翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

TUNEL细胞凋亡试剂盒内容及操作步骤

TUNEL细胞凋亡试剂盒内容及操作步骤--------------------------------------------------------------------------------凋亡细胞的原位末断转移酶标记法（TUNEL法）细胞凋亡的多步骤机制作用的最终环节是；细胞内源性核酸内切酶的激活而导致核染色质DNA双链的断裂。

大量DNA片段暴露出的3 羟基在末断转移酶(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, TdT)或DNA多聚酶的作用下，与生物素或地高辛标记的核苷酸结合，最终借助与卵白素或抗地高辛抗体结合的荧光素或HRP，使凋亡细胞被特异性地标记和显示出来。

TUNEL细胞凋亡试剂盒由美国罗氏公司提供试剂1：酶浓缩溶液（Enzyme Solution）试剂2：标记溶液（Lable Solution）试剂3：转化剂-POD（Converter-POD）酶标记抗荧光素抗体（即用型）试验所需其它试剂：非石蜡切片:·冲洗缓冲液:磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）·阻断溶液:0.3%H2O2甲醇溶液·固定溶液:4%多聚甲醛（溶剂pH7.4新鲜配制的PBS溶液）·渗透液:0.1%Triton甔-100（溶于新鲜配制的0.1%枸橼酸钠溶液）Triton X-100(聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚)名：曲拉通X-100，乳化剂OP分子式：C34H62O11石蜡切片:·二甲苯和乙醇（100%、95%、90%、80%、70%用蒸馏水稀释）·冲洗缓冲液:磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）·蛋白酶K 工作液10~20mg/ml溶于10mM Tris/HCl（pH7.4~7.8）根据需要选择:·渗透液:0.1%TritonX-100（溶于新鲜配制的0.1%枸橼酸钠溶液）·胃酶溶液（0.25%-0.5%溶于HCl ，pH2）或胰酶·0.1M枸橼酸缓冲液，pH6，微波修复材料：微波炉，微波输出功率850W-2000W2 .选用中性甲醇固定的活检及实验动物标本，常规脱水，二甲苯透明，石蜡包埋。

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

罗氏 (Roche)公司 Tunel 试剂盒操作说明书(In situ cell death detection kit-POD法)一、原理：TUNEL （TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA 的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（ fluorescein）标记的 dUTP 在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（ TdT Enzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂 DNA 的3’-OH 末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radish peroxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与 HRP 底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB ）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有 DNA 断裂，因而没有 3‘-OH 形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含：1 号（蓝盖） Enzyme Solution 酶溶液： TdT 10×、2号（紫盖） Label Solution 标记液：荧光素标记的 dUTP 1×、3号（棕瓶） Converter-POD:标记荧光素抗体的 HRP；自备试剂： PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB 工作液（临用前配制， 5 μl 20 ×DAB+1 μL 30%H2O2+94 μl PBS）、Proteinase K工作液（ 10-20 μg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl ，pH 7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1% Triton X-100 溶于 0.1% 柠檬酸钠，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、 DNase 1（3000 U/ml– 3 U/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl ，pH 7.5， 10 mM MgCl2 ，1 mg/ml BSA ）等。

罗氏（Roche）公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

罗氏(Roche)公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT Enzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radish peroxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3‘-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含TdT 10×、荧光素标记的dUTP 1×、标记荧光素抗体的HR P；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5 μl 20×DAB+1μL 30%H2O2+94 μl PBS）、Proteinase K工作液（10-20 μg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl，pH 7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase 1（3000 U/ml–3 U/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl，pH 7. 5，10 mM MgCl2，1 mg/ml BSA）等。

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

罗氏(Roche)公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书(In situ cell death detection kit-POD法)一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT Enzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radish peroxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3‘-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含：1号（蓝盖）Enzyme Solution 酶溶液：TdT 10×、2号（紫盖）Label Solution标记液：荧光素标记的dUTP 1×、3号（棕瓶）Converter-POD:标记荧光素抗体的HRP；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5 μl 20×DAB+1μL 30%H2O2+94 μl PBS）、Proteinase K工作液（10-20 μg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl，pH 7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1% Triton X-100 溶于0.1% 柠檬酸钠，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase 1（3000 U/ml–3 U/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl，pH 7.5，10 mM MgCl2，1 mg/ml BSA）等。

罗氏荧光 tunel (11684795910)说明书

For life science research only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein
y Version 17
Content version: November 2012
Preface .....................................................................................................................................................2 Table of contents ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Kit contents ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................5 Product overview .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Background information ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Procedures and required materials .................................................................................................10 Flow chart .............................................................................................................................................................................10 Preparation of sample material ....................................................................................................................................11 Cell suspension ..................................................................................................................................................................11 Adherent cells, cell smears, and cytospin preparations .....................................................................................12 Tissue sections ....................................................................................................................................................................12 Treatment of paraffin-embedded tissue ...................................................................................................................12 Treatment of cryopreserved tissue ..............................................................................................................................14 Labeling protocol ...............................................................................................................................................................15 Before you begin ................................................................................................................................................................15 Labeling protocol for cell suspensions ......................................................................................................................16 Labeling protocol for adherent cells, cell smears, cytospin preparations and tissues ...........................................................................................................................................................................17 Labeling protocol for difficult tissue ...........................................................................................................................18 Typical results ......................................................................................................................................19 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................20 Troubleshooting .................................................................................................................................................................20 References ............................................................................................................................................................................23 Related products ................................................................................................................................................................24

TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒罗氏

TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒罗⽒For research purposes only. Not for use for in vitro diagnosticprocedures for clinical diagnosis.In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, PODKit for immunohistochemical detection and quantification of apop-tosis (programmed cell death) at single cell level, based on labeling of DNA strand breaks (TUNEL technology): Analysis by light microscopy.Cat. No. 1 684 817Store at ?15 to ?25°C 1 Kit (50 tests)Instruction ManualVersion 3, January 20031. Preface1.1Table of contentsP reface(2)1.1.1Table of contents (2)(3)1.2 Kitcontents(5)2. Introduction2.1Product overview (5)(8)2.2 Backgroundinformation3. Procedures and required materials (10)3.1Flow chart (10)3.2Preparation of sample material (11)3.2.1Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospin preparations (11)(12)sections3.2.2 Tissue3.2.2.1 Treatment of paraffin-embedded tissue (12)3.2.2.2Treatment of cryopreserved tissue (14)3.3Labeling protocol (15)3.3.1 Before you begin (15)3.3.2Labeling protocol for adherent cells, cell smears, cytospin preparations, and tissues (16)3.3.3 Labeling protocol for difficult tissue (17)(18)conversion3.4 Signal(19)4. Appendix(19)4.1 Trouble-shooting(22)4.2 References(23)4.3 Relatedproducts1.2 KitcontentsCaution The Label solution contains cacodylate, toxic by inhalation and swal-lowed, and cobalt dichloride, which may cause cancer by inhalation.Avoid exposure and obtain special instructions before use.When using do not eat, drink or smoke. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. In case of accident or if you feelunwell seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible). Collect the supernatants from the labeling reactions in a tightly closed,non-breakable container and indicate contents. Discard as regulatedfor toxic waste.Kit contents Please refer to the following table for the contents of the kit.Vial/CapLabel Contents1 blue Enzyme Solution?Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasefrom calf thymus (EC 2.7.7.31), recom-binant in E. coli, in storage buffer10× conc.5×50l2 violet Label Solution?Nucleotide mixture in reaction buffer1×conc.5 × 550 l3 yellow Converter-POD?Anti-fluorescein antibody, Fab frag-ment from sheep, conjugated withhorse-radish peroxidase (POD)Ready-to-use3.5mlAdditional equipment required In addition to the reagents listed above, you have to prepare several solutions. In the table you will find an overview about the equipment which is needed for the different procedures.Detailed information is given in front of each procedure.Procedure Equipment Reagents Preparation of sample material (section 3.2)Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospinpreparations (section3.2.1)?Cryopreserved tissue (section 3.2.2.2)?Washing buffer: Phosphate buffered saline(PBS*)Blocking solution: 3% H2O2 in methanolFixation solution: 4% Paraformaldehyde inPBS, pH 7.4, freshly prepared ?Permeabilisation solution: 0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate, freshly pre-pared (6)Paraffin-embedded tissue (section 3.2.2.1)?Xylene and ethanol (absolute, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, diluted in double distilled water)?Washing buffer: PBS*Proteinase K*, nuclease, working solution: [10-20 µg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4-8] Alternative treatments Permeabilisation solution: (0.1% Triton1) X–100, 0.1% sodium citrate) , freshly prepared Pepsin* (0.25% - 0.5% in HCl, pH 2) or trypsin*, 0.01 N HCl, nuclease free0.1 M Citrate buffer, pH 6 for microwave irradiationLabeling protocol (section 3.3)Positive control (section 3.3.1)?Micrococcal nuclease or ?DNase I, grade I *Adherent cells, cell smears, cytospin preparations, and tissues (section 3.3.2) ?Parafilm orcoverslipsHumidifiedchamberWashing buffer: PBS*Difficult tissue (section 3.3.3)?Plastic jarMicrowaveHumidifiedchamberCitrate buffer, 0.1 M, pH 6.0.Washing buffer: PBS*Tris-HCl, 0.1 M pH 7.5, containing 3% BSA*and 20% normal bovine serumSignal conversion (section 3.4)Humidified chamber Parafilm or coverslip Washing buffer: PBS*DAB Metal Enhanced Substrate Set* or alternative POD substrates Mounting medium for light microscopy1.2 Kitcontents,continued2. Introduction2.1Product overviewTest principle Cleavage of genomic DNA during apoptosis may yield double-stranded, low molecular weight DNA fragments (mono- and oligonu-cleosomes) as well as single strand breaks (“nicks”) in high molecularweight DNA.Those DNA strand breaks can be identified by labeling free 3’-OH ter-mini with modified nucleotides in an enzymatic reaction.Fig. 1: Test principleApplication The In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit is designed as a precise, fast and simple, non-radioactive technique to detect and quantify apoptotic celldeath at single cell level in cells and tissues. Thus, the In Situ CellDeath Detection Kit can be used in many different assay systems.Examples are:Detection of individual apoptotic cells in frozen and formalin fixedtissue sections in basic research and routine pathology.Determination of sensitivity of malignant cells to drug induced apo-ptosis in cancer research and clinical oncology.Typing of cells undergoing cell death in heterogeneous populationsby double staining procedures (6).Specificity The TUNEL reaction preferentially labels DNA strand breaks gener-ated during apoptosis. This allows discrimination of apoptosis fromnecrosis and from primary DNA strand breaks induced by cytostaticdrugs or irradiation (3, 4).Test interference False negative results: DNA cleavage can be absent or incomplete in some forms of apoptotic cell death (37). Sterical hindrance such asextracellular matrix components can prevent access of TdT to DNAstrand breaks. In either case false negative results can be obtained.False positive results: Extensive DNA fragmentation may occur in latestages of necrosis (4, 38).DNA strand breaks may also be prominent in cell populations withhigh proliferative or metabolic activity. In either case false positiveresults may be obtained. To confirm apoptotic mode of cell death, themorphology of respective cells should be examined very carefully.Morphological changes during apoptosis have a characteristic pattern.Therefore evaluation of cell morphology is an important parameter insituations where there is any ambiguity regarding interpretation ofresults.Sample material?Cytospin and cell smear preparationsAdherent cells cultured on chamber slides (31)Frozen or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections (1, 25,26, 29, 30, 32–34, 36, 39)Assay time2–3 hours, excluding culture, fixation and permeabilisation of cells and preparation of tissue sections. Number of tests The kit is designed for 50 tests.Kit storage/ stability The unopened kit is stable at ?15 to ?25°C through the expiration date printed on the label. Reagent Storage and stabilityTUNEL reaction mixture The TUNEL reaction mixture should be pre-pared immediately before use and shouldnot be stored.Keep TUNEL reaction mixture on ice untiluse.Converter-POD Once thawed the Converter-POD solutionshould be stored at 2–8°C (maximum stabil-ity 6 months).Note: Do not freeze!Advantage Please refer to the following table.Benefit FeatureSensitive Detection of apoptotic cell death at singlecell level at very early stages (1, 2, 6).Specific Preferential labeling of apoptosis versusnecrosis (3, 4).Fast Short assay time (2-3 h).Convenient?Reagents are provided in stable, opti-mized form.No dilution steps required.Flexible?Suitable for fixed cells and tissue. Thisallows accumulation, storage and trans-port of samples (2, 5).Double staining enables identification oftype and differentiation state of cellsundergoing apoptosis (6).Function-tested Every lot is function-tested on apoptoticcells in comparison to a master lot.2.2 BackgroundinformationCell death Two distinct modes of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, can be distin-guished based on differences in morphological, biochemical andmolecular changes of dying cells.Programmed cell death or apoptosis is the most common form ofeukaryotic cell death. It is a physiological suicide mechanism that pre-serves homeostasis, in which cell death naturally occurs during normaltissue turnover (8, 9). In general, cells undergoing apoptosis display acharacteristic pattern of structural changes in nucleus and cytoplasm,including rapid blebbing of plasma membrane and nuclear disintegra-tion. The nuclear collapse is associated with extensive damage tochromatin and DNA-cleavage into oligonucleosomal length DNA frag-ments after activation of a calcium-dependent endogenous endonu-clease (10, 11). However, very rare exceptions have been describedwhere morphological features of apoptosis are not accompanied witholigonucleosomal DNA cleavage (37).Apoptosis Apoptosis is essential in many physiological processes, includingmaturation and effector mechanisms of the immune system (12, 13),embryonic development of tissue, organs and limbs (14), developmentof the nervous system (15, 16) and hormone-dependent tissueremodeling (17). Inappropriate regulation of apoptosis may play animportant role in many pathological conditions like ischemia, stroke,heart disease, cancer, AIDS, autoimmunity, hepatotoxicity and degen-erative diseases of the central nervous system (18–20).In oncology, extensive interest in apoptosis comes from the observa-tion, that this mode of cell death is triggered by a variety of antitumordrugs, radiation and hyperthermia, and that the intrinsic propensity oftumor cells to respond by apoptosis is modulated by expression ofseveral oncogenes and may be a prognostic marker for cancer treat-ment (21).Identification of apoptosis Several methods have been described to identify apoptotic cells (22– 24). Endonucleolysis is considered as the key biochemical event of apoptosis, resulting in cleavage of nuclear DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments. Therefore, this process is commonly used for detec-tion of apoptosis by the typical “DNA ladder“ on agarose gels during electrophoresis. This method, however, can not provide information regarding apoptosis in individual cells nor relate cellular apoptosis to histological localization or cell differentiation.This can be done by enzymatic in situ labeling of apoptosis induced DNA strand breaks. DNA polymerase as well as terminal deoxynucle-otidyl transferase (TdT) (1-6, 25-36, 41) have been used for the incor-poration of labeled nucleotides to DNA strand breaks in situ. The tailing reaction using TdT, which was also described as ISEL (in situ end labeling) (5, 35) or TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) (1, 6, 31, 33) technique, has several advantages in comparison to the in situ nick translation (ISNT) using DNA polymerase:Label intensity of apoptotic cells is higher with TUNEL compared to ISNT, resulting in an increased sensitivity (2, 4). Kinetics of nucleotide incorporation is very rapid with TUNEL com-pared to the ISNT (2, 4).TUNEL preferentially labels apoptosis in comparison to necrosis, thereby discriminating apoptosis from necrosis and from primary DNA strand breaks induced by antitumor drugs or radiation (3, 4).2.2 Backgroundinformation,continued3. Procedures and required materialsThe working procedure described below has been developed andpublished by R. Sgonc and colleagues (6). The main advantage of thissimple and rapid procedure is the use of fluorescein-dUTP to labelDNA strand breaks. This allows the detection of DNA fragmentationby fluorescence microscopy directly after the TUNEL reaction priorto the addition of the secondary anti-fluorescein-POD-conjugate.3.1Flow chartAssay procedure The assay procedure is explained in the following flow chart.Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospin preparations Cryopreservedtissue sectionsParaffin-embeddedtissue sections↓↓↓Fixation ?Dewaxation ?Rehydration ?ProteasetreatmentPermeabilisation of samples↓Addition of TUNEL reaction mixtureOPTIONAL: Analysis of samples by fluorescence microscopy↓Addition of Converter-PODAddition of Substrate solution↓Analysis of samples by light microscopy3.2Preparation of sample material3.2.1Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospin preparationsAdditional solutions required ?Washing buffer: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)Blocking solution: 3% H2O2 in methanolFixation solution: 4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH 7.4, freshly pre-paredPermeabilisation solution: 0.1% Triton1) X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate, freshly prepared (6)Procedure In the following table describes the fixation of cells, blocking of endo-genous peroxidase and cell permeabilisation.Note: Fix and permeabilisate two additional cell samples for the nega-tive and positive labeling controls.Step Action1Fix air dried cell samples with a freshly prepared Fixationsolution for 1 h at 15-25°C.2Rinse slides with PBS.3Incubate with Blocking solution for 10 min at 15-25°C.4Rinse slides with PBS.5Incubate in Permeabilisation solution for 2 min on ice (2-8°C).6Proceed as described under 3.3.3.2.2 Tissue sections3.2.2.1 Treatment of paraffin-embedded tissuePretreatment of paraffin embedded tissue Tissue sections can be pretreated in 4 different ways. If you use Pro-teinase K the concentration, incubation time and temperature have to be optimized for each type of tissue (1, 29, 33, 36, 40, 42).Note: Use Proteinase K only from Roche Applied Science, because it is tested for absence of nucleases which might lead to false-positive results!The other 3 alternative procedures are also described in the following table (step 2).Additional solutions required ?Xylene and ethanol (absolute, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, diluted in dou-ble distilled water) Washing buffer: PBSProteinase K, nuclease free (Cat. No. 745 723), working solution: [10-20 g/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4-8] Alternative treatmentsPermeabilisation solution: 0.1% Triton1) X–100, 0.1% sodium citrate, freshly preparedPepsin* (0.25% - 0.5% in HCl, pH 2) or trypsin*, 0.01 N HCl, nuclease free0.1 M Citrate buffer, pH 6 for the microwave irradiationProcedure In the following table the pretreatment of paraffin-embedded tissue with Proteinase K treatment and 3 alternative procedures aredescribed.Note: Add additional tissue sections for the negative and positivelabeling controls.Step Action1Dewax and rehydrate tissue section according to standardprotocols (e.g. by heating at 60°C followed by washing inxylene and rehydration through a graded series of ethanoland double dist. water) (1, 33, 36).2Incubate tissue section for 15-30 min at 21–37°C with Pro-teinase K working solution.Alternatives:Treatment:1. Permeabilisa-tion solutionIncubate slides for 8 min.2. Pepsin* (30, 40)or trypsin*15-60 min at 37°C.3. Microwave irradiation ?Place the slide(s) in a plastic jar containing 200 ml 0.1 M Citrate buffer, pH6.0.Apply 350 W microwave irradiation for 5 min.3Rinse slide(s) twice with PBS.4Proceed as described under 3.3.3.2.2.1 Treatment of paraffin-embedded tissue, continued3.2.2.2Treatment of cryopreserved tissueAdditional solutions required ?Fixation solution: 4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH 7.4, freshly pre-paredWashing buffer: PBSBlocking solution: 3% H2O2 in methanolPermeabilisation solution (0.1% Triton1) X–100, 0.1% sodium citrate), freshly preparedCryopreserved tissue In the following table the pretreatment of cryopreserved tissue is described.Note: Fix and permeabilisate two additional samples for the negative and positive labeling controls.Step Action1Fix tissue section with Fixation solution for 20 min at 15–25°C.2Wash 30 min with PBS.Note:For storage, dehydrate fixed tissue sections 2 min inabsolute ethanol and store at ?15 to ?25°C.3Incubate with Blocking solution for 10 min at 15–25°C.4Rinse slides with PBS.5Incubate in Permeabilisation solution for 2 min on ice (2–8°C).6Proceed as described under 3.3.3.3Labeling protocol 3.3.1 Before you beginPreparation of TUNEL reaction mixture One pair of tubes (vial 1: Enzyme Solution, and vial 2: Label Solution) issufficient for staining 10 samples by using 50 ?l TUNEL reaction mix-ture per sample and 2 negative controls by using 50 ?l Label Solutionper control.Note : The TUNEL reaction mixture should be prepared immediately before use and should not be stored. Keep TUNEL reaction mixture onice until use.Additionalreagents required ?Micrococcal nuclease or ?DNase I, grade I (Cat. No. 104 132)Controls Two negative controls and a positive control should be included ineach experimental set up.StepAction 1Remove 100 ?l Label Solution (vial 2) for two negative con-trols.2Add total volume (50 ?l) of Enzyme solution (vial 1) to the remaining 450 ?l Label Solution in vial 2 to obtain 500 ?l TUNEL reaction mixture.3Mix well to equilibrate components.Negative control:Incubate fixed and permeabilized cells in 50 ?l/well Label Solution (without terminal transferase) instead of TUNEL reaction mixture.Positive control:Incubate fixed and permeabilized cells with micro-coccal nuclease or DNase I, grade I (3000 U/ml– 3 U/ml in 50 mM T ris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl 2 1mg/ml BSA) for 10 min at 15-25°C to induce DNA strand breaks, prior to labeling procedures.3.3.2Labeling protocol for adherent cells, cell smears, cytospin preparations andtissuesAdditional equipment and solutions required ?Washing buffer: PBS ?Humidified chamber ?Parafilm or coverslip Procedure Please refer to the following table.Step Action1Rinse slides twice with PBS.2Dry area around sample.3Add50?l TUNEL reaction mixture on sample.Note: For the negative control add 50 ?l Label solution each.To ensure a homogeneous spread of TUNEL reaction mixtureacross cell monolayer and to avoid evaporative loss, samplesshould be covered with parafilm or coverslip during incuba-tion.4Add lid and incubate for 60 min at 37°C in a humidified atmo-sphere in the dark.5Rinse slide 3 times with PBS.6Samples can be analyzed in a drop of PBS under a fluores-cence microscope at this state. Use an excitation wavelengthin the range of 450–500 nm and detection in the range of515–565 nm (green).3.3.3 Labeling protocol for difficult tissueAdditional equipment and solutions required ?Citrate buffer, 0.1 M, pH 6.0.Washing buffer: PBSTris-HCl, 0.1 M pH 7.5, containing 3% BSA and 20% normal bovine serumPlastic jarMicrowaveHumidified chamberProcedure Please refer to the following table.Step Action1Dewax paraformaldehyde- or formalin-fixed tissue sectionsaccording to standard procedures.2Place the slide(s) in a plastic jar containing 200 ml 0.1 MCitrate buffer, pH 6.0.3?Apply 750 W (high) microwave irradiation for 1 min.Cool rapidly by immediately adding 80 ml double dist.water (20–25°C).Transfer the slide(s) into PBS (20–25°C).DO NOT perform a proteinase K treatment!4Immerse the slide(s) for 30 min at 15–25°C in Tris-HCl, 0.1 MpH 7.5, containing 3% BSA and 20% normal bovineserum.5Rinse the slide(s) twice with PBS at 15–25°C.Let excess fluid drain off.6Add50µl of TUNEL reaction mixture on the section and.Note: For the negative control add 50 µl Label solution.7Incubate for 60 min at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere in thedark.8?Rinse slide(s) three times in PBS for 5 min each.Samples can be analyzed in a drop of PBS under a fluores-cence microscope at this state. Use an excitation wave-length in the range of 450–500 nm and detection in therange of 515–565 nm (green).3.4 SignalconversionAdditional equipment and solutions required ?Washing buffer: PBSHumidified chamberParafilm or coverslipDAB Substrate* (Cat. No. 1 718 096) or alternative POD substrate Mounting medium for light microscopy Procedure Please refer to the following table.Step Action1Dry area around sample.2Add50?l Converter-POD (vial 3) on sample.Note: To ensure a homogeneous spread of Converter-PODacross cell monolayer and to avoid evaporative loss, samplesshould be covered with parafilm or cover slip during incuba-tion.3Incubate slide in a humidified chamber for 30 min at 37°C.4Rinse slide 3× with PBS.5Add 50–100 ?l DAB Substrate or alternative POD substrates.6Incubate slide for 10 min at 15–25°C.7Rinse slide 3× with PBS.8Mount under glass coverslip (e.g. with PBS/glycerol) and ana-lyze under light microscope.Alternative: Samples can be counterstained prior to analysisby light microscope.4. Appendix4.1 Trouble-shootingThis table describes various troubleshooting parameters. Problem Step/Reagent of ProcedurePossible cause RecommendationNonspecific labeling Embedding of tissue UV-irradiation forpolymerization ofembedding material(e.g. methacrylate)leads to DNA strandbreaksTry different embedding materialor different polymerizationreagent.Fixation Acidic fixatives (e.g.methacarn, Carnoy’sfixative)Try 4% buffered paraformal-dehyde.Try formalin or glutaralde-hyde.TUNEL reaction TdT concentration toohighReduce concentration of TdT bydiluting it 1:2 up to 1:10 withTUNEL Dilution Buffer (Cat. No.1 966 06).Converter solution Endogenous PODactivityBlock endogenous POD byimmersing for 10 min in 3%H2O2 in methanol prior to cellpermeabilisation.Non-specific bindingof anti-fluorescein-PODBlock with normal anti-sheepserum.Block for 20 min with PBScontaining 3% BSA.Reduce concentration ofconverter solution to 50%. Nucleases Some tissues (e.g. smooth muscles)show DNA strandbreaks very soon aftertissue preparationFix tissue immediately afterorgan preparation.Perfuse fixative through livervein.Some enzymes arestill activeBlock with a solution containingddUTP and dATP.continued on next page。

