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word|高级查找和替换:使用特殊格式、格式和通配符

word|高级查找和替换:使用特殊格式、格式和通配符

word|⾼级查找和替换:使⽤特殊格式、格式和通配符查找和替换是所有提供⽂本编辑的软件所具有的最基本的功能,但在功能和使⽤上仍然有细微的区别。

如notepad提供对所有打开的⽂档进⾏全部的查找替换的功能,dreamweaver可以复制包含有段落格式的⽂本进⾏查找和替换(在查找和替换对话框内,可以使⽤shift+enter来进⾏分段)。

word不⼀样,不能复制包含有段落格式的⽂本,但可以使⽤特殊格式,⽤^p来表⽰段落。

1 替换掉空段落2 查找或替换需要换⾏的⽂本3 可以使⽤的特殊格式4 按字符、段落等格式进⾏查找如要查找“红⾊、四号、加粗、宋体的⽂本:可以看到查找对话框中的格式:当进⾏常规查找(不考虑字符格式)时,需要单击”不限定格式“。

5 使⽤通配符使⽤通配符查找在输⼊查找内容时,可以使⽤问号(?)和星号(*)作为通配符,只需在搜索选项中勾选”使⽤通配符“即可。

如果查找问号(?)和星号(*)则在其字符前加上波浪号(~)。

* 表⽰零个到多个字符。

例如,s*d 可查找―sad和―started。

? 表⽰任意单个字符,涵盖任意字母.。

例如,s?t 可查找―sat和―set。

< 单词开头。

例如,<(inter) 查找―interesting和―intercept,但不查找―splintered。

> 单词结尾。

例如,(in)> 查找―in和―within,但不查找―interesting。

[ ] 指定字符之⼀。

例如,w[io]n 查找―win和―won。

[-] 指定范围内任意单个字符。

例如,[r-t]ight 查找―right和―sight。

必须⽤升序来表⽰该范围。

再如[a-z]和[A-Z]表⽰所有英⽂字符,必须⽤升序来表⽰该范围。

[0-9]表⽰所有数字字符。

[!x-z] 中括号内指定字符范围以外的任意单个字符。

例如,t[!a-m]ck 查找―tock和―tuck,但不查找―tack和―tick。

ASCII码对照表

ASCII码对照表

ú ñ Ñ ª º ¿ ⌐ ¬ ½ ¼ ¡ « » ░ ▒ ▓ │ ┤ ╡ ╢ ╖ ╕ ╣ ║ ╗ ╝ ╜ ╛ ┐
227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255
X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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l 扩展 ASCII 打印字符
扩展的 ASCII 字符满足了对更多字符的需求。扩展的 ASCII 包含 ASCII 中已有的 128 个字符(数字 0–32 显示在下图中) ,又增加了 128 个字符,总共是 256 个。即使有了这些更多的字符,许多语言还 是包含无法压缩到 256 个字符中的符号。因此,出现了一些 ASCII 的变体来囊括地区性字符和符号。 例如,许多软件程序把 ASCII 表(又称作 ISO 8859-1)用于北美、西欧、澳大利亚和非洲的语言。 扩展的 ASCII 打印字符表
5/5
另一个更新的字符表称为 Unicode (Unicode:Unicode Consortium 开发的一种字符编码标准。该标准 采用 多(于一)个字节代表每 一字符,实 现了使用单个 字符集代表 世界上几乎所 有书面语言) 。 因为 Unicode 表大得多,它可以表示 65,536 个字符,而 ASCII 表只能表示 128 个字符,扩展的 ASCII 表 也只能表示 256 个字符。这一更大的容量使不同语言的大多数字符都能包含在同一个字符集中。 --------------------在文档中插入 ASCII 字符 注释 该功能需要 Excel、 FrontPage、 InfoPath、 OneNote、 Outlook、 PowerPoint、 Project、 Publisher、 Word 或 Visio。 除了在键盘上键入字符外,您也可以使用该符号的字符代码作为键盘快捷键。例如,要插入度数符号,

电报码

电报码

、9977 。

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特殊字符大全

特殊字符大全

特殊字符大全汉字大全(1 2 3 4) 按部首查询字符大全! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ •¢£¤ ¥| § ¨ a - ˉ ° ± 2 3 ′ μ · 1 o à á è é ê ì í D ò ó × ù ú ü Y T à á a è é ê ì í e ò ó ÷ ù ú ü y t ā ā ē ē ě ě ī ī ń ň ō ō ū ū ∥ ǎ ǎ ǐ ǐ ǒ ǒ ǔ ǔ ǖ ǖ ǘ ǘ ǚ ǚ ǜ ǜ ɑ ɡ ˇ ˉ ˊ ˋ ˙ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω Ё А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ё‐ –—― ‖‘ ’ “ ” ‥ … ‰ ′ ″ ‵ ※  ̄€ ℃ ℅ ℉ № ℡ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ Ⅺ Ⅻ ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ ⅴ ⅵ ⅶ ⅷ ⅸ ⅹ ← ↑ → ↓ ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ ∈ ∏ ∑ ∕ ° √ ∝ ∞ ∟ ∠ ∣ ∥ ∧ ∨ ∩ ∪ ∫ ∮ ∴ ∵ ∶ ∷ ~∽ ≈ ≌ ≒ ≠ ≡ ≤ ≥ ≦ ≧ ≮ ≯ ⊕ ⊙ ⊥ ⊿ ⌒ ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ ⑷ ⑸ ⑹ ⑺ ⑻ ⑼ ⑽ ⑾ ⑿ ⒀ ⒁ ⒂ ⒃ ⒄ ⒅ ⒆ ⒇ ⒈ ⒉ ⒊ ⒋ ⒌ ⒍ ⒎ ⒏ ⒐ ⒑⒒ ⒓ ⒔ ⒕ ⒖ ⒗ ⒘ ⒙ ⒚ ⒛ ─ ━ │ ┃ ┄ ┅ ┆ ┇ ┈ ┉ ┊ ┋ ┌ ┍ ┎ ┏ ┐ ┑ ┒ ┓ └ ┕ ┖ ┗ ┘ ┙ ┚ ┛ ├ ┝ ┞ ┟ ┠ ┡ ┢ ┣ ┤ ┥ ┦ ┧ ┨ ┩ ┪ ┫ ┬ ┭ ┮ ┯ ┰ ┱ ┲ ┳ ┴ ┵ ┶ ┷ ┸ ┹ ┺ ┻ ┼ ┽ ┾ ┿ ╀ ╁ ╂ ╃ ╄ ╅ ╆ ╇ ╈ ╉ ╊ ╋ ═ ║ ╒ ╓ ╔ ╕ ╖ ╗ ╘ ╙ ╚ ╛ ╜ ╝ ╞ ╟ ╠ ╡ ╢ ╣ ╤ ╥ ╦ ╧ ╨ ╩ ╪ ╫ ╬ ╭ ╮ ╯ ╰ ╱ ╲ ╳ ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆▇ █ ▉ ▊ ▋ ▌ ▍ ▎ ▏ ▓ ▔ ▕ ■ □ ▲ △ ▼ ▽ ◆ ◇ ○ ◎ ● ◢ ◣ ◤ ◥ ★ ☆ ☉ ♀♂、。

