英语作业Short board theory

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short essay

Kathleen E Sullivan. Paragraph Practice
Examine the following examples: Living in the Present About one of man’s frailties（弱点） Thomas Wolf wrote, “He talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.” This observation is related to a principle by which I try to (without always succeeding) live. (THESIS STATEMENT) I believe in the present because it is futile（无用） to dwell on the past, to worry about the future, or to miss anything in the only reality I know.
The thesis statement
1. People who live in the suburbs are alike. People who live in the suburbs are alike in age, race and politics. 2. Capital punishment should be abolished. Capital punishment should be abolished because it is useless and inhuman. 3. Pollution constitutes a serious problem to humanity. Air and water pollution constitute a serious problem to humanity. 4. Life on this earth may soon be wiped out. Plants, animals and people may soon be wiped out. 5. The essay is satire. The essay satirizes young as well as older people.

英语教学论课程作业习题集

英语教学论作业习题集Unit 1 Language and Language Learning1.What are the three views on language?1) Structural view on language:The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences. Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.This view on language limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary.2) Functional view on language:The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. This view on language adds the need to know how to use the rules and vocabulary to do whatever it is one wants to do.3) Interactional view on language:The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts. This view on language says that to know how to do what one wants to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do so, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it. In order to know this, the learner has to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts.2. What are the views on language learning?1) Behaviourist theory:The behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by behavioral psychologist Skinner, who applied Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning to the way humans acquire language (Harmer, 1983) The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do anything if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement”(Harmer1983: 30) Based on the theory of conditioning, Skinner suggested language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.2) Cognitive theory:The term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than si mply repeat. It seems to be largely the result of Noam Chomsky’s reaction to Skinner’s behavioristtheory, which led to the revival of structural linguistics. According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence, which enables him to produce language.3） Constructivist theoryThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he or she already knows. It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. John Dewey(杜威) believed that teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners. Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learne rs’ interests and curiosity for learning.4） Socio-constructivist theoryVygotsky (前苏联心理学家维果茨基 ,1978) emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD「可能发展区/最近发展区」 ) and scaffolding「鹰架/支架/脚手架」. That is to say, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. With the teacher’s scaffolding through questions and explanations, or with a more capable pe ers’ support, the learner can move to a higher level of understanding and extend his/her skills and knowledge to the fullest potential.3. What are the qualities of a good language teacher?The main elements of a good English teacher are ethic devotion, professional qualities, and personal styles. (Then try to explain these three elements respectively according to your own understanding)Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based Language Teaching1. What is communicative competence?Hedge (2000: 46-55) discusses five main components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and fluency.Communicative competence entails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situation. Communicative competence includes knowledge of what to say, when, how, where, and to whom.2. What are the three principles of communicative language teaching?a) the communicative principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.b) the task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning (Johnson 1982).c) the meaningfulness principle: Language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.3. What are the six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities?1) communicative purpose2) communicative desire3) content, not form4) variety of language5) no teacher intervention6) no material control4. What is Task-based Language Teaching?Task-based Language teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. It has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.Unit 3 The National English Curriculum1. What are the designing principles for the National English Curriculum 2001?1)Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-oriented education.2)Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences.3)Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability.4)Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning and participation.5)Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.6)Optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language.2.What are the goals and objectives of English language teaching?The new curriculum is designed to promote students’ overall language ability, which is composed of five interrelated components, namely, language skills, language knowledge, affects, learning strategies and cultural understanding. Each component is further divided into a few sub-categories. Language teaching is no longer aimed only for developing language skills and knowledge, but expanded to developing learner s’ positive attitude, motivation, confidence as well as strategies for life-long learning along with cross-cultural knowledge, awareness and capabilities.3. What are the challenges facing English language teachers?1)English language teachers are expected to change their views about language which is not a system of linguistic knowledge but a means for communication.2)English language teachers are expected to change their traditional role of a knowledge transmitter to a multi-role educator.3)English language teachers are expected to use more task-based activities and put the students at the center of learning.4)English language teachers are expected to use more formative assessment in addition to using tests.5)English language teachers are expected to use modern technology in teaching, creating more effective resources for learning and for using the language.Unit 4 Lesson Planning1. Why is lesson planning necessary?Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class. It is obvious that lesson planning is necessary.Benefits:1) To make the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) To help the teacher distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them sothat the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) Proper lesson planning gives the teacher opportunity to anticipate potential problems that may arise inclass so that they can be prepared with some possible solutions or other options for the lesson.4) Lesson planning gives teachers, especially novice teachers, confidence in class.5) The teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed for the lesson.6) Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them. The teacher soon learns to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) The plan, with the teacher’s comments and corrections, provides a useful, time-saving reference when the teacher next plans the same lesson.8) Lesson planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism.2. What are the principles for good lesson planning?Aims— means the realistic goals for the lesson. That is, the teacher needs to have a clear idea of what he / she would like to achieve for the lesson or what outcomes are expected from the lesson.Variety—means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible, introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting ,motivation and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility— means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.Learnability—means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course, things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below thes tudents’ coping ability will diminish their motivation.Linkage--means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language3 learning needs recycling and reinforcement.3. What are macro planning and micro planning?Macro planning is planning over a longer period of time, for instance, planning for a whole program or a whole-year course.In a sense, macro planning is not writing lesson plans for specific lessons but rather helping teachers get an overall felling or idea about the course and also get familiarized with the context in which language teaching takes place. Macro planning involves the following:1) Knowing about the course:The teacher should get to know which language areas and language skills should be taught or practised in the course, what materials and teaching aids are available, and what methods and techniques can be used.2) Knowing about the institution:The teacher should get to know the institution’s arrangements regarding time, length, frequency of lessons, physical conditions of classrooms, and exam requirements.3) Knowing about the learners:The teacher should acquire information about the students’ age range, sex ratio, social background, motivation, attitudes, interests, learning needs and other individual factors.4) Knowing about the syllabus:The teacher should be clear about the purposes, requirements and targets specified in the syllabus.Much of macro planning is done prior to the commencement of a course. However, macro planning is a job that never really ends until the end of the course.Micro planning is planning for a specific unit or a lesson, which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty minutes respectively.Micro planning should be based on macro planning, and macro planning is apt to be modified as lessons go on.4. What are the components of a lesson plan?A language lesson plan usually has the following components: background information, teaching aims (what language components to present, what communicative skills to practice, what activities to conduct and what materials and teaching aids to be used), language contents (grammar, vocabulary, functions, topics and so on) and skills (listening; speaking; reading and writing), stages (the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom) and procedures (detailed steps in each teaching stage), teaching aids, assignments, and teacher’s after-class reflection.5. What are the 3P’s model and 3-stage model?The 3P’s model refers to presentation, practice and production.At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriate.At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and further to the exploitation of the text when necessary.At the production stage, the students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communicative tasks. The focus is on meaning rather than accurate use of language forms.3-stage model is frequently adopted in reading lessons and listening lessons. It refers to pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading stages. The pre-stage i nvolves preparation work, such as setting the scene, warming up, or providing key information (such as key words). The while-stage involves activities or tasks that the students must perform while they are reading or listening. The post-stage provides a chance for students to obtain feedback on their performance at the while-stage. This last stage may also involve some follow-up activities, in which students relate what they have read or heard to their own life and use the language spontaneously.Unit 5 Classroom Management1.What are the main roles teachers can play before, during and after the class?Before the class, the teacher is a planner, who plans what to teach, how to teach, and what result to achieve. After then class, the teacher is an evaluator, who evaluates not only how successfully he/she has conducted the class but also how efficient the learning activities have been. Based on the functions that the teacher performs in different activities during the class, Harmer defines the teacher’s roles as controller, assessor, organizer, prompter, participant and resource-provider (Harmer, 1983).2.How to give effective classroom instructions?Proper instruction is the precondition of accomplishment of activities. To give appropriate instruction, it is necessary to follow the following principles.(1) Economy with words: the teacher should use as few words as possible.(2) Simple and clear language at all points: language should be easy to understand.(3) Demonstration of what is needed.(4) Check of students understanding: the teacher can check individual students to make sure that students understand the instruction and know what to do.(5) Use the native language when necessary.(6) Vary the instruction now and then.3.What are the different ways for student grouping?The most common student groupings are lockstep, pair work, group work, and individual study.Lockstep (Whole class work) is where all the student are under the control of the teacher. They are all doing the same activity at the same rhythm and pace. Lockstep is often adopted when the teacher is making a presentation, checking exercise answers, or doing accuracy reproduction. When the teacher asks questions, the students speak either together or one by one, in turns or indicated by the teacher.Pair work is where the students work in pairs. It could be a competition over a game or co-operation in a task or project between the two students. They could also do certain exercises together or oral practice. When the students are doing pair work, the teacher usually circulates around the classroom, answering question or providing help when necessary.Group work is where the students work in small groups. Each group has 3,4,or 5 students, depending on the activity. What students do in group work is similar to pair work, only there are more members in the group.Group work is most beneficial when the activity requires contributions from more than two students. The teacher can join each group for a while, but only as a participant not as a leader or inspector.Individual study is the stage during the class where the students are left to work on their own and at their own speed. Usually they are doing the same task, but the teacher may give them a choice of tasks. Some activities cannot be done in pairs or groups, for instance, reading and writing. People read at different speed, so they cannot read together, though two people might share one book. It seems writing can be done in pairs or groups, but what they are actually doing when they are working together is brainstorming ideas, discussing, or revising. When it comes to the real writing stage students should work individually.4.How to ask effective questions?1)Questions should be closely linked with the teaching objectives in the lesson;2)Questions should be staged so that the level of challenge increases as the lesson proceeds;3)There should be a balance between closed and open, lower-order and higher-order questions;4)Wait time is important to allow students to think through their answers;5)Students should be provided opportunities to ask their own questions and seek their own answers;6)A secure and relaxed atmosphere of trust is needed and students’ opinions and ideas are valued.5.How to treat students’ errors in the classroom?There are different ways and techniques for correcting errors, such as direct teacher correction, indirect teacher correction, self-correction, peer correction, whole classroom correction, etc. As a general rule, indirect teacher correction is encouraged rather than direct teacher correction to avoid damaging students’ self este em and confidence. Also, self-correction is encouraged before teacher correction or peer correction.Unit 6 Teach Pronunciation1. What is the goal of teaching pronunciation?The goal of teaching pronunciation is not to teach learners to achieve a perfect imitation of a native accent, but simply to get the learners to pronounce accurately enough to be easily and comfortably comprehensible to other speakers.The realistic goals of teaching pronunciation:Consistency: The pronunciation should be smooth and natural.Intelligibility: The pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.Communicative efficiency: The Pronunciation should help to convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2. What aspects of pronunciation do we need to teach?1)sounds………the vowels and consonants of English2)combination of sounds…….pronunciation of words3)word stress….the stress in a word and shift of stress4)strong & weak forms…the importance of the different syllables in maintaining the rhythm of the speech, especially the model verbs and auxiliary verbs5)linkage of sounds……..the liaison of sound in natural speech6)rhyme & rhythm7)pitch & intonation…the function of pitch and intonation in conveying meaning8)filler words……the sounds which do not convey meaning but can help to maintain communication, e.g. uh huh, um, er, oh, ah, well.Unit 7 Teaching Grammar1.What are the major types of grammar presentation methods?Deductive method: the teacher presents the rule of the structure on the blackboard and explains it to the students. This would be followed by the teacher giving several examples and then asking the students to apply the rules themselves in some exercises.Inductive method: The teacher does not explain the rule at the beginning, but presents various language forms and the students are left to discover or induce the rules or generalizations on their own.The guided discovery method: is similar to the inductive method in that the students are induced to discover rules by themselves but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.2.What are the major types of grammar practice activities?Mechanical practice involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy. By doing mechanical practice, the students pay repeated attention to a key element in a structure. Substitution and transformation drills are most frequently used in mechanical practice.Meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students “keep an eye on” the way newly learned structures are used in process. Meaningful practice usually comes after mechanical practice.Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary1.What does knowing a word involve?A simple answer would be (1)knowing its pronunciation & stress; (2) knowing its spelling & grammar; (3) knowing its meaning; (4) knowing how & when to use it to express the intended meaning.According to Hedge (2000), vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning. The first aspect involves the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning. The second aspect involves understanding the sense relations among words.2.How can we present new vocabulary items effectively?1) Draw pictures, diagrams and maps to show meanings or connections of meaning2) Use real objects to show meanings;3) Mime or act to show meaning; ask some ss come to the front and teach some words of this kind, such as: catch, shave4) Use lexical sets. Or word series. E.g. cook: fry, boil, bake, and frill;5) Use synonymous and antonymous to explain meanings;6) Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning;7) Use word formation rules and common affixes.8) Teach vocabulary in chunks;9) Provide different contexts in real life for introducing new words.3.What are some effective ways to consolidate vocabulary?1) Labeling;2) Spotting the differences;3) Describing and drawing;4) Playing a game;5) Using word series;6) Word bingo;7) Word association;8) Finding synonyms and antonyms;9) Using word categories;10) Using word net-work;11) Using the internet resources for more ideas.Unit 9 Teaching Listening1.What are the characteristics of the listening process?Generally speaking, listening in real life has the following characteristics:a) spontaneity: we listen to people speaking spontaneously and informally without rehearsing what they aregoing to say ahead of time.b) context: the context of listening is usually known to both the listener and the speaker in real life.c) visual clues: most of the time we can see the participants’ facial expressions, gestures and other bodylanguage as well as the surrounding environment.e) listener’s res ponse: most of the listening in daily life allows the listener to respond to the speaker.f) speaker’s adjustment: the speaker can adjust the way of speaking according to the listener’s reactions.2.What are the models of teaching listening?1)Bottom-up model: listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions.2)Top-down model: listening for the gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized.3)Interactive model: listening involves both bottom-up processing (recognizing sounds of words, phrases or structures) and top-down processing (inferring meaning from broad contextual clues and background knowledge).3.What are the common activities in teaching listening?1) Pre-Listening activities: predicting and setting the scene2) While-listening activities: listening for the gist; listening for specific information; no specificresponses; listening and ticking; listening and sequencing; listening and acting; listening and drawing; listening and filling; listening and guessing; listening and taking notes.3) Post-listening stage: multiple-choice questions; answering questions; note-taking and gap-filling;dictoglossUnit 10 Teaching Speaking1.What are the main characteristics of spoken language?a. in fairly simple sentence structuresb. in incomplete sentencesc. in informal, simple or common vocabularyd. with broken grammar, false starts, hesitation, fillers, etc.e. with a high proportion of repetition or redundancyf. largely unplanned organizationg. a low density of informationh. context independent (Background knowledge is necessary to understand exactly what is being expressed.)2. What are the characteristics of successful speaking activities?1) Maximum foreign talk: Problems: students spend too much time to speak Chinese; the teacher talks too much.2) Even participation: encourage speaking from as many different students as possible. The outspoken students do not dominate discussion.3) High motivation: vario us interesting tasks in line with the students’ ability.4) Right language level: the task should be designed so that students con complete it successfully with the language that they have.3. What are the main types of speaking activities?1)controlled activities;2)semi-controlled activities;3)information-gap activities;4)dialogues and role-plays;5)activities using pictures;6)problem-solving activities…Unit 11 Teaching Reading1. What are the main reading skills?Skimming: the reader moves his eyes over the text very quickly just in order to get the main idea of the text, or sometimes decide whether it is worth reading more deeply or not.Scanning: the reader locates a particular piece of information without necessarily understanding the rest of a text or passage. For example, the reader may read through a chapter of a book as rapidly as possible in order to find out information about a particular date, such as when someone was born.Inferring: reading between the lines. Make use of syntactic, logical and cultural clues to discover the meaning of unknown elements. Such as the writer’s opinions and attitudes which are not directly stated in the text.【Strategic skills needed in reading：Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details; Skimming: reading for the gist or main idea; Scanning: reading to look for specific information; Predicting: guessing what is coming next】2. What are the main reading models for teaching reading?Bottom-up approach: The reader builds up the meaning of a text on the basis of decoding smaller units: first words, and phrases, then sentences and paragraphs, and finally working out the meaning of the whole text.Top-down approach: The reader uses his or her knowledge of the topic or of the type of the text and makes predictions about what the text will contain, then he uses these predictions to check his understanding of the text. In this way, the reader gets a global view of the text before he dives into the details of it.Interactive approach: The reader uses the above two approaches together, and the two ways interact with each other in the understanding of the text. That means the reader might predict the context of the text by using his knowledge of the topic (top-down), then look for key words (bottom-up) to check the prediction, or get the main gist of the text by skimming it quickly (top-down) and examine the writer’s choice of vocabulary for understanding the implied meaning.3. What types of activities can we use in teaching reading?Pre-reading Stage: The aims of the pre-reading stage is to arousing the students’ interest in the topic or type of text; motivating students to read the text by providing a purpose for reading; preparing the students for the content of the text.The activities for the pre-reading stage:1)predicting2)setting the sceneWhile-reading Stage: this stage mainly focuses on the exploitation of the text. It aims to help the reader understand the content and structure of the text, as well as the author’s purpose in writing it.The activities:。

