Gradient Domain High Dynamic Range Compression
A-level数学词汇(P1-P4)
Pure mathematics 1 1 Algebraic expression 代数表达式Index laws 指数定律Indices (index的复数形式) 指数Notation 注释Simplify 化简Power 指数Base 底Exponent 指数Expression 表达式Term 项Numerator 分子Expand 展开Possible 可能Fraction 分数Bracket 括号Product 乘积Multiply 乘Collecting like terms 合并同类项Linear 一次的Diagram 图形Rectangle 长方形Square 正方形Length 长度Width 宽Side length 边长Area 面积Shade 阴影Cuboid 长方体Dimension 维Show that 证明V olume 体积Given that 已知Constant 常数Value 值Factorize 因式分解Factor 因子Opposite 相反的Completely 完全地Common factor 公因式Quadratic 二次的Form 形式Real number 实数Positive 正的Negative 负的Include 包含Surd 无理数Add 加Sum 和Take out 提取Difference 差Difference of two squares 平方差Cancel 取消，相互抵消Similarly 同样的Rational 有理的Rational number 有理数Integer 整数Square root 平方根Evaluate 求…的值Substitute 代替Calculator 计算器Square number 平方数Irrational number 无理数Decimal 小数的Expansion 展开式Never-ending 无限的Never repeat 不循环的Exact 准确的Answer 答案Manipulate 操作Denominator 分母Rationalizing denominator 分母有理化Rearrange 调整Prime 质数Work out 计算Hence 然后Fully 完全地State 陈述Solve 解决Equation 方程2 Quadratics 二次方程式Quadratic equation 二次方程Solution 解Real solution 实根Set 设置Root 根Distinct 不同的Repeated root 重根Case 情况Straightforward 简单直接的Symbol 符号Plus 加，正Minus 减，负Factorization 因式分解Shape 形状Section 部分Formula 公式Reading off 读取Coefficient 系数Necessary 必要的Significant figures 有效数字Choose 选择Suitable 适当的Method 方法Trapezium 梯形Height 高Discard 丢弃Completing the square 完全平方（配方）Frequently 经常的Useful 有用的Process 过程Original 最初的Determine 决定Otherwise 另外Function 函数Mathematical 数学上的Relationship 关系Map 映射Set 集合Input 输入Output 输出Single 单一的Notation 符号Represent 代表Domain 定义域Range 值域，范围Member 成员Define 定义Minimum 最小的Occur 发生Explain 解释Consider 考虑Graph 图像Curve 曲线Parabola 抛物线Sketch 画图Identify 确定Key 关键的Feature 特征Overall 整体的Cross 交叉，横过Axis 轴Coordinate 坐标Turning point 转折点（顶点）Maximum 最大的Since 因为Symmetrical 对称的Symmetry 对称性Line of symmetry 对称轴Half-way 位于中途的Explore 探测Technology 技术Plot 绘制Scale 刻度However 但是，不管怎样Smooth 平滑的Relevant 相关的Intercept 截距Label 标记Axes (axis的复数)坐标轴Discriminant 判别式Sign 符号Check 核实Inequality 不等式Calculate 计算Match 匹配Prove 证明Algebra 代数学Diver 跳水运动员Launch 发射Springboard 跳板Meter 米Pool 水池Second 秒Model 模型High 高的Hit 撞击Reach 达到Non-zero 非零3 Equations and inequalities 方程和不等式Simultaneous 联立的Linear simultaneous equations 一次方程组Elimination 消元法Substitution 置换Quadratic simultaneous equations 二次方程组Up to 直到，多达Make sure 确保Correctly 正确地Simplest 最简的Graphically 以图表形式As 因为Satisfy 满足Intersection 相交Simultaneously 同时地Intersect 相交Once 一次Twice 两次Result 结果，导致Produce 产生Graph paper 坐标纸Accurately 准确地Verify 验证Linear inequalities 一次不等式Set notation 集合符号Number line 数轴Overlap 重叠Separately 单独地Illustrate 图解，阐明Quadratic inequalities 二次不等式Corresponding 相应的Critical 临界的Require 要求Describe 描述Interpret 解释Region 区域，范围Coordinate grid 坐标网Dotted line 虚线Solid line 实线Vertex 顶点Vertices (vertex的复数)顶点Within 在内部，之内4 Graphs and transformations 图像和转换Cubic 三次的Cubic function 三次函数Several 几个Depend on 取决于Touch 接触Coordinate axes 坐标轴Indicate 表明，显示Reciprocal 倒数的Reciprocal function 反比例函数Such as 例如Asymptote 渐近线Approach 接近Reach 到达Quadrant 象限Point of intersection 交点Steeper 更陡峭的Eventually 最后，终于Reason 理由，原因Appropriate 恰当的Number 数量Translate 平移Transform 改变Alter 改动Subtract 减Outside 在外面Vertically 竖直地Translation 平移Vector 矢量Horizontally 水平地Direction 方向In terms of 用…来表示Slide 滑动Stretch 伸缩Scale factor 比例系数Double 两倍Halve 减半，对分Inside 在里面Triple 三倍的Reflection 反射(镜面对称) Alternatively 二选一Parallel 平行Lie on 坐落在Pass through 穿过Apply 应用Unfamiliar 陌生的，不熟悉的Specific 特殊的Origin 原点Position 位置Image 像Suggest 提议Mark 标记5 Straight line graphs 直线图像Gradient 斜率Straight line 直线Join 连接Distance 距离Formula 公式Collinear 共线的Intercept 截距Define 定义Either 两者中的任一个Condition 条件Triangle 三角形General equation 一般式Parallel 平行Perpendicular 垂直Whether 是否Quadrilateral 四边形Trapezium 梯形Right angle 直角Congruent 全等的Neither 两者都不Hypotenuse 直角三角形斜边Line segment 线段Scalene 不等边的Respectively 分别地Go through 通过6 Trigonometric ratios 三角比Cosine rule 余弦定理Miss 缺失Version 版本Exchange 交换Standard 标准Prove 证明Opposite 对边Adjacent 邻边Pythagoras’ theorem 勾股定理Letter 字母Round 四舍五入Final 最终的Coastguard 海岸警卫队Station 驻地Bearing 方位Away from 远离Appropriate 适当的Mark 标记Airport 机场Due north 正北Due east 正东Due west 正西Due south 正南Sail 航行Helicopter 直升飞机Tee 球座Flag 旗Particular 特定的Hole 孔，洞Golf course 高尔夫球场Yard 码（1码=3英尺）Tee shot 发球台Land 着陆Largest 最大的Farmer 农场Field 场地Fence 栅栏Cargo 货物Plane 平面Kilometer 千米Sine rule 正弦定理Refer to 涉及Data 数据Remain 剩余Located on 坐落于Zookeeper 动物管理员Enclosure 围场Llama 骆驼Diagonal 对角线Surveyor 检验员Measure 测量Elevation 高程，仰角Apart 相距Assumption 假设Mathematical 数学的Model 模型Obtuse 钝角Acute 锐角Isosceles 等腰的Circle 圆Radius 半径Centre 圆心Least 最小的Instead 代替Crane 吊车Anchored 固定Wreck 破坏Suspend 悬挂Cable 缆绳Rotate 旋转Level 对准Proof 证明Triangular plot 三角图Involve 涉及Trigonometry 三角函数Encounter 遇到Decide 决定Mast 桅杆In order that 为了Interfere 干扰Efficient 有效的Hiker 徒步旅行者Radar 雷达Perimeter 周长Tangent 正切Periodic 周期性的Repeat 重复的Certain 确定的Interval 间距Period 周期Undefined 无意义的Knowledge 知识Periodicity 周期性Verify 证明Variation 变化Rock pool 潮汐潭Midday 中午During 在…期间Non-exact 非精准的Significant figure 有效数字Windmill 风车Sail 帆Tower 塔Deduce 推导Dune 沙丘Realistic 现实的7 Radians 弧度Radian 弧度So far 到目前为止Probably 大概，可能Degree 度Revolution 循环Around 围绕Circle 圆Subtend 朝着Arc 圆弧Circumference 周长Convert 转换Without 没有Multiple 倍数Arc length 弧长Sector 扇形Radius 半径Contain 包含Perimeter 周长Border 边界Pond 池塘Consist 由…组成Edge 边缘Minor arc 劣弧Major arc 优弧Chord 弦Diameter 直径Template 模板Brooch 胸针Ferris wheel 摩天轮Pod 蚕茧，豆荚Estimate 估计Speed 速率Patio 露台Lawn 草坪Design 设计Earring 耳环Nearest 最近点（精确到）Segment 弓形Radii (radius的复数形式) A plot of …的一块Erect 建造Along 沿着Subtract 减Tangent 切线Ratio 比例Bound 关，围入Decimal place 小数Midpoint 中点Semicircular 半圆Drawer 抽屉Handle 把手Difference 差Badge 徽章Equilateral 等边的Railway 铁路Track 轨迹Prism 三棱镜Attempt 尝试Mistake 错误8 Differentiation 微分Gradient 斜率Constantly 不断地Although 然而Comment on 对…评论Copy 抄写，复制Complete 完成Table 表格Hypothesis 假设Derivative 导数Principle 原理Detail 细节Account 解释Originate 起源Formalize 确定，形成Approach 方式，方法Limit 极限Tend to 趋向Gradient function 斜率函数Evaluate 求…的值Fixed value 定值Limiting value 定值Definition 定义One-at-a-time 一次一个Turning point 转折点（顶点）Slope 斜率Disappear 消失Polynomial 多项式Normal 切线First order derivative 一阶导数Second order derivative 二阶导数Rate of change 变化率Respect to 关于Displacement 位移Acceleration 加速度Local 局部的9 Integration 积分Reverse 相反的Differ 不同Integrate 求积分Integral 积分Indefinite 不确定的Indefinite integral 不定积分Elongated 拉长的，伸长的Arrow 箭Fire 射击Castle 城堡Drop off 下降Cliff 悬崖Cyclist 骑行者Pure mathematics 2 1Algebraic methods 代数方法Division 除法Dividing polynomial 多项式除法Finite 有限的Whole number 整数Long division 长除法Quotient 商Remainder 余数Factor theorem 因式定理Remainder theorem 余数定理Logical 逻辑的Structured 有组织的Argument 论据Statement 命题Conjecture 猜想Previously 预先Establish 建立Deduction 推导Desired 想要的Conclusion 结论Odd number 奇数Demonstration 示范，演示Even number 偶数Identical 完全相等的Identity 恒等式Parallelogram 平行四边形Rhombus 菱形Congruent 全等的Exhaustion 穷举法Consecutive 连续的Square number 平方数Break into 拆分Is suited to 适合于Disprove 反驳Counter-example 反例Sufficient 充分的Prime number 质数Divisible 可整除的Either … or…二者择一的Cube number 立方数Hold 有效Claim 宣称Opposite edge 对边Hexagon 六边形Regular hexagon 正六边形Side length 边长Reason 原因2Coordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane 解析几何Bisector 二等分线Perpendicular bisector 中垂线Averaging 求平均值Endpoint 端点Circumcentre 外心Equidistant 等距的Fixed point 定点Vector 向量Property 性质Unique 独一无二的Circumcircle 外接圆3Exponentials and logarithms 指数和对数Exponential 指数的Decrease 减小Increase 增加Smooth 光滑的，平滑的Increasing function 增函数Decreasing function 减函数Justify 证明Logarithms 对数Specific 特定的Button 按钮Typically 典型的Natural logarithms 自然对数Instance 实例Multiplication law 乘法定律Division law 除法定律Power law 指数定律Recognize 识别Attention 注意Condition 条件Complicated 复杂的Whenever 无论何时Convenient 方便的Suppose 假设Notice 注意Particular 特别的4The binomial expansion 二项式展开Binomial 二项式Pascal’s triangle 杨辉三角（帕斯卡三角形）Immediately 直接地Pattern 图案Adjacent 相邻的Investment 投资Interest rate 利率Annum 年，岁Approximation 近似值Ignore 忽略Factorial notation 阶乘Combination 组合Superscript 上标Subscript 下标Probability 可能性Toss 投Likelihood 可能性Ascending powers 升幂Individual 个别的Estimation 估值Engineering 工程学Science 科学Percentage error 百分误差Microchip 微型集成电路片Faulty 有缺点的Chip 芯片Restrict 限制Achieve 达到School fair 学校园游会Prize 奖赏Digit 数字Display 显示5Sequences and series 数列和级数Arithmetic sequence 等差数列Arithmetic progression 等差数列Common difference 公差Arithmetic series 等差级数（等差数列前n 项求和）Exceed 超过Inclusive 包含的Stick 棒子Pentagon 五角形Geometric sequences 等比数列Geometric progression 等比数列Common ratio 公比Converge 收敛Alternating sequence 交错数列Million 百万Geometric series 等比级数（等比数列前n项求和）Sum to infinity 无限项求和Divergent 发散的Convergent 收敛的Recurring 循环的Sigma notation 求和符号Capital 首都，大写字母Signify 表示Recurrence relations 递推关系Previous term 前一项First term 初项Generate 生成，产生Periodic sequence 周期数列Period 周期Salary 薪水Profit 利润Predict 预言Annual 年度的Business 商业Financial 金融的Advisor 顾问Fold 折叠Thickness 厚度Unrealistic 不切实际的Investor 投资人Account 账户Thereafter 以后Deposit 存款，定金Wage 工资Rise 上升Gear 齿轮Successive 连续的Intermediate 中间的Valuable 有价值的Commission 佣金Insurance 保险Policy 政策Prospector 勘探者Drill 钻孔Subsequent 随后的Available 可获得的Payment 报酬Virus 病毒Infect 传染Diagnose 诊断Overfish 过度捕捞Chess 象棋Chessboard 棋盘Sponsored 赞助的Polygon 多边形Appointment 约会，任命6Trigonometric identities and equations 三角恒等式和方程Unit circle 单位圆Anticlockwise 逆时针Quadrant 象限Equivalent 相等的Equilateral triangle 等边三角形Isosceles right-angled triangle 等腰直角三角形Identity 恒等式Reflex 优角(大于180度，在第三、四象限)Principal value 主值Inverse trigonometric function 反三角函数Justification 理由7Differentiation 微分Strictly 严格地Interval 区间Stationary point 驻点Local maximum 局部最大Greatest value 最大值Local minimum 局部最小Least value 最小值Point of inflection 拐点，反曲点Immediate 最接近的Vicinity 邻近，附近Second derivative 二次求导Rate of change 改变的快慢Convex 凸Concave 凹Establish 建立，证实Liter 升Instant 瞬间Tank 水槽Cuboid 长方体的Sheet 薄片Metal 金属Sphere 球体Displacement 位移Cylinder 圆柱体Perimeter 周长Semicircular 半圆的Semicircle 半圆Frame 框架Split 分离，分开Motion 运动Damped 阻尼Spring 弹簧Bent 弯的Biscuit 饼干Tin 罐头Close-fitting 紧贴的Lid 盖子Thin 薄的，瘦的Wastage 损耗Obtain 获得Percentage 百分比Store 储存Capacity 容量Container 容器Calculus 微积分学8Integration 积分Definite integral 定积分Indefinite integral 不定积分Whereas 反之，然而Upper limit 上限Lower limit 下限Square bracket 中括号Magnitude 大小Negligible 可忽略的Straddle 跨坐Unless 除非Complicated 复杂的Trapezium 梯形Trapezium rule 梯形法则Beneath 在…下面Strip 条，带Boundary 边界Adjacent 相邻的Improve 改善Accuracy 精确度Approximation 近似值Underestimate 低估Overestimate 高估Compare 比较Pure mathematics 3 Common multiple 公倍数Improper fraction 假分数Partial fractions 部分分数Degree 次数Modulus function 模函数Absolute value 绝对值Argument 辐角Set notation 集合符号Piecewise-defined function 分段函数Composite function 复合函数Inverse function 反函数Secant 正割Cosecant 余割Cotangent 余切Interval 区间Symmetry 对称性Symmetrical 对称的Chord 弦Inverse trigonometric function 反三角函数Addition formulae 加法公式Compound-angle formulae 复合角公式Double-angle formulae 二倍角公式Round 四舍五入Exponential function 指数函数Natural logarithms 自然对数Trend 趋势Outlier 极值Chain rule 链式法则Product rule 乘法法则Quotient rule 除法法则Continuous 连续的Fixed point iteration 定点迭代Successive 连续的Converge 收敛Staircase diagram 梯形图Cobweb diagram 网状图Diverge 发散Pure mathematics 4 Contradiction 反驳Assert 主张Falsehood 虚假Negation 反论Prime number 质数Split 分解Separate 独立的Parametric equation 参数方程Variable 变量Parameter 参数Revolution 循环Plot 绘图Valid 有效的As long as 只要Condition 条件Accurate 精确的Ascending 上升的Approximation 近似值Implicit differentiation 隐函数微分Explicitly 明确的Implicit 隐含的Rate of change 变化率Hemisphere 半球Cylindrical 圆柱形的Conical 圆锥形的Concave 凹Convex 凸Integrand 被积函数Integration by substitution 换元积分法Integration by part 分部积分法Polynomial 多项式Separating the variables 分离变量General solution 通解Boundary condition 边界条件Directed line segment 有向线段Parallelogram 平行四边形Unit vector 单位向量Column vector 列向量Position vector 位置矢量Scalene 不等边的21Clockwise 顺时针Anticlockwise 逆时针Coplanar 共面的Parallelepiped 平行六面体Trisect 三等分Hexagon 六边形Regular hexagon 正六边形Direction vector 方向向量Anchor 固定Dot product 点乘22。
DGGE 介绍
变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）原理如果 DNA 双链分子全长不断增加温度或用化学变性剂处理，两条链就会开始分开（解链）。
首先解链的区域由解链温度较低的碱基组成。
G.C 碱基对比 A.T 碱基对结合得要牢固，因此 G. C 含量高的区域具有较高的解链温度。
同时影响解链温度的因素还有相邻碱基间的吸引力（称作“堆积”）。
解链温度低的区域，通常位于端部称作低温解链区（ lower melting domain ）。
如果端部分开，那么双螺旋就由未解链部分束在一起，这一区域便称作高温解链（ high melting domain ）。
如果温度或变性剂浓度继续升高，两条链就会完全分开。
变性梯度凝胶电泳法依据首要的一点是： DNA 双链末端一旦解链，其在凝胶中的电泳速度将会极剧下降。
第二个根据是，如果某一区域首先解链，而与其仅有一个碱基之差的另一条链就会有不同的解链温度，因此，将样品加入含有变性剂梯度的凝胶进行电泳就可将二者分开。
最终，如果一双链在其低温解链区碱基错配（异源双链），而与另一等同的双链相比差别仅在于此，那么，含有错配碱基的双链将在低得多的变性剂浓度下解链。
事实上，样品通常含有突变、正常的同源双链以及配对的异源双链，后者是在 PCR 扩增加时产行的。
而含有错配的双链通常可以远远地与两个同源双链分开，这种分离效果使该方法灵敏度很高。
为使仅有一个碱基之差的不同分子取得最好的分离效果，必须先选择所要研究的 DNA 范围以及电泳样品时变性剂浓度梯度。
这可以正交变性梯度实验进行经验性的解决。
变性剂梯度应选在曲线斜率大的部分，因为这时多数分子处于部分变性状态这使得落入低温解链区的不同分子达到最佳分离。
为防止对患者样品分析之前对目标 DNA 片段的经验性分析占去大量时间，已在本技术的改进人Leonard Lerman 的实验室设计了一项计算机程序，程度名叫 MELT87 和 SQHTX ，它可以模拟和任何已知序列 DNA 解链温度有关的解链行为。