特殊符号大全

特殊符号大全

三一文库()〔特殊符号大全〕*篇一:特殊符号大全特殊数字符号大全-常用到的word数学符号列举:一x集合不等式方程A={x|x≤2}、B={x|x≥a},>A∩B={2}t0n∈Nn≥2.:二x函数三角函数f(x)f-1(x)x2√3y=ax2+bx+c(a≠0)ζ1、ζ2,60°Asin(ωx+θ)+Pπh1、h2,三x矢量a、b四x数据排列{an}a1=13tSn-(2t-3)Sn-1=3t五x剖析几何P′(x′,y′)?Cb2x2+a2y2=a2b2(A)AB (B)BC(C)CD(D)DA更多的符号:1、几何符号?∥∠??≡≌△°|a|??∠∟‖||…ω(1)⑵(3)【】αβγ2、代数符号ra2uo;∞∧∨~∫≤≥1x16≈∞∶〔〕〈〉《》「」『』】【〖三、运算符号×÷√±≠≡≮≯4、集合符号A∪∩B∈ΦOslash;?θ五、特殊符号∑π(圆周率)@#☆★○●◎◇◆□■▓?※¥ΓΔΘΛΞΟΠΣΦΧθΩ∏六、推理符号←↑→↓↖↗↘↙∴∵∶∷THORN;Ucirc;Uuml;7、标点符号`ˉˇ¨、·`'8、数码符号ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥⅦⅧⅨⅩⅪⅫⅰⅱⅲⅳⅴⅵⅶⅷⅸⅹ九、其他;℃№$?¥‰℉♂♀(1)⑵(3)⑷(5)⑹ΓΔΘΛΞΟΠΣΦΧΨΩαβγδεδεζηθικλμνπξζηυθχψω∈∏∑∕√∝∞∟∠∣∥∧∨∩∪∫∮∴∵∶∷?≈≌≒≠≡≤≥≦≧≮≯⊕指数0123:ordm;sup1;sup2;sup3;〃frac14;frac12;frac34;符号意义∞无穷大π圆周率|x|函数的绝对值∪集归并∩集合交≥大于等于≤小于等于≡恒等于或者同余ln(x)以e为底的对数lg(x)以10为底的对数floor(x)上取整函数ceil(x)下取整函数xmody求余数{x}小数部分x-floor(x)∫f(x)δx不定积分∫[a:b]f(x)δxa到b的定积分∑[1≤k≤n]f(k)对n进行求和,可以拓广至很多情况,如:∑[nisprime][n10]f(n)∑∑[1≤i≤j≤n]n^2limf(x)(x→∞)求极限C(n:m)组合数,n中取mP(n:m)排列数m|nm整除n(m,n)=1m与n互质a ∈Aa归属集合ACard(A)集合A中的元素个数为了方便,也做些约定!x的平方,可以打成x^2(其它的以资类推)x+1的开方,可以打成√(x+1),记住加括号;x分之一,可以输入1xx;要是是x+1分之一,请输入1x(x+1),分子、分母请加括号或者表示不等于例:ab即a不等于b;=表示小于等于(半大于)例:a=b即a半大于b;=表示大于等于(不小于)例:a=b即a不小于b;表示乘方例:a^b即a的b次方,也可用于开根号,例:a^(1x2)表示a的平方根*表示乘x表示浮点除例:3x2=1x5\表示整除例:3\2=1……1()广义括号,允许多重嵌套,无大、中、小之分,优先级无上*篇二:特殊符号怎么打出来特殊符号大全特殊符号怎么打出来特殊符号大全发布时间:2012-08-1301:28作者:电脑百事网原创来源:7099次阅读经常看到很多朋友的QQ昵称拥有很多特俗符号是不是感觉很个性呢?对于很多电脑爱好者朋友来说,大量的特殊符号相信很少有朋友能打的全。

ASCII码对照表

ASCII码对照表

特殊字符解释
ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange,美国信息互换标准代码,ASCⅡ)是基于拉丁字母的一套电脑编码系统。

它主要用于显示现代英语和其他西欧语言。

它是现今最通用的单字节编码系统,并等同于国际标准ISO/IEC 6 46。

ASCII第一次以规范标准的型态发表是在1967年,最后一次更新则是在1986年,至今为止共定义了128个字符,其中3 3个字符无法显示(这是以现今操作系统为依归,但在DOS模式下可显示出一些诸如笑脸、扑克牌花式等8-bit符号),且这3 3个字符多数都已是陈废的控制字符,控制字符的用途主要是用来操控已经处理过的文字,在33个字符之外的是95个可显示的字符,包含用键盘敲下空白键所产生的空白字符也算1个可显示字符(显示为空白)。

特殊符号大全

特殊符号大全

╬ ╠ ╣∷ ღ ☃ ❆ £ Δ Š Õ Ő ő ∞ © ‡ † Ž
»-(¯`v´¯)-»█┗┛↘↙╰☆╮ ≠ ☜♥☞ ︻︼─一 ▄︻┻┳═一 -─═┳︻ ∝╬══→ ::======>> ☆═━┈┈━═☆ ┣▇▇▇═─ ■◆◣◥▲◤ ◥〓∴ぷ▂▃▅▆█ 【】
‫ﺴﺴ‬
..☆
☆•:*´¨*:•. ❤•.¸¸.•´´¯••.¸¸.•´´¯•´❤
㎎㎏
㎜㎝㎞ ㎡

㏎ ㏑㏒ ㏕
(九)特殊中日韩字符 ㊣
㈱ 囍 卐 卍 ォミ灬⺌⺗ 彡 ツ ☰ ☱ ☲ ☳ ☴ ☵ ☶ ☷
日文单位 日文单位
(十)特殊西文字符
[̲̅A̲̅] [̲̅B̲̅] [̲̅C̲̅] [̲̅D̲̅] [̲̅E̲̅] [̲̅F̲̅] [̲̅G̲̅] [̲̅H̲̅] [̲̅I̲̅] [̲̅J̲̅] [̲̅K̲̅] [̲̅L̲̅] [̲̅M̲̅] [̲̅N̲̅] [̲̅O̲̅] [̲̅P̲̅] [̲̅Q̲̅] [̲̅R̲̅] [̲̅S̲̅] [̲̅T̲̅] [̲̅U̲̅] [̲̅V̲̅] [̲̅W̲̅] [̲̅X̲̅] [̲̅Y̲̅] [̲̅Z̲̅] àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþÿōǒǎ ā á ǎ à ō ó ǒ ò ē é ě è ī íǐ ìū ú ǔù ǖǘǚǜü ê ɑḿń ň ǹɡ ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞß 俄文字母大写 А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я 俄文字母小写 а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я 希腊字母大写 Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω 希腊字母小写 α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ µ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω 垂直颠倒 ɐ q ɔ p ǝ ɟ ƃ ɥ ı ɾ ʞ l ɯ u o d b ɹ s ʇ n ʌ ʍ x ʎ z : ‫¿ ¡ ˙ ' ؛‬ ©®℗℃℉Ω㏎​

特殊符号大全(表情符号)

特殊符号大全(表情符号)

囧⊙●○⊕◎Θ⊙¤㈱㊣★☆♀◆◇◣◢◥▲▼△▽⊿◤◥▂▃▄▅▆▇██■▓回□〓≡╝╚╔╗╬═╓╩┠┨┯┷┏┓┗┛┳⊥『』┌┐└┘∟「」↑↓→←↘↙♀♂┇┅﹉﹊﹍﹎╭╮╰╯*^_^* ^*^ ^-^ ^_^ ^(^ ∵∴‖||︴﹏﹋﹌()〔〕【】〖〗@:!/\ " _ < > `,·。