Unit1Period2Learningaboutlanguage(分层作业)(原卷版)

Unit 1 Period 2 Learning about languageⅠ.语境填词1. The bacteria were then examined under the __________ (显微镜).2. There is no __________ (证据) that the house which they are living in belongs to her.3. Customs officials have made a series of __________ (相互矛盾的) statements about the equipment.4. To go from one robot to __________ (多种多样的) robots, you need all three of those ideas.5. Most __________ (家庭) now own at least one car.6. So what we would do is that we would then perform an __________ (干涉).7. According to official __________ (统计数字), the disease killed over 500 people.8. They report the finding in the latest issue of the journal of __________ (流行病学) and munity health.9. In remote regions, the air is __________ (干净的) and the crops are free of poisonous insecticides.10. What was the author’s __________ (最初的) purpose of collecting newspaper articles?II.选词填空2. The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities __________ the efforts of the local government.3. I was thinking that my mum would __________ me __________ not preparing for the test.4. My main reason for __________ New Scientist is to keep pace with advances in science.5. It is a surprise that the faraway village __________ a famous tourist city in only ten years.6. And their hope is, obviously, to end this conflict __________.7. When I woke up, I found my watch gone. I __________ Tom __________ stealing it.8. Experts believe that the illness __________ the use of polluted water.9. There were so many customers that the shop assistants couldn’t __________ them all.10. The number of poor men is __________ as the economy is growing.I.单句语法填空1. Roberta felt __________ (frustrate) and angry at the news.2. In recent years, the population in this town __________ (decrease) to 100,000.3. It was Emma who was __________ (blame) for the accident.4. Exercising makes you more awake and ready __________ (handle) whatever is ahead of you for the day.5. The result will help to predict some major and __________ (severely) diseases and your preference for diet.6. They help the body defend itself against some kinds of __________ (infect).7. My idea is __________ we should start making preparations right now.8. If I’m a bit sleepy in the lecture, it’s __________ I was up all night yesterday.9. The problem is __________ she didn’t go back home directly yesterday evening.10. The mountain village is no longer __________ it used to be since a highway was built ten years ago.II.语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

木桶理论英语作文

木桶理论英语作文The Barrel TheoryThe barrel theory, also known as the law of the minimum or the limiting factor principle, is a concept that has been widely applied in various fields, including agriculture, engineering, and even personal development. This theory suggests that the capacity of a system is determined by its weakest component, just like the capacity of a wooden barrel is limited by the shortest stave.The concept of the barrel theory can be traced back to the work of Justus von Liebig, a German chemist who lived in the 19th century. Liebig's law of the minimum states that plant growth is not determined by the total resources available, but rather by the scarcest resource or the "limiting factor." This principle can be applied to various systems, where the overall performance or output is constrained by the weakest or most limiting component.In the case of a wooden barrel, the capacity of the barrel is determined by the length of the shortest stave. Even if all the other staves are much taller, the barrel's capacity will be limited by the shortest one. This analogy can be used to understand how theweakest link in a chain can hinder the overall effectiveness of a system.The barrel theory has several important implications. Firstly, it emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing the most limiting factor in a system. By focusing on improving the weakest component, the overall performance of the system can be significantly enhanced. This principle is particularly relevant in fields such as agriculture, where farmers need to ensure that all the necessary nutrients and resources are available in the right proportions to optimize crop yield.Secondly, the barrel theory highlights the need for a balanced and holistic approach to problem-solving. It suggests that simply adding more resources or components to a system may not necessarily improve its performance if the limiting factor remains unaddressed. Instead, a more comprehensive understanding of the system and its interdependent parts is required to identify and address the true bottleneck.In the context of personal development, the barrel theory can be applied to the concept of self-improvement. Just as a wooden barrel's capacity is limited by its shortest stave, an individual's potential may be constrained by their weakest skill or attribute. By identifying and working on the most limiting factor, individuals canunlock their full potential and achieve greater personal growth.For example, if an individual is trying to improve their overall fitness, the barrel theory would suggest that they should focus on the area of their fitness that is the weakest, rather than simply trying to improve all aspects equally. This could mean dedicating more time and effort to improving their cardiovascular endurance or muscle strength, depending on which area is the most limiting factor.Furthermore, the barrel theory can be applied to various aspects of life, including career development, relationship building, and even financial planning. By identifying and addressing the most limiting factor in these areas, individuals can make significant strides towards their goals and achieve greater success.In conclusion, the barrel theory is a powerful concept that can be applied to a wide range of systems and situations. By understanding the importance of addressing the weakest link or the limiting factor, individuals and organizations can optimize their performance, unlock their full potential, and achieve greater success. Whether in the field of agriculture, engineering, or personal development, the insights provided by the barrel theory can be invaluable in guiding decision-making and driving positive change.。

英语知识清单

英语短语清单：1.in+n.+of 结构in advance of 在……前面；超过in aid of 帮助in celebration of 纪念；庆祝in charge of 负责；管理in defense of 保卫in explanation of 解释in face of 面对in favour of 赞成in honour of 纪念in memory of 纪念in need of 需要in place of 代替in possession of 拥有in praise of 称赞in search of 寻找in support of 支持in view of 鉴于；考虑到2.in+n.+for 结构in exchange for作为对……交换in preparation for准备in return for 作为对……的报答in reward for作为对……的报酬3.in+n.+to 结构in addition to in answer to 作为对……的回答in opposition to 与……相反；反对in reply to 作为对……的回答in reference to关于in regard to 关于4.可用于“v.+sb+for doing sth”结构的动词blame，criticize，excuse, forgive, pardon, punish, scold, thank等。

5.可用于“v.+sb+into doing sth”结构的动词cheat/trick +sb+into doing sth欺骗某人做某事force +sb+into doing sth 强迫某人做某事frighten +sb+into doing sth强迫某人做某事reason/talk/argue/persuade +sb+into doing sth说服某人做某事6. be on show / display / play / sale / strike / duty / trial7. be of value / importance / use / no use / color / age / size / height / weight / significance8. to one’s joy / surprise / pleasure / astonishment / sorrow / delight9. in surprise / wonder / alarm / terror / horror / delight10. by air / bicycle / boat / bus / car / letter / post / plane / telephone / train / wire11. at daybreak / sunrise / dawn / noon/ dark / night12. out of breath / control / question / sight13. in fact / reality / substance / nature / practice / theory / short / brief / a word / detail / all / average / full / time / fashion / existence / turn / vain / haste / appearance / common / sum/ general / particular / public / secret / order / part / power / stock / case / bed / future / name / addition / sight14. on duty / shift / holiday / leave / business / purpose / time / sale / show / board / hand / record / request / root / earth / farm / principle15. for example / instance / all / good / nothing / convenience / short / fear / sale16. by weight ( volume size number~~ ) / profession / definition / rule / turn / chance/ accident/ mistake / hand / train ( bus ,taxi ,ship ,boat ~~) / air / land / force / day / nature / sight17. at most / least / best / worst / once / first / last / home / school / will ( at will:任意) / work / night / midnight / daybreak / dawn / present / length / large18. as above / below / following / over / usual / before / a matter of fact19. above all / measure / normal20. before all / long / time / now / then21. after all / class / school22. out of action / order / condition / use / operation / step / joint / repair/ gear / balance / range/ doubt / date / danger / hand / shape / place / question / stock /23. with caution / interest / difficulty / ease / advantage / effect / reason / vigor / reserve / success / confidence24. beyond comprehension / conception / description / expression/ doubt / control / reach / power / measure / grasp / compare / controversy / dispute / hope / example25. under age / discussion / test / way / repair。