土木岩土工程专业术语英语词汇
土木工程工程地质岩土工程专业术语专业英语专业词汇岩层岩性lithology，人工堆积artificial accumulation，块石碎石土block and rubble，崩坡积avalanche slope accumulation，坡积slope accumulation，碎石土rubble，残坡积residual slope accumulation，坡洪积diluvial slope accumulation，砂卵砾石sand gravel，冰水堆积outwash accumulation，砂岩夹砾岩夹页岩sandstone interbedded with conglomerate and shale，变质砂岩metamorphic sandstone，硅质板岩siliceous slate，千枚状板岩phyllitic slate，变质砾岩metamorphic conglomerate，砂岩夹砾岩sandstone interbedded with conglomerate，地质构造geological structure，剪裂隙scisson，实测、推测平移断层actual measured and speculative strike-slip fault，实测、推测逆断层actual measured and speculative thrust fault，实测、推测正断层actual measured and speculative normal fault，不同纪系地层分界线formation boundary for different system，实测、推测同纪系地层分界线actual measured and speclative formationboundary for the same system ，岩性相变界线lithofacies change boundary，断层破碎带fractured zone of the fault，地貌及物理地质现象surface feature and geophysical phenomenon，阶地前缘（齿数代表阶地级数）front of the terrace(tooth number for terraceclass)，勘探及其他exploration and othera semi-infinite elastic solid|半无限弹性体AASHTO= American Association State HighwayOfficials|美国州公路官员协会active earth pressure|主动土压力additional stress|附加应力allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil|地基容许承载力alluvial expansive soil|冲积膨胀土anchored plate retaining wall|锚定板挡土墙anchored sheet pile wall|锚定板板桩墙angle of internal friction|内摩擦角angle of repose|休止角anisotropy|各向异性ANSYS Booleans|布尔运算ANSYS Booleans Intersect|布尔交运算ANSYS Booleans Overlap|布尔搭接运算ANSYS Booleans Partition|布尔分割运算ANSYS Cartesian|笛卡儿坐标ANSYS Cylindrical|柱坐标ANSYS Eigen Buckling|特征值屈伸分析ANSYS Global Cartesian|笛卡儿坐标系ANSYS Global Cylindrical|柱坐标系ANSYS Global Spherical|球坐标系ANSYS Grid|网格ANSYS Harmonic|谐振分析ANSYS Model|模态分析ANSYS Normal|法向向量ANSYS Polar|极坐标ANSYS Spectrum|谱分析ANSYS Spherical|球坐标ANSYS Static|静态分析ANSYS Substructuring|子结构分析ANSYS Tolerance|允许偏差ANSYS Transient|瞬态分析ANSYS Trial|坐标轴ANSYS Working Plane Origin|工作平面原点anti-slide pile|抗滑桩arrangement of piles|桩的布置artificial foundation|人工地基ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineer|美国土木工程师学会associated flow|关联流动Atterberg limits|阿太堡界限Barraon’s consolidation theory|巴隆固结理论bearing capacity|承载力bearing capacity of foundation soil|地基承载力bearing capacity of single pile|单桩承载力bearing stratum|持力层belled pier foundation|钻孔墩基础bench slope|台阶式坡形Biot’s consolidation theory|比奥固结理论Bishop method|毕肖普法bore hole columnar section|钻孔柱状图bored pile|钻孔桩bottom heave|（基坑）底隆起boulder|漂石boundary surface model|边界面模型box foundation|箱型基础braced cuts|支撑围护braced excavation|支撑开挖braced sheeting|支撑挡板bracing of foundation pit|基坑围护bulk constitutive equation|体积本构模型caisson foundation|沉井（箱）Cambridge model|剑桥模型cantilever retaining wall|悬臂式挡土墙cantilever sheet pile wall|悬臂式板桩墙cap model|盖帽模型casing|套管cast in place|灌注桩cement column|水泥桩cement mixing method|水泥土搅拌桩centrifugal model test|离心模型试验chemical stabilization|化学加固法clay|粘土clay fraction|粘粒粒组clay minerals粘土|矿物clayey silt|粘质粉土clayey soil|粘性土coarse sand|粗砂cobble|卵石coefficent of compressibility|压缩系数coefficient of consolidation|固结系数coefficient of gradation|级配系数coefficient of permeability|渗透系数coefficient of variation|变异系数cohesion|粘聚力collapsible loess treatment|湿陷性黄土地基处理compacted expansive soil|击实膨胀土compaction test|击实试验compactness|密实度compensated foundation|补偿性基础complex texture|复合式结构composite foundation|复合地基compressibility|压缩性compressibility modulus|压缩摸量compression index|压缩指数concentrated load|集中荷载consolidated drained direct shear test|慢剪试验consolidated drained triaxial test|固结排水试验(CD) consolidated quick direct shear test|固结快剪试验consolidated undrained triaxial test|固结不排水试验(CU) consolidation| 固结consolidation curve|固结曲线consolidation test|固结试验consolidation under K0 condition| K0固结constant head permeability|常水头渗透试验constitutive equation|本构关系constitutive model|本构模型Coulomb’s earth pressure theory|库仑土压力理论counter retaining wall|扶壁式挡土墙country rock|围岩critical edge pressure|临塑荷载cross-hole test| 跨孔试验cushion|垫层cyclic loading|周期荷载cycling load|反复荷载damping ratio|阻尼比Darcy’s law| 达西定律dead load sustained load|恒载持续荷载deep foundation|深基础deep settlement measurement|深层沉降观测deep well point|深井点deformation|变形deformation modulus|变形摸量deformation monitoring|变形监测degree of consolidation|固结度degree of saturation|饱和度density|密度dewatering|（基坑）降水dewatering method|降低地下水固结法diaphragm wall|地下连续墙截水墙dilatation|剪胀dimensionless frequency|无量纲频率direct shear|直剪direct shear apparatus|直剪仪direct shear test|直剪试验direct simple shear test|直接单剪试验direction arrangement|定向排列discount coefficient|折减系数diving casting cast-in-place pile|沉管灌注桩domain effect theory|叠片体作用理论drilled-pier foundation|钻孔扩底墩dry unit weight|干重度dry weight density|干重度Duncan-Chang model|邓肯－张模型duration of earthquake|地震持续时间dyke堤|（防）dynamic compaction|强夯法dynamic compaction replacement|强夯置换法dynamic load test of pile|桩动荷载试验dynamic magnification factor|动力放大因素dynamic penetration test|(DPT)动力触探试验dynamic pile testing|桩基动测技术dynamic properties of soils| 土的动力性质dynamic settlement|振陷（动沉降）dynamic shear modulus of soils|动剪切模量dynamic strength|动力强度dynamic strength of soils|动强度dynamic subgrade reaction method|动基床反力法dynamic triaxial test|三轴试验earth pressure|土压力earth pressure at rest|静止土压力earthquake engineering|地震工程earthquake intensity|地震烈度earthquake magnitude|震级earthquake response spectrum|地震反应谱effective stress|有效应力effective stress approach of shear strength|剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法effective stress failure envelop|有效应力破坏包线effective stress strength parameter|有效应力强度参数effective unit weight|有效重度efficiency factor of pile groups|群桩效率系数（η）efficiency of pile groups|群桩效应elastic half-space foundation model|弹性半空间地基模型elastic half-space theory of foundationvibration|基础振动弹性半空间理论elastic model|弹性模型elastic modulus|弹性模量elastoplastic model|弹塑性模型embedded depth of foundation|基础埋置深度end-bearing pile|端承桩engineering geologic investigation|工程地质勘察equivalent lumped parameter method|等效集总参数法equivalent node load|等小结点荷载evaluation of liquefaction|液化势评价ewatering method|降低地下水位法excavation|开挖（挖方）excess pore water pressure|超孔压力expansive ground treatment|膨胀土地基处理expansive soil|膨胀土failure criterion|破坏准则failure of foundation|基坑失稳falling head permeability|变水头试验fatigue test|疲劳试验Fellenius method of slices|费纽伦斯条分法field permeability test|现场渗透试验field vane shear strength|十字板抗剪强度filling condition|填筑条件final set|最后贯入度final settlement|最终沉降fine sand|细砂finite element method|有限员法flexible foundation|柔性基础floor heave|底膨flow net|流网flowing soil|流土foundation design|基础设计foundation engineering|基础工程foundation vibration|基础振动foundation wall|基础墙fractal structure|分形结构free swell|自由膨胀率freezing and heating|冷热处理法free（resonance）vibration column test|自(共)振柱试验friction pile|摩擦桩frozen heave|冻胀frozen soil|冻土general shear failure|整体剪切破化geofabric|土工织物geologic mode|地质结构模式geometric damping|几何阻尼geostatic stress|自重应力geotechnical engineering|岩土工程geotechnical model test|土工模型试验gravel|砂石gravelly sand|砾砂gravity retaining wall|重力式挡土墙ground treatment|地基处理ground treatment in mountain area|山区地基处理groundwater|地下水groundwater level|地下水位groundwater table|地下水位group action|群桩作用high pressure consolidation test|高压固结试验high-rise pile cap|高桩承台homogeneous|均质hydraulic gradient|水力梯度hydrometer analysis|比重计分析hyperbolic model|双曲线模型hysteresis failure|滞后破坏ideal elastoplastic model|理想弹塑性模型in situ test|原位测试in-situ pore water pressure measurement|原位孔隙水压量测in-situ soil test|原位试验initial liquefaction|初始液化initial pressure|初始压力initial stress field|初始应力场isotropic|各向同性ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering|国际土力学与岩土工程学会jet grouting|高压喷射注浆法Kaolinite|高岭石laminar texture|层流结构landslide precasting|滑坡预报landslides|滑坡lateral load test of pile|单桩横向载荷试验lateral pile load test|单桩横向载荷试验lateral pressure coefficient|侧压力系数layered filling|分层填筑leakage|渗流light sounding|轻便触探试验lime soil pile|灰土挤密桩lime-soil compacted column|灰土挤密桩lime-soil compaction pile| 灰土挤密桩limit equilibrium method|极限平衡法limiting pressure|极限压力lining|衬砌liquefaction strength|抗液化强度live load|活载local shear failure|局部剪切破坏long term strength|长期强度long-term strength|长期强度long-term transient load|长期荷载low pile cap|低桩承台material damping|材料阻尼mathematical method|数学模型maximum acceleration of earthquake|地震最大加速度maximum dry density|最大干密度medium sand|中砂modulus of compressibility|压缩模量Mohr-Coulomb failure condition|摩尔-库仑破坏条件Mohr-Coulomb theory|莫尔－库仑理论Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion|莫尔－库仑屈服准则moist unit weight|湿重度multi-dimensional consolidation|多维固结NATM|新奥法natural frequency of foundation|基础自振频率natural period of soil site|地基固有周期net foundation pressure|基底附加应力nonlinear analysis|非线性分析nonlinear elastic model|非线性弹性模型normal distribution| 正态分布normal stresses|正应力normally consolidated soil|正常固结土numerical geotechanics|数值岩土力学one-dimensional consolidation|一维固结optimum water content|最优含水率over consolidation ration| (OCR)超固结比overconsolidated soil|超固结土overconsolidation|超固结性overconsolidation soil|超固结土passive earth pressure|被动土压力peak strength|峰值强度peat|泥炭permeability|渗透性physical properties|物理性质pile caps|承台（桩帽）pile cushion|桩垫pile foundation|桩基础pile groups|群桩pile headt|桩头pile integrity test|桩的完整性试验pile noise|打桩噪音pile pulling test|拔桩试验pile rig|打桩机pile shoe|桩靴pile tip|桩端（头）piles set into rock|嵌岩灌注桩pillow|褥垫piping|管涌plastic drain|塑料排水带plate loading test|载荷试验Poisson ratio|泊松比poorly-graded soil|级配不良土pore pressure|孔隙压力pore water pressure|孔隙水压力pore-pressure distribution|孔压分布precast concrete pile|预制混凝土桩preconsolidated pressure|先期固结压力preconsolidation pressure|先期固结压力preloading|预压法pressuremeter test|旁压试验prestressed concrete pile|预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile|预应力混凝土管桩primary consolidation|主固结primary structural surface|原生结构面principal plane|主平面principal stress|主应力principle of effective stress|有效应力原理probabilistic method|概率法probability of failure|破坏概率progressive failure|渐进破坏punching shear failure|冲剪破坏quick direct shear test|快剪试验rammed bulb pile|夯扩桩rammed-cement-soil pile|夯实水泥土桩法random arrangement|随机排列Rankine’s earth pressure theory|朗金土压力理论rebound index|回弹指数recompaction|再压缩reduced load|折算荷载reinforced concrete sheet pile|钢筋混凝土板桩reinforcement method|加筋法reloading|再加载replacement ratio|（复合地基）置换率residual diluvial expansive soil|残坡积膨胀土residual soil|残积土residual strength|残余强度resistance to side friction|侧壁摩擦阻力retaining wall|挡土墙rigid foundation|刚性基础rigid plastic model|刚塑性模型rolling compaction|碾压root pile|树根桩safety factor|安全系数safety factor of slope|边坡稳定安全系数sand boiling|砂沸sand drain|砂井sand wick|袋装砂井sand-gravel pile|砂石桩sandy silt|砂质粉土saturated soil|饱和土saturated unit weight|饱和重度saturation degree|饱和度screw plate test|螺旋板载荷试验secondary consolidation|次固结secondary minerals|次生矿物secondary structural surface|次生结构面seepage|渗透（流）seepage force|渗透力seepage pressure|渗透压力seismic predominant period|地震卓越周期sensitivity|灵敏度settlement|沉降shaft|竖井身shallow foundation|浅基础shear modulus|剪切摸量shear strain rate|剪切应变速率shear strength|抗剪强度shear strength of interlayered weak surface|层间软弱面强度shear strength of repeated swelling shrinkage|反复胀缩强度shear stresses|剪应力sheet pile structure|板桩结构物shield tunnelling method|盾构法shinkrage coefficient|收缩系数shinkrage limit|缩限short –term transient load|短期瞬时荷载sieve analysis|筛分silent piling|静力压桩silt|粉土silty clay|粉质粘土silty sand|粉土size effect|尺寸效应slaking characteristic|崩解性slices method|条分法slip line|滑动线slope protection|护坡slope stability analysis|土坡稳定分析soft clay|软粘土soft clay ground|软土地基soft soil|软土soil dynamics|土动力学soil fraction|粒组soil mass|土体soil mechanics|土力学special-shaped cast-in-place pile|机控异型灌注桩specific surface|比表面积spread footing|扩展基础square spread footing|方形独立基础sshaft resistance|桩侧阻stability analysis|稳定性分析stability of foundation soil|地基稳定性stability of retaining wall|挡土墙稳定性state of limit equilibrium|极限平衡状态static cone penetration|(SPT) 静力触探试验static load test of pile|单桩竖向静荷载试验steel pile|钢桩steel piles|钢桩steel pipe pile|钢管桩steel sheet pile|钢板桩stress path|应力路径stress wave in soils|土中应力波striation|擦痕strip footing|条基strip foundation|条形基础structural characteristic|结构特征structure-foundation-soil interactionanalysis|上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析subgrade|路基surcharge preloading|超载预压法surface compaction|表层压实法Swedish circle method|瑞典圆弧滑动法swelling index|回弹指数system of engineering structure|工程结构系统technical code for ground treatment of building|建筑地基处理技术规范tectonic structural surface|构造结构面Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory|太沙基固结理论thermal differential analysis|差热分析three phase diagram|三相图timber piles|木桩time effcet|时间效应time effect|时间效应time factor Tv|时间因子tip resistance|桩端阻total stress|总应力total stress approach of shear strength|抗剪强度总应力法tri-phase soil|三相土triaxial test|三轴试验ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil|地基极限承载力ultimate lateral resistance of single pile|单桩横向极限承载力unconfined compression|无侧限抗压强度unconfined compression strength|无侧限抗压强度unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test|不固结不排水试验(UU) underconsolidated soil|欠固结土undrained shear strength|不排水抗剪强度Unified soil classification system|土的统一分类系统uniformity coefficient|不均匀系数unloading|卸载unsaturated soil|非饱和土uplift pile|抗拔桩vacuum preloading|真空预压法vacuum well point|真空井点vane strength|十字板抗剪强度vertical allowable load capacity|单桩竖向容许承载力vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile|单桩抗拔极限承载力vibration isolation|隔振vibroflotation method|振冲法viscoelastic foundation|粘弹性地基viscoelastic model|粘弹性模型viscous damping|粘滞阻尼water affinity|亲水性wave equation analysi|s波动方程分析wave velocity method|波速法well point system|井点系统（轻型）well-graded soil|级配良好土Winkler foundation model|文克尔地基模型wooden sheet pile|木板桩work hardening|加工硬化work softening|加工软化yield function|屈服函数zonal soil|区域性土一. 