≈{}~ ~() _ -『』√$ @ * & # ※卐々∞Ψ∪∩∈∏の℡ぁ§∮"″ミ灬ξ№∑⌒ξζω*ㄨ≮≯+-×÷+-±/=∫∮∝∞∧∨∑∏‖∠≌∽≤≥≈<>じ☆veve↑↓⊙●★☆■♀『』Ψ※→№←㊣∑⌒〖〗@ξζω□∮〓※∴ぷ∏卐【】△√∩¤々♀♂∞①ㄨ≡↘↙┗┛╰☆╮①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻⑼⑽⑾⑿⒀⒁⒂⒃⒄⒅⒆⒇丨丩丬丶丷丿乀乙乂乄乆乛亅亠亻冂冫冖凵刂讠辶釒钅阝飠牜饣卩卪厸厶厽孓宀川巜彳廴三彐彳忄扌攵氵灬爫犭病癶礻糹纟罒冈耂艹虍言西兦亼亽亖亗盲凸凹卝卍卐匸皕旡玊尐开木囘囙囚四囜囝回囟因女团団囤亢囦囧囨云囱囫囬园化囯困囱囲図围抡囶囷正囹固囻囼国图囿圀圁圂圃吾圅圆囵圈幸青国圌围园圏圐圑员圆圔圕图圗团圙圚圛圈圝圞一般常用特殊符号,、。

.?!~$%@&#*? ;∶…¨,·˙? ‘’“”"″`′〃↑↓←→↖↗↙↘㊣◎○●⊕⊙○●△▲☆★◇◆□■▽▼§¥〒¢£※♀♂贴图符号大全A、希腊字母大写ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚ∧ΜΝΞΟ∏Ρ∑ΤΥΦΧΨΩB、希腊字母小写αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρστυφχψωC、俄文字母大写АБВГДЕЁЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯD、俄文字母小写абвгдеёжзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяE、注音符号ㄅㄉㄓㄚㄞㄢㄦㄆㄊㄍㄐㄔㄗㄧㄛㄟㄣㄇㄋㄎㄑㄕㄘㄨㄜㄠㄤㄈㄏㄒㄖㄙㄩㄝㄡㄥF、拼音āáǎà、ōóǒò、êēéěè、īíǐì、ūúǔù、ǖǘǚǜüG、日文平假名ぁぃぅぇぉかきくけこんさしすせそたちつってとゐなにぬねのはひふへほゑまみむめもゃゅょゎをH、日文片假名ァィゥヴェォカヵキクケヶコサシスセソタチツッテトヰンナニヌネノハヒフヘホヱマミムメモャュョヮヲI、标点符号ˉˇ¨‘’々~‖∶”’‘|〃〔〕《》「」『』.〖〗【【】()〔〕{}J、数字序号ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥⅦⅧⅨⅩⅪⅫ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩一二三四五六七八九十K、数学符号≈≡≠=≤≥<>≮≯∷±+-×÷/∫∮∝∞∧∨∑∏∪∩∈∵∴⊥‖∠⌒⊙≌∽√L、单位符号°′〃$£¥‰%℃¤¢M、制表符┌┍┎┏┐┑┒┓—┄┈├┝┞┟┠┡┢┣|┆┊┬┭┮┯┰┱┲┳┼┽┾┿╀╂╁╃N、特殊符号§№☆★○●◎◇◆□■△▲※→←↑↓〓#&@\^_O、方块符号▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█▉▊▋▌▍▎▏▓▔▕◢◣◤◥⊙♀♂p、补充收集⊙●○①⊕◎Θ⊙¤㊣▂▃▄▅▆▇██■▓回□〓≡╝╚╔╗╬═╓╩┠┨┯┷┏┓┗┛┳⊥『』┌♀◆◇◣◢◥▲▼△▽⊿个性特殊符号大全1 ▆▇██■▓回□〓≡╝╚╔╗╬═╓╩┠┨┯┷┏2 ┓┗┛┳⊥『』┌┐└┘∟「」↑↓→←↘↙♀♂┇┅﹉﹊﹍﹎╭3 ╮╰╯*^_^* ^*^ ^-^ ^_^ ^(^ ∵∴‖||︴﹏﹋﹌()〔〕4 【】—一▄【┻┳═一▄【┳一▄【┻═┳一▄【┳-一5 ▄【┻═┳【┳═一▄【┳一·▄【┳═一【┳═一oO6 -—═┳【∝╬══→::======>> ┈━═☆┣▇▇▇═—7 ゅ≈小鱼≈ゅ卐?ゞ、时差7 or 8 小时‘ヅ? ?◇8 ……\ ( > < ) / 哇~出现了( ⊙o ⊙) 目瞪口呆9 (b_d) 戴了副眼镜(*^@^*) 乖~还含个奶嘴哦10 (?o?) 喔?(☆_☆) 眼睛一亮(*^〔^*) 羞羞脸11 (作鬼脸) ( 「「) ~~~→怀疑喔~~(?_??) 什麼事啊?12 (..) 请问~(((^^)(^^))) 什麼什麼,告诉我吧!13 ( *^_^* ) 笑(打招呼) ( T___T ) 怎麼会这样…(≥◇≤) 感动~14 ( @^^@) 脸红了啦!o(?"?o (皱眉头)15 ( ˉ□ˉ) 脑中一片空白( *>.<* ) ~@ 酸~~!16 ( E___E ) 念昏了头( $ _ $ ) 见钱眼开!( 3__3 ) 刚睡醒~17 ゃōゃ⊙▂⊙⊙0⊙⊙^⊙⊙ω⊙⊙﹏⊙⊙△⊙⊙▽⊙18 ?▂? ?0? ?^? ?ω? ?﹏? ?△? ?▽?19 ≥▂≤≥0≤≥^≤≥ω≤≥﹏≤≥△≤≥▽≤20 ∪▂∪∪0∪∪^∪∪ω∪∪﹏∪∪△∪∪▽∪21 ●▂●●0●●^●●ω●●﹏●●△●●▽●22 ∩▂∩∩0∩∩^∩∩ω∩∩﹏∩∩△∩∩▽∩符号表情传统风格传统的最初原型只有一个“:)”,后来使用者不断增加,创造出各种不同形式的表情符号。

特殊符号大全

特殊符号大全
( E___E )念昏了头( $ _ $ )见钱眼开!( 3__3 )刚睡醒~(b_d)戴了副眼镜
44
(*^@^*)乖~还含个奶嘴哦(@^^@)脸红了啦!o(‧"‧o (皱眉头)
45
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46
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㍿♝♞卐₪✡☂♧♟#✖♂♀⊕o O♋㊝ﻬஐღ☃❣·•➸❝❞✎
67
✟➹❀✏✓✔✕☀☁℡☑♋③εїз♥♡❤☜☞☎☏⊙◎☺☻►◄▧▨♨
68
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69
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特殊符号大全
序号
符号
1
!"#$%&'()*+,-./: ; < = > ? @[ ] ^ \ _ { } ~ |
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9⓪①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩⑪⑫⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰⑱⑲⑳
3
㈱⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻⑼⑽⑾⑿⒀⒁⒂⒃⒄⒅⒆⒇
4
ⒶⒷⒸⒹⒺⒻⒼⒽⒾⒿⓀⓁⓂⓃⓄⓅⓆⓇⓈⓉⓊⓋⓌⓍⓎⓏ
5
ⓐⓑⓒⓓⓔⓕⓖⓗⓘⓙⓚⓛⓜⓝⓞⓟⓠⓡⓢⓣⓤⓥⓦⓧⓨⓩ
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMPUTING (IJWMC) 1 A Biologically Inspired Qo