极好的英语词组很多,必备

1.With the help of 在～～帮助下 under the leadership / care of 在～～领导／关心下2.be strict with sb. 对～人要求严格 be strict in sth. 对～事要求严格3. at present=at the present time 目前 for the present 暂时4. in the sun/sunshine 在阳光下 under the sun 在世界上5. lie in 位于～～之内 lie on 同～～接壤 lie to 位于～～之外6. at least 至少 in the least 丝毫，一点7. by name 名叫 in the name of 以～～名义8. in the air 空中，在流传 on the air 播出9. in the way 挡路，障碍，用～～方法 in a way 在某点上，在某种程度上get one’s own way to do 随心所欲 give way 让步，屈服 lose one’s way 迷路by the way 顺便说一下 on one’s way to 在去～～的路上 Come this way 这边走10. at the corner 在拐角处（外角）in the corner 在角落里（内角）on the corner 在角落上（外角上）11. judge by / from 根据～～来判断 judge for oneself 由某人自己来判断12. at the end (of) 在～～结束时 at the beginning of 在～～开始时 at the back of 在～～背后，支持 at the age of ～～岁时 at the foot of 在～～脚下 at the bottom of 在～～底部 at the top of 在～～顶上 at/on the edge of 在～～边上13. in the course of 在～～过程中 in the eyes of 从～～观点看来，在～～眼里in the face of 面对～，尽管，纵使 in the middle of 在～中间 in the end =at last=finally 最后14. on the eve of 在～～前夕 on the side of 在～～一边15. after a time = after some time 过一段时间后 for a time = for some time 一时，有一段时间16. behind time 迟到，过期 behind the times 落在时代后面17. at no time 决不 in no time 立即，马上18. at one time = once time 曾经 at a time = each time 每次 at times = sometimes 有时 at all times 经常，一直，始终 at the same time 同时 at the time 在～～的时候 by the time 到～～的时候19. for a moment 一会儿 for the moment 暂时 at the moment 当时the moment /minute /instance 正当～～一刹那20. once or twice 一两次 more than once 不止一次 once more 重新，又 once upon a time 从前 once in a while 偶尔1. 以break为中心的词组break away from 脱离，逃离 break down 破坏，粉碎；瓦解；出故障，抛锚 break in 闯进，打断；使顺服 break into 闯入；强行进入；突然开始 break out 爆发，发生；准备使用；起锚 break the law 违反法律 break the record 破记录 break one’s promise 失言 break up 开垦，破碎；解散，分开，分解2. 以catch为中心的词组be caught doing 被发现做某事 be caught in the rain 淋雨 catch a bus/train 赶汽车/火车 catch a cold 伤风，感冒 catch one’s word 听懂某人的话 catch sight of 发现，瞥见 catch up with 赶上，追及，追上3. 以come为中心的词组 come across 偶尔发现，想起；越过；偿付 come along 一道来，陪伴；进步，进展；出现 come at 达到，求得，得到；扑向，袭击 come back 回来；恢复，复原 come down 倒下；降落；跌落；病倒 come from 来自，起源于，从~~产生，生于 come in 进来，进入；流行起来；获名次 come into being 发生，产生，出现，形成come into power 开始执政，当权，当选 come into use 开始使用，获得应用 come on 上演；开始；赶快；发展；登台；（问题）被提出 come to know 开始了解到 come out 出来，传出；出版；结果是；褪色；（秘密）泄露 come to 苏醒，复原；共计；达到；归结于 come to an end 终止，结束 come true 实现，成为现实；证实 come up 走近；上楼；长出，发芽4. 以do为中心的词组be done in 精疲力竭 be done with 完全结束 do a good deed 做一件好事do away with 去掉，废除；弄死；浪费 do good to (=do sb. good) 有益于do harm to (=do sb. good) 有害于 do its work 有效，有作用 do much 极有用do wrong to 做错 do one’s best 尽某人最大努力 do one’s homework 做作业do one’s utmost 尽力而为 do proud 足以使~~骄傲 do sb. justice 公平对待某人do some cleaning (V+ing,etc.) 搞卫生 do sb. a favor 帮助某人do well in 学得不错，干得漂亮 do with 和~~相处，忍受，处理 do without 不需要，不用 do wonders 创造奇迹 have much to do with 和~~很有关系 have nothing to do with 与~~无关 have something to do with 和~~有关 in doing so=in so doing 这时，在这种情况下 That will do. 行了；够了5. 以get为中心的词组get about 徘徊，走动，旅行；流传 get above oneself 自视高傲 get accustomed to 习惯于，对~~习以为常 get across 度过，通过，横过；说服，使理解 get ahead of 胜过，超过 get along 前进，进步；同意；离去get along with 与~~相处 get at 发现，了解；掌握；攻击 have got to do 不得不，必须 get away 离开，逃脱 get back 取回，回来；报复 get behind 落后；识破 get down 咽下；写下；使沮丧，使抑郁 get down to 认真对待，静下心来 get familiar with 熟悉 get hold of 获得，取得 get home 到家 get in 进入，陷入；牵涉 get off 送走；脱下（衣服）；下车；动身 get on 上车；穿上；进步，使前进；成功；相处 get upon with 进步；在~~方面获得成功 get one’s hand in 熟悉；习惯 get out of 由~~出来，从~~得出；避免；退休 get over 越过；恢复，痊愈；克服；完成 get ready for 为~~作准备 get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱 get through 到达，完成，通过；及格 get together 积聚，积累；商谈，取得一致意见 get up 起床，起立；研究，钻研；致力于；安排，组织 get used to 习惯于6. 以give为中心的词组be given to 沉溺于，癖好 give about 分配；传播 give and take 相互迁就give away 赠送；牺牲；泄露；颁发 give back 归还 give cause 给予~~的理由give ear to 侧耳倾听 give forth 发出，放出；发表 give in 屈服，让步，投降give in to 同意，接受；向~~让步 give off 发出（烟，气味） give oneself out to be/as 自称为 give oneself up to 专心于；向~~自首 give out 分发，公布 give place to 让位于，被~~所替代 give rise to 引起，导致；使~~发生 give sb. to understand 通知某人 give up 放弃；停止 give way to 让步，退却；屈服于7. 以look为中心的词组look about 四下环顾；查看 look after 照顾，看管 look around 东张西望 look at 注视，着眼于 look back 回顾 look for 寻找；期待，期望 look down on 俯视；轻视 look forward to 盼望，期待 look into 窥视；调查；浏览 look like 看起来象 look on 旁观；面向 look out 向外看；注意；当心，堤防 look over 从上面看过去；检查 look through 透过~~看去；看穿；浏览 look up to 仰望，尊敬8. 以make为中心的词组be made from 由~~原料制成 be made of 由~~材料制成 be made up of 由~~组成make a fool of 愚弄，欺骗 make a mistake 弄错 make a point of doing 强调；认为~~重要；决心，坚持 make advantages/use of 使用，利用 make after 追求，追赶 make believe 假装 make certain 确信，把~~弄清楚 make contact with 接通，与~~接触，与~~联系 make for 去向，向~~前进；有利于 make friends with 和~~交友 make into 把~~制成，使~~转变为 make much of 重视；理解；赏识 make one’s mind on sth. 决定某事 make one’s own 当作自己的看待 make oneself at home 随便，别拘束 make out 填写；开支票；理解；辨认 make the best of 尽量利用；极为重视 make up 弥补，修理；赔偿，补偿；起草；编造；化装 make up to 接近，巴结；向~~求爱 make way for 为~~让路，让路于 on the make 急求成功；增加9. 以put为中心的词组put aside 把~~放在一边；搁置；排除 put away 把~~放好，把~~收拾；储藏；吃喝，吃掉 put back 把~~放回原处；驳回 put down 放下；镇压；制止；记下；削减；降落put forward 提出；拨快；建议，推荐；提倡，倡议 put ~~ into 把~~放入；插入；翻译成 put off 推迟，延期；消除；推脱，推辞 put on 上演；穿上，带上 put up with 忍受，容忍 put one’s heart into 全神贯注，专心致志 put up 举起，挂起；提名，推荐；陈列10. 以take为中心的词组be taken aback 吃惊 take a seat 就坐 take a shower 淋浴，洗澡 take aim 瞄准，设立目标 take away 拿走，减去；夺去 take ~~ by surprise 出奇制胜 take one’s place 就坐，入坐 take care of 当心，注意；照顾；提防；谨慎；处理，对付；负责 take office 就职，上任 take ~~ for 把~当作 take off 脱去，除去；离开；起飞；模仿；起程；致死；复制，作副本；减弱 take one’s temperature 量体温 take part in 参与，参加 take it easy 别着急，慢慢来 take place = happen 发生，举行 take the place of 代替 take pride in 以~~为荣，对~~骄傲 take sb. by the arm 拉某人的胳膊11. 以turn为中心的词组give a new turn to 对~~予以新的看法 in one’s turn 轮到某人做某事out of turn 不按次序的，不合适宜的 take one’s turn to do 轮到做turn a blind eye to 对~~视而不见 turn against 背叛，采取敌对态度 turn back 折回，往回走 turn down 折叠，翻下，驳回，拒绝考虑 turn into 走进；变成，变为 turn to ~~for help 求助于 turn off 关上（自来水，电器开关）；解雇，辞退；避开（问题）；制造；生产 turn on 打开（自来水，电器开关）；反对；依靠，依赖，取决于 turn one’s attention to 把注意力转向 turn out 培养；证明是；制成；实际情况是 turn out to be 原来是，证明是，结果是 turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，重新开始，改过自新 turn (a)round 旋转，转过身来；改变意见；采取新政策 turn to 变成；着手于 turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来；使陷入混乱1.be on show / display / play / sale / strike / duty / trial2. be of value / importance / use / no use / color / age / size / height / weig ht / significance3. to one’s joy / surprise / pleasure / astonishment / sorrow / delight4. in surprise / wonder / alarm / terror / horror / delight5. by air / bicycle / boat / bus / car / letter / post / plane / telephone / tr ain / wire6. at daybreak / sunrise / dawn / noon/ dark / night7. out of breath / control / question / sight8. in fact / reality / substance / nature / practice / theory / short / brief /a word / detail / all / average / full / time / fashion / existence / turn / v ain / haste / appearance / common / sum/general / particular / public / secret / order / part / power / stock / case / bed / future / name / addition / sight9. on duty / shift / holiday / leave / business / purpose / time / sale / show / board / hand / record / request / root / earth / farm / principle10. for example / instance / all / good / nothing / convenience / short / fear / sale11. by weight ( volume size number~~ ) / profession / definition / rule / turn / chance/ accident/ mistake / hand / train ( bus ,taxi ,ship ,boat ~~) / air / land / force / day / nature / sight12. at most / least / best / worst / once / first / last / home / school / will ( at will:任意) / work /night / midnight / daybreak / dawn / present / length / large13. as above / below / following / over / usual / before / a matter of fact14. above all / measure / normal15. before all / long / time / now / then16. after all / class / school17. out of action / order / condition / use / operation / step / joint / repair / gear / balance / range/doubt / date / danger / hand / shape / place / question / stock /18. with caution / interest / difficulty / ease / advantage / effect / reason / vigor / reserve / success / confidence19. beyond comprehension / conception / description / expression / doubt / cont rol / reach / power / measure / grasp / compare / controversy / dispute / hope / example20. under age / discussion / test / way / repair。