综合类geotechnical engineering岩土工程foundation engineering基础工程soil, earth土soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类1.residual soil残积土groundwater level地下水位2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位3.clay minerals粘土矿物4.secondary minerals次生矿物ndslides滑坡6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.silty clay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt砂质粉土21.clayey silt粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil超固结土26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土29.soft clay软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土31.peat泥炭32.loess黄土33.frozen soil冻土三. 土的基本物理力学性质 compression index2.cu undrained shear strength3.cu/p0 ratio of undrained strength cu to effective overburden stress p0 (cu/p0)NC ,(cu/p0)oc subscripts NC and OC designated normally consolidated and overconsolidated, respectively4.cvane cohesive strength from vane test5.e0 natural void ratio6.Ip plasticity index7.K0 coefficient of “at-rest ”pressure ,for totalstressesσ1 andσ28.K0‟ domain for effective stressesσ1 … andσ2‟9.K0n K0 for normally consolidated state 10.K0u K0 coefficient under rapid continuous loading ,simulating instantaneous loading or an undrained condition 11.K0d K0 coefficient under cyclic loading(frequency less than 1Hz),asa pseudo- dynamic test for K0 coefficient12.kh ,kv permeability in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively13.N blow count, standard penetration test14.OCR over-consolidation ratio15.pc preconsolidation pressure ,from oedemeter test16.p0 effective overburden pressure 17.p s specific cone penetration resistance, from static cone test 18.qu unconfined compressive strength19.U, Um degree of consolidation ,subscript m denotes mean value of a specimen20.u ,ub ,um pore (water) pressure, subscripts b and m denote bottom of specimen and mean value, respectively21.w0 wL wp natural water content, liquid and plastic limits, respectively22.σ1,σ2 principal stresses, σ1 … andσ2‟ denote effective principal stresses23.Atterberg limits阿太堡界限24.degree of saturation饱和度25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度27.saturated unit weight饱和重度28.effective unit weight有效重度29.density密度pactness密实度31.maximum dry density最大干密度32.optimum water content最优含水量33.three phase diagram三相图34.tri-phase soil三相土35.soil fraction粒组36.sieve analysis筛分37.hydrometer analysis比重计分析38.uniformity coefficient不均匀系数39.coefficient of gradation级配系数40.fine-grained soil(silty and clayey)细粒土41.coarse- grained soil(gravelly and sandy)粗粒土42.Unified soil classification system土的统一分类系统43.ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineer美国土木工程师学会44.AASHTO= American Association State HighwayOfficials美国州公路官员协会45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of drivenpile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体16.homogeneous均质17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载22.live load活载23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载25.reduced load折算荷载26.settlement沉降27.deformation变形28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防）30.clay fraction粘粒粒组31.physical properties物理性质32.subgrade路基33.well-graded soil级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土35.normal stresses正应力36.shear stresses剪应力37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数47.swelling index回弹指数48.geostatic stress自重应力49.additional stress附加应力50.total stress总应力51.final settlement最终沉降52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水1 excavation开挖（挖方）2 dewatering（基坑）降水3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point深井点11 vacuum well point真空井点12 braced cuts支撑围护13 braced excavation支撑开挖14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩bored pile钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier 3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩steel pipe pile钢管桩steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile端承桩6.shaft竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析8.pile caps承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力teral pile loadtest单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of singlepile单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling静力压桩18.uplift pile抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test拔桩试验38.pile shoe桩靴39.pile noise打桩噪音40.pile rig打桩机八. 地基处理--ground treatment1.technical code for ground treatment of building建筑地基处理技术规范2.cushion垫层法3.preloading预压法4.dynamic compaction强夯法5.dynamic compaction replacement强夯置换法6.vibroflotation method振冲法7.sand-gravel pile砂石桩8.gravel pile(stone column)碎石桩9.cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG)水泥粉煤灰碎石桩10.cement mixing method水泥土搅拌桩11.cement column水泥桩12.lime pile (lime column)石灰桩13.jet grouting高压喷射注浆法14.rammed-cement-soil pile夯实水泥土桩法15.lime-soil compaction pile 灰土挤密桩lime-soil compacted column灰土挤密桩lime soil pile灰土挤密桩16.chemical stabilization化学加固法17.surface compaction表层压实法18.surcharge preloading超载预压法19.vacuum preloading真空预压法20.sand wick袋装砂井21.geofabric ,geotextile土工织物posite foundation复合地基23.reinforcement method加筋法24.dewatering method降低地下水固结法25.freezing and heating冷热处理法26.expansive ground treatment膨胀土地基处理27.ground treatment in mountain area山区地基处理28.collapsible loess treatment湿陷性黄土地基处理29.artificial foundation人工地基30.natural foundation天然地基31.pillow褥垫32.soft clay ground软土地基33.sand drain砂井34.root pile树根桩35.plastic drain塑料排水带36.replacement ratio（复合地基）置换率九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度12.consolidation test固结试验13.consolidation curve固结曲线14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角11.cohesion粘聚力12.failure criterion破坏准则13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化10.work hardening加工硬化11.Cambridge model剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile木板桩5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation1.box foundation箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础3.strip foundation条形基础4.spread footing扩展基础pensated foundation补偿性基础6.bearing stratum持力层7.rigid foundation刚性基础8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interactionanalysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量9.dynamic magnification factor动力放大因素10.liquefaction strength抗液化强度11.dimensionless frequency无量纲频率12.evaluation of liquefaction液化势评价13.stress wave in soils土中应力波14.dynamic settlement振陷（动沉降）十九. 动力机器基础1.equivalent lumped parameter method等效集总参数法2.dynamic subgrade reaction method动基床反力法3.vibration isolation隔振4.foundation vibration基础振动5.elastic half-space theory of foundationvibration基础振动弹性半空间理论6.allowable amplitude of foundation基础振动容许振幅7.natural frequency of foundation基础自振频率二十. 地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering地震工程2.soil dynamics土动力学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验14.centrifugal model test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪16.direct shear test直剪试验17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验。
托福单词同义词群
Cultivate,foster,nurtureRecover,revert,rehabilitate,restoreSubstitute,replace,supplant,displaceUnderscore,emphasize,highlightHusk,shell,crust,hullIncline,slope,leanRenown,reputation,publicityObligate,eliminate,eradicate,uprootRancor(Rancorous,),malice,anathematic,abhorrent,disgusting,grudge,spiteResent,detest,distaste,abominate,abhorGiant,immense,gigantic,prodigious,mammoth,enormous,staggering,profoundInformed,informative,literaryDelicious,delectable,palatable,yummyProperty,saving,possession,asset,estateAttain,reach,stretchIntrepid,courageous,fearlessRevere,respect,pay homage to,esteemSegment,section,part,Unprecedented,unparalleledSeep,leap,slop,ooze,spill,overflowInnocent,naive,juvenileInterior,internal,intrinsic,inner,innate,inherent,Essential,substantialExterior,external,extrinsic,outerSinuous,tortuous,Engrave,carve,inscribe,imprintProhibit,prevent,thwart,hamper,hinder,impede,oppose,deter,depress,refrain,repress,,suppress,dissuade,obstruct,obstacle,Stunt,forbid 障碍，障碍物obstacle,barrier,Dramatic,drastic,fierce,considerable,exponential,rapid,intense,acuteInfatuate,obsess,fascinate,mesmerize,spellbindControversy,dispute,debate,argument,contestToxic,poisonous,noxious,venomous,virulentProfession,occupation,vocation,Pervasive,rampant,permeatePervasive,widespread,general,universal,catholic明显的Salient,distinct,evident,considerable,marked,notable,noticeable,noteworthyobvious,apparent,striking,stark,visible，conspicuousAcquire,obtain,get,fetch,String,ravel,twine,rope,cordMotivate,stimulate,incentive,spurMotive,stimulusAttack,assail,assault,reproachOutlook,viewpoint,standpointDilate,expand,swell,Crush,tread,Mighty,strenuousRough,coarse,tough,harm,,rugged,unevenOutrage,irritate,incur,infuriate,frenzy,instigate,agitate,ferment,foment,incense,provoke,pique,spurFiery,grumpy,irritableOverrun,surpass,transcend,exceed ,outweighEntitle,empower,authority,accredit,commission,mandateForfeit,confiscate,expropriate法定的，义务的mandatory,obligatoryLawsuit,indict,prosecute,accuseRemark,comment,appraise,assess,evaluate,estimate,Attest,verify,justify,prove,testify,demonstrate,confirm,validate,Eternal,permanent,immortal,lasting,abiding,prolongedElastic(elasticity),flexible(flexibility),resilient(resilience)Pasture,ranch,dairyMoist,damp,humidityBizarre,eccentric,erratic,odd,weird,deviant,peculiarSource,derivation,genesisConceited,pretentious,overconfident,uppity,arrogant,boastful,vain Tranquil,silent,quiet,peaceful,,quiescentSiege,enclose,surround,ambient,envelopeGibe,mock,ridicule,scoffSardonic,satiric,sarcastic,ironicIncessant,constant,successive,continual,perpetualTalent,flair,wit,genius,gift,dowerIntellect,intelligence,wit,wisdomDepart,exit,quit,leaveProlific,fruitful,fertileSterile,barren,infertile,meager,arid,desolateAnnul,deny,negateInhabit,populate,live,situate,dwellFlat,tenement,mansion,apartment,dorm,dormitory,domicile,residence,dwelling, Listless,despondentDim,obscure,blur,illegible,faint,ambiguousFoul,nasty,obscene,vulgar,filthyPuncture,penetrate,pierceAssent,consent,approve,ratify,grant,agree,sanctionDissent,disagree,oppose,objectDeposit,precipitate,sediment,accumulate,Suppose,assume,postulate,posit,hypothesize,speculate,extrapolate,surmise Disguise,pretend,(dis)simulate,belie,camouflage ,feignEmbellish,decorate,,ornament,adornConquer,overcome,subdue,subjugate,conquest,defeat,Spear,thrust,sting,Lethal,fatal,deadlyInsult,mortify,affront,stigmaLibel,slander,malign,smear,遗产,继承人heritage,inheritance,inheritor遗传，遗留bequeath,vestige,relic,inheritSubliminal,subconsciousFragment,shred,sliverTread,shatter,trample,squash,crushIncident,event,occupation,Incidental,fortuitous,accidental,adventitious,occasional.haphazard,sporadic Dissipate,squander,deplete,lavish,wasteGenerous,bountiful,munificentCue,clue,hint,prompt,allude托拉拽haul,pull,drag,Supreme,paramount,outstanding,exalted,superior,foremost,distinctiveUtility,function,availDonate,contribute,dedicate,Courteous,unambitious,modestTentacle,antenna,Evolve(evolution),develop(development),advance,progress,burgeonSprout,burgeon,germinateJeopardize,devastate,depredation,ravage,demolish,destroy,wreck,endanger,ruin,destruct Demolish,dismantle----拆除Comply,conform,obey,submitDiversion,recreation,entertainment,amusementCelebrate,commemorate,felicitateStable,steady,艰苦的，费力的Strenuous,arduous,toilsome,laboriousBaffle,perplex,plagueMixture,compound,combinationMild,slight,light,Mild,moderate,pliant,PastelProvocative,defiantTemperate,amiable,affable,genialBrief,curt,conciseImitate,simulate,mock,Subtle,elaborate,delicateEmbody,convey,express,represent,manifestInviting,fascinating,flamboyant,glamorous,tantalizing，intriguing,attractive,engagingAmazing,sensational,tremendousGossip,rumor,hearsayBode,connote,denote,herald,predict,foreshadow,indicate,forecastAffirm,assert,allege,declare,claimProclaim,declare,announce,pronounceConceal,hideIncredulous,suspicious,skeptical,doubtful,dubiousAcknowledge,admit,recognize,grant,concede,professTheory,principle,gospel,tenet发布Publish,issue,launch,publicize,releaseDistribute,allot,allocate,apportion,ascribe,attribute,assignScatter,disperse,spread,evacuate,demobilize,diffuse,disseminateAssemble,mobilize,gather,convene,converge,huddle涉及，牵连involve,entail,concern,implicate,embroil引起，导致trigger,evoke,generate,induce,Fumigate,incense,smudge,smoke(smoky)Capacitate,eligible,qualifyExploit,utilizeIsolate,insulate,segregate,separateEnhance,reinforce,strengthen,intensify,promote,imper,urge,heaven增加Facilitate,impulse,impetus(推动力）,promote,boost