来留有一定的余地，不过分承诺或表态，避免因过于明确而造成的不必要的麻烦或责任。

四、个人观点和理解在实际的商务交流中，使用模糊语言是一种非常灵活和智慧的表达方式。

它既能够传达特定的含义或目的，又能够在维护关系和避免冲突上发挥作用。

然而，过度使用模糊语言也可能导致沟通不畅或误解，因此在实际应用中需要把握好度，适度运用模糊语言，才能达到良好的效果。

五、总结商务英语信函中的模糊语言是一种非常常见且重要的语言现象。

通过使用模糊语言，可以委婉地表达拒绝或建议，保持关系和留有余地。

商务英语合同中使用模糊语的功能

商务英语合同中使用模糊语的功能Business English contracts often use vague language to protect the interests of both parties. 在商务英语合同中使用模糊语言通常是为了保护双方的利益。

This can be seen as a way to leave room for interpretation and avoid potential disputes. 这可以被看作是为了给予解释的空间，避免潜在的纠纷。

However, this practice can also lead to confusion and miscommunication if not handled properly. 然而，如果不妥善处理，这种做法也可能导致混乱和误解。

It is important for both parties to clearly understand the implications of using vague language in a contract. 双方必须清楚地理解在合同中使用模糊语言的影响。

Failure to do so can result in unforeseen consequences that may harm the business relationship. 如果不这样做，可能会导致意想不到的后果，损害商业关系。

One of the main reasons why vague language is used in business English contracts is to provide flexibility. 使用模糊语言在商务英语合同中的主要原因之一是提供灵活性。

By leaving certain terms open to interpretation, both parties can adapt to changing circumstances without breaching the contract. 通过将某些条款留给解释，双方可以在不违反合同的情况下适应变化的情况。

商务英语谈判中模糊限制语的语用功能及策略

商务英语谈判中模糊限制语的语用功能及策略商务英语谈判中模糊限制语的语用功能及策略模糊和准确一样是语言的基本特性，绝对精确的语言时不存在的。

罗素(1923)曾经指出：“整个语言或多或少都是模糊的”。

美国数学家L.A.Zadeh(1972)在A Fuzzy-Set-Theoretic Interpretation of Linguistic Hedges 中提出了一个重要的概念:模糊限制成分。

但是，模糊限制语作为一个全新的概念却是由Lakoff提出的。

Lakoff (1972)认为“模糊限制语就是把一些事情弄得模模糊糊的词语”。

此后，对模糊语的研究主要是从语义?句法的角度研究模糊限制语。

从语言的使用和理解的角度去分析模糊限制语的应用却被忽略了。

本文主要论述了在商务英语谈判中模糊限制语的语用功能及语用策略。

一般人们认为在商务英语谈判中, 谈判双方为了能够获得最大的利益履行最少的责任都倾向于明确的表明各自的立场?条件和责任。

然而，少了模糊语言的运用这些要求是无法达到的。

模糊语言特别是模糊限制语的使用往往可以起到意想不到的积极效果。

模糊表达能使谈判顺利地进行, 试探对方的真正意图, 从而达到最后的共识。

美国哲学家格莱斯认为，在所有的语言交际活动中会话双方都应该遵循合作原则。

合作原则主要体现为以下4条准则：A.数量原则：使自己所说的话达到要求的详尽程度;使自己所说的的话不要超过要求的详尽程度。

B.质量原则：不说自己认为是不真实的话;不说自己缺乏证据的话。

C.关联原则：说话要贴切。

D.方式准则：避免使用晦涩的词语;避免歧义;说话要简洁;说话要有条理。

商务英语谈判中所使用的模糊语言看似违背了格莱斯的会话原则，实际上深层次地遵循了会话原则。

有时候描述中的不确定反而会提高表达的效率, 尽管模糊限制语看似含糊, 却更具客观性和精确性, 它们以一种笼统而综合的形式, 含蓄地传达丰富的信息。

例如:(1)Generally, we could offer speical discount only for our familiar clients.(2)In general, our products are sort of better than those ofother panies.模糊限制语“in general”及“generally”暗示了说话者的观点与实际情况是基本相符的, 至于与“in general”或“generally speaking”相符合的情况、程度、范围及界限都是笼统而模糊的。