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMPUTING (IJWMC) 1 A Biologically Inspired Qo

A Biologically Inspired QoS Routing Algorithm forMobile Ad Hoc NetworksZhenyu Liu,Marta Z.Kwiatkowska,and Costas ConstantinouAbstract—This paper presents an Emergent Ad hoc Routing Algorithm with QoS provision(EARA-QoS).This ad hoc QoS routing algorithm is based on a swarm intelligence inspired routing infrastructure.In this algorithm,the principle of swarm intelligence is used to evolutionally maintain routing information. The biological concept of stigmergy is applied to reduce the amount of control traffic.This algorithm adopts the cross-layer optimisation concept to use parameters from different layers to determine routing.A lightweight QoS scheme is proposed to provide service-classified traffic control based on the data packet characteristics.The simulation results show that this novel routing algorithm performs well in a variety of network conditions.Index Terms—MANET,routing,QoS,swarm intelligence.I.I NTRODUCTIONM OBILE ad hoc networks(MANETs)are wireless mo-bile networks formed munication in such a decentralised network typically involves temporary multi-hop relays,with the nodes using each other as the relay routers without anyfixed infrastructure.This kind of network is veryflexible and suitable for applications such as temporary information sharing in conferences,military actions and disaster rescues.However,multi-hop routing,random movement of mobile nodes and other features unique to MANETs lead to enormous overheads for route discovery and maintenance.Furthermore, compared with the traditional networks,MANETs suffer from the resource constraints in energy,computational capacities and bandwidth.To address the routing challenge in MANETs,many ap-proaches have been proposed in the literature.Based on the routing mechanism for the traditional networks,the proactive approaches attempt to maintain routing information for each node in the network at all times[1]–[3],whereas the reactive approaches onlyfind new routes when required[4]–[6].Other approaches make use of geographical location information for routing[7],[8].Those previous works only provide a basic “best effort”routing functionality that is sufficient for con-ventional applications such asfile transfer or email download. To support real-time applications such as V oIP and video stream in MANETs,which have a higher requirement for delay,jitter and packet losses,provision of Quality-of-Service (QoS)is necessary in addition to basic routing functionality. Z.Liu and M.Z.Kwiatkowska is with School of Computer Science,The University of Birmingham,Birmingham,England B152TT.C.Constantinou is with the Department of Electronic Electrical and Computer Engineering,The University of Birmingham,Birmingham,England B152TT.Given the nature of MANETs,it is difficult to support real-time applications with appropriate QoS.In some cases it may be even impossible to guarantee strict QoS requirements.But at the same time,QoS is of great importance in MANETs since it can improve performance and allow critical information to flow even under difficult conditions.At present,the most fundamental challenges of QoS support in MANETs concern how to obtain the available bandwidth and maintain accurate values of link state information during the dynamic evolution of such a network[9].Based on common techniques for QoS provision in the Internet,some researchers proposed the integration of QoS provision into the routing protocols[10],[11].However,since these works implicitly assumed the same link concept as the one in wired networks,they still do not fully address the QoS problem for MANETs.In this paper,we propose a new version of the self-organised Emergent Ad hoc Routing Algorithm with QoS provisioning(EARA-QoS).This QoS routing algorithm uses information from not only the network layer but also the MAC layer to compute routes and selects different paths to a destination depending on the packet characteristics.The underlying routing infrastructure,EARA originally proposed in[12],is a probabilistic multi-path algorithm inspired by the foraging behaviour of biological ants.The biological concept of stigmergy in an ant colony is used for the interaction of local nodes to reduce the amount of control traffic.Local wireless medium information from the MAC layer is used as the artificial pheromone(a chemical used in ant communications) to reinforce optimal/sub-optimal paths without the knowledge of the global topology.One of the optimisations of EARA-QoS over EARA is the use of metrics from different layers to make routing decisions. This algorithm design concept is termed as the cross-layer design approach.Research[13]has shown the importance of cross-layer optimisations in MANETs,as the optimisation at a particular single layer might produce non-intuitive side-effects that will degrade the overall system performance.Moreover, the multiple-criteria routing decisions allow for the better usage of network characteristics in selecting best routes among multiple available routes to avoid forwarding additional data traffic through the congested areas,since the wireless medium over those hotspots is already very busy.The parameters for measuring wireless medium around a node depend largely on the MAC layer.In this paper,we focus on the IEEE802.11 DCF mode[14],since it is the most widely used in both cellular wireless networks and in MANETs.This cross-layer technique of using MAC layer information can be appliedeasily to other MAC protocols.In addition to the basic routing functionality,EARA-QoS supports an integrated lightweight QoS provision scheme.In this scheme,traffic flows are classified into different service classes.The classification is based on their relative delay bounds.Therefore,the delay sensitive traffic is given a higher priority than other insensitive traffic flows.The core technique of the QoS provision scheme is a token bucket queuing scheme,which is used to provide the high priority to the real-time traffic,and also to protect the lower-priority traffic from star-vation.Experimental results from simulation of mobile ad hoc networks show that this QoS routing algorithm performs well over a variety of environmental conditions,such as network size,nodal mobility and traffic loads.II.B ACKGROUNDIn this section,we give a brief introduction to background knowledge on ant colony heuristics,and the QoS provision techniques in MANETs.A.Foraging Strategies in AntsOne famous example of biological swarm social behaviour is the ant colony foraging [15](see Figure 1).Many ant species have a trail-laying,trail-following behaviour when foraging:individual ants deposit a chemical substance called pheromone as they move from a food source to their nest,and foragers follow such pheromone trails.Subsequently,more ants are attracted by these pheromone trails and in turn reinforce them even more.As a result of this auto-catalytic effect,the optimal solution emerges rapidly.In this food searching process a phenomenon called stigmergy plays a key role in developing and manipulating local information.It describes the indirect communication of individuals through modifying theenvironment.Fig.1.All Ants Attempt to Take the Shortest PathFrom the self-organisation theory point of view,the be-haviour of the social ant can be modelled based on four elements:positive feedback,negative feedback,randomness and multiple interactions [16].This model of social ants using self-organisation theories provides powerful tools to transfer knowledge about the social insects to the design of intelligent decentralised problem-solving systems.B.Quality-of-Service in MANETsQuality-of-Service (QoS)provision techniques are used to provide some guarantee on network performance,such as average delay,jitter,etc.In wired networks,QoS provision can generally be achieved with the over-provisioning of re-sources and with network traffic engineering [17].With the over-provisioning approach,resources are upgraded (e.g.fibre optic data link,advanced routers and network cards)to make networks more resistant to resource demanding applications.The advantage of this approach is that it is easy to be implemented.The main disadvantage of this approach is that all the applications still have the same priority,and the network may become unpredictable during times of bursting and peak traffic.In contrast,the idea of the traffic engineering approach is to classify applications into service classes and handle each class with a different priority.This approach overcomes the defect of the former since everyone is following a certain rule within the network.The traffic engineering approach has two complemen-tary means to achieve QoS provisioning,Integrated Services (IntServ)and Differentiated Services (DiffServ).IntServ [18]provides guaranteed bandwidth for flows,while DiffServ [19]provides hard guarantees for service classes.Both of the approaches rely on the possibility to make bandwidth reservations.The former was used in ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)[20]and is today the method of achieving QoS in RSVP-IntServ [21].On the other hand,in the DiffServ approach,no reservation is done within the network.Instead,QoS is achieved by mechanisms such as Admission Control ,Policy Manager ,Traffic Classes and Queuing Schedulers .These mechanisms are used to mark a packet to receive a particular forwarding or dropping treatment at each node.Based on QoS provision techniques in wired networks,many QoS approaches are proposed to provide QoS services for MANETs.Flexible QoS Model for MANETs (FQMM)[22],is the first QoS approach for MANETs,which combines knowledge on IntServ/DiffServ in wired networks with con-sideration of MANETs.As an essential component to achieve the QoS provisioning,QoS routing algorithms tightly integrate QoS provisioning into routing protocols.The QoS version of AODV (QoS-AODV)[23],the Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing (CEDAR)protocol [10],the Multimedia Support for Mobile Wireless Networks (MMWN)protocol [11],and the ticket-based protocols [24]are examples of QoS routing algorithms proposed for MANETs.On the other hand,QoS signaling techniques are inde-pendent of the underlying routing protocols.The In-band Signalling for QoS in Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks (INSIGNIA)algorithm [25]is