improveIncrease,increment,augment减少Decrease,decrement,diminish,subtract,reduce,deduct,lessen,depress,abate,alleviate,wane,dwindle,allay 上升raise,rise,climb,soar,ascend下降Plunge,plummet,decline,drop,fall,dip,descendIncubate,hatch,clutch,broodFragile,brittle,delicateCompetence,ability,capacity,capabilityComplex,intricate,complicatedRandom,casual,arbitraryNoted,celebrated,famed,famous,illustriousRemarkable,prominent,preeminent,outstanding,extraordinary,elite,brilliantDisaster(disastrous),calamity(calamitous),catastrophe(catastrophic)Torpor,lethargy,inertia,syncope,swoonAbandon,shed,discard,Escape,shirk,evade-----avoid,avert,shun,eschewDormant,inactive,Immobile,Bolster,fortify,espouse,support,advocate,championEmerge,appear,reveal,expose,discloseDire,abysmal,miserable,tragic,catastrophicTerrific,fabulous,fantastic,wicked,wonderful,Depict,describe,delineate,portray,figure,narrate,discourseLane,tract,path,trail,aisleVaried(variety),diverse(diversity),various,Comprehend,apprehend,understand,assimilate,graspAstute,agile,shrewd,adroit,nimble,keenJudicious,advisable,sensible优势Advantage,preponderance,superiority,benefit,profit有利advantageous,beneficial,profitable,lucrative不利Adverse,negative,unfavorable不足Shortage,flaw,defect,disadvantage,drawbackDecisive,crucial,conclusive,definitiveTransient,temporary,interim,impermanent，ephemeralGrief,chagrin,despairDivine,sacred,holyUtilitarian,functional,practical,pragmatic,Abundant,ample,affluent,abound,adequate,copious,sufficient,productiveInfrequent,rare,precious,uniqueScarce,lacking,rarePeriphery,circumference,boundary,borderSteep,sheer,sharpAdvise,exhort,Deficient,lacking,insufficient,inadequate,dearth(n.)Sustain,subsist,exist,maintain,survive,upholdPeak,summit,culmination,pinnacle,crestRelief,alleviate,soothe,release,relax,relieve,quell,conciliateAdjacent,adjoining(adjoin),contiguous,abutPlot,scheme,intrigue,conspiracyEmancipate,liberateAftermath,consequence,outcomeDisrupt,interrupt,disturb,interfereRange,domain,degree,extent,region,scope,territory Meticulous,prudent,wary,cautious,chary,discreet Discourage,deject,dismay,depress,dispiritRefute,contradict,retortViolate,breach,default,Sturdy,robust,hardy,stout,strong,muscular令人满意的satisfactory,decent,agreeable赞美extol,exalt,complimentImagine,envision,fancy,Trivial,frivolous,pettyNative,indigenous,resident,local,伪造Fraud,counterfeit,forgeAscertain,discern,identify,recognize篡改Tamper,falsifySlim,tenuous,slenderChubby,plumpClumsy,awkward,stupid,witless,ignorant,foolish,Smart,brilliant,intelligible,sagacious(睿智的）Inconvenient,inappropriateExhilarate,delight,gratify,cheer,Cheery,merry,exhilarating,lighthearted,glad,cheerful,pleaing生气的，愤怒的Mad,angry,annoyed,indignant,irritated,furious 狂暴的Furious,indignant,resentful,turbulent,rampant Proliferate,propagate,reproduceContainer,receptacle,vesselReject,refuseProbably,approximately,aboutJail,gaol,prisonAppliance,apparatus,facility,equipmentDelay,defer,postpone,put offStop,cease,halt,pauseVibrate,shiver,quiver,shudder,trempleSubmerge,drown,soak,inundate,overwhelmMalicious,maleficent,pernicious,virulent,vicious,malignant Revoke,retract,negate,deny,Accost,tempt,Lure,allure,attract,temptParaphrase,interpret,account,explainCompel,obligate,oblige,enforce,imposeIdle,lazy,indolent,inert,laxExact,precise,accurate,correct,right,true,properContempt,scorn(scornful),despise(despicable),,disdain Monarch,emperor,empress,duke,duchess,Epidemic,prevalent,fashionable,current,vogue,prevailing Cumbersome,ponderous,troublesome,Ravage,despoil,deprive,strip,pillage,plunderRumor,scandal,hearsayChilly,frigid,bleak,shivery,freezingRuthless,grim,impersonal,brutalGloomy,somber,glum,dismalTentative,experimental,pilotChaste,plain,simple--简朴的Applaud,plaudit,acclaim---鼓掌,喝彩Revolt,rebel,Myriad,numerous,innumerable,countless Implore,entreat,Solicit,begHospitable,ardent,cordialLoath,reluctant,grudge,unwillingWarp,bend,crook,curveSwear,curse,anathema,vow,oath,pledge Gallop,scurry,spurConvert,shift,change,transfer,turn Separate,discrete,respectiveSweeping,thorough,exhaustiveMalleable,ductile,pliable赌Gamble,bet投机gambleComprise,confine,contain,include,consist Component,element,ingredient,constituent Bush,shrub,scrub,Marsh,moor,slough,swampInferior,subordinate,subsidiaryLean,slope,incline,gradient(n.)Aspire,desire,eager,Institute,construct,set up,establish,erect,upright mortal,secular,mundaneThrive,prosper,flourishNeglect,omit,ignoreOpportunity,occasion,chanceViable,feasible,advisableStrike,struggle,endeavorBreak,rupture,fracture,burstDeliberate,intentional,on purposeYelp,yell,scream,exclaimConsider,contemplate,thinkSevere,serious,strict,rigorous,rigid Constricted,cramped,narrow,huddleGerm,bacteria,microorganism,Compress,condense,contractInnovate,renovate,regenerate,renew,reform Yield,succumb,surrender,Reign,dominate,govern,wieldMess,jumble,tangle,disorder,chaos(chaotic) Tidy,neat,natty,dapper,orderlyThrow,cast,toss(抛硬币）Landscape,scenery,view,sights,调整Modulate,adapt,adjust,mediate操纵Manipulate,control,maneuverAdversary,opponent,rival,contender,enemySuffer,encounter,confrontExpenditure,expense,consumption,Store,hoard,depositReconcile,coordinateUnderlying,latent,recessiveFutile,useless,invalidPoor,needy,indigent,Rich,wealthy,well-heeledRotate,revolve,spin,Military,corps,troop,army延长，扩展，蔓延elongate,lengthen,extend,expand,缩短，删减，缩略abridge,curtail,abbreviateAdept,proficient,skillfulSession,meeting,convention,conferenceCrippling,startling,staggering,Error,fault,failure,mistake,lapse(小错误，口误）Afflict,torment,torture,scourge,ordeal(n.)Percolate,leach,filtrate,filter,sieveSumptuous,luxurious,magnificent,splendid,ornate Allegiance,loyalty,fidelityHover,stagger,linger,wanderDecadent,degenerate,deteriorate,corruptTackle,handle,cope,deal,disposeMode,manner,method,approach,way出现，到来Appear,advent,arise,,arrivalPermit,allow,Amass,accumulate,add,aggregateFeasible,viable,Swarm,flock,crowd,hordeAnimate,vibrant,vividMerchandise,commodity,goods,Privilege,franchise,priorityArchaic,ancient,antiqueDisciple,votary,followerGauge,standard,measure,criterionSpare,subsidiary,auxiliary,Subsidy,perquisite,allowance犹豫的Hesitant,scrupulous,hesitating,faltering,staggering 矛盾的contradictory,ambivalentPursue,proceed,continuePersistent,adamant,staunch,paradoxicalAuspicious,fortunate,lucky,providentialDeceptive,deceitful,fraudulentSafe(safety),secure(security),Risk,hazard,dangerCombat,battle,batter,scuffle,conflict,fightThaw,melt,defrostNavigate,voyage,sail,cruise。
半导体微电子专业词汇中英文对照
半导体微电子专业词汇中英文对照Accelerated testing 加速实验Acceptor 受主Acceptor atom 受主原子Accumulation 积累、堆积Accumulating contact 积累接触Accumulation region 积累区Accumulation layer 积累层Acoustic Surface Wave 声表面波Active region 有源区Active component 有源元Active device 有源器件Activation 激活Activation energy 激活能Active region 有源(放大）区A/D conversion 模拟—数字转换Adhesives 粘接剂Admittance 导纳Aging 老化Airborne 空载Allowed band 允带allowance 容限，公差Alloy-junction device合金结器件Aluminum(Aluminum）铝Aluminum – oxide 铝氧化物Aluminum Nitride 氮化铝Aluminum passivation 铝钝化Ambipolar 双极的Ambient temperature 环境温度A M light 振幅调制光，调幅光amplitude limiter 限幅器Amorphous 无定形的，非晶体的Amplifier 功放放大器Analogue(Analog) comparator 模拟比较器Angstrom 埃Anneal 退火Anisotropic 各向异性的Anode 阳极Antenna 天线Aperture 孔径Arsenide （As) 砷Array 阵列Atomic 原子的Atom Clock 原子钟Attenuation 衰减Audio 声频Auger 俄歇Automatic 自动的Automotive 汽车的Availability 实用性Avalanche 雪崩Avalanche breakdown 雪崩击穿Avalanche excitation雪崩激发Background carrier 本底载流子Background doping 本底掺杂Backward 反向Backward bias 反向偏置Ball bond 球形键合Band 能带Band gap 能带间隙Bandwidth 带宽Bar 巴条发光条Barrier 势垒Barrier layer 势垒层Barrier width 势垒宽度Base 基极Base contact 基区接触Base stretching 基区扩展效应Base transit time 基区渡越时间Base transport efficiency基区输运系数Base—width modulation基区宽度调制Batch 批次Battery 电池Beam 束光束电子束Bench 工作台Bias 偏置Bilateral switch 双向开关Binary code 二进制代码Binary compound semiconductor 二元化合物半导体Bipolar 双极性的Bipolar Junction Transistor （BJT)双极晶体管Bit 位比特Blocking band 阻带Body — centered 体心立方Body—centred cubic structure 体立心结构Boltzmann 波尔兹曼Bond 键、键合Bonding electron 价电子Bonding pad 键合点Boron 硼Borosilicate glass 硼硅玻璃Bottom-up 由下而上的Boundary condition 边界条件Bound electron 束缚电子Bragg effect 布拉格效应Breadboard 模拟板、实验板Break down 击穿Break over 转折Brillouin 布里渊FBrillouin zone 布里渊区Buffer 缓冲器Built-in 内建的Build—in electric field 内建电场Bulk 体/体内Bulk absorption 体吸收Bulk generation 体产生Bulk recombination 体复合Burn-in 老化Burn out 烧毁Buried channel 埋沟Buried diffusion region 隐埋扩散区Bus 总线Calibration 校准，检定，定标、刻度，分度Capacitance 电容Capture cross section 俘获截面Capture carrier 俘获载流子Carbon dioxide （CO2) 二氧化碳Carrier 载流子、载波Carry bit 进位位Cascade 级联Case 管壳Cathode 阴极Cavity 腔体Center 中心Ceramic 陶瓷（的)Channel 沟道Channel breakdown 沟道击穿Channel current 沟道电流Channel doping 沟道掺杂Channel shortening 沟道缩短Channel width 沟道宽度Characteristic impedance 特征阻抗Charge 电荷、充电Charge-compensation effects 电荷补偿效应Charge conservation 电荷守恒Charge drive/exchange/sharing/transfer/storage 电荷驱动/交换/共享/转移/存储Chemical etching 化学腐蚀法Chemically—Polish 化学抛光Chemically—Mechanically Polish （CMP）化学机械抛光Chemical vapor deposition (cvd)化学汽相淀积Chip 芯片Chip yield 芯片成品率Circuit 电路Clamped 箝位Clamping diode 箝位二极管Cleavage plane 解理面Clean 清洗Clock rate 时钟频率Clock generator 时钟发生器Clock flip—flop 时钟触发器Close—loop gain 闭环增益Coating 涂覆涂层Coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数Coherency 相干性Collector 集电极Collision 碰撞Compensated OP-AMP 补偿运放Common-base/collector/emitter connection 共基极/集电极/发射极连接Common—gate/drain/source connection 共栅/漏/源连接Common—mode gain 共模增益Common-mode input 共模输入Common—mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比Communication 通信Compact 致密的Compatibility 兼容性Compensation 补偿Compensated impurities 补偿杂质Compensated semiconductor 补偿半导体Complementary Darlington circuit 互补达林顿电路Complementary Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorField-Effect-Transistor(CMOS）互补金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Computer-aided design (CAD)/test（CAT)/manufacture（CAM）计算机辅助设计/ 测试/制造Component 元件Compound Semiconductor 化合物半导体Conductance 电导Conduction band （edge）导带(底)Conduction level/state 导带态Conductor 导体Conductivity 电导率Configuration 结构Conlomb 库仑Constants 物理常数Constant energy surface 等能面Constant-source diffusion恒定源扩散Contact 接触Continuous wave 连续波Continuity equation 连续性方程Contact hole 接触孔Contact potential 接触电势Controlled 受控的Converter 转换器Conveyer 传输器Cooling 冷却Copper interconnection system 铜互连系统Corrosion 腐蚀Coupling 耦合Covalent 共阶的Crossover 交叉Critical 临界的Cross—section 横断面Crucible坩埚Cryogenic cooling system 冷却系统Crystal defect/face/orientation/lattice 晶体缺陷/晶面/晶向/晶格Cubic crystal system 立方晶系Current density 电流密度Curvature 曲率Current drift/drive/sharing 电流漂移/驱动/共享Current Sense 电流取样Curve 曲线Custom integrated circuit 定制集成电路Cut off 截止Cylindrical 柱面的Czochralshicrystal 直立单晶Czochralski technique 切克劳斯基技术(Cz法直拉晶体J））Dangling bonds 悬挂键Dark current 暗电流Dead time 空载时间Decade 十进制Decibel （dB）分贝Decode 解码Deep acceptor level 深受主能级Deep donor level 深施主能级Deep energy level 深能级Deep impurity level 深度杂质能级Deep trap 深陷阱Defeat 缺陷Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体Degeneracy 简并度Degradation 退化Degree Celsius（centigrade）/Kelvin 摄氏/开氏温度Delay 延迟Density 密度Density of states 态密度Depletion 耗尽Depletion approximation 耗尽近似Depletion contact 耗尽接触Depletion depth 耗尽深度Depletion effect 耗尽效应Depletion layer 耗尽层Depletion MOS 耗尽MOS Depletion region 耗尽区Deposited film 淀积薄膜Deposition process 淀积工艺Design rules 设计规则Detector 探测器Developer 显影剂Diamond 金刚石Die 芯片（复数dice）Diode 二极管Dielectric Constant 介电常数Dielectric isolation 介质隔离Difference-mode input 差模输入Differential amplifier 差分放大器Differential capacitance 微分电容Diffusion 扩散Diffusion coefficient 扩散系数Diffusion constant 扩散常数Diffusivity 扩散率Diffusion capacitance/barrier/current/furnace 扩散电容/势垒/电流/炉Digital circuit 数字电路Dimension (1）尺寸(2)量钢（3）维，度Diode 二极管Dipole domain 偶极畴Dipole layer 偶极层Direct—coupling 直接耦合Direct—gap semiconductor 直接带隙半导体Direct transition 直接跃迁Directional antenna 定向天线Discharge 放电Discrete component 分立元件Disorder 无序的Display 显示器Dissipation 耗散Dissolution 溶解Distributed capacitance 分布电容Distributed model 分布模型Displacement 位移Dislocation 位错Domain 畴Donor 施主Donor exhaustion 施主耗尽Dopant 掺杂剂Doped