模糊语言在商务英语谈判中的妙用

模糊语言在商务英语谈判中的妙用
在商务英语谈判中，模糊语言是一种常见的技巧，它可以帮助谈判双方在表达意见和观点时避免直接冲突，保持良好的谈判氛围。

模糊语言主要包括以下几种形式：
1. 使用委婉语言：比如说，“我理解您的意见，但是我认为我们可以考虑其他方案。

”这种语言可以有效缓解紧张的谈判氛围，避免直接拒绝对方的观点。

2. 使用条件句：比如说，“如果我们能够达成一致，我想我们可以考虑您提出的方案。

”这样的条件句可以对对方的提议进行一定的保留，同时也给了对方足够的空间来接受或拒绝你的建议。

3. 使用模糊的描述：比如说，“这个问题可能存在一些困难，我们需要再研究一下。

”这种模糊的描述可以使双方在表达意见时不会过于坚持自己的观点，也不会让对方觉得你的态度过于强硬。

4. 使用询问句：比如说，“您认为这个方案是否可行？”这种询问句不仅可以表达自己的态度，还可以给对方一个表态的机会，从而为双方找到更好的解决方案。

总之，模糊语言在商务英语谈判中起着非常重要的作用，可以帮助双方在表达意见时更加委婉、灵活，从而达成更好的协议。

- 1 -。

例析国际商务谈判中模糊语言的语用功能

例析国际商务谈判中模糊语言的语用功能1 模糊语言的定义MaxBlack认为:“语词的模糊性就表现在它有一个应用的有限区域,但这个区域的界限是不明确的”。

Lakoff则把作为模糊语言重要组成部分的模糊限制语(hedges)释义为“把事物弄得模模糊糊的词语”。

这些对语言模糊性定义的解释,仁者见仁,智者见智。

就实质性而言,语言本身是非量化的模糊集合,具有非物质形态的和非直观的朦胧特性。

语言的模糊性信息作为这种非定量模糊集合的要素,正是语言的模糊性在人们交际中的体现形式,而得到语言使用者的普遍认同与接受。

事实上,语言的模糊性并不会妨碍交际,相反言语交际与信息交流需要大量模糊语言的存在。

2 模糊语言研究的意义对模糊语言进行研究,具有重大意义。

它有助于自然科学的研究与发展,有助于社会科学的研究与发展,有助于提高对语言自身的研究,有助于提高语言的表达效果。

在商务英语谈判中,能否恰当地运用模糊语言,使语言交际活动能够在和谐的氛围中顺利而高效地完成,从而达到更好的商务谈判效果,深入了解商务英语谈判中模糊语言的现象及其语用功能是非常重要和十分必要的。

3 商务英语谈判中模糊语言的语用功能3.1 避免绝对,使话语既灵活又严谨在商务谈判中,最重要的一点就是要尽量促使交易在和谐、友好的气氛中进行。

尤其是跨国交易所涉及到的不同文化心理、社交礼仪、价值观的差异等更为复杂的因素。

为了避免把话讲得太绝对,说话人常常运用模糊语言侧路将输出的信息“模糊化”。

模糊语言,其功能就是为了增强语言表达的灵活性,给言语交际双方留下一个缓冲的余地。

在商务谈判中,根据市场变化的情况,出于商业利益的考虑而使用模糊语言,不但可以使商务交往进行得有声有色,而且既做成了贸易,又促进了友谊。

如:We have already checked all the documents available,and Unexpectedly find each of them has doubtful points more or less．句子表明说话人在陈述对于检查结果的不满意。

模糊语言在商务英语写作中的运用

04商务英语ຫໍສະໝຸດ 作中运用模糊语言的策略根据语境选择合适的模糊语言
了解商务英语写作的语境和
目的
掌握模糊语言的分类和特点
分析语境与模糊语言的关系
练习选择合适的模糊语言进
行表达
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掌握模糊语言的表达技巧
了解模糊语言的含义和作用
掌握模糊语言的表达方式
学会在商务英语写作中运用模糊
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06
商务英语写作中模糊语言运用的案例分析
商务信函中的模糊语言运用
模糊语言在商务信函中的使用可以增加表达的灵活性，避免过于直白带来的风险。
模糊语言可以帮助商务信函更加礼貌、得体，符合商务礼仪的要求。
在商务谈判中，模糊语言可以作为缓和气氛、化解僵局的手段，有助于谈判的顺利进行。
程度表达的模糊性
商务英语写作中常用程度副词表达模糊概念，如“somewhat”、 “partially”等。
模糊程度副词的使用可以避免过于绝对或精确的表达，使语言更加委婉和灵活。
在商务英语写作中，模糊程度副词的使用有助于减少误解和冲突，促进有效沟通。
模糊程度副词的使用需要根据语境和目的进行选择和调整，以实现最佳的表达效果。
时间表达的模糊性
商务英语写作中经常使用时间表达的模糊语言，如“最近”、“不久前”、“未来几年” 等，以避免具体时间带来的限制
和不确定性。
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时间表达的模糊性可以帮助商务英语写作更加灵活，适应不同情境和需求，避免因为具体时间而产生的误解和冲
突。
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在商务英语写作中，使用时间表达的模糊语言可以给对方留下一定的想象空间和回旋余地，有利于沟通和协商。