the typical signaling protocol designed exclusively for MANETS.The idea of CEDAR,MMWN,and ticket-based protocols is to disseminate link-state information across the network in order to enable other nodes to find routes that meet certain QoS criteria,like the minimum bandwidth.On the other hand,INSIGNIA piggybacks resource reservations onto data packets,which can be modified by intermediate nodes to inform the communication endpoint nodes in case of lack ofresources.All those approaches are based on the idea that the wireless links between mobile nodes have certain QoS related properties,in particular a known amount of available bandwidth,and that nodes are able to give guarantees for traffic traversing these links.III.C RITIQUE OF E XISTING Q O S A PPROACHES INMANET SNowadays,most of the QoS provisioning techniques are derived from the QoS approaches of the wired networks. However,QoS support approaches proposed in wired networks are based on the assumption that the link characteristics such as bandwidth,delay,loss rate and error rate must be available and manageable.However,given the challenges of MANETs, e.g.dynamic topology and time-varying link capacity,this assumption does not apply any longer.Thus,applying the concepts of wired traffic engineering QoS approaches directly to MANETs is extremely difficult.Generally,the situation in MANETs is completely different from those in wired networks.In wireless networks,the available bandwidth undergoes fast time-scale variations due to channel fading and errors from physical obstacles.These effects are not present in wired networks.In MANETs,the wireless channel is a shared-access medium,and the available bandwidth even varies with the number of hosts contending for the channel.Below we analyse why the IntServ/DiffServ models are not appropriate for MANETs respectively. IntServ based approaches are not applicable for MANETs mainly due to two factors,huge resource consumption and computation power limitation.Firstly,to support IntServ,a huge amount of link state information has to be built and main-tained for each mobile node.The amount of state information increases proportionally with the number offlows,which is also a problem with the current IntServ QoS scheme.Secondly, current wireless networks employ two major MAC techniques, the single-channel approach and the multiple channel ap-proach.With single-channel approach(e.g.IEEE802.11[14]), all nodes share the same channel and therefore potentially interfere with each other.With a multiple-channel approach (e.g.Bluetooth[26]or CDMA[27]),nodes can communicate on several channels simultaneously.Both of the two MAC techniques have a similar bandwidth reservation mechanism. This common mechanism requires a transmission schedule to define time slots,in which nodes take their turns periodically. For each slot,its duration and a set of possible simultaneous transmissions must be defined.However,in wireless networks, the problem offinding an optimal schedule is proved to be NP-complete[28],which is a fundamental limitation of QoS provisioning in wireless networks.On the other hand,the DiffServ approach is a lightweight QoS model for interior routers since individual stateflows are aggregated into sets of service classes whose packets are treated differently at the routing nodes.This makes routing a lot easier in the network.Thus this approach could be a potential solution for MANETs.Even though it is not practical to provide a hard separation of different service classes in MANETs,relative prioritisation is possible in such a way that traffic of a certain class is given a higher or lower priority than traffic of other service classes.One solution would be to divide the traffic into a predefined set of service classes that are defined by their relative delay bounds,such as delay sensitive(realtime)and insensitive(bulk)traffic.Realtime traffic should be given higher priority than bulk traffic.No absolute bandwidth guarantees are provided.Some work based on service differentiation rather than resource reservations in MANETs already exists[29].IV.D ESCRIPTION OF EARA-Q O SEARA-QoS is an on-demand multipath routing algorithm for MANETs,inspired by the ant foraging intelligence.This algorithm incorporates positive feedback,negative feedback and randomness into the routing computation.Positive feed-back originates from destination nodes to reinforce the existing pheromone on good paths.Ant-like packets,analogous to the ant foragers,are used to locallyfind new paths.Artificial pheromone is laid on the communication links between nodes and data packets are biased towards strong pheromone,but the next hop is chosen probabilistically.To prevent old routing solutions from remaining in the current network status,expo-nential pheromone decay is adopted as the negative feedback. Each node using this algorithm maintains a probabilistic routing table.In this routing table,each route entry for the destination is associated with a list of neighbour nodes.A probability value in the list expresses the goodness of node as the next hop to the destination.For each neighbour, the shortest hop distance to the destination and the largest sequence number seen so far are also recorded.In addition to the routing table,each node also possesses a pheromone table.This table tracks the amount of pheromone on each neighbour link.The table may be viewed as a ma-trix with rows corresponding to neighbourhood and columns to destinations.There are three threshold values controlling the bounds on pheromone in the table.They are the upper pheromone that prevents extreme differences in pheromone, the lower pheromone,below which data traffic cannot be forwarded,and the initial pheromone that is assigned when a new route is found.In addition to the routing data structures present above,the following control packets are used in EARA-QoS to perform routing computation:Route Request Packet(RQ)containing destination ad-dress,source address and broadcast ID.Route Reply Packet(RP)containing source address,des-tination address,sequence number,hop account and life-time.Reinforcement Signal(RS)containing destination ad-dress,pheromone value and sequence number.Local Foraging Ant(LFA)containing source address (the node that sent LFA),the least hop distance from the source to the destination,stack of intermediate node address and hop count.Hello Packet(HELLO)containing source(the node that sent Hello)address and hop count(set to0).A.Parameters of Lower Layers1)The Average MAC Layer Utilisation:Thefirst metric is the average MAC layer utilisation for a node.This metric measures the usage of the wireless medium around that node. As the instantaneous MAC layer utilisation at a node is either (busy)or(idle),we average this value over a period of time window as follows:(1) where is the time when the medium is busy in the window.This average MAC utilisation indicates the degree to which the wireless medium around that node is busy or idle.We consider the instantaneous MAC layer utilisation level at a node to be1when the wireless medium around that node either detects physical carrier to be present or is deferring due to virtual carrier sensing,inter-frame spacing,or backoff.In addition,we also consider the medium is busy at any time when the node has at least one packet in the transmission queue.2)The Transmission Queue Heuristic:The second metric isa heuristic value that is calculated with the network interface transmission queue length in the current node.Apart from the media status,the transmission queue length is also a key factor that can affect the packet latency or packet drop due to the size limit on the queue length.We define the heuristic value with the following rules.If the outgoing network interface employs a single queue scheme,the heuristic value is defined as:(2) where is the length(in bytes waiting to be sent)of the interface queue in node,and is the maximum packet bytes allowed in the queue.If the network interface employs the multiple virtual queue scheme for each outgoing link,the heuristic value is defined as:(3)where is the length(in bytes waiting to be sent)of the virtual queue of the link in node and denotes the neighbourhood of node as a next-hop to some destination.3)The Average MAC Layer Delay:The last metric is the MAC layer delay for the link.The MAC layer delay is defined as the interval from when the RTS frame is sent at node to when the data frame is received successfully at node.The average MAC delay is obtained by averaging these values over a time window as follows:(4)where is the time interval in the window,and is a coefficient.This average MAC delay indicates the degree of interference.In regions where there is a lot of interference from other nodes,MAC delay is high due to the contentionof the channel.B.Data PropagationWhen multiple virtual queue scheme is employed,the rout-ing probability value is computed by the composition ofthe pheromone values,the local heuristic values and the linkdelays as follows:(5) where,and()are tunable parametersthat control the relative weight of pheromone trail,MAC delay and heuristic value,and is the neighbourhood as a next-hop to some destination.Incorporating the heuristic value and link delay in the rout-ing computation makes this algorithm possess the congestionawareness property.Based on the probabilistic routing table, data traffic will be distributed according to the probabilitiesfor each neighbour in the routing table.The routing algorithmexhibits load balancing behaviour.Nodes with a large number of packets in the buffer are avoided.The EARA-QoS algorithm consists of several components.They are the route discovery procedure,the positive and neg-ative reinforcement,and the local connectivity management.C.Route DiscoveryWe use a similar route discovery procedure as describedin[12].On initialisation,a neighbourhood for each node is built using the single-hop HELLO messages.Whenever atraffic source needs a route to a destination,it broadcastsroute request packets(RQ)across the network.Rather than simplyflooding the RQ packets,we adopt the probabilisticbroadcast scheme explored in[30]combined with the MAClayer utilisation.When a nodefirst receives a packet,with probability it broadcasts the packet to its neighbours,andwith probability it discards the packet.The probabilityvalue is calculated as(6) where()is the coefficient.This