prep08原题

Practice Test #1 Sentence Correction (171-258)170. (32496-!-item-!-188;#058&006571)Margaret Mead, the best-known anthropologist of the twentieth century, helped shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along with the relative merits of competition and cooperation.A. shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along withB. shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas as attitudes toward children and families andC. to shape public opinion about such fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, also aboutD. the shaping of public opinion for fundamentally important areas such as attitudes toward children and families, and those towardE. the shaping of public opinion around fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, and those of171. (27299-!-item-!-188;#058&002324)One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill but in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.A. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill butB. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill but insteadC. between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill asD. our intelligence has from that of other primates may lie not in any specific skill asE. of our intelligence to that of other primates may lay not in any specific skill but172. (32542-!-item-!-188;#058&006577)Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.A. in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically beingB. in England life insurance had remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically wereC. until the end of the seventeenth century life insurance in England had remained a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typicallyD. life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typicallyE. life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century in England a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were173. (32450-!-item-!-188;#058&006490)The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.A. that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expandingB. that the universe had begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and had been expandingC. that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that has expandedD. the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that is expandingE. the universe to have begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding174. (28920-!-item-!-188;#058&003515)Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.A. so gradual as to be indistinguishableB. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishableC. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguishedD. gradual enough not to be distinguishableE. gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them175. (27069-!-item-!-188;#058&002220)Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than in conventional reservoirs.A. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale thanB. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than areC. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale as areD. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale asE. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale than176. (25765-!-item-!-188;#058&001724)For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he was the most admired painter in Italy.A. For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he wasB. For at least two decades before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he had beenC. For at least two decades or more before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's dying in 1770, he had beenD. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, for at least two decades previously he wasE. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, having been for at least two decades before that177. (24315-!-item-!-188;#058&000969)In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicingA. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression canbe passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicingB. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicingC. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practiceD. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practiceE. exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice178. (31376-!-item-!-188;#058&005785)Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protectB. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protectingC. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protectD. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protectingE. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting179. (25535-!-item-!-188;#058&001589)Unlike George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of whom running as independent candidates, H. Ross Perot's independent run for the presidency in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party nomination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics.A. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of whom running as independent candidates,B. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, each of whom ran as independent candidates,C. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of which ran as an independent candidate,D. the independent candidates, George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980,E. the independent candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980,180. (26977-!-item-!-188;#058&002184)Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate again last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon because rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on creditA. rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on creditB. rising interest rates make buying on credit more expensiveC. a rise in interest rates make it more expensive to buy on creditD. a rise in interest rates make buying on credit more expensiveE. a rise in interest rates makes it more expensive for them to be bought on credit181. (27438-!-item-!-188;#058&002362)The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.A. doubling the increase ofB. doubling that of the increase inC. double as much as the increase ofD. twice as many as the increase inE. twice as many as the increase of182. (32026-!-item-!-188;#058&006326)The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.A. using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convincedB. using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—that has convincedC. by using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincingD. by the use of Web sites, public meetings, as well as mass mailings—that convincedE. which used Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincing183. (27576-!-item-!-188;#058&002504)Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively than they wereA. to set dividends more conservatively than they wereB. to set dividends more conservatively than they have beenC. to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividendsD. that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividendsE. that they will be more conservative than they have been to set dividends184. (28966-!-item-!-188;#058&003703) (GWD-24-Q39)Japan's abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperatures throughout most of the country have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally poor soils, it has made possible the raising of a variety of crops.A. it has made possible the raising ofB. has made it possible for them to raiseC. have made it possible to raiseD. have made it possible for raisingE. thus making it possible for them to raise185. (27714-!-item-!-188;#058&002536)Because the budget package in Congress promises a combination of higher taxes and reduced spending that may slow economic growth, many in the credit markets wonder whether the Federal Reserve will compensate and help the economy by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even if they push them lower.A. by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even if they pushB. by its keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by their pushingC. by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by pushingD. through their keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even pushE. through their keeping interest rates low, or perhaps it will even push186. (31792-!-item-!-188;#058&006164)Laos has a land area about the same as Great Britain but only 4 million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.A. about the same as Great Britain but only 4 million in population, where manyB. of about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only4 million, and manyC. that is about the same size as Great Britain's land area, but in Laos with a population of only 4 million people, many of themD. comparable to the size of Great Britain, but only 4 million in population, and manyE. comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only 4 million people, many of whom187. (27622-!-item-!-188;#058&002521)United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the Democratic party during his first term, that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.A. that includedB. which includesC. includingD. some of which wereE. among them being188. (26379-!-item-!-188;#058&001961)Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.A. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, areB. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and areC. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and areD. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,E. Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,189. (25949-!-item-!-188;#058&001761)She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared to her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States.A. She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared toB. Being less successful after she had emigrated to New York as compared toC. Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been inD. Although she was less successful after emigrating to New York when compared toE. She had been less successful after emigrating to New York than in190. (26333-!-item-!-188;#058&001956)The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists.A. some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charterB. some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all of which had written chartersC. some that formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, all had written chartersD. with some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all had a written charterE. with some formed as commercial ventures, while others as religious havens, each had a written charter191. (32312-!-item-!-188;#058&006469)The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.A. of their not paying back their loans on time,B. of not paying back their loans on time, a groupC. of not paying back their loans on time, with such a groupD. that they do not pay back their loans on time,E. that they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group192. (27115-!-item-!-188;#058&002238)In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing Shopping for a Better World, with the simple thesis of consumers having the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.A. with the simple thesis of consumers havingB. which had the simple thesis of consumers havingC. where the thesis was simple: consumers havingD. with a thesis that is a simple one: consumers haveE. whose thesis was simple: consumers have193. (27023-!-item-!-188;#058&002210)New equipment and other improvements reduced the amount of time—from eleven hours in 1982 to six in 1988—needed by workers so that they could produce a ton of steel.A. needed by workers so that they could produceB. needed when workers are producingC. workers need in producingD. workers needed to produceE. workers need for their producing of194. (28686-!-item-!-188;#058&003293)Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and usedB. the comparative smoothness of the yellow jacket’s stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use itC. the yellow jacket’s stinger is co mparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and usedD. in comparison, the yellow jacket’s stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and usedE. in comparison, the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowing it to be pulled out and used195. (29764-!-item-!-188;#058&004338) (GWD-7-Q13)Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.A. the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes inB. the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes inC. that the birds themselves are vanishing in the northeastern United States is due to residential and industrial development and changes toD. in the northeastern United States, sandpipers’ vanishing is due to residential and industrial development and to changes inE. in the northeastern United States, the sandpipers’ vanishing, a result of residential and industrial development and changing196. (33104-!-item-!-188;#058&007132) (T-9-Q26)There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid in the wall in mud mortar.A. the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laidB. forming the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay themC. having bricks formed from mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they were laidD. to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay themE. that bricks were formed from mud or clay, which, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, were laid197. (31514-!-item-!-188;#058&005971) (GWD-8-Q20)Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.A. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it alsoB. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but alsoC. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland (especially in the Northeast) and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but alsoD. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it alsoE. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland(especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it198. (28594-!-item-!-188;#058&003161) (GWD-1-Q23)Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed either logging, which is the removal of only selected trees, as well as surface fires, burning down individual trees but do not denude the forest.A. which is the removal of only selected trees, as well as surface fires, burningB. which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that burnC. which removes only selected trees, along with surface fires that burnD. removing only selected trees, or surface fires, burningE. removing only selected trees, as well as surface fires that burn199. (27253-!-item-!-188;#058&002304) (GWD5-Q4)The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.A. contact with it directly withB. direct contact with it by way ofC. contact with the last directly throughD. direct contact with the latter by means ofE. contact directly with the mystical level due to200. (28268-!-item-!-188;#058&002937) (T-3-Q14)A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchers have discovered, and tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat if stored long enough to have rotted.A. tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat ifB. they tend not to bother recovering a perishable treatC. tending not to bother to recover a perishable treat itD. tends not to bother recovering a perishable treatE. tends not bothering to recover a perishable treat it201. (25167-!-item-!-188;#058&001486) (GWD30-Q4)The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received labor's unqualifying support.A. have consistently received labor's unqualifying supportB. are consistently receiving the unqualifying support of laborC. have consistently received the unqualified support of laborD. receive consistent and unqualified support by laborE. are receiving consistent and unqualified support by labor202. (31980-!-item-!-188;#058&006267) (GWD-27-Q7)Providing initial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O’Hare International Airport is twice as much as that which is being emitted annually by allmotor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.A. as much as that which is being emitted annually by allB. as much annually as is emitted by theC. as much compared to what is annually emitted by allD. that emitted annually by allE. that emitted annually compared to the203. (25903-!-item-!-188;#058&001738) (T-4-Q29)In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.A. due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizingB. due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallizeC. because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallizeD. because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallizeE. because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing204. (33010-!-item-!-188;#058&007035) (T-9-Q16)The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.A. a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of aB. a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of aC. a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as wellD. critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision ofE. critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own envisioning of205. (29672-!-item-!-188;#058&004315) (T-9-Q15.)The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.A. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they areB. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or they areC. to not only investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or areD. not only to investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or areE. not only to investigate whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when206. (24407-!-item-!-188;#058&000995) (GWD-21-Q29)While studying the genetic makeup of corn, a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.A. a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which ledB. a new class of mutant genes in corn were discovered by Barbara McClintock, leadingC. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, and it ledD. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that ledE. Barbara McClintock, who discovered a new class of mutant genes, leading207. (30188-!-item-!-188;#058&005337) (T-4-Q30)Unlike the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.A. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,B. the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,C. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which enabled them to carry sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries,D. the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,E. the flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, whose shortness allowed them to carry sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,208. (26425-!-item-!-188;#058&001968) (GWD-11-40)Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich lode was not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks.A. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of yearsB. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but instead swarms of microbes over millions of years thatC. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but swarms of microbes over millions of years thatD. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over millions of yearsE. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of years209. (29580-!-item-!-188;#058&004295) (T-3-Q7)In Scotland, the number of wild salmon have been reduced because of uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting,。

The_Skopos_theory[整理版]

The_Skopos_theory[整理版]The Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer anddeveloped in Germany in the late 1970s and which oriented a more functionally andsocioculturally concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation,but as a specific form of human action. In our mind, translation has a purpose, and the word“Skopos” was from Greek. It’s used as the technical term for the purpose of the translation翻译目的论(Skopos Theory)是一种崭新的翻译理论模式。

是德国功能派翻译学家Reiss、Vermeer和Nord等从翻译行为的目的性出发提出的一种翻译理论。

它的建立可以追溯二十世纪六七十年代，该理论将研究聚集在翻译过程中的各种目的的选择上。

具体说来，它包括三个原则:目的原则(Skopos rule)，连贯原则(Coherence rule)，忠实原则(Fidality rule)。

其中核心原则为目的原则“:任何翻译行为都是由翻译的目的决定的，简而言之，就是…翻译的目的决定翻译的手段?。

”这个目的可以理解为:译者的目的，译文的交际目的以及使用某种翻译手段所要达到的目的。

由于言语交际是一种有目的的活动，它传递说话人的意图，因此要确定话语意义，就必需充分考虑说话人的意图，交际场合，听话人的背景知识，态度等语境因素。

科技英语写作经典练习（二）练习10-18

科技英语写作经典练习（二）练习10-18科技英语写作经典练习（二）练习10I、将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用名词从句来表示：1、现在有待于确定该级数（series）何时收敛（converge）。

2、从杜巴梅尔定理（Dubamel’s Theorem）可清楚地看出，这个极限（limit）是存在的。

3、这误差为多大，取决于几个因素。

4、采用（adopt）哪种观点（point of view）并不重要（a matter of indifference）。

5、应当强调指出，这些定义可用于任何大小（magnitude）的角度。

6、(作者)认为学生对机械制图（mechanical drawing）有了基本的了解。

7、由麦克斯韦假设（Maxwell’s hypothesis）得知，每当电场（electric field）发生变化时就产生出磁场（magnetic field）。

8、偶尔（it happens that）整个相位移（overall phase shift）为零。

9、在这种情况下磁铁（magnet）是否被运动是没有关系的。

10、选择哪个未知数（unknown）是没有什么区别的。

11、温度确定了热传递（transfer of heat）将朝哪个方向发生。

12、我们应该使用哪个式子取决于在题目中我们已知了什么数据。

13、一切物质（matter）均是由微粒构成的，这现在已是一个众所周知的事实了。

14、人们已经发现，电流的方向与电子流动的方向相反。

II、将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用“what”从句来表示：1、必须确定在什么条件下这个方程是成立的。

2、这个设备正是我们所需要的。

3、现在我们把到目前为止所证明了的内容小结（summarize）一下。

4、发电机所做的是把机械能转变成电能。

5、这一章所讲的内容非常重要。

6、这个磁力（magnetic force）就是使电动机（electricmotor）转动（run）的力。

(完整版)高考英语常用介词短语和固定搭配.