商务英语信函中模糊语的语用分析-商务英语-毕业论文

商务英语信函中模糊语的语用分析摘要商务英语信函的内容是严肃且清晰的，因此人们通常认为商务英语信函中不会出现模糊语言。

然而，在现实的应用场景下，人们在某些特殊的商务来往中会使用模糊语言来达到其目的。

对商务英语信函中的模糊语言从顺应理论，合作原则和礼貌原则的的研究视角进行语用方面的分析是非常必要的。

在商务英语信函中应用模糊语言可以促进达成商务上的某些目标，由于商务英语信函的写作背景不同，所以商务往来中的物质世界，心理世界，社交世界达不到有效顺应。

此外，通过具体实例验证了商务英语信函中的模糊语在违背合作原则以及礼貌原则的基础上才能达到目的。

旨在使商务谈判者能够在合适的时间使用合适的模糊语创造一种融洽的氛围取得良好的交际效果。

关键词：模糊语言商务信函顺应理论礼貌原则合作原则语用学Pragmatic Analysis on the Vague Language in EnglishBusiness CorrespondenceAbstractIt is believed that the content of the English business correspondence is serious and clear, so normally, people may think there will be no vague language in English business letter. However, people will use vague language to achieve purpose. Thus, it is necessary to pragmatically analyze vague language in English business correspondence from the perspectives of adaptation theory, cooperative principle and politeness principle in life.English business correspondence can be used to help the users to achieve certain business targets. Because of the different writing backgrounds of English business correspondence, the business language cannot be effectively adapted to the physical world, psychological world and social world in business communication. In addition, it is verified by concrete examples that the vague language in English business correspondences can only achieve its purpose on the basis of violating the principle of cooperation and politeness.The aim is to enable business negotiators to use appropriate vague language at the right time to create a harmonious atmosphere and achieve good communication results.Keywords: Vague Language business correspondence adaptation theorypoliteness principle cooperation principleContents Introduction (1)Chapter 1 an introduction of the Research (3)1.1 The Background of this Research (3)1.2 The Significance of the Research (4)1.3 Literature Review (4)1.4 Brief Introduction of the Thesis (6)1.5 Methodology of the Thesis (6)Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework (7)2.1 Adaptation Theory (7)2.2 Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle (7)Chapter 3 Vague language in English Business Correspondence (10)3.1An Introduction to English Business Correspondence (10)3.2 The Definition of Vague Language (10)3.3 Vague Language in English Business Correspondence (10)Chapter 4 Pragmatic Analysis of Vague Language in English Business Correspondence (13)4.1 Analysis on Vague Language from the Perspective of Adaptation Theory (13)4.2 Analysis on Vague Language from the Perspectives of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle (16)Chapter5 Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language in English Business Correspondence (19)5.1 Making Language Persuasive (19)5.2 Making Correspondence Proper (19)5.3 Strengthening Self-protection (20)Conclusion (21)Bibliography (24)Acknowledgments (25)IntroductionWith the globalization of the economy, English business correspondence has gradually become an important part of life and work, and it directly affects the cooperation of enterprises or individuals. However, it is found that the vague languages of the English business correspondence is extensive used and makes English business correspondence more agile. It is also showed that the vague language used in business correspondence is mainly based on three principles, which are Cooperative Principle, Adaptation Theory and Politeness Principle.This thesis has six chapters in total.Chapter one is a general introduction of this thesis, including the previous study related to this topic, the significance of this study, the background and some relevant information. The first part of this research has literature review as well. It makes a conclusion on the adaption theory and some other theories in the part of literature review. By interpreting the term, the vague language becomes more unambiguous. The vague languages in English business correspondence are appeared. After these reviews, the perspective and the framework are followed.Chapter two present the theoretical framework of this study. The main theory used in this thesis is adaptation theory which is introduced from the four aspects of adaptability specifically and comprehensively in chapter two. Then it follows a brief introduction of cooperative principle and politeness principle. Lastly, an explanation is made to tell how the three theories support this study comprehensively and systematically.Chapter three gives a general idea of the vague language and the English business correspondence. There are some introductions of English business correspondence. Besides, there are some dates from other linguists. In the study, the detailed definition of English business correspondence and the vague language is presented.In Chapter four, it analyzes the vague language in English business correspondencepragmatically from the perspectives of adaptation theory, cooperative principle and politeness principle.Chapter five is the relatively significant part. This part primarily represents the pragmatic functions of vague language in English business correspondence. It makes language persuasive, make correspondence proper and strengthening self-protection as well.The last one is the conclusion about this thesis.This study is conducted to help people have a clearer and more comprehensive idea on vague language used in business correspondence. And some conclusions are made to help language users to take good advantage of vague language when they make business communication.Chapter 1 Introduction of the Research1.1The Background of this ResearchIn the world, accompanied with high development of the economy, cross-cultural communications has become more ordinary, continual and necessary. On the premise of this phenomenon, English business correspondence, as one of the most effective medium of business communications, is frequently used in a wide range of business activities. But unfortunately, because of the limitation of users’ educational background, awareness and capacity of using a foreign language, a lot of misunderstanding occurred every day, causing a great amount of economic loss.As referring to correspondence, “clear, concise, correct, concrete, considerate, courteous and complete” named as 7Cs principles dominate the writing of English business correspondence.[1]Actually, vague language is widely used in English business correspondence because it can help achieve certain communication effects.Now, many reports or researches of vague language are directed from semantic perspective concentrate on analyzing the significance of vague expressions. It is obvious that this type of research is half-baked to analyze vague language of English business correspondence, on account of usage of language has to acclimatize itself to the changing world.Vague language in English business correspondence in former reports or studies, it is analyzed by using relevance theory, politeness principle, etc.1.2 Significance of the ResearchMore and more countries actively participate in the Belt and Road Initiative, so the international business and communication become more prosperous. English business correspondence, the significant way for business communication, is playing a more and more important role in the international communication and business. Although business correspondence is normally regarded as serious and accurate text, there are many vaguelanguages appear in these texts. Vague language is widely used in business, but many people don’t have a very clear idea about it. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct such study to help people have a clear and comprehensive idea about it.A lot of people, especially businessmen and businesswomen who do international business, have already been aware of the enormous function of English letters. People use English correspondence every day in the world. However, some details ignored like vague language caused misunderstanding even financial loss often. But few people pay much attention to this kind of details because it is just like a drop in the bucket comparing with their business. It is known that details determine success or failure, so this thesis is to study some details that people often ignore but very important academically and practically.This thesis is to achieve three goals. The first one is to present the usage of vague language English business correspondence clearly and systematically by materials collecting and analyzing. The second target is to attract people's attention of vague language in English business correspondence no matter where they are .The last and practical one is to conclude some rules or principles that can be universally used in English business correspondence that make the communication between Chinese and English more effective and efficient.1.3 Literature ReviewAs this thesis is to study the pragmatic usage of vague language in English business correspondence, it is necessary to review the previous study of vague language. Applied linguist Channell has pointed out that vague language should be studied with semantics and pragmatics, especially with pragmatics due to the utility of vague language. [2] In linguistic study, semantics and pragmatics are the two common and useful aspects researchers use. So this part will make a review of the previous study from the perspective of semantics and pragmatics.Previously, most scholars focused on the semantic functions of vague language. And in a quite long time, semantic study was the mainstream of vague language study. Channel is one of the representatives. Lakoff and McCawley also came up with some ideas about vague language. For example, Lakoff thought that in the real practice, the usage of vague always has some limitations so that the meaning of the texts can be obtained. In addition, Chinesescholars like Wu Tieping and Zhang Qiao shared their opinion toward vague.Linguistics develops greatly and more and more researchers shifted their attention to the pragmatic study. The outstanding representatives in this field are Cystal, Davy, A.H.Jucker and Chinese scholar He Ziran. Many valuable ideas are put forward by them. Jucker thought that vague language are pervasive in daily use. He Ziran analyzed and studied vague language from the perspective of speech act theory. And he came up with the idea that vague expressions can make utterance more appropriate.1.4 Brief Introduction of the ThesisMore and more countries actively participate in the Belt and Road Initiative, so the international business and communication become more prosperous. English business correspondence is playing a more and more important role in the international communication and business. But not so many people aware the importance of vague language in English correspondence and can us it properly. So this thesis is trying to analyze the usage of vague language in English business correspondence pragmatically from the perspectives of adaption theory, politeness principle and cooperative principle.There are three initiatives of this thesis. Firstly, this thesis is to present the usage of vague language English business correspondence clearly and systematically by materials collecting and analyzing. Secondly it is to arouse people's awareness of vague language in English business correspondence; no matter they are in the field of international trade or English study. The last and practical aim of this thesis is to conclude some rules or principles that can be universally used in English business correspondence that make the communication between Chinese and English more effective and efficient.1.5Methodology of the ThesisThe qualitative analysis is put in to use under guidance of Adaptation Theory, Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle to figure out when and why the vague language is used in the English business correspondence. And this analysis is to find out how does vague language works in the process of business communications to achieve the communicative proposes and what kind of functions it has in the communication.Some texts of English business correspondence are selected as example to support the analysis. In order to make this study authentic and accurate, every example is selected from the real business communication or published works. And the analysis method is relatively fixed.It is known to all that every letter is written for some purposes and should be adapted to the real world the people related. Thus, adaptation theory is chosen as the major framework of this study. Business correspondence is an interaction between different groups. Normally, there some rules in this society which are universally accepted in order to make the interaction conducted effectively and efficiently. In order to make this pragmatic analysis more authentic and comprehensive, cooperative principle and politeness principle are also put in to use.By analyzing, some phenomena hidden are found out and some reasons are concluded. Then how vague languages functions in English business is figured out.Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework2.1 Adaptation TheoryLanguage comes from the practice and develops in this environment. The choice of language should not be fixed, but dynamic, because this world is changing rapidly. When something new appears or something has changed, language will respond. Adaption to the social world means how languages are used to deal with something interpersonal. Properness, politeness and so on are took into account. Adaption to the psychological world study on how people use language to express their mood, for example, their cheerfulness, dissatisfaction, anger and so on.Adaptation to temporal reference“Time is often regarded as an absolute notion, but in some cases, it is used as a relative one in language.”