broadcast scheme helps to discover new routes avoiding congestion areas,but atthe cost of missing potential routes to the destination. During the course offlooding RQ packets to the destination ,the intermediate node receiving a RQ packetfirst sets up reverse paths to the source by recording the source addressand the previous hop node in the message cache.If a validroute to the destination is available,that is,there is at least one link associated with the pheromone trail greater than the lower pheromone bound,the intermediate node generates a route reply(RP).The RP is routed back to the source via the reverse paths.Otherwise,the RQ is rebroadcast.Other than just establishing a single forward path,whenthe destination node receives RQs it will send a RP to allthe neighbours from which it sees a RQ.In order to maintain multiple loop-free paths at each intermediate node,node(b) Path Reinforcement(c) Local Repair(a) Initial Pheromone Setup Fig.2.Illustrating Working Mechanism of EARA-QoSmust record all new forward paths that possess the latest sequence number but hold a lower hop-count in its routing table,and also send a RP to all the neighbours from which it saw a RQ.During the course of the RP tracking back to the source,an initial pheromone value is assigned to the corresponding neighbour node,which indicates a valid route to the destination.This process is illustrated in Figure2(a).D.Route ReinforcementAfter the destination node receives the data traffic sent by the source node,it begins to reinforce some good neighbour(s)in order to“pull”more data traffic through the good path(s)by sending reinforcement signal packets(RS) whenever it detects new good paths.When node receives a RS,it knows it has an outgoing link toward the destination ,which is currently deemed a good path.Subsequently, node updates the corresponding pheromone table entry with the value and forwards a RS packet to(at least one) selected neighbour locally based on its message cache,e.g.the neighbour(s)that saw the least hops of the incoming packets. The amount of the pheromone used to positively rein-force the previous hop neighbour is computed as follows.If the RS packet is sent by the destination to node,then is calculated using the upper bound pheromone value ,(7) If the RS packet is sent by an intermediate node towards node,the is calculated using the current largest pheromone value max()in node with the next hop to the destination in the pheromone table,max(8) where,and are parameters that control the relative weight of the relative source hop distance,the rel-ative packet number and the local queue heuristic. Incorporating the congestion-measuring metric into the reinforcement can lead data traffic to avoid the congestion areas.The relative source hop distance is calculated as follows:(9) where is the shortest hop distance from the source to the current node through node,and is the shortest hop distance from to.This parameter is used to ensure that paths with shorter hop distance from the source node to the current node are reinforced with more pheromone.The relative packet number is calculated as follows:(10) where is the number of incoming packets from neighbour to the destination,and is the total number of incomingpackets towards the destination.This parameter is used to indicate that the data forwarding capacity of a link also affects the reinforcement.The more data arrives,the stronger reinforcement is generated for the corresponding link.On receiving the RS from a neighbour,node needs to positively increase the pheromone of the link towards node.If the sequence number in the RS is greater than the one recorded in the pheromone table,node updates its corresponding pheromone with the value of carried on the RS:(11) If the sequence number is equal to the current one,then:ifotherwise(12)If the sequence number in RS is less than the current one in the pheromone table,then this RS is just discarded.Node also has to decide to reinforce(at least)one of its neighbours by sending the RS message based on its own message cache.This process will continue until reaching the source node.As a result of this reinforcement,good quality routes emerge,which is illustrated in Figure2(b).The same procedure can apply to any intermediate node to perform local link error repair as long as it has pheromone value that is greater than the lower bound.For instance,if an intermediate node detects a link failure from one of its upstream links, it can apply the reinforcement rules to discover an alternative path as shown in Figure2(c).There is also an implicit negative reinforcement for the pheromone values.Within every time interval,if there is no data towards a neighbour node,its corresponding pheromone value decays by a factor as follows:(13)E.Local Foraging AntsIn a dynamic network like MANET,the changes of the net-work topology create chances for new good paths to emerge.In order to make use of this phenomenon,this algorithm launcheslocal foraging ants(LFA)with a time interval to locallysearch for new routes whenever all the pheromone trails of a node towards some destination drop below the threshold.The LFA will take a random walk from its original node. During the course of its walk,if the LFA detects congestionaround a node(the average channel utilisation is greaterthan a predefined threshold value),then the LFA dies to avoid increasingly use the wireless medium.Otherwise,theLFA pushes the address of the nodes that it has travelledinto its memory stack.To avoid forming of loops,LFA will not choose to travel to the node that is already in.Before reaching the maximum hop,if LFA canfind a node with pheromone trails greater than and the hop distanceto destination not greater than the one from its original nest,itreturns to its’nest’following its memory stack and updates the corresponding paths with.Otherwise,it simply dies.F.Local Connectivity ManagementNodes maintain their local connectivity in two ways.When-ever a node receives a packet from a neighbour,it updates its local connectivity information to ensure that it includes thisneighbour.In the event that a node has not sent any packets toits neighbours within a time interval,it has to broadcast a HELLO packet to its neighbours.Failure to receive packetsfrom the neighbourhood in indicates changes in the local connectivity.If HELLO packets are not received from the nexthop along an active path,the node that uses that next hop issent notification of link failure.In case of a route failure occurring at node,cannot for-ward a data packet to the next hop for the intended destination .Node sends a RS message that sets ROUTE RERR tag to inform upstream nodes of the link failure.This RS signalassigns to the corresponding links the lower bound.Here, RS plays the role of an explicit negative feedback signal to negatively reinforce the upstream nodes along the failure path. This negative feedback avoids causing buffer overflow due to caching on-flight packets from upstream nodes. Moreover,the use of HELLO packets can also help to ensure that only nodes with bidirectional connectivity are deemed as neighbours.For this purpose,the HELLO packet sent by a node has an option to list the nodes from which it has heard HELLO packets,and nodes that receive the HELLO check to ensure that it uses only routes to neighbours that have sent HELLO packets.G.The QoS Provision SchemeThis section describes a lightweight approach to DiffServ. The basic idea is to classifyflows into a predefined set of service classes by their relative delay bounds.Admission control only works at the source node.There is no session orflow state information maintained at intermediate nodes. Once a realtime session is admitted,its packets are marked as RT(realtime service)and otherwise they are considered as best-effort bulk packets.As depicted in Figure3,each of these traffic classes is buffered in a logically separate queue.A simple novel queuing strategy,based on the token bucket scheme,provides high priority to realtime traffic,and also protects the lower-priority traffic from starvation.No absolute bandwidth guarantees are provided in this scheme.We explain this queuing strategy and its novelty below.The queues are scheduled according to a token bucket scheme.In this scheme,prioritisation is achieved with token balancing.Each traffic class has a balance of tokens,and the class with higher balance has a higher priority when dequeuing the next packet for transmission.For each transmission of a packet of class,an amount of tokens is subtracted from the class’token balance and an equal fraction thereof is added to every other class’balance such that the sum of all tokens is always the same.The weight value reflects the delay sensitivity assigned to the different classes.A higher weight value corresponds to a lower delay sensitivity.The size of the token balance together with the value determines the maximal length of a burst of traffic from one class.In this scheme,as long as the amount of delay-sensitive traffic does not grow too large,it is forwarded as quickly as possible,and if it does grow too large,starvation of other traffic classes is prevented.Setting the upper bound of a class’token balance depending on its delay-sensitivity enables further tuning of the describedmethod.Fig.3.Overview of Service Differentiation SchemeIn this packet scheduling scheme,routing protocol pack-ets are given unconditional priority before other packets. Moreover,realtime applications normally have stringent delay bounds for their traffic.This means that packets arriving too late are useless.From the application’s point of view,there is no difference between late and lost packets.This implies that it is actually useless to forward realtime packets that stay in a router for more than a threshold amount of time,because they will be discarded at the destination anyway.Dropping those packets instead has the advantage of reducing the load in the network.To our knowledge,this service classification based queuing scheme is the simplest implemented QoS provisioning technique designed exclusively for MANETs so far.V.C HARACTERISTICS OF THE A LGORITHMThis proposed protocol,implementing the cross-layer design concept,exhibits some properties that show itsfitness as a solution for mobile ad hoc networks:Loop-freeness:during the route discovery phase,the nodes record the unique sequence number of RP packets.。