高考英语常用介词短语和固定搭配一.相近介词和介词短语1. With the help of 在~~帮助下under the leadership / care of 在~~领导/关心下2. be strict with sb. 对~人要求严格be strict in sth. 对~事要求严格3. at present=at the present time 目前for the present 暂时4. in the sun/sunshine 在阳光下under the sun 在世界上5. lie in 位于~~之内lie on 同~~接壤lie to 位于~~之外6. at least 至少in the least 丝毫,一点7. by name 名叫in the name of 以~~名义8. in the air 空中,在流传on the air 播出9. in the way 挡路,障碍,用~~方法in a way 在某点上,在某种程度上get one’s own way to do 随心所欲give way 让步,屈服lose one’s way 迷路by the way 顺便说一下on one’s way to 在去~~的路上Come this way 这边走10. at the corner 在拐角处(外角in the corner 在角落里(内角on the corner 在角落上(外角上11. judge by / from 根据~~来判断judge for oneself 由某人自己来判断12. at the end (of 在~~结束时at the beginning of 在~~开始时at the back of 在~~背后,支持at the age of ~~岁时at the foot of 在~~脚下at the bottom of 在~~底部at the top of 在~~顶上at/on the edge of 在~~边上13. in the course of 在~~过程中in the eyes of 从~~观点看来,在~~眼里in the face of 面对~~,尽管,纵使in the middle of 在~~中间in the end =at last=finally 最后14. on the eve of 在~~前夕on the side of 在~~一边15. after a time = after some time 过一段时间后for a time = for some time 一时,有一段时间16. behind time 迟到,过期behind the times 落在时代后面17. at no time 决不in no time 立即,马上18. at one time = once time 曾经at a time = each time 每次at times = sometimes 有时at all times 经常,一直,始终at the same time 同时at the time 在~~的时候by the time 到~~的时候19. for a moment 一会儿for the moment 暂时at the moment 当时the moment /minute /instance 正当~~一刹那20. once or twice 一两次more than once 不止一次once more 重新,又once upon a time 从前once in a while 偶尔二.归类记忆1. be on show / display / play / sale / strike / duty / trial2. be of value / importance / use / no use / color / age / size / height / weight / significance3. to one’s joy / surprise / pleasure / astonishment / sorrow / delight4. in surprise / wonder / alarm / terror / horror / delight5. by air / bicycle / boat / bus / car / letter / post / plane / telephone / train / wire6. at daybreak / sunrise / dawn / noon/ dark / night7. out of breath / control / question / sight8. in fact / reality / substance / nature / practice / theory / short / brief / a word / detail / all / average / full / time / fashion / existence / turn / vain / haste / appearance / common / sum/general / particular / public / secret / order / part / power / stock / case / bed / future / name / addition / sight9. on duty / shift / holiday / leave / business / purpose / time / sale / show / board / hand / record / request / root / earth / farm / principle10. for example / instance / all / good / nothing / convenience / short / fear / sale11. by weight ( volume size number~~ / profession / definition / rule / turn / chance/ accident/ mistake / hand / train ( bus ,taxi ,ship ,boat ~~ / air / land / force / day / nature / sight12. at most / least / best / worst / once / first / last / home / school / will ( at will:任意/ work / night / midnight / daybreak / dawn / present / length / large13. as above / below / following / over / usual / before / a matter of fact14. above all / measure / normal15. before all / long / time / now / then16. after all / class / school17. out of action / order / condition / use / operation / step / joint / repair/ gear / balance / range/ doubt / date / danger / hand / shape / place / question / stock /18. with caution / interest / difficulty / ease / advantage / effect / reason / vigor / reserve / success / confidence19. beyond comprehension / conception / description / expression / doubt / control / reach / power / measure / grasp / compare / controversy / dispute / hope / example20. under age / discussion / test / way / repair三.组合记忆(1由两个词组成的复合介词.1. 以of结尾ahead of , aside of , because of , east of , west of , instead of , short of , lack of , regardless of 2. 以to结尾according to , as to , counter to , due to , owing to , next to , previous to , prior to , apostle to , relative to , subject to , subsequent to , on to , thanks to3. 以with结尾along with , together with4. 以for结尾as for , but for , except for , save for5. 以from结尾from above , from below , from among , from between , from beneath , from behind ,from over(2由三个词组成的复合介词.1. 以in开头in addition to , in advance of , in agreement with , in case of , in charge of , in comparison within consequence of , in consideration of , in (the course of , in contrast with , in the face of ,in favor of , in front of , in honor of , in (the light of , in the middle of , in the name of ,in need of , in obedience to , in opposition to , in place of , in preference to , in (the process of in regard to , in reply to , in respect of2. 以by开头by means of , by order of , by reason of , by virtue of , by way of3. 以at开头at the beginning of , at the cost of , at the end of , at the hands of , at mercy of , at the point of , at the risk of4. 以with开头with an eye to , with the exception of , with the purpose of , with reference to , with regard to,with respect to , with a view to , with the view of5. 以for开头for the benefit of , for fear of , for lack of , for the good of , for the sake of6. 以under开头under cover of , under pain of , under the present of7. 以on开头on account of , on behalf of , on the occasion of , on the part of , on the point of , on top of四.省略介词,意义不变1. I will share (in the pleasure with him.2. I spent two hours (in reading the article.3. I’ll write (to you a l etter.4. He plays (on the piano every evening.5. Smith has traveled (through China.6. They are fighting (against their enemy.7. Please fill (in the blanks in the following.8. The houses face (to/on the south.9. She scolded (at her child yesterday.10. It is (of no use talking.11. There is no use (in talking.12. We couldn’t prevent them (from getting married.13. He is busy (in preparing for the exam.14. I have studied English (for ten years.15. This shirt doesn’t fit (for me.16. I want a place to live (in .17. You ought to break (off this habit.18. She always share (in my troubles as well as (in my jobs.五.动词词组及短语1. 以break为中心的词组break away from 脱离,逃离break down 破坏,粉碎;瓦解;出故障,抛锚break in 闯进,打断;使顺服break into 闯入;强行进入;突然开始break out 爆发,发生;准备使用;起锚break the law 违反法律break the record 破记录break one’s promise 失言break up 开垦,破碎;解散,分开,分解2. 以catch为中心的词组be caught doing 被发现做某事be caught in the rain 淋雨catch a bus/train 赶汽车/火车catch a cold 伤风,感冒catch one’s word 听懂某人的话catch sight of 发现,瞥见catch up with 赶上,追及,追上3. 以come为中心的词组come across 偶尔发现,想起;越过;偿付come along 一道来,陪伴;进步,进展;出现come at 达到,求得,得到;扑向,袭击come back 回来;恢复,复原come down 倒下;降落;跌落;病倒come from 来自,起源于,从~~产生,生于come in 进来,进入;流行起来;获名次come into being 发生,产生,出现,形成come into power 开始执政,当权,当选come into use 开始使用,获得应用come on 上演;开始;赶快;发展;登台;(问题被提出come out 出来,传出;出版;结果是;褪色;(秘密泄露come to 苏醒,复原;共计;达到;归结于come to an end 终止,结束come to know 开始了解到come true 实现,成为现实;证实come up 走近;上楼;长出,发芽4. 以do为中心的词组be done in 精疲力竭be done with 完全结束do a good deed 做一件好事do away with 去掉,废除;弄死;浪费do good to (=do sb. good 有益于do harm to (=do sb. good 有害于do its work 有效,有作用do much 极有用do wrong to 做错do one’s best 尽某人最大努力do one’s homework 做作业d o one’s utmost 尽力而为do proud 足以使~~骄傲do sb. justice 公平对待某人do some cleaning (V+ing,etc. 搞卫生do sb. a favor 帮助某人do well in 学得不错,干得漂亮do with 和~~相处,忍受,处理do without 不需要,不用do wonders 创造奇迹have much to do with 和~~很有关系have nothing to do with 与~~无关have something to do with 和~~有关in doing so=in so doing 这时,在这种情况下That will do. 行了;够了5. 以get为中心的词组get about 徘徊,走动,旅行;流传get above oneself 自视高傲get accustomed to 习惯于,对~~习以为常get across 度过,通过,横过;说服,使理解get ahead of 胜过,超过get along 前进,进步;同意;离去get along with 与~~相处get at 发现,了解;掌握;攻击get away 离开,逃脱get back 取回,回来;报复get behind 落后;识破get down 咽下;写下;使沮丧,使抑郁get down to 认真对待,静下心来get familiar with 熟悉get hold of 获得,取得get home 到家get in 进入,陷入;牵涉get off 送走;脱下(衣服;下车;动身get on 上车；穿上；进步，使前进；成功；相处 get upon with 进步；在~~方面获得成功get one’s hand in 熟悉；习惯 get out of 由~~出来，从~~得出；避免；退休get over 越过；恢复，痊愈；克服；完成 get ready for 为~~作准备 get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱 get through 到达，完成，通过；及格 get together 积聚，积累；商谈，取得一致意见 get up 起床，起立；研究，钻研；致力于；安排，组织 get used to 习惯于 have got to do 不得不，必须 6. 以 give 为中心的词组 be given to 沉溺于，癖好 give about 分配；传播 give and take 相互迁就 give away 赠送；牺牲；泄露；颁发 give back 归还 give cause 给予~~的理由 give ear to 侧耳倾听 give forth 发出，放出；发表 give in 屈服，让步，投降 give in to 同意，接受；向~~让步 give off 发出（烟，气味） give oneself out to be/as 自称为 give oneself up to 专心于；向~~自首 give out 分发，公布 give place to 让位于，被~~所替代 give rise to 引起，导致；使~~发生 give sb. to understand 通知某人 give up 放弃；停止 give way to 让步，退却；屈服于 7. 以 look 为中心的词组 look about 四下环顾；查看 look after 照顾，看管 look around 东张西望 look at 注视，着眼于 look back 回顾 look for 寻找；期待，期望 look down on 俯视；轻视 look forward to 盼望，期待 look into 窥视；调查；浏览 look like 看起来象 look on 旁观；面向 look out 向外看；注意；当心，堤防 look over 从上面看过去；检查 look through 透过~~看去；看穿；浏览 6/8look up to 仰望，尊敬 8. 以 make 为中心的词组 be made from 由~~原料制成 be made of 由~~材料制成 be made up of 由~~组成 make a fool of 愚弄，欺骗 make a mistake 弄错 make a point of doing 强调；认为~~重要；决心，坚持 make advantages/use of 使用，利用 make after 追求，追赶 make believe 假装 make certain 确信，把~~弄清楚 make contact with 接通，与~~接触，与~~联系 make for 去向，向~~前进；有利于 make friends with 和~~交友 make into 把~~制成，使~~转变为make much of 重视；理解；赏识make one’s mind on sth. 决定某事make one’s own 当作自己的看待 make oneself at home 随便，别拘束 make out 填写；开支票；理解；辨认 make the best of 尽量利用；极为重视 make up 弥补，修理；赔偿，补偿；起草；编造；化装 make up to 接近，巴结；向~~求爱 make way for 为~~让路，让路于 on the make 急求成功；增加 9. 以 put 为中心的词组 put aside 把~~放在一边；搁置；排除 put away 把~~放好，把~~收拾, 把~~收起来；储藏；吃喝，吃掉 put back 把~~放回原处；驳回 put down 放下；镇压；制止；记下；削减；降落 put forward 提出；拨快；建议，推荐；提倡，倡议 put ~~ into 把~~放入；插入；翻译成 put off 推迟，延期；消除；推脱，推辞 put on 上演；穿上，带上put one’s heart into 全神贯注，专心致志 put up 举起，挂起；提名，推荐；陈列 put up with 忍受，容忍 10. 以 take 为中心的词组 be taken aback 吃惊 take a seat 就坐 take a shower 淋浴，洗澡 take aim 瞄准，设立目标 take away 拿走，减去；夺去 take ~~ by surprise 出奇制胜 take care of 当心，注意；照顾；提防；谨慎；处理，对付；负责 take ~~ for 把~~当作 7/8take off 脱去，除去；离开；起飞；模仿；起程；致死；复制，作副本；减弱take office 就职，上任take one’s place 就坐，入坐take one’s temperature 量体温 take part in 参与，参加 take place = happen 发生，举行 take the place of 代替 take pride in 以~~为荣，对~~骄傲 take sb. by the arm 拉某人的胳膊 take it easy 别着急，慢慢来11. 以 turn 为中心的词组 give a new turn to 对~~予以新的看法in one’s turn 轮到某人做某事 out of turn 不按次序的，不合适宜的take one’s turn to do 轮到做 turn a blind eye to 对~~视而不见 turn against 背叛，采取敌对态度 turn back 折回，往回走 turn down 折叠，翻下，驳回，拒绝考虑 turn into 走进；变成，变为 turn to ~~for help 求助于 turn off 关上（自来水，电器开关）；解雇，辞退；避开（问题）；制造；生产 turn on 打开（自来水，电器开关）；反对；依靠，依赖，取决于turn one’s attention to 把注意力转向 turn out 培养；证明是；制成；实际情况是 turn out to be 原来是，证明是，结果是 turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，重新开始，改过自新turn (around 旋转，转过身来；改变意见；采取新政策 turn to 变成；着手于 turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来；使陷入混乱 8/8。