[3] Normally, time is an absolute notion, but sometimes, it is a relative concept. In business communication, the user may tell the time vaguely to avoid unnecessary or potential dispute. What man can do is to prepare for the future and avoid an absolute guarantee.Adaptation to spatial referenceSpatial reference is another point that should be taken seriously. Spatial factor is frequently used in business practice. It is known to the public that spatial factor always be accurate. But in the real business practice, things are different. Sometimes, language users may use some vagueness to fulfill their communication purpose.Adaptation to social positionThe position in social world is one of the most important standards to depart groups and just due to the social positions, people would like to choose the most appropriate language to communicate with each other. [4] Especially in business, the social statuses of the information receivers decide how much benefits the information expressers can make. So this issue should be taken seriously.Adaptation to social conventionsSocial conventions are determined by social culture. When communicate with people who have their own conventions, the language should be selected and used carefully in order to fit their common practice and establish a harmonious relationship.Adaptation to senders’ psychological worldSenders write a correspondence to express his or her intention, which is related to business in most cases. In order to make this intention fulfill, it should be expressed properly. So sometimes the sender turns to vague language.Adaptation to receivers’ psychological WorldNormally, if a person writes to the other one, the sender may have certain purpose, for example, to send a message of comfort and concern, to ask for a favor or to express dissatisfaction. [5]No matter what kind of intention the sender has, positive of negative, the point is that whether the receiver can feel it. If the receiver feels nothing, then no matter how beautiful language the sender uses, this letter is meaningless. So, that is to tell that the sender should focus on the receivers’ psychological world in order to make his massage or letter powerful and efficient. In business, the sender should fully consider the psychological world of his business partner. As long as the sender figures out the character and needs of the receiver and what kind of way of communication the receiver can accept, he has great opportunity to write a great correspondence.2.2 Cooperative Principle and Politeness PrincipleEnglish business correspondence is one of the most practical and efficient tools to maintain a successful business, and it has many functions, like to exchange information, to share ideas, to discuss something or even to solve the dispute. [6]So the cooperative communication shows its significance in business practice. In business, sometime the communicators try to break cooperative principle, so that communication can go smoothly.The vague language is always adjusted by the users. The language users always try so hard to find out the best words or expressions to make a proper and smooth communication. It shouldbe understood that vague language is not the universal method for a successful communication.Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle will help to explain why vague language appears in English business correspondence.As Verschueren puts, “language is constrained by the society and certain culture, and it should be used to adapt to different intentions.”[7]In the interactions of business, everyone tries their best to achieve their initial purpose and make profits from the business relationship. Being polite is often the first option for communicators to maintain an efficient cooperation, and a harmonious and solid cooperation is the precondition of successful business. After the study, it can be seen that in most cases, the senders will try their best to look polite and leave a good impression on their business partner.Chapter 3 Vague language in English Business Correspondence 3.1 An Introduction to English Business CorrespondenceEnglish business correspondence writing format of business communication. It is used to exchange information, to express intention or request or to discuss business affairs. It can be used person to person, person to organization, or organization to organization. English business correspondence can be defined as follows:“The letters written for the purpose of requesting or conveying information, making arrangements for business activities or dealing with matters concerning business negotiations.”[8]As a way of business communication. There is no certain or fixed classification of English business correspondence, but it is clear that there are many different kinds of English business correspondence in practice.3.2The Definition of Vague LanguageThere is not a certain definition about vague. Vague languages have greater generalization and flexibility than precision languages. While there are many different descriptions of vague language. Opinions toward vague language are different.Peirce, the person who gave the notion of vagueness in language in the first place, explained vague language philosophically: “A proposition is vague where there are possible states of things concerning which it is intrinsically uncertain whether, had they been contemplated by the speaker, he would have regarded them as excluded or allowed by the proposition.”[9]In his opinion, vagueness is significant and needed, so expressions can be made “without deciding whether these facts are excluded or allowed by them” [10]. Many scholars who study vague language philosophically hold the opinion that vague language is put into use when natural language is used to express different kinds of ideas.Vague language has gone through a series of changes and improvement in the past few years.Kempson carried on the semantic study of vague language, then she developed it into the philosophical level.In her opinion, vagueness is a relatively comprehensive notion, therefore many other similar terms can be included in vagueness, for example, ambiguity, generality and ambivalence. She categorized vague language as “referential vagueness, indeterminacy of meaning, lack of specification in the meaning of an item and disjunction in the specification of an item’s meaning”[11].Some Semanticists study vague language in a narrow field and that is what most precious study did. It is clear that it is not easy to move forward that way. So Channell, as an outstanding representative of pragmatists, changed the previous path and found new way out. What she did is to study vague language dynamically and keep focuse on the real practice of vague language. She carried out her research into a specific situation. In her point of view, vague language is:“An expression or word is vague if: a. it can be contrasted with another word or expression which appears to render the same proposition: b. it is ‘purposely and unabashedly’ vague; c. its meaning arises from the intrinsic uncertainty referred by Peirce.”