TUNEL SOP2012.9.24

TUNEL Standard Operating Procedure一、试剂盒来源美国罗氏（Roche）公司二、实验原理T UNEL（TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT Enzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radish peroxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3’-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

图1 TUNEL 实验原理示意图PROTOCOL OF APOPTOSISPrinciple: The TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase fluorescein-dUTP Nick End Labeling) method identifies apoptotic cells in situ by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to transfer fluorescein-dUTP to the free 3'-OH of cleaved DNA. Then Detect the incorporated fluorescein with an anti-fluorescein antibody conjugating AP(alkaline phosphatase).Procedure:1. Paraffin embedding tissue sections2. Dewax, rehydrate sections by standard methods:Xylene and ethanol(absolute, 95%,90%,80,%70%,diluted in double distilled water)3. Optional: Inactivate endogenous POD/AP activity4. Wash slides with PBS(0.01M, PH7.2~7.4) 3 times, 3~5min/time5. Add protease and incubate (30 min, 37°C, protetase K, working solution:10~20ug/ml in 10mM Tris/HCl, PH7.4~8.0)6. Wash slides with PBS 3 times, 3~5min /time7. Permeabilize sections (2 min, on ice, permeabilisation solution0.1%TritonX-100, 0.1% sodium citrate, freshly prepared.8. Add TUNEL-reaction mixture and incubate (60 min, 37°C)9. Wash slides with PBS 3 times, 3~5min /time10. Optional: Analyze by fluorescence microscopy11. Add Anti-Fluorescein-AP or -POD and incubate (30 min, 37°C)12. Wash slides with PBS 3 times, 3~5min /time13. Add substrate and incubate (5–20 min, RT)14. Analyze by light-microscopy三、实验器材1. 光学器材（可选其一）：①正置光学显微镜及其成像系统（带荧光）②正置光学显微镜（Olympus）+数码相机（小镜头，易伸入显微镜头中拍照）2. 上行脱水缸：75%乙醇溶液、90%乙醇溶液、95%乙醇溶液、100%乙醇溶液、100%乙醇溶液、二甲苯（各1缸，共6个染色缸）3. 下行脱蜡与水化缸：二甲苯2缸（必要时3个）、100%乙醇溶液2缸、95%乙醇1缸、90%乙醇溶液1缸、75%乙醇溶液1缸、三蒸水1缸（8~9个）4．小型染色缸（PBS用）：3个5. 免疫组化笔或唇膏：1支6. 湿盒（带纱布）或自制湿盒：1~2个7. 盖玻片：若干片和若干规格（需处理后用）8. 吸管：若干支9. 加样器：200μL~1000μL、40μL~200μL、2μL~20μL10.枪头：200μL~1000μL、40μL~200μL、2μL~20μL11. 50.0mL螺口血清瓶（高压、消毒）：若干个12. 1.5 mL EP管、2.0 mL 与5.0 mL 冻存管（高压、消毒）：若干个13. EP管与冻存管架：若干个14. 苏木素染缸：1个15. 分色缸：1个16. PBS大缸：1个17.针式滤器（0.6μm）与10mL、50mL注射器：若干个18. 500mL容量瓶或盐水瓶：2个19. 有齿镊、小弯镊、小竹签（滴中性树胶用）：各1把（支）20. 清洁盖玻片储存盒：1个或清洁盖玻片储存缸1个21. 培养箱或温箱：37℃孵育用22. 烤箱：60℃考片用23.量筒：250mL、500mL、1000 mL、2000 mL，各1个24. 烧杯：50 mL、250 mL、500mL、1000 mL、2000 mL，各1个25. 玻棒：2支26. 磁力搅拌器：1个27. 50 mL 容量瓶1个28. 10mL试管（配DAB专用）若干支四、试剂1. 试剂盒含TdT 10×、荧光素标记的dUTP 1×、标记荧光素抗体的HRP；2. 自备试剂（1）PBS（0.01M，PH 7.4）：中国福州迈新公司（2）单蒸水、三蒸水或超纯水（3）二甲苯（4）梯度乙醇溶液（100%、95%、90%、75%）：采用95%与无水乙醇配制（5）DAB显色试剂盒（含20×DAB、30%H2O2、PBS）：中国福州迈新公司（6）蛋白酶K（Proteinase K）：（MERCK公司）①母液（1mg/mL）： -20℃保存；②工作液：10-20 μg/mL in 10 mM Tris/HCL，pH 7.4-8，4℃保存，以1月内使用为宜。

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明方案

罗氏(R o c h e)公司T u n e l试剂盒操作说明书(Insitucelldeathdetectionkit-POD法)一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediateddUTPnickendlabeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdTEnzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radishperoxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3‘-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含：1号（蓝盖）EnzymeSolution酶溶液：TdT10×、2号（紫盖）LabelSolution标记液：荧光素标记的dUTP1×、3号（棕瓶）Converter-POD:标记荧光素抗体的HRP；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5μl20×DAB+1μL30%H2O2+94μlPBS）、ProteinaseK工作液（10-20μg/mlin10mMTris/HCl，pH7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1%TritonX-100溶于0.1%柠檬酸钠，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase1（3000U/ml–3U/mlin50mMTris-HCl，pH7.5，10mMMgCl2，1mg/mlBSA）等。

TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒罗氏

TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒罗⽒For research purposes only. Not for use for in vitro diagnosticprocedures for clinical diagnosis.In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, PODKit for immunohistochemical detection and quantification of apop-tosis (programmed cell death) at single cell level, based on labeling of DNA strand breaks (TUNEL technology): Analysis by light microscopy.Cat. No. 1 684 817Store at ?15 to ?25°C 1 Kit (50 tests)Instruction ManualVersion 3, January 20031. Preface1.1Table of contentsP reface(2)1.1.1Table of contents (2)(3)1.2 Kitcontents(5)2. Introduction2.1Product overview (5)(8)2.2 Backgroundinformation3. Procedures and required materials (10)3.1Flow chart (10)3.2Preparation of sample material (11)3.2.1Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospin preparations (11)(12)sections3.2.2 Tissue3.2.2.1 Treatment of paraffin-embedded tissue (12)3.2.2.2Treatment of cryopreserved tissue (14)3.3Labeling protocol (15)3.3.1 Before you begin (15)3.3.2Labeling protocol for adherent cells, cell smears, cytospin preparations, and tissues (16)3.3.3 Labeling protocol for difficult tissue (17)(18)conversion3.4 Signal(19)4. Appendix(19)4.1 Trouble-shooting(22)4.2 References(23)4.3 Relatedproducts1.2 KitcontentsCaution The Label solution contains cacodylate, toxic by inhalation and swal-lowed, and cobalt dichloride, which may cause cancer by inhalation.Avoid exposure and obtain special instructions before use.When using do not eat, drink or smoke. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. In case of accident or if you feelunwell seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible). Collect the supernatants from the labeling reactions in a tightly closed,non-breakable container and indicate contents. Discard as regulatedfor toxic waste.Kit contents Please refer to the following table for the contents of the kit.Vial/CapLabel Contents1 blue Enzyme Solution?Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasefrom calf thymus (EC 2.7.7.31), recom-binant in E. coli, in storage buffer10× conc.5×50l2 violet Label Solution?Nucleotide mixture in reaction buffer1×conc.5 × 550 l3 yellow Converter-POD?Anti-fluorescein antibody, Fab frag-ment from sheep, conjugated withhorse-radish peroxidase (POD)Ready-to-use3.5mlAdditional equipment required In addition to the reagents listed above, you have to prepare several solutions. In the table you will find an overview about the equipment which is needed for the different procedures.Detailed information is given in front of each procedure.Procedure Equipment Reagents Preparation of sample material (section 3.2)Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospinpreparations (section3.2.1)?Cryopreserved tissue (section 3.2.2.2)?Washing buffer: Phosphate buffered saline(PBS*)Blocking solution: 3% H2O2 in methanolFixation solution: 4% Paraformaldehyde inPBS, pH 7.4, freshly prepared ?Permeabilisation solution: 0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate, freshly pre-pared (6)Paraffin-embedded tissue (section 3.2.2.1)?Xylene and ethanol (absolute, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, diluted in double distilled water)?Washing buffer: PBS*Proteinase K*, nuclease, working solution: [10-20 µg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4-8] Alternative treatments Permeabilisation solution: (0.1% Triton1) X–100, 0.1% sodium citrate) , freshly prepared Pepsin* (0.25% - 0.5% in HCl, pH 2) or trypsin*, 0.01 N HCl, nuclease free0.1 M Citrate buffer, pH 6 for microwave irradiationLabeling protocol (section 3.3)Positive control (section 3.3.1)?Micrococcal nuclease or ?DNase I, grade I *Adherent cells, cell smears, cytospin preparations, and tissues (section 3.3.2) ?Parafilm orcoverslipsHumidifiedchamberWashing buffer: PBS*Difficult tissue (section 3.3.3)?Plastic jarMicrowaveHumidifiedchamberCitrate buffer, 0.1 M, pH 6.0.Washing buffer: PBS*Tris-HCl, 0.1 M pH 7.5, containing 3% BSA*and 20% normal bovine serumSignal conversion (section 3.4)Humidified chamber Parafilm or coverslip Washing buffer: PBS*DAB Metal Enhanced Substrate Set* or alternative POD substrates Mounting medium for light microscopy1.2 Kitcontents,continued2. Introduction2.1Product overviewTest principle Cleavage of genomic DNA during apoptosis may yield double-stranded, low molecular weight DNA fragments (mono- and oligonu-cleosomes) as well as single strand breaks (“nicks”) in high molecularweight DNA.Those DNA strand breaks can be identified by labeling free 3’-OH ter-mini with modified nucleotides in an enzymatic reaction.Fig. 1: Test principleApplication The In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit is designed as a precise, fast and simple, non-radioactive technique to detect and quantify apoptotic celldeath at single cell level in cells and tissues. Thus, the In Situ CellDeath Detection Kit can be used in many different assay systems.Examples are:Detection of individual apoptotic cells in frozen and formalin fixedtissue sections in basic research and routine pathology.Determination of sensitivity of malignant cells to drug induced apo-ptosis in cancer research and clinical oncology.Typing of cells undergoing cell death in heterogeneous populationsby double staining procedures (6).Specificity The TUNEL reaction preferentially labels DNA strand breaks gener-ated during apoptosis. This allows discrimination of apoptosis fromnecrosis and from primary DNA strand breaks induced by cytostaticdrugs or irradiation (3, 4).Test interference False negative results: DNA cleavage can be absent or incomplete in some forms of apoptotic cell death (37). Sterical hindrance such asextracellular matrix components can prevent access of TdT to DNAstrand breaks. In either case false negative results can be obtained.False positive results: Extensive DNA fragmentation may occur in latestages of necrosis (4, 38).DNA strand breaks may also be prominent in cell populations withhigh proliferative or metabolic activity. In either case false positiveresults may be obtained. To confirm apoptotic mode of cell death, themorphology of respective cells should be examined very carefully.Morphological changes during apoptosis have a characteristic pattern.Therefore evaluation of cell morphology is an important parameter insituations where there is any ambiguity regarding interpretation ofresults.Sample material?Cytospin and cell smear preparationsAdherent cells cultured on chamber slides (31)Frozen or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections (1, 25,26, 29, 30, 32–34, 36, 39)Assay time2–3 hours, excluding culture, fixation and permeabilisation of cells and preparation of tissue sections. Number of tests The kit is designed for 50 tests.Kit storage/ stability The unopened kit is stable at ?15 to ?25°C through the expiration date printed on the label. Reagent Storage and stabilityTUNEL reaction mixture The TUNEL reaction mixture should be pre-pared immediately before use and shouldnot be stored.Keep TUNEL reaction mixture on ice untiluse.Converter-POD Once thawed the Converter-POD solutionshould be stored at 2–8°C (maximum stabil-ity 6 months).Note: Do not freeze!Advantage Please refer to the following table.Benefit FeatureSensitive Detection of apoptotic cell death at singlecell level at very early stages (1, 2, 6).Specific Preferential labeling of apoptosis versusnecrosis (3, 4).Fast Short assay time (2-3 h).Convenient?Reagents are provided in stable, opti-mized form.No dilution steps required.Flexible?Suitable for fixed cells and tissue. Thisallows accumulation, storage and trans-port of samples (2, 5).Double staining enables identification oftype and differentiation state of cellsundergoing apoptosis (6).Function-tested Every lot is function-tested on apoptoticcells in comparison to a master lot.2.2 BackgroundinformationCell death Two distinct modes of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, can be distin-guished based on differences in morphological, biochemical andmolecular changes of dying cells.Programmed cell death or apoptosis is the most common form ofeukaryotic cell death. It is a physiological suicide mechanism that pre-serves homeostasis, in which cell death naturally occurs during normaltissue turnover (8, 9). In general, cells undergoing apoptosis display acharacteristic pattern of structural changes in nucleus and cytoplasm,including rapid blebbing of plasma membrane and nuclear disintegra-tion. The nuclear collapse is associated with extensive damage tochromatin and DNA-cleavage into oligonucleosomal length DNA frag-ments after activation of a calcium-dependent endogenous endonu-clease (10, 11). However, very rare exceptions have been describedwhere morphological features of apoptosis are not accompanied witholigonucleosomal DNA cleavage (37).Apoptosis Apoptosis is essential in many physiological processes, includingmaturation and effector mechanisms of the immune system (12, 13),embryonic development of tissue, organs and limbs (14), developmentof the nervous system (15, 16) and hormone-dependent tissueremodeling (17). Inappropriate regulation of apoptosis may play animportant role in many pathological conditions like ischemia, stroke,heart disease, cancer, AIDS, autoimmunity, hepatotoxicity and degen-erative diseases of the central nervous system (18–20).In oncology, extensive interest in apoptosis comes from the observa-tion, that this mode of cell death is triggered by a variety of antitumordrugs, radiation and hyperthermia, and that the intrinsic propensity oftumor cells to respond by apoptosis is modulated by expression ofseveral oncogenes and may be a prognostic marker for cancer treat-ment (21).Identification of apoptosis Several methods have been described to identify apoptotic cells (22– 24). Endonucleolysis is considered as the key biochemical event of apoptosis, resulting in cleavage of nuclear DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments. Therefore, this process is commonly used for detec-tion of apoptosis by the typical “DNA ladder“ on agarose gels during electrophoresis. This method, however, can not provide information regarding apoptosis in individual cells nor relate cellular apoptosis to histological localization or cell differentiation.This can be done by enzymatic in situ labeling of apoptosis induced DNA strand breaks. DNA polymerase as well as terminal deoxynucle-otidyl transferase (TdT) (1-6, 25-36, 41) have been used for the incor-poration of labeled nucleotides to DNA strand breaks in situ. The tailing reaction using TdT, which was also described as ISEL (in situ end labeling) (5, 35) or TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) (1, 6, 31, 33) technique, has several advantages in comparison to the in situ nick translation (ISNT) using DNA polymerase:Label intensity of apoptotic cells is higher with TUNEL compared to ISNT, resulting in an increased sensitivity (2, 4). Kinetics of nucleotide incorporation is very rapid with TUNEL com-pared to the ISNT (2, 4).TUNEL preferentially labels apoptosis in comparison to necrosis, thereby discriminating apoptosis from necrosis and from primary DNA strand breaks induced by antitumor drugs or radiation (3, 4).2.2 Backgroundinformation,continued3. Procedures and required materialsThe working procedure described below has been developed andpublished by R. Sgonc and colleagues (6). The main advantage of thissimple and rapid procedure is the use of fluorescein-dUTP to labelDNA strand breaks. This allows the detection of DNA fragmentationby fluorescence microscopy directly after the TUNEL reaction priorto the addition of the secondary anti-fluorescein-POD-conjugate.3.1Flow chartAssay procedure The assay procedure is explained in the following flow chart.Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospin preparations Cryopreservedtissue sectionsParaffin-embeddedtissue sections↓↓↓Fixation ?Dewaxation ?Rehydration ?ProteasetreatmentPermeabilisation of samples↓Addition of TUNEL reaction mixtureOPTIONAL: Analysis of samples by fluorescence microscopy↓Addition of Converter-PODAddition of Substrate solution↓Analysis of samples by light microscopy3.2Preparation of sample material3.2.1Adherent cells, cell smears and cytospin preparationsAdditional solutions required ?Washing buffer: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)Blocking solution: 3% H2O2 in methanolFixation solution: 4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH 7.4, freshly pre-paredPermeabilisation solution: 0.1% Triton1) X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate, freshly prepared (6)Procedure In the following table describes the fixation of cells, blocking of endo-genous peroxidase and cell permeabilisation.Note: Fix and permeabilisate two additional cell samples for the nega-tive and positive labeling controls.Step Action1Fix air dried cell samples with a freshly prepared Fixationsolution for 1 h at 15-25°C.2Rinse slides with PBS.3Incubate with Blocking solution for 10 min at 15-25°C.4Rinse slides with PBS.5Incubate in Permeabilisation solution for 2 min on ice (2-8°C).6Proceed as described under 3.3.3.2.2 Tissue sections3.2.2.1 Treatment of paraffin-embedded tissuePretreatment of paraffin embedded tissue Tissue sections can be pretreated in 4 different ways. If you use Pro-teinase K the concentration, incubation time and temperature have to be optimized for each type of tissue (1, 29, 33, 36, 40, 42).Note: Use Proteinase K only from Roche Applied Science, because it is tested for absence of nucleases which might lead to false-positive results!The other 3 alternative procedures are also described in the following table (step 2).Additional solutions required ?Xylene and ethanol (absolute, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, diluted in dou-ble distilled water) Washing buffer: PBSProteinase K, nuclease free (Cat. No. 745 723), working solution: [10-20 g/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4-8] Alternative treatmentsPermeabilisation solution: 0.1% Triton1) X–100, 0.1% sodium citrate, freshly preparedPepsin* (0.25% - 0.5% in HCl, pH 2) or trypsin*, 0.01 N HCl, nuclease free0.1 M Citrate buffer, pH 6 for the microwave irradiationProcedure In the following table the pretreatment of paraffin-embedded tissue with Proteinase K treatment and 3 alternative procedures aredescribed.Note: Add additional tissue sections for the negative and positivelabeling controls.Step Action1Dewax and rehydrate tissue section according to standardprotocols (e.g. by heating at 60°C followed by washing inxylene and rehydration through a graded series of ethanoland double dist. water) (1, 33, 36).2Incubate tissue section for 15-30 min at 21–37°C with Pro-teinase K working solution.Alternatives:Treatment:1. Permeabilisa-tion solutionIncubate slides for 8 min.2. Pepsin* (30, 40)or trypsin*15-60 min at 37°C.3. Microwave irradiation ?Place the slide(s) in a plastic jar containing 200 ml 0.1 M Citrate buffer, pH6.0.Apply 350 W microwave irradiation for 5 min.3Rinse slide(s) twice with PBS.4Proceed as described under 3.3.3.2.2.1 Treatment of paraffin-embedded tissue, continued3.2.2.2Treatment of cryopreserved tissueAdditional solutions required ?Fixation solution: 4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH 7.4, freshly pre-paredWashing buffer: PBSBlocking solution: 3% H2O2 in methanolPermeabilisation solution (0.1% Triton1) X–100, 0.1% sodium citrate), freshly preparedCryopreserved tissue In the following table the pretreatment of cryopreserved tissue is described.Note: Fix and permeabilisate two additional samples for the negative and positive labeling controls.Step Action1Fix tissue section with Fixation solution for 20 min at 15–25°C.2Wash 30 min with PBS.Note:For storage, dehydrate fixed tissue sections 2 min inabsolute ethanol and store at ?15 to ?25°C.3Incubate with Blocking solution for 10 min at 15–25°C.4Rinse slides with PBS.5Incubate in Permeabilisation solution for 2 min on ice (2–8°C).6Proceed as described under 3.3.3.3Labeling protocol 3.3.1 Before you beginPreparation of TUNEL reaction mixture One pair of tubes (vial 1: Enzyme Solution, and vial 2: Label Solution) issufficient for staining 10 samples by using 50 ?l TUNEL reaction mix-ture per sample and 2 negative controls by using 50 ?l Label Solutionper control.Note : The TUNEL reaction mixture should be prepared immediately before use and should not be stored. Keep TUNEL reaction mixture onice until use.Additionalreagents required ?Micrococcal nuclease or ?DNase I, grade I (Cat. No. 104 132)Controls Two negative controls and a positive control should be included ineach experimental set up.StepAction 1Remove 100 ?l Label Solution (vial 2) for two negative con-trols.2Add total volume (50 ?l) of Enzyme solution (vial 1) to the remaining 450 ?l Label Solution in vial 2 to obtain 500 ?l TUNEL reaction mixture.3Mix well to equilibrate components.Negative control:Incubate fixed and permeabilized cells in 50 ?l/well Label Solution (without terminal transferase) instead of TUNEL reaction mixture.Positive control:Incubate fixed and permeabilized cells with micro-coccal nuclease or DNase I, grade I (3000 U/ml– 3 U/ml in 50 mM T ris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl 2 1mg/ml BSA) for 10 min at 15-25°C to induce DNA strand breaks, prior to labeling procedures.3.3.2Labeling protocol for adherent cells, cell smears, cytospin preparations andtissuesAdditional equipment and solutions required ?Washing buffer: PBS ?Humidified chamber ?Parafilm or coverslip Procedure Please refer to the following table.Step Action1Rinse slides twice with PBS.2Dry area around sample.3Add50?l TUNEL reaction mixture on sample.Note: For the negative control add 50 ?l Label solution each.To ensure a homogeneous spread of TUNEL reaction mixtureacross cell monolayer and to avoid evaporative loss, samplesshould be covered with parafilm or coverslip during incuba-tion.4Add lid and incubate for 60 min at 37°C in a humidified atmo-sphere in the dark.5Rinse slide 3 times with PBS.6Samples can be analyzed in a drop of PBS under a fluores-cence microscope at this state. Use an excitation wavelengthin the range of 450–500 nm and detection in the range of515–565 nm (green).3.3.3 Labeling protocol for difficult tissueAdditional equipment and solutions required ?Citrate buffer, 0.1 M, pH 6.0.Washing buffer: PBSTris-HCl, 0.1 M pH 7.5, containing 3% BSA and 20% normal bovine serumPlastic jarMicrowaveHumidified chamberProcedure Please refer to the following table.Step Action1Dewax paraformaldehyde- or formalin-fixed tissue sectionsaccording to standard procedures.2Place the slide(s) in a plastic jar containing 200 ml 0.1 MCitrate buffer, pH 6.0.3?Apply 750 W (high) microwave irradiation for 1 min.Cool rapidly by immediately adding 80 ml double dist.water (20–25°C).Transfer the slide(s) into PBS (20–25°C).DO NOT perform a proteinase K treatment!4Immerse the slide(s) for 30 min at 15–25°C in Tris-HCl, 0.1 MpH 7.5, containing 3% BSA and 20% normal bovineserum.5Rinse the slide(s) twice with PBS at 15–25°C.Let excess fluid drain off.6Add50µl of TUNEL reaction mixture on the section and.Note: For the negative control add 50 µl Label solution.7Incubate for 60 min at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere in thedark.8?Rinse slide(s) three times in PBS for 5 min each.Samples can be analyzed in a drop of PBS under a fluores-cence microscope at this state. Use an excitation wave-length in the range of 450–500 nm and detection in therange of 515–565 nm (green).3.4 SignalconversionAdditional equipment and solutions required ?Washing buffer: PBSHumidified chamberParafilm or coverslipDAB Substrate* (Cat. No. 1 718 096) or alternative POD substrate Mounting medium for light microscopy Procedure Please refer to the following table.Step Action1Dry area around sample.2Add50?l Converter-POD (vial 3) on sample.Note: To ensure a homogeneous spread of Converter-PODacross cell monolayer and to avoid evaporative loss, samplesshould be covered with parafilm or cover slip during incuba-tion.3Incubate slide in a humidified chamber for 30 min at 37°C.4Rinse slide 3× with PBS.5Add 50–100 ?l DAB Substrate or alternative POD substrates.6Incubate slide for 10 min at 15–25°C.7Rinse slide 3× with PBS.8Mount under glass coverslip (e.g. with PBS/glycerol) and ana-lyze under light microscope.Alternative: Samples can be counterstained prior to analysisby light microscope.4. Appendix4.1 Trouble-shootingThis table describes various troubleshooting parameters. Problem Step/Reagent of ProcedurePossible cause RecommendationNonspecific labeling Embedding of tissue UV-irradiation forpolymerization ofembedding material(e.g. methacrylate)leads to DNA strandbreaksTry different embedding materialor different polymerizationreagent.Fixation Acidic fixatives (e.g.methacarn, Carnoy’sfixative)Try 4% buffered paraformal-dehyde.Try formalin or glutaralde-hyde.TUNEL reaction TdT concentration toohighReduce concentration of TdT bydiluting it 1:2 up to 1:10 withTUNEL Dilution Buffer (Cat. No.1 966 06).Converter solution Endogenous PODactivityBlock endogenous POD byimmersing for 10 min in 3%H2O2 in methanol prior to cellpermeabilisation.Non-specific bindingof anti-fluorescein-PODBlock with normal anti-sheepserum.Block for 20 min with PBScontaining 3% BSA.Reduce concentration ofconverter solution to 50%. Nucleases Some tissues (e.g. smooth muscles)show DNA strandbreaks very soon aftertissue preparationFix tissue immediately afterorgan preparation.Perfuse fixative through livervein.Some enzymes arestill activeBlock with a solution containingddUTP and dATP.continued on next page。