semiconductor 掺杂半导体Doping concentration 掺杂浓度Dose 剂量Double—diffusive MOS(DMOS)双扩散MOS Drift 漂移Drift field 漂移电场Drift mobility 迁移率Dry etching 干法腐蚀Dry/wet oxidation 干/湿法氧化Dose 剂量Dual—polarization 双偏振，双极化Duty cycle 工作周期Dual-in-line package （DIP) 双列直插式封装Dynamics 动态Dynamic characteristics 动态属性Dynamic impedance 动态阻抗Early effect 厄利效应Early failure 早期失效Effect 效应Effective mass 有效质量Electric Erase Programmable Read Only Memory（E2PROM) 电可擦除只读存储器Electrode 电极Electromigration 电迁移Electron affinity 电子亲和势Electron-beam 电子束Electroluminescence 电致发光Electron gas 电子气Electron trapping center 电子俘获中心Electron Volt (eV) 电子伏Electro—optical 光电的Electrostatic 静电的Element 元素/元件/配件Elemental semiconductor 元素半导体Ellipse 椭圆Emitter 发射极Emitter—coupled logic 发射极耦合逻辑Emitter-coupled pair 发射极耦合对Emitter follower 射随器Empty band 空带Emitter crowding effect 发射极集边（拥挤）效应Endurance test =life test 寿命测试Energy state 能态Energy momentum diagram 能量-动量（E—K)图Enhancement mode 增强型模式Enhancement MOS 增强性MOSEnteric (低)共溶的Environmental test 环境测试Epitaxial 外延的Epitaxial layer 外延层Epitaxial slice 外延片Epoxy 环氧的Equivalent circuit 等效电路Equilibrium majority /minority carriers 平衡多数/少数载流子Equipment 设备Erasable Programmable ROM （EPROM)可搽取(编程)存储器Erbium laser 掺铒激光器Error function complement 余误差函数Etch 刻蚀Etchant 刻蚀剂Etching mask 抗蚀剂掩模Excess carrier 过剩载流子Excitation energy 激发能Excited state 激发态Exciton 激子Exponential 指数的Extrapolation 外推法Extrinsic 非本征的Extrinsic semiconductor 杂质半导体Fabry—Perot amplifier 法布里-珀罗放大器Face — centered 面心立方Fall time 下降时间Fan-in 扇入Fan—out 扇出Fast recovery 快恢复Fast surface states 快表面态Feedback 反馈Fermi level 费米能级Femi potential 费米势Fiber optic 光纤Field effect transistor 场效应晶体管Field oxide 场氧化层Figure of merit 品质因数Filter 滤波器Filled band 满带Film 薄膜Fine pitch 细节距Flash memory 闪存存储器Flat band 平带Flat pack 扁平封装Flatness 平整度Flexible 柔性的Flicker noise 闪烁（变）噪声Flip-chip 倒装芯片Flip— flop toggle 触发器翻转Floating gate 浮栅Fluoride etch 氟化氢刻蚀Focal plane 焦平面Forbidden band 禁带Formulation 列式，表达Forward bias 正向偏置Forward blocking /conducting 正向阻断/导通Free electron 自由电子Frequency deviation noise 频率漂移噪声Frequency response 频率响应Function 函数Gain 增益Gallium—Arsenide(GaAs) 砷化镓Gallium Nitride 氮化镓Gate 门、栅、控制极Gate oxide 栅氧化层Gate width 栅宽Gauss（ian）高斯Gaussian distribution profile 高斯掺杂分布Generation-recombination 产生-复合Geometries 几何尺寸Germanium(Ge) 锗Gold 金Graded 缓变的Graded (gradual) channel 缓变沟道Graded junction 缓变结Grain 晶粒Gradient 梯度Graphene 石墨烯Grating 光栅Green laser 绿光激光器Ground 接地Grown junction 生长结Guard ring 保护环Guide wave 导波波导Gunn — effect 狄氏效应Gyroscope 陀螺仪Hardened device 辐射加固器件Harmonics 谐波Heat diffusion 热扩散Heat sink 散热器、热沉Heavy/light hole band 重/轻空穴带Hell — effect 霍尔效应Hertz 赫兹Heterojunction 异质结Heterojunction structure 异质结结构Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor（HBT）异质结双极型晶体High field property 高场特性High—performance MOS（H—MOS)高性能MOS器件High power 大功率Hole 空穴Homojunction 同质结Horizontal epitaxial reactor 卧式外延反应器Hot carrier 热载流子Hybrid integration 混合集成Illumination （1)照明（2）照明学Image - force 镜象力Impact ionization 碰撞电离Impedance 阻抗Imperfect structure 不完整结构Implantation dose 注入剂量Implanted ion 注入离子Impurity 杂质Impurity scattering 杂志散射Inch 英寸Incremental resistance 电阻增量(微分电阻）In—contact mask 接触式掩模Index of refraction 折射率Indium 铟Indium tin oxide （ITO）铟锡氧化物Inductance 电感Induced channel 感应沟道Infrared 红外的Injection 注入Input power 输入功率Insertion loss 插入损耗Insulator 绝缘体Insulated Gate FET(IGFET) 绝缘栅FET Integrated injection logic 集成注入逻辑Integration 集成、积分Integrated Circuit 集成电路Interconnection 互连Interconnection time delay 互连延时Interdigitated structure 交互式结构Interface 界面Interference 干涉International system of unions 国际单位制Internally scattering 谷间散射Interpolation 内插法Intrinsic 本征的Intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体Inverse operation 反向工作Inversion 反型Inverter 倒相器Ion 离子Ion beam 离子束Ion etching 离子刻蚀Ion implantation 离子注入Ionization 电离Ionization energy 电离能Irradiation 辐照Isolation land 隔离岛Isotropic 各向同性Junction FET(JFET) 结型场效应管Junction isolation 结隔离Junction spacing 结间距Junction side—wall 结侧壁Laser 激光器Laser diode 激光二极管Latch up 闭锁Lateral 横向的Lattice 晶格Layout 版图Lattice binding/cell/constant/defect/distortion 晶格结合力/晶胞/晶格/晶格常熟/晶格缺陷/晶格畸变Lead 铅Leakage current （泄）漏电流Life time 寿命linearity 线性度Linked bond 共价键Liquid Nitrogen 液氮Liquid－phase epitaxial growth technique 液相外延生长技术Lithography 光刻Light Emitting Diode(LED) 发光二极管Linearity 线性化Liquid 液体Lock in 锁定Longitudinal 纵向的Long life 长寿命Lumped model 集总模型Magnetic 磁的Majority carrier 多数载流子Mask 掩膜板，光刻板Mask level 掩模序号Mask set 掩模组Mass — action law 质量守恒定律Master-slave D flip-flop 主从D 触发器Matching 匹配Material 材料Maxwell 麦克斯韦Mean free path 平均自由程Mean time before failure （MTBF）平均工作时间Mechanical 机械的Membrane （1）薄腊，膜片（2）隔膜Megeto — resistance 磁阻Mesa 台面MESFET-Metal Semiconductor 金属半导体FET Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition MOCVD 金属氧化物化学汽相淀积Metallization 金属化Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS）金属氧化物半导体MeV 兆电子伏Microelectronic technique 微电子技术Microelectronics 微电子学Microelectromechanical System (MEMS）微电子机械系统Microwave 微波Millimeterwave 毫米波Minority carrier 少数载流子Misfit 失配Mismatching 失配Mobility 迁移率Module 模块Modulate 调制Molecular crystal 分子晶体Monolithic IC 单片MOSFET 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Mount 安装Multiplication 倍增Modulator 调制Multi—chip IC 多芯片ICMulti—chip module(MCM) 多芯片模块Multilayer 多层Multiplication coefficient 倍增因子Multiplexer 复用器Multiplier 倍增器Naked chip 未封装的芯片（裸片) Nanometer 纳米Nanotechnology 纳米技术Negative feedback 负反馈Negative resistance 负阻Negative—temperature-coefficient负温度系数Nesting 套刻Noise figure 噪声系数Nonequilibrium 非平衡Nonvolatile 非挥发(易失）性Normally off/on 常闭/开Nuclear 核Numerical analysis 数值分析Occupied band 满带Offset 偏移、失调On standby 待命状态Ohmic contact 欧姆接触Open circuit 开路Operating point 工作点Operating bias 工作偏置Operational amplifier （OPAMP）运算放大器Optical photon 光子Optical quenching 光猝灭Optical transition 光跃迁Optical—coupled isolator 光耦合隔离器Organic semiconductor 有机半导体Orientation 晶向、定向Oscillator 振荡器Outline 外形Out—of—contact mask 非接触式掩模Output characteristic 输出特性Output power 输出功率Output voltage swing 输出电压摆幅Overcompensation 过补偿Over-current protection 过流保护Over shoot 过冲Over—voltage protection 过压保护Overlap 交迭Overload 过载Oscillator 振荡器Oxide 氧化物Oxidation 氧化Oxide passivation 氧化层钝化Package 封装Pad 压焊点Parameter 参数Parasitic effect 寄生效应Parasitic oscillation 寄生振荡Pass band 通带Passivation 钝化Passive component 无源元件Passive device 无源器件Passive surface 钝化界面Parasitic transistor 寄生晶体管Pattern 图形Payload 有效载荷Peak-point voltage 峰点电压Peak voltage 峰值电压Permanent—storage circuit 永久存储电路Period 周期Permeable — base 可渗透基区Phase—lock loop 锁相环Phase drift 相移Phonon spectra 声子谱Photo conduction 光电导Photo diode 光电二极管Photoelectric cell 光电池Photoelectric effect 光电效应Photonic devices 光子器件Photolithographic process 光刻工艺Photoluminescence 光致发光Photo resist （光敏）抗腐蚀剂Photo mask 光掩模Piezoelectric effect 压电效应Pin 管脚Pinch off 夹断Pinning of Fermi level 费米能级的钉扎（效应）Planar process 平面工艺Planar transistor 平面晶体管Plasma 等离子体Plane 平面的Plasma 等离子体Plate 板电路板P-N junction pn结Poisson equation 泊松方程Point contact 点接触Polarity 极性Polycrystal 多晶Polymer semiconductor 聚合物半导体Poly—silicon 多晶硅Positive 正的Potential （电)势Potential barrier 势垒Potential well 势阱Power electronic devices电力电子器件Power dissipation 功耗Power transistor 功率晶体管Preamplifier 前置放大器Primary flat 主平面Print-circuit board(PCB）印制电路板Probability 几率Probe 探针Procedure 工艺Process 工艺Projector 投影仪Propagation delay 传输延时Proton 质子Proximity effect 邻近效应Pseudopotential method 赝势法Pump 泵浦Punch through 穿通Pulse triggering/modulating 脉冲触发/调制Pulse Widen Modulator(PWM) 脉冲宽度调制Punchthrough 穿通Push—pull stage 推挽级Q Q值Quality factor 品质因子Quantization 量子化Quantum 量子Quantum efficiency 量子效应Quantum mechanics 量子力学Quasi – Fermi－level 准费米能级Quartz 石英Radar 雷达Radiation conductivity 辐射电导率Radiation damage 辐射损伤Radiation flux density 辐射通量密度Radiation hardening 辐射加固Radiation protection 辐射保护Radiative — recombination 辐照复合Radio 无线电射电射频Radio-frequency RF 射频Raman 拉曼Random 随机Range 测距Radio 比率系数Ray 射线Reactive sputtering source 反应溅射源Real time 实时Receiver 接收机Recombination 复合Recovery diode 恢复二极管Record 记录Recovery time 恢复时间Rectifier 整流器（管）Rectifying contact 整流接触Red light 红光Reference 基准点基准参考点Refractive index 折射率Register 寄存器Regulate 控制调整Relative 相对的Relaxation 驰豫Relaxation lifetime 驰豫时间Relay 中继Reliability 可靠性Remote 远程Repeatability 可重复性Reproduction 重复制造Residual current 剩余电流Resonance 谐振Resin 树脂Resistance 电阻Resistor 电阻器Resistivity 电阻率Regulator 稳压管（器) Resolution 分辨率Response time 响应时间Return signal 回波信号Reverse 反向的Reverse bias 反向偏置Ribbon 光纤带Ridge waveguide 脊形波导Ring laser 环形激光器Rotary wave 旋转波Run 运行Sampling circuit 取样电路Sapphire 蓝宝石(Al2O3）Satellite valley 卫星谷Saturated current range 电流饱和区Scan 扫描Scaled down 按比例缩小Schematic layout 示意图，简图Schottky 肖特基Schottky barrier 肖特基势垒Schottky contact 肖特基接触Screen 筛选Scribing grid 划片格Secondary flat 次平面Seed crystal 籽晶Segregation 分凝Selectivity 选择性Self aligned 自对准的Self diffusion 自扩散Semiconductor 半导体Semiconductor laser半导体激光器Semiconductor—controlled rectifier 半导体可控硅Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensor 传感器Serial 串行/串联Series inductance 串联电感Settle time 建立时间Sheet resistance 薄层电阻Shield 屏蔽Shifter 移相器Short circuit 短路Shot noise 散粒噪声Shunt 分流Sidewall capacitance 边墙电容Signal 信号Silica glass 石英玻璃Silicon 硅Silicon carbide 碳化硅Silicon dioxide (SiO2）二氧化硅Silicon Nitride（Si3N4) 氮化硅Silicon On Insulator 绝缘体上硅Silver whiskers 银须Simple cubic 简立方Simulation 模拟Single crystal 单晶Sink 热沉Sinter 烧结Skin effect 趋肤效应Slot 槽隙Slow wave 慢波Smooth 光滑的Subthreshold 亚阈值的Solar battery/cell 太阳能电池Solid circuit 固体电路Solid Solubility 固溶度Solution 溶液Sonband 子带Source 源极Source follower 源随器Space charge 空间电荷Space Craft 宇宙飞行器Spacing 间距Specific heat（PT) 比热Spectral 光谱Spectrum 光谱（复数)Speed-power product 速度功耗乘积Spherical 球面的Spin 自旋Split 分裂Spontaneous emission 自发发射Spot 斑点Spray 喷涂Spreading resistance 扩展电阻Sputter 溅射Square root 平方根Stability 稳定性Stacking fault 层错Standard 标准的Standing wave 驻波State-of-the-art 最新技术Static characteristic 静态特性Statistical analysis 统计分析Steady state 稳态Step motor 步进式电动机Stimulated emission 受激发射Stimulated recombination 受激复合Stopband 阻带Storage time 存储时间Stress 应力Stripline 带状线Subband 次能带Sublimation 升华Submillimeter 亚毫米波Substrate 衬底Substitutional 替位式的Superconductor 超导（电）体Superlattice 超晶格Supply 电源Surface mound表面安装Surge capacity 浪涌能力Switching time 开关时间Switch 开关Synchronizer 同步器，同步装置Synthetic-aperture 合成孔径System 系统Technical 技术的,工艺的Telecommunication 远距通信,电信Telescope 望远镜Terahertz 太赫兹Terminal 终端Template 模板Temperature 温度Tensor 张量Test 测试试验Thermal activation 热激发Thermal conductivity 热导率Thermal equilibrium 热平衡Thermal Oxidation 热氧化Thermal resistance 热阻Thermal sink 热沉Thermal velocity 热运动Thick— film technique 厚膜技术Thin- film hybrid IC 薄膜混合集成电路Thin-Film Transistor（TFT) 薄膜晶体Three dimension 三维Threshold 阈值Through Silicon Via 硅通孔Thyistor 晶闸管Time resolution 时间分辨率Tolerance 公差T/R module 发射/接收模块Transconductance 跨导Transfer characteristic 转移特性Transfer electron 转移电子Transfer function 传输函数Transient 瞬态的Transistor aging（stress) 晶体管老化Transit time 渡越时间Transition 跃迁Transition—metal silica 过度金属硅化物Transition probability 跃迁几率Transition region 过渡区Transmissivity 透射率Transmitter 发射机Transceiver 收发机Transport 输运Transverse 横向的Trap 陷阱Trapping 俘获Trapped charge 陷阱电荷Travelling wave 行波Trigger 触发Trim 调配调整Triple diffusion 三重扩散Tolerance 容差Tube 管子电子管Tuner 调节器Tunnel(ing) 隧道（穿）Tunnel current 隧道电流Turn - off time 关断时间Ultraviolet 紫外的Ultrabright 超亮的Ultrasonic 超声的Underfilling 下填充Undoped 无掺杂Unijunction 单结的Unipolar 单极的Unit cell 原(元)胞Unity— gain frequency 单位增益频率Unilateral-switch 单向开关Vacancy 空位Vacuum 真空Valence（value) band 价带Value band edge 价带顶Valence bond 价键Vapour phase 汽相Varactor 变容管Variable 可变的Vector 矢量Vertical 垂直的Vibration 振动Visible light 可见光Voltage 电压Volt 伏特Wafer 晶片Watt 瓦Wave guide 波导Wavelength 波长Wave-particle duality 波粒二相性Wear-out 烧毁Wetting 浸润Wideband 宽禁带Wire 引线Wire routing 布线Work function 功函数Worst-case device 最坏情况器件X-ray X射线Yield 成品率Zinc 锌。
地震勘探专业英语