[12]On the one hand, Channell inherits the semantics study of vague language. On the other hand, she valued Peirce’s theory pretty much. So she drew on Peirce’s finding and combined semantic study with philosophical study, making the study of vague language more comprehensive. All in all, Channell’s effort makes the study of vague language moves forward.At present, “There is no unanimous definition of vague, but there is one character of vague language that universally acknowledged, that is uncertainty.” [8] That is to say, many scholars or researchers admit that language of vagueness carries something uncertain which stops information receivers from getting information directly and quickly. Vague language is also stated as: “vagueness in content and vagueness in mood”. [13]3.3Vague Language in English Business CorrespondenceBusiness English correspondence is an important means for people engaged in international business to communicate with each other and exchange information. Normally,vague language is likely to affect the correct understanding of information by both parties and cause unnecessary troubles and disputes, which should be avoided as far as possible.For example, in the letter of offer, detailed information such as commodity name, specification, quantity, packing conditions, price, and terms of payment and time of delivery should be listed. So that the business can be done successfully.But in some specific cases, such as dealing with complaints and claims, persuading the other party to accept their offer, striving for more favorable terms, avoiding possible responsibility, etc., people need to transfer the related information by vague strategy in order to make an elastic response. So that they can strive for the time or opportunity of consultation or discussion. For example, when it comes to the time language users don’t use exact time like May 1st or 4:00 P.M. on the contrary, they may use expressions like “as soon as possible”, “quickly” and “tomorrow afternoon” to avoid the potential delay. In addition, some adverbs and adjectives can sever as vague expressions, for example “slightly”, “comparatively”, “excellent”, “incredible” and so on.Therefore, when writing business letters, the appropriate use of vague language will make communication more flexible and strategic. What’s more, as it presented the form of vague in English business correspondence is various.Chapter 4 Pragmatic Analysis of Vague Language in EnglishBusiness Correspondence4.1 Analysis on Vague Language from the Perspective of Adaptation TheoryIn this chapter, some cases from the real business practice will be presented and the pragmatic analysis will be made in details, which are the adoptions to the physical, social and psychological world.4.1.1 Adaptation to the Physical WorldEvery business movement takes place in the real world, which is also called, the physical world. As we all know, people usually express and analyze information according to their own understanding. Their won mind definitely influence their choice of language, because they observe this world in their unique way and correspondently describe and express it in their own why.According to the previous study and some information related, it is found that temporal reference and spatial reference are the most frequently used subjects in physical world. So it is means that these two factors greatly influence people’s choice of language. For the purpose of avoiding potential and unnecessary embarrassment and undertaking responsibility, language users sometime may make good use of vague language to talk about time and space. And the date and experience show that this kind of method works in the practice of communication.a) Adaptation to Temporal Reference.Here are two examples:Example 1We have received your message. It is so great to be your supplier. But we sincerely apologizefor the miss of information. We will send you the details as soon as possible.In this sentence the writer doesn’t give a certain time to the receiver. No one knows how soon “as soon as possible” is, so the receiver cannot blame the sender if he think the message is delayed. Thus, by using the vague expression, the user hedges off the potential risks. There are many case about the usage of relative notion of time. Here is another example:Example 2We think you and your team are very professional and we are grateful for your propose. The management are discussing this propose now, and I will let you know when the final result comes out.In this example, it seems that the writer gives a time point to the receiver. What the receiver should do is to wait. In fact, the time point is very vague. The receiver totally has no idea about when the final result will come out. So it is clear that the decision maker takes the initiative and his voice is more powerful than the receiver’s.b) Adaptation to Spatial ReferenceHere is an example:Example 3We are sincerely inviting you and your colleagues to attend our strategy meeting. The meeting will be held in our office which is very close to the IFC.The description is vague, because readers cannot know the real distance between the office and the IFC. Actually, this kind of description can be accurate, like “our office is only 100 meters away from the IFC.” But “very close” is enough because it can leave an impression to the reader that the office is near the subway station. Sometime, an impression can make difference.Example 4We are sincerely inviting your to the summit in Huang Hai hotel. In this summit, the market outlook will be presented and our strategy analysts will share their new findings ofinvestment. We have arranged your seat in the front. We hope you can attend that day and give your valuable comments on these ideas and strategies.Usually, the arrangement of the seats reflects people’ rank in a group. People with high rank always sit in the front. So if a reprehensive of a corporate tells his business partner that he has arranged a seat in the front intentionally or unwittingly, the partner may think that representative respects him very much. But the representative’s expression is too vague to show the real position of his seat and also his status.4.1.2 Adaptation to Social WorldPeople often think that business correspondence is serous and fixed. In most people’s opinion, clarity is a distinguishing feature and vague language can never appear in business language, especially in business correspondence, which is always regarded as some kind of official paper. Following the rules or principles which universally accepted is one of the most important preconditions for people to pursue a harmonious interpersonal relationship. And in the real practice, it is also a matter to make communication strategies according to different people’s specific situation.In this circumstance, what kind of language should be put into practice when they communicate is up to the position of addressees. Another circumstance should be also paid attention to, that a person may many different titles or identities in different situation, so it is really matter whether the sender can choose proper language for the same person’s different identities. If they do it successfully, there will be a good start of a good business.Sometimes, going straight forward is not an appropriate way of communication, especially when you communicate with people who have higher position that you do. In this circumstance, vague language can function. Using vague correspondence is to give an open answer the addressee which can give the addressee a chance to go through the information and analyze it according to his will. Finally, the addressee may make a final decision that both parts can accept.Here is an example:Example 5。