罗氏TUNEL使用说明书(中文)

罗氏公司TUNEL细胞凋亡检测程序（In situ cell death detection kit-POD法）一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT Enzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radish peroxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3'-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含TdT 10×、荧光素标记的dUTP 1×、标记荧光素抗体的HRP；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70％）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5 µl 20×DAB＋1μL30％H2O2＋94 µl PBS）、Proteinase K工作液（10-20 μg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase 1（3000 U/ml– 3 U/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl，pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2，1 mg/ml BSA）等。

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书 (2)

罗氏(R o c h e)公司T u n e l试剂盒操作说明书(Insitucelldeathdetectionkit-POD法)一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediateddUTPnickendlabeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdTEnzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radishperoxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3‘-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含：1号（蓝盖）EnzymeSolution酶溶液：TdT10×、2号（紫盖）LabelSolution标记液：荧光素标记的dUTP1×、3号（棕瓶）Converter-POD:标记荧光素抗体的HRP；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5μl20×DAB+1μL30%H2O2+94μlPBS）、ProteinaseK工作液（10-20μg/mlin10mMTris/HCl，pH7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1%TritonX-100溶于0.1%柠檬酸钠，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase1（3000U/ml–3U/mlin50mMTris-HCl，pH7.5，10mMMgCl2，1mg/mlBSA）等。

TUNEL说明书

不适用于诊断，仅供生命科学实验使用。

仅供体外使用。

TUNEL细胞凋亡原位检测试剂盒（标记POD）本试剂盒可标记DNA链末端，即TUNEL技术。

用于单个细胞水平凋亡（细胞程序性死亡）的免疫组织化学检测和定量分析。

光镜检测。

批号：11684817910一盒可用50次储存：-15—-25℃操作指南2006.01.1.2 试剂盒组成注意事项本品标记溶液含有二甲基砷酸盐，容易被吸入而产生毒性和导致呕吐；也含有二氯化钴，吸入后容易致癌。

因此应避免接触并遵循相关的操作说明。

使用过程中不能吃、喝和抽烟。

如果接触到皮肤，应立即用大量水冲洗干净。

如果感觉不适或者突发其它情况，应立即就医。

酶标反应应在致密的、无损坏的容器中进行，收集上清液后应标明成分。

垃圾应作为有毒废物进行处理。

注意：与先前的试剂盒/管不同，次试剂盒的酶溶解液不再含有毒的二甲砷基酸盐，因此瓶1没有毒性。

试剂盒组成请参照下表对比试剂盒组成试剂盒外自备仪器和试剂出上表所列试剂外，实验者需制备系列溶液。

下表列出了在不同实验步骤中所需要的试剂。

在每步操作前都给出了详细的说明。

2 引言2.1 产品描述实验原理在细胞凋亡过程中，基因组DNA 会断裂产生双链、低分子量的DNA 片段和高分子量的单链DNA 断端（缺口），这些DNA 链缺口可以利用酶标记核苷酸3’末端方法来识别。

应用原位细胞凋亡检测试剂盒具有准确、快速、简单、非辐射等特点，可以用来对细胞或者组织中的单个细胞进行检测并定量，因而次法被用在很多分析系统中，例如：●在基础研究和日常病理中检测冰冻和福尔马林固定的组织切片。

●在肿瘤研究和临床癌基因研究中确定某些恶性肿瘤对某种药物的敏感性。

●通过双染色操作，确定经历死亡的异常增生细胞的分型。

专一性TUNEL反应可以更好的标记通过凋亡产生的DNA链末端，因此就可以区分出凋亡与坏死，以及由抗肿瘤药物或者放射诱发的初始DNA链末端。

试验干扰假阴性：在某些形式的细胞凋亡中，DNA逃逸酶切或者不完全（37）。

tunel检测说明书

一、TUNEL试剂盒说明凯基一步法TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(One Step TUNEL Apoptosis Assay Kit)为您提供了一种高灵敏度又快速简便的细胞凋亡检测方法，可检测细胞在凋亡过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况，其原理是绿色荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT Enzyme）的作用下,可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂的DNA的3'－OH末端，可用荧光显微镜检测。

由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA的断裂，因而没有3'-OH形成，很少能够被标记。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）的凋亡原位检测。

对于经过固定和洗涤的细胞或组织，只要经过一步染色反应，洗涤后就可以通过荧光显微镜检测到凋亡细胞。

本试剂盒特点●操作简便：使用Ready-to-Use型试剂，只需一步染色反应，洗涤后即可观察。

●高灵敏度：可以单一检出初期的凋亡细胞。

●高特异性：能特异性染色凋亡细胞。

●快速操作：仅需约1-2个小时即可完成整体操作。

●方便观察：可使用荧光显微镜观察实验结果。

●高正确性：有阳性对照片的制备方法，可以确认试剂盒的有效性●应用范围广：可以用于冷冻或石蜡切片中的组织细胞凋亡检测，也可检测培养的贴壁细胞或悬浮细胞的凋亡情况。

二、TUNEL试剂盒组分注意事项1．使用前请认真阅读本说明书，提前准备好相关试剂。

2．因本试剂盒中组分均为微量，使用前请离心集液。

3．为避免试验误差、降低试剂的损耗，建议使用精密度高的进口微量移液枪及枪头。

4． TdT 酶反应液最好在使用前根椐样本数量集中配制，再分别滴加于各样本片上，避免每个样本单独配制而产生的试剂损耗。

5. 用户自备：二甲苯、多聚甲醛、PBS、H2O2、TritonX-100、柠檬酸钠、盖玻片、载玻片、染色缸。

三、操作流程概览细胞涂片、贴壁细胞爬片等细胞样本四、检测样本的预处理TUNEL检测时样本的预处理是试验的关键所在，本说明书推荐的条件仅为普遍情况，用户需根椐自已的样本材料及首次试验结果来调整各个条件（参照Page 10），如处理时间、处理浓度等，来优化出适合自身样本的试验条件，从而做出客观的试验结果。

TUNEL细胞凋亡原位检测试剂盒说明书

TUNEL细胞凋亡原位检测试剂盒(通用)（BIOTIN标记POD法,适用于细胞、组织样本）一 TUNEL检测原理凯基TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测细胞在凋亡过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况，其原理是生物素（biotin）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT Enzyme）的作用下,可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂的DNA的3‘－OH末端，并可与连接了的辣根过氧化酶的链霉亲和素（Streptavidin-HRP）特异结合，在辣根过氧化酶底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）的存在下，产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在普通显微镜下即可观察和计数凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA的断裂，因而没有3'-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）的凋亡原位检测。