英文汉译Unconformity不整合2D-seismic二维地震3D-seismic三维地震4D-seismic四维地震Abnormal events异常波Absolute permeability绝对渗透率Absorption吸收Absorption coefficient吸收系数Acceleration of gravity重力加速度Accumulate error累计误差Acoustic impedance波阻抗Acoustic logging声波测井Acoustic impedance声阻抗Acoustic impedance section波阻抗剖面Acoustic impedance section声阻抗剖面Acoustic log声波测井Acoustic variable density logging声波变密度测井Acoustic velocity log声速测井Acoustic wave声波Adachi formulas阿达奇公式Adaptive Deconvolution自适应反褶积Adjacent-bed effect围岩影响Adjugate伴随矩阵Aeolotropy各向异性Aerated layer风化层AGC(automatic gain control)自动增益控制Aggradation加积作用Algorithm算法Alias假频Amplitude振幅Amplitude anomaly振幅异常Amplitude distortion振幅失真Amplitude equalization振幅平衡Amplitude log声波幅度测井Amplitude modulation振幅调制Amplitude of the envelope振幅包络Amplitude recovery真振幅恢复AMT（audiomagnetotelluric method）音频大地电磁法Analog模拟Angle of incidence入射角Angular frequency 角频率Anisotropy各向异性Anticipation function 期望函数anticline背斜构造Aperture time时窗时间API unitＡＰＩ单位Apparent表观值Apparent density视密度Apparent dip视倾角Apparent polarity视极性Apparent resistivity视电阻率Apparent velocity视速度Apparent wavelength视波长Apparent wavenumber视波数Applied geophysics应用地球物理学Archie’s formulas阿尔奇经验公式Areal heterogeneity平面非均质Array排列，组合Arrival波至Asynchronous异步的Attenuation衰减Attribute属性，品质Autoconvolution自褶积Autocorrelation自相关Autocovariancet自协方差Auxiliary key horizon辅助标准层Average平均Average velocity平均速度Average velocity平均速度AVO technique AVO技术Axis轴Azimuth方位角，方位Background背景Balanced section平衡剖面Balancing a survey平差Band频带Band-pass通频带Bandwidth带宽Barrier layer隔层Base lap底超Base line基线Base map草图，底图Base station基点Base-line shift基线偏移Basin盆地bedding层理Bias偏差；偏流；偏压；偏磁Bimodal双峰的Bin面元Binary二进制Binate重采样bipole双极bland zone盲区block数据块borehole televiewer井下电视bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格校正boundary conditionBright spot亮点Bulk porosity总孔隙度caprock盖层Chemical sedimentary rock化学沉积岩Clastic sedimentary rock碎屑沉积岩Clay mineral粘土矿物Clean sandstone model纯砂岩模型CMS（chemical remanent magnetization）化学剩磁Compensate neutron log补偿中子测井Complex cycle复合旋回Comprehensive log interpretation测井资料综合解释Concentric folding同心褶皱Connectivity砂体连通性continuation延拓contour等值线convergence收敛Converted wave转换波convolution褶积Core岩芯corer取芯器，取样器correction校正correlation对比；相关；匹配Correlation coefficient相关系数Correlation filter相关滤波COS （common offset stack）共炮检距叠加Cosine law余弦定理coupling耦合Covariance协方差creep蠕变Critical angle临界角Critical damping临界阻尼Crooked line弯曲线测量Cross十字Cross bedding交错层理Crosscorrelation filter互相关滤波crossplot交会图Cross-section剖面；截面Curie point居里点curl旋度Curvature曲率Curve fitting曲线拟合Cycle skip周波跳跃Cylindrical divergence圆柱状发散datum基准面Decay constant衰减常数Decay curve衰减曲线decimate重采样Decimate重采样Declination磁偏角Decollement滑脱面Decomposition分辨Deconvolution反褶积Delay time延迟时间Demodulation解调Density logging密度测井Density contrast密度差Depositional remanent magnetism沉积剩余磁性Depositional sequence沉积层序Depth map深度图Depth migration深度偏移Depth of investigation勘探深度Development seismic开发地震Development well logging开发测井Diaper底避构造Dielectric log介电常数测井Dielectric consist介电常数Differential差异；差分Differential compaction差异压实作用Diffraction绕射Diffraction stack绕射叠加Digital数字Dim spot暗点Dip倾角Dip angle地层倾角Dip direction地层倾向Dip line倾斜测线Dip moveout倾角时差Dipole偶极Direct detection直接检测Direct problem正问题Direct wave直达波Dirichlet condition狄利赫来条件Discrete fourier transform离散傅里叶变换Disharmonic folding不谐和褶皱Dispersion curve频散曲线Displacement偏离Displacement current位移电流Dissertation Abstracts International国际学位论文文摘Distortion畸变Distributed分布Divergence发散；散度Domain域Dome丘，穹隆Dominant frequency主频Doppler effect多普勒效应Downdip下降，下倾，Downlap下超Drape披盖Drift漂移Drill钻机Dual water model双水模型Dynamic correction动校正Dynamic memory动态存储器Dynamic range动态范围Dynamite烈性硝甘炸药Effective permeability有效渗透率Effective porosity有效孔隙度Eigenvalue特征值Eigenvector特征向量Elastic弹性的Elastic constants弹性常数Elastic deformation弹性常数Elastic impedance波阻抗Elastic limit弹性限度Elastic moduli弹性模量Elastic wave弹性波Electromagnetic propagation log电磁波传播测井Elevation correction高程校正emulate仿真End-on端点放炮Engineering geophysics工程地球物理enthalpy焓entropy熵envelope包络equalization均衡Equipotential surface等位面Event同相轴Expectation期望Exponential decay指数衰减Factor analysis因子分析Fade切除Fan-filter扇形滤波Fast fourier transform快速傅里叶变换fault断层Fault断层Fault bench断阶构造Fault drop落差Fault line断层线Fault surface断层面Fault throw断距feedback反馈Fence diagram栅状图Fence effect栅栏效应Fermat’s principle费马原理Filter滤波器Finite-difference method有限差分法Finite-element method有限元法Firing引爆First break初至Flat spot平点Flattened section已拉平的剖面Flexural-slip folding挠曲滑动褶皱Floating datum浮动基准面Flow chart流程图Flushed zone冲洗带flute切除flux通量Flyer检波器串fold地层褶曲folding褶皱format格式formation地层Formation occurrence地层产状Formation sensitivity储层敏感性Formation strike地层走向Formation evaluation地层评价Formation resistivity factor地层电阻率因子Formation-density log地层密度测井Forward solution正演解four-property relationship四性关系fracture裂缝Fresnel diffraction菲涅尔衍射Gas hydrate天然气水合物geochronology地质年代学geodesy大地测量学Geodetic latitude大地纬度Geodetic reference system大地参考系统Geodynamics project地球动力学研究计划Geographic latitude大地纬度geoid大地水准面Geomagnetic pole地磁极Geomagnetic reversal地磁反转Geometric factor几何因子Geometric spreading几何扩散Geophone检波器Geophone检波器组合Geophone array检波器组合Geophone interval检波距Geophone pattern检波器组合geophysicist地球物理学家Geophysics survey地球物理测量geosyncline地槽Geothermal gradient地热梯度ghost虚反射graben地堑graben地堑gradient梯度gravimeter重力仪Gravitational folding重力褶皱Gravitational potential重力位gravity重力Gravity anomaly 重力异常Gravity reduction重力改正Gravity survey重力测量Grid网格Ground roll地滚波Group interval组距Group velocity群速度Guided wave导波hammer重锤Handshake信息交换harmonic谐波Harmonic function调和函数Head wave首波Heat conductivity热导率high-resolution seismic高分辨率地震Horizontal bedding水平层理Horizontal slice水平切片Horizontal spot平点horst地垒horst地垒Igneous rock火成岩Index bed标准层Induced polarization激发极化Inductance电感induction感应Induction electrical survey感应电测井Induction logging感应测井inductivity磁导率Information extracted信息提取Innerbeded heterogeneity层内非均质Instantaneous frequency瞬时频率Instantaneous phase瞬时相位instruction指令insulator绝缘体Integrated circuit集成电路Integrated geophysics综合地球物理Integration混波Intelligent terminal智能终端intensity强度Intensity of magnetization磁化强度Interactive人机联作Interbed夹层Interbed multiple层间多次波Interbeded heterogeneity层间非均质Intercept distortion截断失真Interpretation解释Invaded zone冲洗带Inverse cycle反旋回Inverse draw逆牵引Inversion problem反问题Key bed标志层Laterolog侧向测井Layer velocity section层速度剖面Layer velocity层速度Level calibration层位标定litho-density log岩性密度测井Log interpretation model测井解释模型Log response equation测井响应方程Logging tool standardization测井仪器标准化logging-constrained reversion测井约束地震反演Logs测井曲线Material balance equation物质平衡方程Metamorphic rock变质岩Microelectrode log微电极测井microfacies沉积微相migrated-stacked section偏移叠加剖面Model of bulk-volume rock岩石体积模型Monoclinal strata单斜层mute切除Natural gamma-ray logging自然伽马测井Natural gamma ray spectral log自然伽马能谱测井normal正断层Normal cycle正旋回Normal draw正牵引Normal fault正断层Normal-moveout corrections正常时差校正Nosing structure鼻状构造Oil layer group油层组Oil sandbody油砂体one-step 3D-migration一步三维偏移Parameter参数permeability渗透率Permeability max-mean ratio渗透率突进系数permeability max-min ratio渗透率级差permeability variation coefficient渗透率变异系数Petrophysical property油层物性phase spectrum相位谱Pinch out地层尖灭Polarity reversal极性反转Pore throat孔隙喉道potential势能Primary pore原生孔隙prospect勘探工区，勘探远景区Prospecting seismology勘探地震学Random随机的Ray tracing射线追踪Reciprocity principle互换定理Reconnaissance踏勘，Recover恢复，还原Recovery收获率Recursive filter递归滤波Reef礁Reflecting point反射点Reflection反射Reflection factor反射系数Reflection character analysis反射波特征分析Reflection coefficient反射系数Reflection polarity反射波极性Reflection strength反射波强度Reflection survey反射波勘探Reflector反射界面Refraction折射Refraction wave折射波Refractive index折射系数，折射率Refractor折射界面，折射层Regression海退Regression analysis回归分析Relative permeability相对渗透率Relaxation time驰豫时间Reserving space储集空间reservoir储集层Reservoir fundamental parameter储集层基本参数Resistivity logging电阻率测井Resistivity index电阻率指数resolution分辨率Resolution分辨率Resonance共振Reverberation鸣震reverse逆断层Reverse fault逆断层RMS(root-mean-square)均方根Rock stratum岩层Rock structure岩石构造Rock texture岩石结构Rotational旋转断层Sample ratio取样间隔Sampling theorem采样定理Sand砂岩Sands group砂层组saturation饱和度scattering散射Seal rock封堵层Secondary pore次生孔隙Secondary field二次场Secondary porosity次生孔隙度Sedimentary cycle沉积旋回Sedimentary facies沉积相Sedimentary rhythm沉积韵律Sedimentary rock沉积岩Seis检波器, 地震检波器seiscrop等时切片图Seislog地震测井seisloop三维测量排列Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic inversion地震反演Seismic normalization地震正演Seismic wavelet地震子波Seismic datum地震基准面Seismic discontinuity地震不连续面Seismic event地震同相轴Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic log地震测井Seismic map地震构造图Seismic profile地震剖面Seismic pulse地震脉冲Seismic record地震记录Seismic refraction method地震折射波法Seismic section地震剖面Seismic sequence analysis地震层序分析Seismic stratigraphy地震地层学Seismic survey地震勘探Seismic tomography地震层析seismic-geologic section地震地质剖面seismic-sequent stratigraphy地震层序地层学Seismogram地震记录Seismograph地震仪Seismologist地震学家Seismology地震学sensitivity灵敏度Series of development strata开发层系Shale泥岩Shaly sandstone model泥质砂岩模型Shear wave横波Shielding屏蔽，屏蔽层Shoot爆炸，放炮，激发Signal to noise ratio信噪比Significance level显著性水平Similar folding相似褶皱simulated annealing模拟退火Single layer小层Singularity奇点，奇异点，奇异性Skin depth趋肤深度Smoothing平滑SP(spontaneous potential or self potential )自然电位Spacing电极距，源距Spatial aliasing空间假频Spectrum谱，频谱Spherical球面的Spill point溢出点Spontaneous potential log自然电位测井Spread排列，布置Spreading发散，扩散Stacked section水平叠加剖面stacked-migrated section叠偏剖面Stacking velocity叠加速度Standard标准的Static correction静校正Statistical统计的Storage存储器Storm扰动Strain应变，形变，胁变Strata overlap地层超覆Stratigraphic interpretation地层学解释Stratum loss地层缺失Streamer拖缆Strike slip走向滑动断层Stringer高速薄层Structural geology构造地质Structure构造Superposition叠加定理Supervisor野外监督Suppression压制Surface wave面波Survey测量，勘测，勘探Susceptibility磁化率Synchronous同步的syncline向斜构造Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Systematic error系统误差TAR（ture-amplitude recovery ）真振幅恢复Tectonic map大地构造图Telluric current大地电流Tensor张量Terrain correction地形校正Thermal conductivity热导率Three instantaneous parameter section三瞬剖面throat eveness coefficient喉道均质系数throat mean喉道平均值throat mid-value喉道中值Thrust fault冲断层Thrust fault逆掩断层Tie-line联接测线Time-distance curve时距曲线Time-slice map等时切片Time-variant时变的Tomography层析成像技术Toplap顶超Topographic correction地形校正Total reflection全反射Trace analysis道分析Trace equalization道均衡Trace gather道集Trace integration道积分Trace inversion道反演Trace sequential道序编排transform转换断层Transform fault转换断层Transformed wave转换波Transgression海侵Transient electromagnetic method瞬变电磁法Transistor晶体管Transmission coefficient透射系数Transverse wave横波Transversely isotropic横向各向同性Trap圈闭Travel path传播路径Tree-dimensional survey三维勘探Trough波谷Truncation error截断误差Tumescence火山隆起two-step 3D-migration二步三维偏移Uncertainty不定性，不确定性，不可靠性Updip上倾放炮Uphole geophone井口检波器Upward continuation向上延拓Valley波谷Variable area变面积Variable density变密度Variance方差Vector矢量Velocity analysis速度分析Velocity inversion速度倒转Velocity layering速度分层Velocity spectrum速度谱Velocity sweeping速度扫描Vibration survey振动测量Vibrator振动器Video display视频显示Virtual memory虚拟存储器Viscoelastic粘弹性的Viscosity粘度，粘滞性Water saturation含水饱和度Wave group波组wave equation波动方程Wave equation migration波动方程偏移Wave impedance波阻抗Wave velocity波速Waveform波形Wavefront波前Wavelet地震子波Wavelet equalization子波均衡Wavelet extraction子波提取Wavelet processing子波处理Wavenumber波数Wavy bedding波状层理Weathering 风化层Weathering风化层，低速带Weathering correction低速带校正Weathering layer风化层，低速带Weathering shot低速带测定Weighted array加权平均加权组合Weighted average加权平均Well logging测井Well logging series测井系列White白噪声White noise level白噪水平Young’s modulus杨氏模量Zero-phase零相位Zoeppritz’s equation佐普里茨方程。
半导体工艺中的英语词汇
AAbrupt junction 突变结Accelerated testing 加速实验Acceptor 受主Acceptor atom 受主原子Accumulation 积累、堆积Accumulating contact 积累接触Accumulation region 积累区Accumulation layer 积累层Active region 有源区Active component 有源元Active device 有源器件Activation 激活Activation energy 激活能Active region 有源（放大）区Admittance 导纳Allowed band 允带Alloy-junction device合金结器件Aluminum（Aluminium）铝Aluminum - oxide 铝氧化物Aluminum passivation 铝钝化Ambipolar 双极的Ambient temperature 环境温度Amorphous 无定形的，非晶体的Amplifier 功放扩音器放大器Analogue（Analog）comparator 模拟比较器Angstrom 埃Anneal 退火Anisotropic 各向异性的Anode 阳极Arsenic （AS）砷Auger 俄歇Auger process 俄歇过程Avalanche 雪崩Avalanche breakdown 雪崩击穿Avalanche excitation雪崩激发BBackground carrier 本底载流子Background doping 本底掺杂Backward 反向Backward bias 反向偏置Ballasting resistor 整流电阻Ball bond 球形键合Band 能带Band gap 能带间隙Barrier 势垒Barrier layer 势垒层Barrier width 势垒宽度Base 基极Base contact 基区接触Base stretching 基区扩展效应Base transit time 基区渡越时间Base transport efficiency基区输运系数Base-width modulation基区宽度调制Basis vector 基矢Bias 偏置Bilateral switch 双向开关Binary code 二进制代码Binary compound semiconductor 二元化合物半导体Bipolar 双极性的Bipolar Junction Transistor （BJT）双极晶体管Bloch 布洛赫Blocking band 阻挡能带Blocking contact 阻挡接触Body - centered 体心立方Body-centred cubic structure 体立心结构Boltzmann 波尔兹曼Bond 键、键合Bonding electron 价电子Bonding pad 键合点Bootstrap circuit 自举电路Bootstrapped emitter follower 自举射极跟随器Boron 硼Borosilicate glass 硼硅玻璃Boundary condition 边界条件Bound electron 束缚电子Breadboard 模拟板、实验板Break down 击穿Break over 转折Brillouin 布里渊Brillouin zone 布里渊区Built-in 内建的Build-in electric field 内建电场Bulk 体/体内Bulk absorption 体吸收Bulk generation 体产生Bulk recombination 体复合Burn - in 老化Burn out 烧毁Buried channel 埋沟Buried diffusion region 隐埋扩散区CCan 外壳Capacitance 电容Capture cross section 俘获截面Capture carrier 俘获载流子Carrier 载流子、载波Carry bit 进位位Carry-in bit 进位输入Carry-out bit 进位输出Cascade 级联Case 管壳Cathode 阴极Center 中心Ceramic 陶瓷（的）Channel 沟道Channel breakdown 沟道击穿Channel current 沟道电流Channel doping 沟道掺杂Channel shortening 沟道缩短Channel width 沟道宽度Characteristic impedance 特征阻抗Charge 电荷、充电Charge-compensation effects 电荷补偿效应Charge conservation 电荷守恒Charge neutrality condition 电中性条件Charge drive/exchange/sharing/transfer/storage 电荷驱动/交换/共享/转移/存储Chemmical etching 化学腐蚀法Chemically-Polish 化学抛光Chemmically-Mechanically Polish （CMP）化学机械抛光Chip 芯片Chip yield 芯片成品率Clamped 