商务英语谈判中模糊限制语的语用功能及策略

商务英语谈判中模糊限制语的语用功能及策略在当今全球化的商业环境中，商务英语谈判已成为企业间合作与竞争的重要手段。

在这个过程中，语言的运用至关重要，而模糊限制语作为一种常见的语言现象，在商务英语谈判中发挥着独特而重要的作用。

一、模糊限制语的定义及分类模糊限制语是指那些使事物变得更加模糊或不那么精确的词语或表达方式。

它们可以被分为两类：变动型模糊限制语和缓和型模糊限制语。

变动型模糊限制语主要通过改变话语的原意来达到模糊的效果，例如“大约”“大概”“左右”“近似”等。

这类词语能够在数量、范围、程度等方面提供一个大致的估计，而不是精确的数字或描述。

缓和型模糊限制语则是用来表明说话者对所表达内容的不确定性或缺乏足够的证据，比如“我认为”“我觉得”“可能”“也许”等。

它们可以减轻说话者的责任，使话语更具灵活性和可接受性。

二、商务英语谈判中模糊限制语的语用功能1、增强语言的灵活性在商务谈判中，情况往往复杂多变，使用模糊限制语可以让谈判者在表达自己的观点和立场时留有一定的余地，以便根据谈判的进展和对方的反应做出调整。

例如，“我们可能会考虑在价格上做出一定的让步，但这需要进一步商讨。

”这样的表述既表明了己方有让步的可能性，又没有给出明确的承诺，为后续的谈判留下了空间。

2、体现礼貌与尊重商务交往中，礼貌和尊重是建立良好合作关系的基础。

模糊限制语可以帮助谈判者避免过于直接和强硬的表达，从而减少对对方的冒犯。

比如，“我不太确定您的这个方案是否完全符合我们的需求，但我们可以一起探讨一下。

”这种委婉的表达方式能够让对方更容易接受批评或不同意见。

3、保护自身利益在谈判中，双方都希望最大程度地保护自己的利益。

模糊限制语可以使谈判者在不暴露自己底线的情况下进行试探和沟通。

例如，“我们的成本大概在这个范围内，但具体数字还需要进一步核算。

”这样的说法可以防止对方获取己方的准确成本信息，从而在价格谈判中占据优势。

4、促进合作与妥协当双方在某些问题上存在分歧时，使用模糊限制语可以缓解紧张气氛，促进双方寻求共同的解决方案。

顺应论视角下商务英语信函中的模糊语分析

顺应论视角下商务英语信函中的模糊语分析一、什么是模糊语？模糊语是指语言表达中含有模糊、不确定甚至是模棱两可的词语和句子。

在商务英语信函中常常使用模糊语是因为商务交流的过程中经常涉及到复杂的市场环境、多元文化的存在等因素，往往需要使用模糊语以传达含义，避免不必要的冲突。

模糊语可以分为两种，一种是本质上模糊的语言，如“可能”、“大概”等；另一种是因语言使用情境、语境等而引起的模糊性，如隐喻、双关语等。

1.缓和措辞商务英语信函中，有时需要使用缓和措辞，以减轻语言冲突、缓和紧张气氛或表达礼貌等。

比如，在表示拒绝对方时，使用“很抱歉”、“遗憾”等措辞表示遗憾，而不是直接、犀利的拒绝。

另外，在提出建议或意见时，使用“也许”、“或许”等缓和措辞，使对方能够理解、接受。

例句：很抱歉，我们现在无法接受您的建议。

Perhaps it would be better if we discussed this matter at a later time.也许我们最好在以后再讨论这件事。