英语完形填空

1.With the help of 在～～帮助下 under the leadership / care of 在～～领导／关心下2.be strict with sb. 对～人要求严格 be strict in sth. 对～事要求严格3. at present=at the present time 目前 for the present 暂时4. in the sun/sunshine 在阳光下 under the sun 在世界上5. lie in 位于～～之内 lie on 同～～接壤 lie to 位于～～之外6. at least 至少 in the least 丝毫，一点7. by name 名叫 in the name of 以～～名义8. in the air 空中，在流传 on the air 播出9. in the way 挡路，障碍，用～～方法 in a way 在某点上，在某种程度上get one’s own way to do 随心所欲 give way 让步，屈服lose one’s way 迷路by the way 顺便说一下 on one’s way to 在去～～的路上 Come this way 这边走10. at the corner 在拐角处（外角）in the corner 在角落里（内角）on the corner 在角落上（外角上）11. judge by / from 根据～～来判断 judge for oneself 由某人自己来判断12. at the end (of) 在～～结束时 at the beginning of 在～～开始时at the back of 在～～背后，支持 at the age of ～～岁时 at the foot of 在～～脚下at the bottom of 在～～底部 at the top of 在～～顶上at/on the edge of 在～～边上13. in the course of 在～～过程中 in the eyes of 从～～观点看来，在～～眼里in the face of 面对～，尽管，纵使 in the middle of 在～中间 in the end =at last=finally 最后[要学习网--只做中学生最喜欢、最实用的学习论坛/地址手机版地址 ]14. on the eve of 在～～前夕 on the side of 在～～一边15. after a time = after some time 过一段时间后 for a time = for some time 一时，有一段时间16. behind time 迟到，过期 behind the times 落在时代后面17. at no time 决不 in no time 立即，马上18. at one time = once time 曾经at a time = each time 每次 at times = sometimes 有时at all times 经常，一直，始终 at the same time 同时 at the time 在～～的时候by the time 到～～的时候19. for a moment 一会儿 for the moment 暂时 at the moment 当时the moment /minute /instance 正当～～一刹那20. once or twice 一两次 more than once 不止一次once more 重新，又 once upon a time 从前 once in a while 偶尔1. 以break为中心的词组break away from 脱离，逃离 break down 破坏，粉碎；瓦解；出故障，抛锚 break in 闯进，打断；使顺服 break into 闯入；强行进入；突然开始break out 爆发，发生；准备使用；起锚 break the law 违反法律 break the record 破记录 break o ne’s promise 失言 break up 开垦，破碎；解散，分开，分解2. 以catch为中心的词组be caught doing 被发现做某事 be caught in the rain 淋雨 catch a bus/train 赶汽车/火车 catch a cold 伤风，感冒catch one’s word 听懂某人的话 catch sight of 发现，瞥见catch up with 赶上，追及，追上3. 以come为中心的词组come across 偶尔发现，想起；越过；偿付 come along 一道来，陪伴；进步，进展；出现come at 达到，求得，得到；扑向，袭击come back 回来；恢复，复原come down 倒下；降落；跌落；病倒come from 来自，起源于，从~~产生，生于come in 进来，进入；流行起来；获名次come into being 发生，产生，出现，形成come into power 开始执政，当权，当选come into use 开始使用，获得应用come on 上演；开始；赶快；发展；登台；（问题）被提出come to know 开始了解到come out 出来，传出；出版；结果是；褪色；（秘密）泄露come to 苏醒，复原；共计；达到；归结于come to an end 终止，结束come true 实现，成为现实；证实come up 走近；上楼；长出，发芽4. 以do为中心的词组be done in 精疲力竭be done with 完全结束do a good deed 做一件好事do away with 去掉，废除；弄死；浪费do good to (=do sb. good) 有益于do harm to (=do sb. good) 有害于do its work 有效，有作用do much 极有用do wrong to 做错do one’s best 尽某人最大努力do one’s homework 做作业do one’s utmost 尽力而为do proud 足以使~~骄傲do sb. justice 公平对待某人do some cleaning (V+ing,etc.) 搞卫生do sb. a favor 帮助某人do well in 学得不错，干得漂亮do with 和~~相处，忍受，处理do without 不需要，不用do wonders 创造奇迹have much to do with 和~~很有关系have nothing to dowith 与~~无关have something to do with 和~~有关in doing so=in so doing 这时，在这种情况下That will do. 行了；够了5. 以get为中心的词组get about 徘徊，走动，旅行；流传get above oneself 自视高傲get accustomed to 习惯于，对~~习以为常get across 度过，通过，横过；说服，使理解get ahead of 胜过，超过get along 前进，进步；同意；离去get along with 与~~相处get at 发现，了解；掌握；攻击have got to do 不得不，必须get away 离开，逃脱get back 取回，回来；报复get behind 落后；识破get down 咽下；写下；使沮丧，使抑郁get down to 认真对待，静下心来get familiar with 熟悉get hold of 获得，取得get home 到家get in 进入，陷入；牵涉get off 送走；脱下（衣服）；下车；动身get on 上车；穿上；进步，使前进；成功；相处get upon with 进步；在~~方面获得成功get one’s hand in 熟悉；习惯get out of 由~~出来，从~~得出；避免；退休get over 越过；恢复，痊愈；克服；完成get ready for 为~~作准备get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱get through 到达，完成，通过；及格get together 积聚，积累；商谈，取得一致意见get up 起床，起立；研究，钻研；致力于；安排，组织get used to 习惯于6. 以give为中心的词组be given to 沉溺于，癖好give about 分配；传播give and take 相互迁就give away 赠送；牺牲；泄露；颁发give back 归还give cause 给予~~的理由give ear to侧耳倾听give forth 发出，放出；发表give in 屈服，让步，投降give in to 同意，接受；向~~让步give off 发出（烟，气味）give oneself out to be/as 自称为give oneself up to 专心于；向~~自首give out 分发，公布give place to 让位于，被~~所替代give rise to 引起，导致；使~~发生give sb. to understand 通知某人give up 放弃；停止give way to 让步，退却；屈服于7. 以look为中心的词组look about 四下环顾；查看look after 照顾，看管look around 东张西望look at 注视，着眼于look back 回顾look for 寻找；期待，期望look down on 俯视；轻视look forward to 盼望，期待look into 窥视；调查；浏览look like 看起来象look on 旁观；面向look out 向外看；注意；当心，堤防look over 从上面看过去；检查look through 透过~~看去；看穿；浏览look up to 仰望，尊敬8. 以make为中心的词组[要学习网--只做中学生最喜欢、最实用的学习论坛/地址手机版地址 ]be made from 由~~原料制成be made of 由~~材料制成be made up of 由~~组成make a fool of 愚弄，欺骗make a mistake 弄错make a point of doing 强调；认为~~重要；决心，坚持make advantages/use of 使用，利用make after 追求，追赶make believe 假装make certain 确信，把~~弄清楚make contact with 接通，与~~接触，与~~联系make for 去向，向~~前进；有利于make friends with 和~~交友make into 把~~制成，使~~转变为make much of 重视；理解；赏识make one’s mind on sth. 决定某事make one’s own 当作自己的看待make oneself at home 随便，别拘束make out 填写；开支票；理解；辨认make the best of 尽量利用；极为重视make up 弥补，修理；赔偿，补偿；起草；编造；化装make up to 接近，巴结；向~~求爱make way for 为~~让路，让路于on the make 急求成功；增加9. 以put为中心的词组put aside 把~~放在一边；搁置；排除put away 把~~放好，把~~收拾；储藏；吃喝，吃掉put back 把~~放回原处；驳回put down 放下；镇压；制止；记下；削减；降落put forward 提出；拨快；建议，推荐；提倡，倡议put ~~ into 把~~放入；插入；翻译成put off 推迟，延期；消除；推脱，推辞put on 上演；穿上，带上put up with 忍受，容忍put one’s heart into 全神贯注，专心致志put up 举起，挂起；提名，推荐；陈列10. 以take为中心的词组be taken aback 吃惊take a seat 就坐take a shower 淋浴，洗澡take aim 瞄准，设立目标take away 拿走，减去；夺去take ~~ by surprise 出奇制胜take one’s place 就坐，入坐take care of 当心，注意；照顾；提防；谨慎；处理，对付；负责take office 就职，上任take ~~ for 把~当作take off 脱去，除去；离开；起飞；模仿；起程；致死；复制，作副本；减弱take one’s temperature 量体温take part in 参与，参加take it easy 别着急，慢慢来take place = happen 发生，举行take the place of 代替take pride in 以~~为荣，对~~骄傲take sb. by the arm 拉某人的胳膊11. 以turn为中心的词组[要学习网--只做中学生最喜欢、最实用的学give anew turn to 对~~予以新的看法in one’s turn 轮到某人做某事out of turn 不按次序的，不合适宜的take one’s turn to do 轮到做turn a blind eye to 对~~视而不见turn against 背叛，采取敌对态度turn back 折回，往回走turn down 折叠，翻下，驳回，拒绝考虑turn into 走进；变成，变为turn to ~~for help 求助于turn off 关上（自来水，电器开关）；解雇，辞退；避开（问题）；制造；生产turn on 打开（自来水，电器开关）；反对；依靠，依赖，取决于turn one’s attention to 把注意力转向turn out 培养；证明是；制成；实际情况是turn out to be 原来是，证明是，结果是turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，重新开始，改过自新turn (a)round 旋转，转过身来；改变意见；采取新政策turn to 变成；着手于turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来；使陷入混乱1.be on show / display / play / sale / strike / duty / trial2. be of value / importance / use / no use / color / age / size / height / weight / significance3. to one’s joy / surprise / pleasure / astonishment / sorrow / delight4. in surprise / wonder / alarm / terror / horror / delight5. by air / bicycle / boat / bus / car / letter / post / plane / telephone / train / wire6. at daybreak / sunrise / dawn / noon/ dark / night7. out of breath / control / question / sight8. in fact / reality / substance / nature / practice / theory / short / brief / a word / detail / all / average / full / time / fashion / existence / turn / vain / haste / appearance / common /sum/general / particular / public / secret / order / part / power / stock / case / bed / future / name / addition / sight9. on duty / shift / holiday / leave / business / purpose / time / sale / show / board / hand / record / request / root / earth / farm / principle10. for example / instance / all / good / nothing / convenience / short / fear / sale11. by weight ( volume size number~~ ) / profession / definition / rule / turn / chance/ accident/mistake / hand / train ( bus ,taxi ,ship ,boat ~~) / air / land / force / day / nature / sight12. at most / least / best / worst / once / first / last / home / school / will ( at will:任意) /work /night / midnight / daybreak / dawn / present / length / large13. as above / below / following / over / usual / before / a matter of fact14. above all / measure / normal15. before all / long / time / now / then16. after all / class / school17. out of action / order / condition / use / operation / step / joint / repair/ gear / balance / range/doubt / date / danger / hand / shape / place / question / stock /18. with caution / interest / difficulty / ease / advantage / effect / reason / vigor / reserve / success / confidence19. beyond comprehension / conception / description / expression / doubt / control / reach / power / measure / grasp / compare / controversy / dispute / hope / example20. under age / discussion / test / way / repair。