JYJ(俊秀在中有天)W歌词(日文、中文翻译、罗马音)

JYJ(俊秀在中有天)W歌词(日文、中文翻译、罗马音)

JYJ(俊秀在中有天)W歌词(日文、中文翻译、罗马音).txt2机会靠自己争取,命运需自己把握,生活是自己的五线谱,威慑呢们不亲自演奏好它?JYJ----W 歌词(日文,中文翻译,罗马音)[00:03.50]Junsu:夜空に浮かんだ在夜空中漂浮着[00:09.19]星が文字を描き出すのは星群描绘出的文字[00:15.69]Yuchun:偶然じゃないと那并不是偶然[00:21.38]今もまだ(+Jejung)信じてるよ至今都依然相信着[00:29.00]Jejung:同じい暗の中で相同的黑暗中[00:31.94]Yuchun:同じ距离のままで相同的距离里[00:35.19]2J:W(ダブル)描き続けている我会一直继续描绘出W[00:41.13]君に见つかるように为了让你更容易发现[00:44.31]YS:もっと辉くから会更闪耀出光辉[00:48.37]JYJ:Keep in mind that I love you.[00:53.87]Yuchun:きっと一定[00:56.81]Jejung:いつか逢えるから将来我们一定会再相见[01:02.12]2J:瞳を闭じる度君を想う闭上眼睛的时候想起了你(俩)[01:09.24](Yuchun:You're everything)[01:07.75]Jejung:君が居ることが你(俩)的存在[01:14.52]JYJ:今もまだあたりまえなんだよ到现在依然是肯定的[01:20.81]Yuchun:ただ今は君が幸せであると愿い现在只是祈求你(们)是幸福的[01:26.35]Junsu:僕らの阶段をひとつひとつ登っていくよ我们(五人)面前的阶梯我们三人)会一步一步(为我们五个人)往上爬[01:32.53]2J:僕らはまだ仆らの未来を想像しながら我们(三人)依然一直在想象着我们(五人)的未来[01:40.73]君を持ってるよ(我们)在等待着(你们)[01:46.48]Yuchun+Jejung:きっと一定[01:49.24]Junsu:いつか逢えるから将来我们一定会再相见[01:54.67]2J:瞳を闭じる度君を想う闭上眼睛的时候想起了你(俩)[01:59.92](Yuchun:You're everything)[02:01.67]Junsu:君が居ることが你(俩)的存在[02:07.15]JYJ:今もまだあたりまえなんだよ到现在依然是肯定的[02:13.90]Jejung:いつか逢えるまで将来直到我们能重逢为止(+Junsu)[02:19.19]JYJ:君の居场所は守ってるよ(我们)在守护你(俩)的位置[02:24.56](Yuchun:You're everything)[02:26.28]Jejung:君ともう一度和你(俩)一起[02:31.46]JYJ:笑えると信じてるから一直坚信着会再一次欢笑[02:39.09][02:39.90][02:40.79]You're my love o~[02:49.45]Please hold on~~ 呜~ 喔~~[03:03.24]Yuchun:时が流れても就算时间流逝[03:08.30]どうな痛いが持っていても不管面前还有多少痛苦在等待着我们[03:13.62](Junsu:You're everything)[03:15.43]君はいつまでも你(俩)永远都是[03:20.78]JYJ:僕たちの”プライド”なんだよ我们的骄傲[03:26.31]Junsu:夜空に浮かんだ星に君が呟いたのは对着在夜空漂浮着的星星发牢骚[03:36.84]秀秀不要哭。

w万有趣的说法

w万有趣的说法

w万有趣的说法
w是5万的缩写,不是我国法定的规范写法,w个十百千万中的,有时候简写时用w代表叫万。

这可能吗总觉得.等于同六毛八的人民币,五万。

B表示亿均为,要么是人民币。

问一下,在钱中W表示万,所以用拼音代替。

代表汉语拼音wan的首字母,万的拼音w ,w写着容易,5万,k代表千?是韩元、k指的是千,有时候万简写时用w代表万,M表示百万,如千克、因为英语里只有为啥,十千”没有“万。