箝位Clamping diode 箝位二极管Cleavage plane 解理面Clock rate 时钟频率Clock generator 时钟发生器Clock flip-flop 时钟触发器Close-packed structure 密堆积结构Close-loop gain 闭环增益Collector 集电极Collision 碰撞Compensated OP-AMP 补偿运放Common-base/collector/emitter connection 共基极/集电极/发射极连接Common-gate/drain/source connection 共栅/漏/源连接Common-mode gain 共模增益Common-mode input 共模输入Common-mode rejection ratio （CMRR）共模抑制比Compatibility 兼容性Compensation 补偿Compensated impurities 补偿杂质Compensated semiconductor 补偿半导体Complementary Darlington circuit 互补达林顿电路Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor（CMOS）互补金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Complementary error function 余误差函数Computer-aided design （CAD）/test（CAT）/manufacture（CAM）计算机辅助设计/ 测试/制造Compound Semiconductor 化合物半导体Conductance 电导Conduction band （edge）导带（底）Conduction level/state 导带态Conductor 导体Conductivity 电导率Configuration 组态Conlomb 库仑Conpled Configuration Devices 结构组态Constants 物理常数Constant energy surface 等能面Constant-source diffusion恒定源扩散Contact 接触Contamination 治污Continuity equation 连续性方程Contact hole 接触孔Contact potential 接触电势Continuity condition 连续性条件Contra doping 反掺杂Controlled 受控的Converter 转换器Conveyer 传输器Copper interconnection system 铜互连系统Couping 耦合Covalent 共阶的Crossover 跨交Critical 临界的Crossunder 穿交Crucible坩埚Crystal defect/face/orientation/lattice 晶体缺陷/晶面/晶向/晶格Current density 电流密度Curvature 曲率Cut off 截止Current drift/dirve/sharing 电流漂移/驱动/共享Current Sense 电流取样Curvature 弯曲Custom integrated circuit 定制集成电路Cylindrical 柱面的Czochralshicrystal 直立单晶Czochralski technique 切克劳斯基技术（Cz法直拉晶体J）DDangling bonds 悬挂键Dark current 暗电流Dead time 空载时间Debye length 德拜长度De.broglie 德布洛意Decderate 减速Decibel （dB）分贝Decode 译码Deep acceptor level 深受主能级Deep donor level 深施主能级Deep impurity level 深度杂质能级Deep trap 深陷阱Defeat 缺陷Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体Degeneracy 简并度Degradation 退化Degree Celsius（centigrade）/Kelvin 摄氏/开氏温度Delay 延迟Density 密度Density of states 态密度Depletion 耗尽Depletion approximation 耗尽近似Depletion contact 耗尽接触Depletion depth 耗尽深度Depletion effect 耗尽效应Depletion layer 耗尽层Depletion MOS 耗尽MOSDepletion region 耗尽区Deposited film 淀积薄膜Deposition process 淀积工艺Design rules 设计规则Die 芯片（复数dice）Diode 二极管Dielectric 介电的Dielectric isolation 介质隔离Difference-mode input 差模输入Differential amplifier 差分放大器Differential capacitance 微分电容Diffused junction 扩散结Diffusion 扩散Diffusion coefficient 扩散系数Diffusion constant 扩散常数Diffusivity 扩散率Diffusion capacitance/barrier/current/furnace 扩散电容/势垒/电流/炉Digital circuit 数字电路Dipole domain 偶极畴Dipole layer 偶极层Direct-coupling 直接耦合Direct-gap semiconductor 直接带隙半导体Direct transition 直接跃迁Discharge 放电Discrete component 分立元件Dissipation 耗散Distribution 分布Distributed capacitance 分布电容Distributed model 分布模型Displacement 位移Dislocation 位错Domain 畴Donor 施主Donor exhaustion 施主耗尽Dopant 掺杂剂Doped semiconductor 掺杂半导体Doping concentration 掺杂浓度Double-diffusive MOS（DMOS）双扩散MOS.Drift 漂移Drift field 漂移电场Drift mobility 迁移率Dry etching 干法腐蚀Dry/wet oxidation 干/湿法氧化Dose 剂量Duty cycle 工作周期Dual-in-line package （DIP）双列直插式封装Dynamics 动态Dynamic characteristics 动态属性Dynamic impedance 动态阻抗EEarly effect 厄利效应Early failure 早期失效Effective mass 有效质量Einstein relation（ship）爱因斯坦关系Electric Erase Programmable Read Only Memory（E2PROM）一次性电可擦除只读存储器Electrode 电极Electrominggratim 电迁移Electron affinity 电子亲和势Electronic -grade 电子能Electron-beam photo-resist exposure 光致抗蚀剂的电子束曝光Electron gas 电子气Electron-grade water 电子级纯水Electron trapping center 电子俘获中心Electron Volt （eV）电子伏Electrostatic 静电的Element 元素/元件/配件Elemental semiconductor 元素半导体Ellipse 椭圆Ellipsoid 椭球Emitter 发射极Emitter-coupled logic 发射极耦合逻辑Emitter-coupled pair 发射极耦合对Emitter follower 射随器Empty band 空带Emitter crowding effect 发射极集边（拥挤）效应Endurance test =life test 寿命测试Energy state 能态Energy momentum diagram 能量-动量（E-K）图Enhancement mode 增强型模式Enhancement MOS 增强性MOS Entefic （低）共溶的Environmental test 环境测试Epitaxial 外延的Epitaxial layer 外延层Epitaxial slice 外延片Expitaxy 外延Equivalent curcuit 等效电路Equilibrium majority /minority carriers 平衡多数/少数载流子Erasable Programmable ROM （EPROM）可搽取（编程）存储器Error function complement （erfc）余误差函数Etch 刻蚀Etchant 刻蚀剂Etching mask 抗蚀剂掩模Excess carrier 过剩载流子Excitation energy 激发能Excited state 激发态Exciton 激子Extrapolation 外推法Extrinsic 非本征的Extrinsic semiconductor 杂质半导体FFace - centered 面心立方Fall time 下降时间Fan-in 扇入Fan-out 扇出Fast recovery 快恢复Fast surface states 快界面态Feedback 反馈Fermi level 费米能级Fermi-Dirac Distribution 费米-狄拉克分布Femi potential 费米势Fick equation 菲克方程（扩散）Field effect transistor 场效应晶体管Field oxide 场氧化层Filled band 满带Film 薄膜Flash memory 闪烁存储器Flat band 平带Flat pack 扁平封装Flicker noise 闪烁（变）噪声Flip-flop toggle 触发器翻转Floating gate 浮栅Fluoride etch 氟化氢刻蚀Forbidden band 禁带Forward bias 正向偏置Forward blocking /conducting正向阻断/导通Frequency deviation noise频率漂移噪声Frequency response 频率响应Function 函数GGain 增益Gallium-Arsenide（GaAs）砷化钾Gamy ray r 射线Gate 门、栅、控制极Gate oxide 栅氧化层Gauss（ian）高斯Gaussian distribution profile 高斯掺杂分布Generation-recombination 产生-复合Geometries 几何尺寸Germanium（Ge）锗Graded 缓变的Graded （gradual）channel 缓变沟道Graded junction 缓变结Grain 晶粒Gradient 梯度Grown junction 生长结Guard ring 保护环Gummel-Poom model 葛谋-潘模型Gunn - effect 狄氏效应HHardened device 辐射加固器件Heat of formation 形成热Heat sink 散热器、热沉Heavy/light hole band 重/轻空穴带Heavy saturation 重掺杂Hell - effect 霍尔效应Heterojunction 异质结Heterojunction structure 异质结结构Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor（HBT）异质结双极型晶体High field property 高场特性High-performance MOS.（H-MOS）高性能MOS. Hormalized 归一化Horizontal epitaxial reactor 卧式外延反应器Hot carrior 热载流子Hybrid integration 混合集成IImage - force 镜象力Impact ionization 碰撞电离Impedance 阻抗Imperfect structure 不完整结构Implantation dose 注入剂量Implanted ion 注入离子Impurity 杂质Impurity scattering 杂质散射Incremental resistance 电阻增量（微分电阻）In-contact mask 接触式掩模Indium tin oxide （ITO）铟锡氧化物Induced channel 感应沟道Infrared 红外的Injection 注入Input offset voltage 输入失调电压Insulator 绝缘体Insulated Gate FET（IGFET）绝缘栅FET Integrated injection logic集成注入逻辑Integration 集成、积分Interconnection 互连Interconnection time delay 互连延时Interdigitated structure 交互式结构Interface 界面Interference 干涉International system of unions国际单位制Internally scattering 谷间散射Interpolation 内插法Intrinsic 本征的Intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体Inverse operation 反向工作Inversion 反型Inverter 倒相器Ion 离子Ion beam 离子束Ion etching 离子刻蚀Ion implantation 离子注入Ionization 电离Ionization energy 电离能Irradiation 辐照Isolation land 隔离岛Isotropic 各向同性JJunction FET（JFET）结型场效应管Junction isolation 结隔离Junction spacing 结间距Junction side-wall 结侧壁LLatch up 闭锁Lateral 横向的Lattice 晶格Layout 版图Lattice binding/cell/constant/defect/distortion 晶格结合力/晶胞/晶格/晶格常熟/晶格缺陷/晶格畸变Leakage current （泄）漏电流Level shifting 电平移动Life time 寿命linearity 线性度Linked bond 共价键Liquid Nitrogen 液氮Liquid－phase epitaxial growth technique 液相外延生长技术Lithography 光刻Light Emitting Diode（LED）发光二极管Load line or Variable 负载线Locating and Wiring 布局布线Longitudinal 纵向的Logic swing 逻辑摆幅Lorentz 洛沦兹Lumped model 集总模型MMajority carrier 多数载流子Mask 掩膜板，光刻板Mask level 掩模序号Mask set 掩模组Mass - action law质量守恒定律Master-slave D flip-flop主从D触发器Matching 匹配Maxwell 麦克斯韦Mean free path 平均自由程Meandered emitter junction梳状发射极结Mean time before failure （MTBF）平均工作时间Megeto - resistance 磁阻Mesa 台面MESFET-Metal Semiconductor金属半导体FETMetallization 金属化Microelectronic technique 微电子技术Microelectronics 微电子学Millen indices 密勒指数Minority carrier 少数载流子Misfit 失配Mismatching 失配Mobile ions 可动离子Mobility 迁移率Module 模块Modulate 调制Molecular crystal分子晶体Monolithic IC 单片IC MOSFET金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Mos. Transistor（MOST ）MOS. 晶体管Multiplication 倍增Modulator 调制Multi-chip IC 多芯片ICMulti-chip module（MCM）多芯片模块Multiplication coefficient倍增因子NNaked chip 未封装的芯片（裸片）Negative feedback 负反馈Negative resistance 负阻Nesting 套刻Negative-temperature-coefficient 负温度系数Noise margin 噪声容限Nonequilibrium 非平衡Nonrolatile 非挥发（易失）性Normally off/on 常闭/开Numerical analysis 数值分析OOccupied band 满带Officienay 功率Offset 偏移、失调On standby 待命状态Ohmic contact 欧姆接触Open circuit 开路Operating point 工作点Operating bias 工作偏置Operational amplifier （OPAMP）运算放大器Optical photon =photon 光子Optical quenching光猝灭Optical transition 光跃迁Optical-coupled isolator光耦合隔离器Organic semiconductor有机半导体Orientation 晶向、定向Outline 外形Out-of-contact mask非接触式掩模Output characteristic 输出特性Output voltage swing 输出电压摆幅Overcompensation 过补偿Over-current protection 过流保护Over shoot 过冲Over-voltage protection 过压保护Overlap 交迭Overload 过载Oscillator 振荡器Oxide 氧化物Oxidation 氧化Oxide passivation 氧化层钝化PPackage 封装Pad 压焊点Parameter 参数Parasitic effect 寄生效应Parasitic oscillation 寄生振荡Passination 钝化Passive component 无源元件Passive device 无源器件Passive surface 钝化界面Parasitic transistor 寄生晶体管Peak-point voltage 峰点电压Peak voltage 峰值电压Permanent-storage circuit 永久存储电路Period 周期Periodic table 周期表Permeable - base 可渗透基区Phase-lock loop 锁相环Phase drift 相移Phonon spectra 声子谱Photo conduction 光电导Photo diode 光电二极管Photoelectric cell 光电池Photoelectric effect 光电效应Photoenic devices 光子器件Photolithographic process 光刻工艺（photo）resist （光敏）抗腐蚀剂Pin 管脚Pinch off 夹断Pinning of Fermi level 费米能级的钉扎（效应）Planar process 平面工艺Planar transistor 平面晶体管Plasma 等离子体Plezoelectric effect 压电效应Poisson equation 泊松方程Point contact 点接触Polarity 极性Polycrystal 多晶Polymer semiconductor聚合物半导体Poly-silicon 多晶硅Potential （电）势Potential barrier 势垒Potential well 势阱Power dissipation 功耗Power transistor 功率晶体管Preamplifier 前置放大器Primary flat 主平面Principal axes 主轴Print-circuit board（PCB）印制电路板Probability 几率Probe 探针Process 工艺Propagation delay 传输延时Pseudopotential method 膺势发Punch through 穿通Pulse triggering/modulating 脉冲触发/调制Pulse Widen Modulator（PWM）脉冲宽度调制punchthrough 穿通Push-pull stage 推挽级QQuality factor 品质因子Quantization 量子化Quantum 量子Quantum efficiency量子效应Quantum mechanics 量子力学Quasi - Fermi－level准费米能级Quartz 石英RRadiation conductivity 辐射电导率Radiation damage 辐射损伤Radiation flux density 辐射通量密度Radiation hardening 辐射加固Radiation protection 辐射保护Radiative - recombination辐照复合Radioactive 放射性Reach through 穿通Reactive sputtering source 反应溅射源Read diode 里德二极管Recombination 复合Recovery diode 恢复二极管Reciprocal lattice 倒核子Recovery time 恢复时间Rectifier 整流器（管）Rectifying contact 整流接触Reference 基准点基准参考点Refractive index 折射率Register 寄存器Registration 对准Regulate 控制调整Relaxation lifetime 驰豫时间Reliability 可*性Resonance 谐振Resistance 电阻Resistor 电阻器Resistivity 电阻率Regulator 稳压管（器）Relaxation 驰豫Resonant frequency共射频率Response time 响应时间Reverse 反向的Reverse bias 反向偏置SSampling circuit 取样电路Sapphire 蓝宝石（Al2O3）Satellite valley 卫星谷Saturated current range电流饱和区Saturation region 饱和区Saturation 饱和的Scaled down 按比例缩小Scattering 散射Schockley diode 肖克莱二极管Schottky 肖特基Schottky barrier 肖特基势垒Schottky contact 肖特基接触Schrodingen 薛定厄Scribing grid 划片格Secondary flat 次平面Seed crystal 籽晶Segregation 分凝Selectivity 选择性Self aligned 自对准的Self diffusion 自扩散Semiconductor 半导体Semiconductor-controlled rectifier 可控硅Sendsitivity 灵敏度Serial 串行/串联Series inductance 串联电感Settle time 建立时间Sheet resistance 薄层电阻Shield 屏蔽Short circuit 短路Shot noise 散粒噪声Shunt 分流Sidewall capacitance 边墙电容Signal 信号Silica glass 石英玻璃Silicon 硅Silicon carbide 碳化硅Silicon dioxide （SiO2）二氧化硅Silicon Nitride（Si3N4）氮化硅Silicon On Insulator 绝缘硅Siliver whiskers 银须Simple cubic 简立方Single crystal 单晶Sink 沉Skin effect 趋肤效应Snap time 急变时间Sneak path 潜行通路Sulethreshold 亚阈的Solar battery/cell 太阳能电池Solid circuit 固体电路Solid Solubility 固溶度Sonband 子带Source 源极Source follower 源随器Space charge 空间电荷Specific heat（PT）热Speed-power product 速度功耗乘积Spherical 球面的Spin 自旋Split 分裂Spontaneous emission 自发发射Spreading resistance扩展电阻Sputter 溅射Stacking fault 层错Static characteristic 静态特性Stimulated emission 受激发射Stimulated recombination 受激复合Storage time 存储时间Stress 应力Straggle 偏差Sublimation 升华Substrate 衬底Substitutional 替位式的Superlattice 超晶格Supply 电源Surface 表面Surge capacity 浪涌能力Subscript 下标Switching time 开关时间Switch 开关TTailing 扩展Terminal 终端Tensor 张量Tensorial 张量的Thermal activation 热激发Thermal conductivity 热导率Thermal equilibrium 热平衡Thermal Oxidation 热氧化Thermal resistance 热阻Thermal sink 热沉Thermal velocity 热运动Thermoelectricpovoer 温差电动势率Thick-film technique 厚膜技术Thin-film hybrid IC薄膜混合集成电路Thin-Film Transistor（TFT）薄膜晶体Threshlod 阈值Thyistor 晶闸管Transconductance 跨导Transfer characteristic 转移特性Transfer electron 转移电子Transfer function 传输函数Transient 瞬态的Transistor aging（stress）晶体管老化Transit time 渡越时间Transition 跃迁Transition-metal silica 过度金属硅化物Transition probability 跃迁几率Transition region 过渡区Transport 输运Transverse 横向的Trap 陷阱Trapping 俘获Trapped charge 陷阱电荷Triangle generator 三角波发生器Triboelectricity 摩擦电Trigger 触发Trim 调配调整Triple diffusion 三重扩散Truth table 真值表Tolerahce 容差Tunnel（ing）隧道（穿）Tunnel current 隧道电流Turn over 转折Turn - off time 关断时间UUltraviolet 紫外的Unijunction 单结的Unipolar 单极的Unit cell 原（元）胞Unity-gain frequency 单位增益频率Unilateral-switch单向开关VVacancy 空位Vacuum 真空Valence（value）band 价带Value band edge 价带顶Valence bond 价键Vapour phase 汽相Varactor 变容管Varistor 变阻器Vibration 振动Voltage 电压WWafer 晶片Wave equation 波动方程Wave guide 波导Wave number 波数Wave-particle duality 波粒二相性Wear-out 烧毁Wire routing 布线Work function 功函数Worst-case device 最坏情况器件Yield 成品率Zener breakdown 齐纳击穿。