2.模棱两可的措辞商务英语信函中，有时候需要使用模棱两可的措辞，即在表述中使用含糊不清的词语，以留出余地、模糊态度或者表达不确定的想法。

比如，在询问对方态度时，使用“您是否有兴趣”、“我想了解一下您的意见”等模棱两可的措辞来表达不确定的立场。

您是否有兴趣参加这个会议？I would like to know your opinion on this matter.我想知道您对这个问题的看法。

3.委婉语商务英语信函中，委婉语通常用于表示礼貌、尊重、敬意等，避免过于直接或者冒犯对方。

如果您能尽快给我们回复，我们将不胜感激。

我想请您在这个问题上给予我们帮助。

4.语气渲染商务英语信函中，有时候需要使用一些言辞来加强语气的渲染，表达更明确的意思。

比如，在表达感激之意时，使用“非常”、“极度”等词语来强调。

我们非常感激您的热心帮助。

如果您能来参加开幕式，我会非常高兴。

论英语合同中的语义模糊词及其语用功能

能是由于记忆的问题，或是人们不能找到合适的词语来表达需表达的
内容.
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governedbythelaws， decreesandpertinentrulesandregUlationsofthe
一、英语合同中棋糊性存在的合理基础
(一)模糊性是自然语言的特性
语言的模糊性广泛存在于语法、词汇和语音中，但目前国内外对
模糊现象的研究主要是对模糊语义的研究。那么什么是模糊性呢?
文旭认为，模糊性是指词语所指范围的边界是不确定的这种属性，。
模糊性是人类自然语言的客观属性.例如，人从出生到长大，到衰老，
迄匆王宏.模糊语言及其语用功能.外语教学.2003(2).9.
临沐已杜金榜.从法律语言的棋糊性到司法结果的确定性.现代外语(季刊).2001(3).
306.308.
⑦伍铁平.模糊语言学.上海:上海外语软育出版杜 .1999.141.
⑧王辉.英文合同解读讲用、条款及文本范例.北京:法律出版社，2即759.
⑨本法规编写组.国际经济法(汉英对照).北京:中国法制出版社.2加7.182.
⑩孙志祥.合同英译理解过程中的“合法“阶提和“求f护标准.中旧翻译.2ooI(，).
351
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“中年l，’’老年”等语言符号标志不同的年龄段，自然不能绝对地区分清
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族对同样的客观世界有不同的认知途径和划分范畴的方法，如颜色

英语商务合同中模糊语言的语用分析

英语商务合同中模糊语言的语用分析
谢志秀
（中南大学外国语学院湖南长沙４０８）１０３
［摘要】本文尝试用格莱斯的合作原则理论来分析英语商务合同中的模糊语言现象，首先回顾了模糊语言和商务合同英语的主要理论研究，然后研究了合作原则在英语商务合同中模糊语言的应用，并进一步分析了糊语言在商务合同中所实现的语用功能。模［关键词】模糊语言英语商务合同语言特征合作原则
英语商务合同中模糊语言的使用是有条件的。一方面，模糊语言在商务合同中的使用是为了更准确表达合同双方的权利和义务，使条款更加严格紧密以避免漏洞产生。另一方面，合同是受法律强制执行的，因此它很容易引起法律纠纷或经济损失。所以当制定合同时，合同制定者会尽可能考虑所有可能出现的偏差，使用模糊语言就是用来保护自己的权益。
（）模糊语言一１６年，美国科学家ＬＺｄｈＥｕｚｅＩＩｆｒａｉｎ９５．ａｅＺＦｚｙＳｔｎｎｏｔｏ￣ｍａｄｏｔｏ一书中首先提出了 “ ｎＣｎｒｌ模糊 ”这一术语。从此，
Ｐｉｃ，ＵＩａｎｅｔａｄＲｓｅｌＩｏｎａＣａｎｌ等ｅｒｅ１ｍｎ，Ｂｒｒｎｕｓｌ￣Ｊａｎｈｎｅ１
、
相关研究及理论框架
合国际公约和惯例，各种商务合同在结构和形式上有着相似
之处。在结构方面，一般都包括三个部分：序言、正文和附录。商务合同被认为是一种最正式的庄严文体。一般而言，它有如下三个特征：准确、明确、简洁。虽然商务合同语言具有准确、明确、简洁的特点，但模糊性亦是其隐晦特色。下面我们讨论英语商务合同中模糊语言的运用。

商务英语合同中使用模糊语的功能

商务英语合同中使用模糊语的功能In business English contracts, the use of vague language serves several functions. One of the main purposes is to create flexibility and allow for interpretation in case of unforeseen circumstances. Vague language can also be used to create a sense of ambiguity, which can be beneficial in negotiations or when dealing with sensitive issues. Additionally, it can help to avoid potential conflicts or disputes by leaving room for different interpretations.Furthermore, vague language can be used to create a sense of inclusivity and openness. By using terms that are broad and non-specific, the contract can be more easily applied to a variety of situations and parties. This can be particularly useful in international business dealings where different legal systems and cultural norms may come into play.In Chinese:在商务英语合同中，使用模糊语言具有几个功能。