二 TUNEL试剂盒组分组份20 assays 50 assays 100 assays 储存条件Equilibration Buffer 1.0 mL 2.5 mL 5.0 mL -20℃Biotin-11-dUTP 20μL 50μL 100μL -20℃TdT Enzyme 80μL 200μL 400μL -20℃50×Proteinase K40μL 100μL 200μL -20℃Streptavidin-HRP 10μL 25μL 50μL 4℃避光DAB 2mg 5mg 10 mg -20℃注意事项1 使用前请认真阅读本说明书，提前准备好相关试剂。

2 因本试剂盒中组分均为微量，使用前请离心集液。

3 为避免试验误差、降低试剂的损耗，建议使用精密度高的进口微量移液枪及枪头。

4 TdT 酶反应液最好在使用前根椐样本数量集中配制，再分别滴加于各样本片上，避免每个样本单独配制而产生的试剂损耗。

5 另因DAB为固体粉末，使用前加入适量PBS溶解，配制成20×DAB（10 mg/ml）后，按下述方法显色使用。

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书 (2)

罗氏(R o c h e)公司T u n e l试剂盒操作说明书(Insitucelldeathdetectionkit-POD法)一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediateddUTPnickendlabeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdTEnzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radishperoxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3‘-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含：1号（蓝盖）EnzymeSolution酶溶液：TdT10×、2号（紫盖）LabelSolution标记液：荧光素标记的dUTP1×、3号（棕瓶）Converter-POD:标记荧光素抗体的HRP；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5μl20×DAB+1μL30%H2O2+94μlPBS）、ProteinaseK工作液（10-20μg/mlin10mMTris/HCl，pH7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1%TritonX-100溶于0.1%柠檬酸钠，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase1（3000U/ml–3U/mlin50mMTris-HCl，pH7.5，10mMMgCl2，1mg/mlBSA）等。

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明方案 (2)

罗氏(R o c h e)公司T u n e l试剂盒操作说明书(Insitucelldeathdetectionkit-POD法)一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediateddUTPnickendlabeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdTEnzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radishperoxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3‘-OH形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含：1号（蓝盖）EnzymeSolution酶溶液：TdT10×、2号（紫盖）LabelSolution标记液：荧光素标记的dUTP1×、3号（棕瓶）Converter-POD:标记荧光素抗体的HRP；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5μl20×DAB+1μL30%H2O2+94μlPBS）、ProteinaseK工作液（10-20μg/mlin10mMTris/HCl，pH7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1%TritonX-100溶于0.1%柠檬酸钠，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase1（3000U/ml–3U/mlin50mMTris-HCl，pH7.5，10mMMgCl2，1mg/mlBSA）等。

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

罗氏 (Roche)公司 Tunel 试剂盒操作说明书(In situ cell death detection kit-POD法)一、原理：TUNEL （TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA 的断裂情况。

其原理是荧光素（ fluorescein）标记的 dUTP 在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（ TdT Enzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂 DNA 的3’-OH 末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radish peroxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与 HRP 底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB ）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有 DNA 断裂，因而没有 3‘-OH 形成，很少能够被染色。

本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。

还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。

二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含：1 号（蓝盖） Enzyme Solution 酶溶液： TdT 10×、2号（紫盖） Label Solution 标记液：荧光素标记的 dUTP 1×、3号（棕瓶） Converter-POD:标记荧光素抗体的 HRP；自备试剂： PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB 工作液（临用前配制， 5 μl 20 ×DAB+1 μL 30%H2O2+94 μl PBS）、Proteinase K工作液（ 10-20 μg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl ，pH 7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1% Triton X-100 溶于 0.1% 柠檬酸钠，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、 DNase 1（3000 U/ml– 3 U/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl ，pH 7.5， 10 mM MgCl2 ，1 mg/ml BSA ）等。

自己翻译的罗氏tunel检测细胞凋亡试剂盒说明手册

罗氏t u n e l检测细胞凋亡试剂盒说明书
注意：Label溶液含有甲次砷酸盐和二氯化钴，严禁吸入和食入。

反应悬浮物收集于密闭、不易碎、有明确标识的容器中，按有毒废物处理。

1流程图：
2样品准备
2.1黏附细胞、细胞涂片和细胞离心涂片
需准备的其他试剂：Washingbuffer：磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）
Blockingbuffer封闭溶液：甲醇稀释的3%H2O2
替代处理方案
※渗透溶液：0.1%Triton1）X-100，溶于0.1%柠檬酸钠的，新鲜配制
※胃蛋白酶*（0.25%-0.5%，溶于盐酸中，ph2）或胰蛋白酶
*，0.01NHCL，不含核酸酶
※0.1M柠檬酸缓冲液，ph6，微波照射
步骤：下表描述了用蛋白酶K（不含核酸酶）和3中替代方法预处理福尔马林-包埋组织的方法
需准备的其他设备和试剂：Washingbuffer：PBS 湿盒
Parafilm石蜡封口膜或盖片
3.4信号转换
需要准备的其他设备和试剂：Washingbuffer：PBS。

TUNEL说明书

TUNEL说明书1 介绍TUNEL是提供单细胞水平细胞凋亡的稳定系统，能够迅速、快捷、精确的检测出凋亡细胞。

该试剂盒可以通过测定核DNA片段检测组织切片和培养细胞的凋亡细胞。

多数高等真核生物的细胞都通过启动自身的细胞自杀程序实现程序性死亡或细胞凋亡。

凋亡在发育、内环境稳定和一些疾病中具有重要作用。

凋亡具有某些特定的形态学特征，包括细胞膜起泡，细胞核和细胞质固缩，染色质浓缩，并且不发生局部炎症反应。

细胞死亡与此相反，它的特点是细胞肿胀，染色质絮凝，细胞膜完整性破坏，细胞溶解和产生及局部炎症反应。

凋亡过程中，内源性Ca2+、Mg2+依赖性核酸内切酶被激活，DNA被降解而形成末端为3’－OH、含180～200碱基对的不同倍数的核苷酸片段。

TUNEL 可用于多种细胞凋亡的检测，已经经过验证的应用范围: Vibratome® 神经组织切片, Jurkat 细胞, HL-60细胞这本技术小册子包括检测组织切片和茴香霉素诱导的HL-60细胞的细胞凋亡。

检测原理: DeadEnd™ Colorimetric TUNEL 系统使用改良的TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling)对凋亡细胞的断裂DNA进行末端标记。

使用末端脱氧核苷转移酶(TdT)将生物素标记的核苷被掺入到DNA的3′-OH末端。

然后，辣根过氧化物酶标记的链霉亲和素(Streptavidin HRP)结合在上述生物素标记的核苷上，可以通过过氧化物酶的底物——过氧化氢和稳定的显色剂氨基联苯胺(DAB)检测到。

用这种程序，凋亡细胞的核被染成深棕色。

2 产品内容G7361平衡缓冲液（G327B）——4.8ml末端脱氧核苷酰酶酸转移酶（M828B）——20ul抗生物素蛋白链菌素辣根过氧化物酶（G714A）——40ul生物素化的核苷混合物（G715A）——20ul蛋白酶K（V302A）——10mgG7362塑料盖玻片（G326B）——2020X SSC（G329B）——20mlDAB 20X 色原体（G716A）——200ul20X DAB底物缓冲液（G717A）——200ul20X过氧化氢（G718A）——200ul储存条件: 将平衡缓冲液, TdT酶, 生物素标记的核苷混合物和蛋白酶K 储存于–20°C。

翻译好的 罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

TUNEL细胞凋亡试剂盒内容及操作步骤

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

罗氏（Roche）公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

翻译好的 罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

罗氏 荧光 tunel (11684795910)说明书

TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒罗氏

TUNEL SOP2012.9.24

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明方案

TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒罗氏

罗氏TUNEL使用说明书(中文)

翻译好的 罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书 (2)

TUNEL说明书

tunel检测说明书

TUNEL细胞凋亡原位检测试剂盒说明书

翻译好的 罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书 (2)

翻译好的 罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明方案 (2)

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

自己翻译的罗氏tunel检测细胞凋亡试剂盒说明手册

TUNEL说明书

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书

罗氏荧光 tunel (11684795910)说明书

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书 (2)

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明书 (2)

翻译好的罗氏公司Tunel试剂盒操作说明方案 (2)