介绍理论英文作文范文

介绍理论英文作文范文英文：Introduction to Theory。

Theory is a fundamental aspect of many fields,including science, mathematics, and philosophy. It is essentially a set of ideas or principles that explain a particular phenomenon or concept. The purpose of theory is to provide a framework for understanding and explaining the world around us.In science, theory is used to explain observed phenomena and make predictions about future observations. For example, the theory of evolution explains how species change over time and how new species arise. In mathematics, theory is used to prove theorems and develop new mathematical concepts. In philosophy, theory is used to explore concepts such as ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology.One of the key features of theory is that it must be testable and falsifiable. This means that it must be possible to conduct experiments or make observations that could potentially disprove the theory. If a theory cannot be tested or is not falsifiable, it is not considered a valid scientific theory.Another important aspect of theory is that it must be supported by empirical evidence. This means that there must be observations or data that support the theory. The more evidence there is to support a theory, the more likely itis to be accepted as true.In summary, theory is a crucial element in many fields, providing a framework for understanding and explaining the world around us. It must be testable and supported by empirical evidence to be considered a valid scientific theory.中文：理论介绍。

从目的论的角度探讨财经英语英汉翻译——以《华尔街日报》翻译为例

2332020年31期总第523期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS从目的论的角度探讨财经英语英汉翻译——以《华尔街日报》翻译为例文/刘东旭翻译技巧的选择是由翻译的目的决定，而不是由翻译的原文决定的。

译者在翻译时要注重译文的功能，灵活采取多种翻译策略和技巧，不必拘泥于原文的句法结构。

本文就英语财经新闻中存在的专业词汇和长难句，以及文化差异等，结合笔者的翻译实践进行分析。

1. 词汇的翻译。

词汇是理解文章的基础，由于新闻报道涉及的专业领域和范围较广，因此在翻译的过程中首先要对新闻词汇进行准确把握和理解。

在本节中将会举例展开解释部分专有名词、数学单位和动词的翻译。

(1)专有名词翻译。

英语财经新闻虽然注重可读性，但仍会有些专业词汇，或者一些常见的普通词汇在这里有其专门的用法和释义。

①But the further paring down of SoftBank' s Alibaba stake, as well as the departure of Mr. Ma from SoftBank' s board mark aturning point in a relationship that dates to the 1990s.②Mr. Ma brought Mr. Son onto Alibaba ' s board in 2005, a position he still holds.例①②中，Board作名词时指“板，木板等”；作动词时指“上(船、车或飞机)”，而在财经英语中指董事会。

如在本文例句中，SoftBank ' s board在句中表软银董事会，Alibaba ' s board 即阿里巴巴董事会。

③The market showed it was open to giant publicstock sales last week when PNC Financial Services Inc., the Pittsburgh-based regional bank, sold its stake in money manager BlackRock Inc. for about $13 billion.例③中，在新闻文章中我们常看到Inc.，Corp.和Co. Ltd 等公司的缩写形式。

regular papers short paper

regular papers short paperRegular papers typically refer to papers that follow a standard format, such as research papers or academic essays. These papers are usually longer in length, ranging from several pages to over 20 pages, depending on the requirements of the assignment or the journal they are being submitted to.On the other hand, short papers are typically more concise and condensed versions of regular papers. They are typically used for shorter assignments or conferences where the author is required to present their ideas or research in a concise manner.Short papers usually have a word limit of around 2,000 to 3,000 words, although this can vary depending on the specific requirements. The structure of a short paper may be similar to that of a regular paper, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, but the content is usually more focused and to the point.While regular papers allow for more in-depth analysis and exploration of a topic, short papers require the author to be more selective and deliberate in their choice of information and arguments. The goal of a short paper is often to present a clear and concise summary of a topic or to present a specific argument or idea within a limited word count.In summary, regular papers are longer and more comprehensive, while short papers are shorter and more concise. Both types of papers have their own unique requirements and purposes, and thechoice between the two depends on the specific assignment or context in which they are being used.。

短板理论英文作文

短板理论英文作文Shortcomings theory, also known as the "deficit model," is a concept in psychology that suggests individuals have certain areas of weakness or limitations that may hinder their overall performance or functioning. This theory emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing these shortcomings in order to improve one's abilities and well-being.Shortcomings theory posits that everyone has areas in which they are not as proficient or competent as others. These shortcomings can manifest in various ways, such as in cognitive abilities, emotional regulation, social skills, or physical capabilities. By acknowledging and understanding these limitations, individuals can work towards developing strategies to compensate for or improve upon them.One of the key implications of the shortcomings theory is the idea that individuals should not be defined solelyby their weaknesses. Instead, it is important to recognize and utilize their strengths and talents in order to achieve success and fulfillment. This approach encourages a balanced perspective that takes into account both the limitations and potential of individuals.Critics of the shortcomings theory argue that it can lead to a negative focus on deficits and may overlook the unique strengths and abilities of individuals. They suggest that a more strengths-based approach, which emphasizes identifying and building upon one's positive qualities, may be more empowering and effective in promoting growth and development.In conclusion, the shortcomings theory offers valuable insights into the diverse abilities and limitations of individuals. By recognizing and addressing these shortcomings, individuals can work towards achieving a more balanced and fulfilling life. However, it is important to also consider the strengths and potential of individuals in order to promote a more positive and empowering approach to personal development.。

中文翻译_whattheoryisnot

中文翻译_whattheoryisnot理论不是什么这篇文章描述了包含一些理论而不是没有理论的论文之间的差异。

在社会科学中，关于什么构成强与弱的理论，几乎没有一致意见，但是更多的共识是引用、数据、变量、图表和假设不是理论。

然而，尽管有这种共识，作者还是习惯性地用这五个要素来代替理论。

我们解释这五个要素中的每一个是如何与理论相混淆的，以及如何避免这种混淆。

通过明确地表达这一共识，我们希望帮助作者避免一些最常见、最容易避免的问题，这些问题导致读者认为论文的理论不足。

然后我们讨论期刊如何促进更强的理论的出版。

我们建议，如果该领域真的要产生更强的理论，期刊需要重新考虑它们的经验要求。

我们认为，期刊应该更善于接受那些测试部分而不是全部理论的论文，并使用说明性而非确定性数据。

在ASQ上发表文章的作者、评论家、读者和编辑们坚持认为，也许最重要的是，文章中包含了强有力的组织理论。

ASQ的《对稿件的通知》指出：“如果手稿没有理论，它们的价值就值得怀疑。

”评论家和编辑决定不发表提交的论文的一个主要原因，有时是主要原因，就是它含有不足的理论。

本文利用我们在ASQ和组织行为研究（ROB）的社论经验，找出论文理论薄弱的一些常见原因。

作者若想写出强理论，可以从阅读各种不同的文学作品开始，这些文学作品试图界定理论，并区分弱理论与强理论。

1989年10月，管理科学研究院发表了理论构建论坛。

关于什么是理论以及社会科学中强弱理论的区别的详细描述可以找到，例如，在杜宾（1976）关于应用领域理论构建的分析，弗里斯（1980）关于形式化的评论，卡普兰（1964）关于行为的哲学探究中。

拉尔科斯，默顿（1967）的理论社会学著作，以及韦克（1989）关于学科想象的理论建构思想。

不幸的是，文学理论的建立会让读者对如何写一篇包含强大理论的论文更加困惑（Freese，1980）。

一个模型和一个理论是否能够被区分，一个类型学是否被恰当地标记为一个理论，一个理论的强度是否取决于它有多有趣，以及可证伪性是否是理论存在的先决条件。

关于分层作业的外文书籍

关于分层作业的外文书籍（原创实用版）目录1.分层作业的定义和重要性2.外文书籍中的分层作业理论3.实施分层作业的策略和方法4.分层作业在教育中的实际应用和效果5.推荐的外文书籍正文一、分层作业的定义和重要性分层作业是指教师根据学生的学习能力和水平，将作业分为不同层次，让学生自主选择完成。

这种作业方式旨在满足不同学生的需求，提高学生的学习兴趣和效果。

在教育领域，分层作业被认为是一种有效的教育策略，有助于激发学生的学习潜能，提高教学质量。

二、外文书籍中的分层作业理论在西方教育界，分层作业理论可以追溯到 20 世纪初。

其中，著名教育学家布卢姆（Bloom）提出的掌握学习理论，为分层作业提供了理论依据。

他认为，学生的学习能力存在差异，教师应根据学生的实际水平，制定不同层次的作业，帮助学生逐步提高学习能力。

此外，加德纳（Gardner）的多元智能理论也强调了分层作业的重要性，认为教师需要关注学生的个体差异，尊重他们的兴趣和特长，才能真正提高学生的学习效果。

三、实施分层作业的策略和方法1.了解学生需求。

教师需要与学生沟通，了解他们的学习需求、兴趣和特长，以便制定更合适的作业。

2.明确作业目标。

教师应根据课程目标，制定具有挑战性和可操作性的作业任务，确保学生通过完成作业能够达到预期的学习目标。

3.分层设计作业。

根据学生的学习能力和水平，将作业分为基础、提高和拓展三个层次，让学生自主选择完成。

4.提供指导与反馈。

教师应及时关注学生的作业完成情况，给予必要的指导和鼓励，以及及时的反馈，帮助学生不断提高学习能力。

四、分层作业在教育中的实际应用和效果分层作业在实际教学中得到了广泛应用，并取得了显著的效果。

研究表明，采用分层作业方式的班级，学生的学习兴趣和积极性得到了明显提高，学习成绩也有所提升。

同时，分层作业有助于减轻学生的课业负担，降低学生因作业压力过大而产生的心理问题。

介绍理论英文作文高中

介绍理论英文作文高中英文：As a high school student, I have been introduced to various theories in my English classes. One of the most important theories that we have studied is the theory of literature. This theory explores the different ways in which literature can be analyzed and interpreted. It has helped me to understand the deeper meanings and themes in the books and poems that we have studied.Another theory that has been important in my high school English classes is the theory of writing. This theory has taught me about the different elements of good writing, such as structure, style, and voice. It has helped me to improve my own writing skills and to become a more effective communicator.中文：作为一名高中生，我在英语课上学习了各种理论。