W表示万是网络上的写法,千米都是Km都是w用K表示千。

按照百度的汇率来算,具体点,万,k是千的意思,国内的习惯说法。

w指的是万,带数后写人民币要么是瓦,你看看129后边应该是个逗号吧。

常用符号无格式

常用符号无格式

常用的符合†‡$⦆零壹贰叁肆伍陆柒捌玖拾「‟%‬‣℉¤⦅╘╗㎎㎐㎑㎒㎔㎕㎖㎖㎗㎘ 字符=分†‡½ ¼ ¾ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ⅟[钢筋建筑]字符=‧ ‪‫Γαβγδεπζª‷‣⁊‟¤• 签名HRB400,RRB400 二级钢HRB335[数字符号] %⁓ ⁔ ⁕ ⁖ ⁗ ⁘ ⁙ ⁚ ⁛ ⁜ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭⑮⑯⑰⑱⑲⑳㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑㉑⓪ⓐⓑⓒⓓⓔⓕⓖⓗⓘⓙⓚⓛⓜⓝⓞⓟⓠⓡⓢⓣⓤⓥⓦⓧⓨⓩⒶⒷⒸⒹⒺⒻⒼⒽⒾⒿⓀⓁⓂⓃⓄⓅⓆⓇⓈⓉⓊⓋⓌⓍⓎⓏⒶⒷⒸⒹⒺⒻⒼⒽⒾⒿⓀⓁⓂⓃⓄⓅⓆⓇⓈⓉⓊⓋⓌⓍⓎⓏⓐⓑⓒⓓⓔⓕⓖⓗⓘⓙⓚⓛⓜⓝⓞⓟⓠⓡⓢⓣⓤⓥⓦⓧⓨⓩ‥…‧ ‪‫‬‭‮ ‰ㄜㄝㄞㄟㄠㄡㄢㄣㄤㄥ⁝⁞ ⁠⁡⁢⁣⁤⁥⁦⁧⁨⁩⁰ⁱ⁲⁳⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹⁺⁻⁼⁽⁾ⁿ⒗⒘⒙⒚⒛⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵❨❩❪❫❬❭❮❯❰❱⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵⓵[单位]⁰¹ ° ± ⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹⁻⁼⁽⁾⁺ⁿ‷‶‵‴‡ †㎎㎏㎐㎟㎣㎑㎠㎤㎒㎢㎦㎓㎥ nm κm κg ㎔㎕㎖㎗㎘㎾㏔㏘㏂㏗㎇㎆㎅[符号]“” ‘’ 〇〈々〆【】〉《》「」『〒〓()[]{}.。

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w的计算公式物理

w的计算公式物理

w的计算公式物理
W的计算公式物理
在物理学中,力是一个基本概念,它可以改变物体的运动状态。

而力的大小可以用牛顿定律来计算,即F=ma,其中F表示力的大小,m表示物体的质量,a表示物体的加速度。

而当力作用于物体上时,会产生位移,这个位移乘以力的大小就是力所做的功W。

因此,W的计算公式为W=F×s,其中s表示物体的位移。

举个例子,当一个人用力推一辆车,车沿着水平方向移动了10米,推车的力为100牛,那么这个人所做的功就是W=100×10=1000焦耳。

需要注意的是,功的单位是焦耳,它表示物体在受到力的作用下所获得的能量。

而在国际单位制中,1焦耳等于1牛米,也就是说,当力的大小为1牛时,物体在受到这个力作用下移动1米所做的功为1焦耳。

W的计算公式为W=F×s,它描述了力所做的功与物体的位移之间的关系。

在物理学中,这个公式是非常重要的,它可以帮助我们计算物体在受到力的作用下所做的功,从而更好地理解物理学中的各种现象。

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在房地产政策大面积松绑的同时,一线城市房地产正面临政策收紧的举措。

日前,上海市发展和改革委员会官方发布,针对房地产市场存在的结构性问题,上海市规土局等四部门联合发布《关于进一步优化本市土地和住房供应结构的实施意见》(以下简称“意见”)。

意见明确
相关公司股票走势泰禾集团
,未来上海中心城区中小套型住房供应比例将不低于70%,郊区将不低于60%。

意见最抓人眼球的是“增加中小套型商品住房供应”这一条。

上海将进一步加大商品住房用地的中小套型住房供应比例,中心城区不低于70%,郊区不低于60%(部分矛盾突出区域亦为70%);轨道交通站周边区域(中心城区、郊区的覆盖范围分别为600米、1500米)商品住房用地的中小套型住房供应比例提高到80%以上;保障型住房的中小套型供应比例中心城区
为100%,郊区不低于80%。

同时,意见还明确,多层、小高层和高层建筑的中小套型,建筑面积标准分别定为90平方米、95平方米和100平方米。

《第一财经日报》记者注意到,“增加中小套型商品住房供应”这一思路应对的正是去年9月上海提出的“房地产市场中小套型供应比例过低”问题。

去年11月,新江湾城某地块在一度“叫停”后重新拍出,经过调整后的规划中,要求地块中小套型比例不低于60%。

克而瑞分析师杨科伟认为,在土地供应总量明确将减少的背景下,增加中小户型的供应比例是为了令供应套数总量不至于明显减少,有利于平抑房价。

政策的意义主要有两方面:一个是土地出让环节设置一些附加门槛,有助于平抑地价;另一个就是增加商品住宅供应量,缓解供不应求造成房价过快上涨。

根据上海链家市场研究部监控数据显示,目前上海面积在90平方米以下的商品住宅存量占比也是最少的,截至2月24日,内环到中环90平方米的存量占比最少,仅有3.3%,而中外环间为5.4%,内环内为7.6%。

中小户型供应量的不足,供需矛盾激烈,尤其是中心城区小户型房源极为稀缺。

上海链家研究部市场总监陆骑麟告诉记者:“面积在90平方米以下的商品住宅存量仅为159万方,也就是说,按照目前市场的去化速度来看的话,仅需3-4个月就能完全去化,供应量完全不足。


那么目前上海的土地供应又是什么情况呢?
“土地是上海当前面临的一大资源瓶颈。

上海建设用地总规模接近规划‘天花板’,新增用地空间非常狭小。

截至2014年底,上海全市建成区面积3124平方公里,超过市域陆地面积的45%,与规划规模3226平方公里相比,只有102平方公里的空间。

根据上海新一轮城市总体规划,必须遵循的一条原则就是严守用地底线,实现建设用地“零增长”甚至负增长。

这也就意味着,今后6年上海平均每年新增建设用地只能控制在17平方公里以内。

”上海中原研究咨询部高级经理龚敏告诉记者。

面对如此紧张的土地情况和稀缺的供应,上海房价还在上涨。

以位于普陀区江宁路地铁站附近的某楼盘为例,去年7月140平米房屋挂牌价大概在600万,而如今的成交价格可以到800万。

买房成为一件痛苦的事情,这也不难理解上海推出上述举措。

同策咨询研究部总监张宏伟认为,一线城市新增建设用地不可能大幅增加,存量用地盘活也很难有快速成效,现在增加市场供应的方法就是把户型做小,增加供应的套数,让更多的家庭能够买到或租到中小套型的房源。

从上海现在的土地政策特征来看,再结合目前财政部等部委的政策导向,100平方米以下尤其是90平方米以下的中小套型配比肯定会增加,开发商在上海的开发策略也会由此发生一定的改变。

泰禾集团华东区投资总监王显巍指出,随着城市的快速发展,上海可供开发建设土地已经非常紧张,目前住宅用地已经在逐年减少,并且未来将长期持续、难以扭转,最终上海将像深圳一样从增量开发转向存量开发;近年上海对外来人口的吸引力在全国来说是遥遥领先
的,这也是公认的事实,供少需多之下,房价自然上涨。

多位业内人士也指出,在调整土地供应的同时,加快城市旧城改造也是解决供应的一大问题,这一点上海还需要多向深圳学习,但是上述政策对于调节房价将起到一定的帮助。

记者注意到,从去年四季度开始,不少外围的地块都已经增加了中小户型的占比,基本的要求都在55%或60%以上,而此前出让的地块多数只要求了中小户型占比达到20%即可,虽然目前的地块中小户型的比例出现调整,但与意见中的要求还是有一定差距的。

虽然如此,业内也有声音认为,如果中小户型加大配置,可能还会使得大户型由于供应不足而价格上涨。

rgwfgh 投资理财。

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