其中最重要的理论之一是文学理论。

这个理论探讨了文学可以被分析和解释的不同方式。

它帮助我理解了我们所学习的书籍和诗歌中更深层的含义和主题。

另一个在我的高中英语课程中很重要的理论是写作理论。

这个理论教会了我关于优秀写作的不同要素，比如结构、风格和语气。

Develop short essays by descriptiontion on the topic

SnowflakesThe cutting northeast wind has gone down with the daybreak, and a few straggling snowflakes are beginning to descend. Faster and faster they fall, shutting out the distant objects from sight. The snow falls on every wood and field, by the river and the pond, on the hill and in the valley. Quadrupeds are confined to their coverts and the birds sit upon their perches. There is not so much sound as in fair weather, but silently and gradually every slope and the gray walls and fences are concealed, and the tracks of men and beast were lost. The snow levels all things, and enfolds then deeper in the bosom of nature.Snowflakes symbolize nobility and perseverance. Though small, they keep falling and falling, and finally change the world into a land of purity beauty and new life. The falling snow is the prelude to spring and foretells a bump year.Some Unpleasant Experiences”Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course. In September, he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion. A month later, he sprained his ankle, after a bad landing off the balance beam. He also broke the support beam in the basement of his parents’ home, showing them his skills when he was home for the December holidays. In January, he broke his thumb when he caught it on the bar of the pommel horse. His academic luck was no better than his physical luck: he failed the final exam in February in his gymnastics course. The result of his bad luck was that he failed to graduate in May, due to the lack of two hours of physical education credit.My First Day in a New SchoolI walked through the school-gates with butterflies in my tummy. Would I like this school? Would my classmates like me? Would the teacher be strict? All these thoughts were buzzing in my head as I mounted the stairs to my new classroom. I stood by the teacher’s desk facing the class, and was introduced. I trembled as I felt their eyes all gazing critically at me. The teacher seemed kind and slipped her arms around my shoulder as I faced the stare of the class. Then classes began. I listened to the teacher’s words, concentrating on my work, and forgetting my apprehension and fears. During the recess the girls crowded round me to find out all about me. They seemed to be good-natured and I soon found myself accepted as their friend. At the end of the day I walked home happily as all my worries of the morning had dissolved to nothing. This new school would be a happy place for me.How to move houseMoving house is a major upheaval in people’s lives. Before the men come to actually move the furniture, many things must be done in preparation. All the toys, normally strewn around the house, must be gathered together and put into large boxes for easy transportation. All books too must be put away in an orderly fashion so as not to be damaged in transit. Drawers and wardrobes should be empted and their contents carefully packed. Pictures should be taken down from the walls and wrapped with proper cloth. And lastly, don’t forget to take down all the curtains and blinds. Soon everything is prepared and the removal men arrive. All the boxes and furniture are loaded into the lorry. A quick check is necessary to make sure the flat is empty and the lorry is off on its way to the new flat.Knowledge and investigationKnowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulate his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, finger prints, and stray strands of hair, a detective perniciously pursues the criminal. After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of malaria have provided us with the means for prevention and cure for of this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined to find, retain, and contributes to the store of human knowledge.The Problem for the Mobile Phone CompaniesIn these years, the phone companies have been competing to bring out the latest kind of the same devices, but they didn’t bother finding out if consumers wanted them. Now they realize their mistake, but too late. Nothing illustrates this problem facing the mobile phone industry better than the smart phone. With over 30 different types of smart mobile phones available, this is one example of a popular kind of smart mobile phone which has been made in too large numbers. The smart mobile phone public, it seems, has lost its taste for new varieties of smart phones, whoever have made them and whatever they are.Preparing for the Chinese New YearPeople attach great importance to the Chinese New Year, thus with several things to do as a must to prepare for the celebration at this festival. First, people do a thorough cleaning, sweeping the house and wiping the windows. When the cleaning is done, they start to decorate the house. Spring Festival couplets are put on the wall. For more decorations, many families in the south go to the flower market to buy kumquat plants and peach blossoms. Having decorated the house, people go shopping to buy new cloth es and new shoes to wear on New Year’s Day. They also buy lots of food and prepare the New Year cakes.ABC ParkAs parks go, ABC Park is what I like most. First of all, it is large, as most of the flat ground is taken up by three football pitches and two rugby pitches. On one side of the park, however, there is a patch of trees through which a rive winds. An attractive path runs beside the river, and there are flower-beds with interesting shrubs and flowers. On the other side of the park from the river there are more sports facilities: three tennis courts and a bowling lawn. Near these, tucked into a corner, there is a children’s playground with swings, seesaws and model vehicles. One of the pleasant features of the park is the fact that it is entirely surrounded by trees.A Beach SceneDifferent people enjoy doing different things. This is certainly reflected in this beach scene. Some like to sit in the shade, watching the splashing waves in the blue sea and listening to the rhythmic sounds. They think that is the most enjoyable thing to do on a beach. Others prefer basking in the sun, not content to leave without an impressive suntan. But primarily the beach is for children. They rush around up and down in the sandy beach, in and out of the water. In a quiet corner a few children sit with buckets and spades, building sand-castles. Yet other smaller children step tentatively into the water to try out paddling, making sure that Dad is not too far away.The Problem of Housing in Beijing/Wenzhou/Shanghai…The problem of housing in Beijing is worse for the migrant workers. Why? The reason is that people who emigrate are almost always the poor guys. They must look for cheap apartments, and cheap apartments almost cannot be found. There are cheap apartments only in the worst areas, and in those areas the building are very old, very damp, and full of rats. There are buildings that almost never have heat. There are buildings which many times should be closed up by the health department. As a result, in many cases the poor migrant workers who arrive in the city will be left with no choice but to go ahead and live in that kind of undesirable building.Student Groups in Our School”Students in our school fall into three groups according to their different intentions of taking part in sports. Many students go to the playground when they feel tired after a few hours of study. These students put much more emphasis on their study efficiency than on the fun of sports. They just want to go back to their classrooms from the playground with a clearer and quicker mind. Thus they don’t’ actually care whether they can enjoy themselves on the sports ground or not. Students that make up the second group are real sports lovers. Sometimes they even put aside their studies for a game. They take part in the sport that interests them most, not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health. They may be called fun-oriented sports participants. The third group wants beauty from sports. Boys want to become strong; girls want to be slim and graceful. They are very careful in choosing the kind of exercise they do, and they are afraid that certain sports may ruin their figures. No matter which group they belong to, they all benefit from sports.A Tornado”What is a tornado? A tornado is a usually brewed on a hot, sticky day with south winds and an ominous sky. From the base of a thundercloud a funnel-shaped cloud extends a violently twisting spout toward the earth. As it sucks in matter in its path, the twister may turn black, brown or occasionally even white (over snow). The moving cloud shows an almost continuous display of sheer lightening. The funnel is very slender: its wake of violence generally averages no more than 400 yards wide. As the tornado approaches, it is signaled by a roar of hundreds of jet planes or thousands of railroad cars. Its path is a path of total destruction. Buildings literally explode as they are sucked in by the tornado’s powerful whirling winds. The amountof damage depends mainly on whether the storm happens to hit populated areas. The tornado’s life time is as brief as it is violent. Within a few tens of miles it spends its force and suddenly disappears. In short, it is a particular kind of whirling, highly destructive windstorm.How I Missed a Train/a Bus/a Plane/etc.”It was a sultry mid-autumn afternoon. As I was to leave for Beijing by train at 6 p.m. and stay in the train the whole night, my experienced aunt stressed that the first important thing for me to do was to get some sleep. As my aunt insisted, I went to bed and slept. Soon my exhausted aunt also fell asleep. The hypnotizing high temperature tended to make people sleep like a log, and we woke up to find it was already 5 o’clock.My aunt’s home was quite a long way f rom the railway station, so I suggested that we should go without supper. But my aunt insisted that a good meal was absolutely necessary. Six dishes were put on the table twenty minutes later. Just as I picked up the chopsticks, my brother brought up the subject of his girlfriend and asked me to say something nice about her when I saw Mother. I argued against it, because I had never talked with the girl and knew nothing about her. My brother was very much annoyed, not to say that the argument cost me five more precious minutes!When my aunt and I finally arrived at the station, we found another aunt of mine had been waiting there for some time. After a long and affectionate exchange of farewells, I turned to find the passenger’s gate already closed. Looking at my watch, I saw there were only five minutes left!The three of us rushed to the passengers’ gate and banged on the metal rail, begging the inspector to open the gate. But nobody seemed to hear us.I was both anxious and furious. Just as I was doing so, I heard the sound of the siren. My disappointment was so great that I almost fell from the fence.Jogging and Taiji ”.Jogging is, in many ways, an ideal form of exercise. After all not much learning is required to learn how to run. No expensive equipment is needed: roads are available everywhere. No special kit is needed; jogging can be done in designer shorts or tatty jeans. No other people are needed, unlike many sports where an opponent is needed. A jogging session can be fitted into the daily schedule at any time to your convenience. Like jogging, the ancient Chinese form of exercise Taiji requires no facilities. No equipment or kit is necessary and it can be practiced alone and in any place. It is not uncommon to see elderly people, in groups or separately, practicing their Taiji in the park in the early morning. They use Taiji to warm up their muscles, slowly encouraging their joints to unstiffen.Jogging and Taiji have much in common. For many other sports, special place, kit, equipment, and opponent (or partner) are needed, but these two do not have any requirement in these respects. You do not need to find someone to jog or do Taiji with you. Furthermore, these two can be done anywhere at any time. Just as you can jog along roads available everywhere, so you can practice Taiji anyplace. You may choose to jog or practice Taiji early in the morning or late at night, or any time at your convenience. Indeed, jogging and Taiji are both ideal forms of exercise.My Father“I hate the bloody stuff,” my fat her used to say, tossing down straight shots of whiskey. “Ah…” once he had conquered the agony of getting it down, he glowed with the pleasure of it. His response to life was a little like his reaction to whiskey, which he hated and loved. My father had a mercurial Irish personality, and his facial features could be just as changeable.My father was Irish in the extreme and abrupt changeability of his moods. In the middle of intense anger, he could break himself up laughing. Once when I had driven a seven-inch spike, on which I had planned to hang my saddle, completely through the side of our garage, through the wall, the outside of stucco and all, with the point of the nail glaring at my father from the outside, he flew into one of his rages. “…!...!” he screamed, “don’t you know you should hammer a nail into the studs, not into the siding? And why in hell did you use such a big nail?” I stood there, sheepishly, taking my “what-for” from my father, when suddenly he burst into laughter, covering his mouth with his hands as he always did with a big laugh. He finally said, “How in hell did you do it?” True, I was only nine years old at the time, and I had worked very hard banging at that big nail before I got it through the wall. Though what Ihad done had made him mad, my father could also appreciate my effort.Besides being quick in altering his moods, my father could change dynamically in his facial expression. He had very thick and very long eyebrows that, together with his dark eyes, probably said as much or more than any other part of his bony face and body. When he was mad, his eyebrows whipped about and then lowered so that his eyes almost disappeared except for the fire that I could see or feel was in them. When he was joyous or sentimental in song (he could not sing; he knew it, but he tried anyway), his eyebrows would lift into an arch above his nose. At the top of the arch, they pointed heavenward, like a steeple, and under the steeple, his eyes glowed multicolored, like the windows of a fine old church.These memories of my father go back many years, but time has sharpened rather than dimmed the most outstanding aspects of his personality and face that I remember. If he were alive today, I’m sure my father would look at this portrait and say, “I’m damned if that isn’t me!”。

英语教学理论作业

1．第1题在学习理论方面，该教学法的理论依据是学者Diller提出的认知理论的四原则：1.活的语言是受规则支配的创造性活动；2.语法规则有其心理的现实性；3.人类有独特的学习语言机制；4.活的语言是思维工具。

按照这些原则，语言教学应视为一个有意识学习的系统（a consciously learnt system），新语言应在实际中呈现和实践，学习语言应在有意义的实践中进行。

A.认知法B.交际法C.全身反应法D.任务型语言教学模式您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第15题该教学法认为，涉及真正交际行为的活动能促进语言学习。

A.认知法B.交际法C.全身反应法D.任务型语言教学模式您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第16题在美国，当时的许多学者把语言看做一个系统，这系统由在结构上相互联系用以表义的成分组成，这些成分是音素、词素、单词、结构和句型。

因此，该教学法在语言学理论方面是以结构主义作为其理论基础的。

A.语法翻译法B.直接法C.情景法D.听说法您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第17题该教学法认为，依靠语言互动，学生能获取和理解语言输入，使用语言表述、交流。

学生能在意义协商的过程中建构自己的语言系统。

A.认知法B.交际法C.全身反应法D.任务型语言教学模式您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第18题在该教学法中，学生使用目标语完成社会中出现的各类任务。

在学习过程中他们通过语言互动进行交际；在大量的听、说、读和写的活动中使用语言和语言运用策略交流，最终培养起用目标语在社会活动中做事的能力。

因此，可以说，该教学方法强调通过使用目标语互动达到培养交际能力的目的。

A.认知法B.交际法C.全身反应法D.任务型语言教学模式您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第19题在该教学方法中，在学习语言过程中，教师是语言分析的引导者和语言项目操练的组织者。