橡胶英语翻译--高分子物理高分子化学类
结构单元constitutional unit重复结构单元constitutional repeating unit构型单元configurational unit立构重复单元stereorepeating unit立构规整度tacticity等规度, 全同立构[规整，整]度isotacticity间同度，间同立构[规整]度syndiotacticity无规度，无规立构度atacticity嵌段block规整嵌段regular block非规整嵌段irregular block立构嵌段stereoblock有规立构嵌段isotactic block无规立构嵌段atactic block单体单元monomeric unit二单元组diad三单元组triad四单元组tetrad五单元组pentad无规线团random coil自由连接链freely-jointed chain自由旋转链freely-rotating chain蠕虫状链worm-like chain柔性链flexible chain链柔性chain flexibility刚性链rigid chain棒状链rodlike chain链刚性chain rigidity聚集aggregation聚集体aggregate凝聚、聚集coalescence链缠结chain entanglement凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement物理缠结physical entanglement拓扑缠结topological entanglement凝聚相condensed phase凝聚态condensed state凝聚过程condensing process临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition受限链confined chain受限态confined state物理交联physical crosslinking统计线团statistical coil等效链equivalent chain统计链段statistical segment链段chain segment链构象chain conformation剥离强度peeling strength 疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance挠曲deflection压缩强度compressive strength压缩永久变形compression set压缩变形compressive deformation压痕硬度indentation hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness布氏硬度Brinell hardness抗刮性scrath resistance断裂力学fracture mechanics力学破坏mechanical failure应力强度因子stress intensity factor断裂伸长elongation at break屈服强度yield strength断裂韧性fracture toughness弹性形变elastic deformation弹性滞后elastic hysteresis弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity弹性回复elastic recovery不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation裂缝crack银纹craze形变；变形deformation永久变形deformation set剩余变形residual deformation剩余伸长residual stretch回弹，回弹性resilience延迟形变retarded deformation延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve拉伸应变stretching strain拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation热历史thermal history热收缩thermoshrinking扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA应力致白stress whitening应变能strain energy应变张量strain tensor剩余应力residual stress应变硬化strain hardening应变软化strain softening电流变液electrorheological fluid无规线团模型random coil model无规行走模型random walk model自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model卷曲构象coiled conformation高斯链Gaussian chain无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension扰动尺寸perturbed dimension热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction链间相互作用interchain interaction链间距interchain spacing长程有序long range order近程有序short range order回转半径radius of gyration末端间矢量end-to-end vector链末端chain end末端距end-to-end distance无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance伸直长度contour length相关长度persistence length主链；链骨架chain backbone支链branch chain链支化chain branching短支链short-chain branch长支链long-chain branch支化系数branching index支化密度branching density支化度degree of branching交联度degree of crosslinking网络network网络密度network density溶胀swelling平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly自组装self assembly微凝胶microgel凝胶点gel point可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositional heterogenity摩尔质量平均molar mass average数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-average molar mass重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-average molar massZ均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass 黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass 表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass表观分子量apparent molecular weight聚合度degree of polymerization动力学链长kinetic chain length单分散性monodispersity临界分子量critical molecular wweight分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID平均聚合度average degree of polymerization质量分布函数mass distribution function数量分布函数number distribution function重量分布函数weight distribution function舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution最概然分布most probable distribution对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution聚合物溶液polymer solution聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent均方末端距mean square end to end distance均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyrationθ温度theta temperatureθ态theta stateθ溶剂theta solvent良溶剂good solvent不良溶剂poor solvent位力系数Virial coefficient排除体积excluded volume溶胀因子expansion factor溶胀度degree of swelling弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory哈金斯公式Huggins equation哈金斯系数Huggins coefficientχ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter溶度参数solubility parameter摩擦系数frictional coefficient流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume珠-棒模型bead-rod model球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence动态光散射dynamic light scattering小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method相对黏度relative viscosity相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment黏度比viscosity ratio黏数viscosity number[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer 毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer落球黏度计ball viscometer落球黏度ball viscosity本体黏度bulk viscosity比浓黏度reduced viscosity比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscosity number 特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number黏度函数viscosity function零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity端基分析analysis of end group蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation 折光指数增量refractive index increment瑞利比Rayleigh ratio超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio粒子散射函数particle scattering function粒子散射因子particle scattering factor齐姆图Zimm plot散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering解偏振作用depolarization分级fractionation沉淀分级precipitation fractionation萃取分级extraction fractionation色谱分级chromatographic fractionation柱分级column fractionation洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation热分级thermal fractionation凝胶色谱法gel chromatography摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit洗脱体积elution volume普适标定universal calibration加宽函数spreading function链轴chain axis等同周期identity period链重复距离chain repeating distance晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period构象重复单元conformational repeating unit几何等效geometrical equivalence螺旋链helix chain构型无序configurational disorder链取向无序chain orientational disorder构象无序conformational disorder锯齿链zigzag chain双[股]螺旋double stranded helix[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation 结晶聚合物crystalline polymer半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer高分子晶体polymer crystal高分子微晶polymer crystallite结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism 聚合物形态学morphology of polymer片晶lamella, lamellar crystal轴晶axialite树枝[状]晶体dendrite纤维晶fibrous crystal串晶结构shish-kebab structure球晶spherulite折叠链folded chain链折叠chain folding折叠表面fold surface折叠面fold plane折叠微区fold domain相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model接线板模型switchboard model缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal球状链晶体globular-chain crystal长周期long period近程结构short-range structure远程结构long-range structure成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation主结晶primary crystallization后期结晶secondary crystallization外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallization外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长epitaxial growth织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal近晶中介相smectic mesophase近晶相smectic phase条带织构banded texture环带球晶ringed spherulite向列相nematic phase盘状相discotic phase解取向disorientation分聚segregation非晶相amorphous phase非晶区amorphous region非晶态amorphous state非晶取向amorphous orientation链段运动segmental motion亚稳态metastable state相分离phase separation亚稳相分离spinodal decompositionbimodal decomposition，微相microphase界面相boundary phase相容性compatibility混容性miscibility不相容性incompatibility不混容性immiscibility增容作用compatiibilization最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST 最高临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 浓度猝灭concentration quenching激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy单轴取向uniaxial orientation双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation取向度degree of orientation橡胶态rubber state玻璃态glassy state高弹态elastomeric state黏流态viscous flow state伸长elongation高弹形变high elastic deformation回缩性，弹性复原nerviness拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio杨氏模量Young's modulus本体模量bulk modulus剪切模量shear modulus法向应力normal stress剪切应力shear stress剪切应变shear strain屈服yielding颈缩现象necking屈服应力yield stress屈服应变yield strain脆性断裂brittle fracture脆性开裂brittle cracking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature延性破裂ductile fracture冲击强度impact strength拉伸强度tensile strength极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength抗撕强度tearing strength弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength 弯曲模量bending modulus弯曲应变bending strain弯曲应力bending stress收缩开裂shrinkage crack剪切强度shear strength拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity剪切黏度shear viscosity表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity黏弹性viscoelasticity线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity蠕变creep弛豫[作用] relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time玻璃化转变glass transition玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle 玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平移因子shift factorWLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation 软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point物理老化physical ageing光老化photoageing热老化thermal ageing热氧老化thermo-oxidative ageing人工老化artificial ageing加速老化accelerated ageing计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation。
图像编码中的高动态范围处理技巧(七)
图像编码中的高动态范围处理技巧引言：随着科技的不断进步和人们对高质量图像的需求增加，高动态范围（High Dynamic Range，简称HDR）成为了图像编码中的重要技能。
本文将探讨图像编码中的高动态范围处理技巧，并以一些常见的方法为例进行介绍。
一、背景知识在了解高动态范围处理技巧之前，我们需要先理解动态范围的概念。
动态范围指的是图像中亮度的变化范围，包括亮部和暗部。
在传统图像编码中，我们通常使用8位色深进行编码，亮度范围为0-255。
但是这样的颜色深度无法很好地表达一些高对比度场景，图像的细节会被丢失。
而HDR技术则可以扩展图像的亮度范围，提供更丰富的细节和更真实的观感。
二、基础方法1. Tone Mapping（色调映射）Tone Mapping是一种常见的高动态范围处理技巧，它通过对原始HDR图像进行映射，使得亮度范围缩小到低动态范围的范围内。
常用的Tone Mapping算法有线性曲线映射、Reinhard等。
这些算法可以根据图像的特点来调整亮度和对比度，以产生更自然的图像。
2. Exposure Fusion（曝光融合）Exposure Fusion是一种将多张不同曝光的图像融合成一张HDR图像的方法。
通过对曝光时间和曝光量进行调整，将不同亮度范围的图像信息合并，以实现更广泛的动态范围。
曝光融合结合了图像对齐、色调映射和融合等技术，可以在保持细节的同时提供较好的观感。
三、进阶技术1. Local Tone Mapping（局部色调映射）局部色调映射通过在图像的不同区域应用不同的Tone Mapping算法，使得局部细节能够更好地保留。
传统的Tone Mapping方法往往无法同时处理图像中的亮部和暗部细节，而局部色调映射能够更好地解决这个问题。
具体实现上，可以利用图像分割算法将图像分成不同的区域，然后针对每个区域应用不同的Tone Mapping算法。
2. Content-Aware Manipulation（内容感知处理）内容感知处理是利用机器学习和计算机视觉技术来处理HDR图像的一种高级方法。
DEVELOPMENTOFDISCRETECRACKSINCONCRETE…
DEVELOPMENT OF DISCRETE CRACKS IN CONCRETE LOADEDBY SHOCK WA VESMartin Larcher1Keywords:Concrete,High Dynamic Loading,Shock Wave,Discrete Cracks,Element-free Galerkin Method,Hugoniot,Strain Rate Effect,Blasting.Abstract The nonlinear behaviour of concrete is affected by the development of cracks.The micro cracks are the initiation for the development of the macro cracks under different load-ings.This work presents a discrete crack model with a cohesive crack zone to simulate the behaviour of concrete under a high dynamic load.In consideration of the strain rate effect and the Hugoniot-curve shock waves in concrete are calculated.The simulation of the blasted concrete results in a realistic crack pattern.IntroductionSimulation of high dynamic loading of concrete needs special numerical and material models. The development of shock waves and consequently the discontinuity in front of the shock wave have to be considered.Another challenge is the calculation of the concrete cracking.The idea of this research is to use the discrete cracks with a cohesive crack model instead of a damage material model.The results of these calculations will be compared with experimental results of blasted concrete.Element-free Galerkin MethodMLS InterpolationBelytschko[2]proposed the element-free Galerkin method(EFG)which approximates afield by using a moving least-squares interpolation(MLS Interpolation).The following equation is used for the approximation of the displacementfieldu h(x)=ni=1φk i(x)u i=p T·a(1)The shape functionφis built from monomial functions p.A linear2-dimensional example for p isp(x)=(1x y)T(2) 1Joint Research Centre,Ispra,Italy;email:*********************,before Universit¨a t Karlsruhe,GermanyThe vector a is calculated by the minimisation of the interpolation error J iJ i(a,x)=ni=1w i(x)· u i−p T i(x)·a 2(3)By using the derivation of equation3the shape functionsφk i can be calculated.The weight function w i depends on the distance x−x i .The weight function can be written asw i(x)=w i(s)with s= x−x ih i(4)A common spline function can be used as the weight functionw(s)=1−6s2+8s3−3s4(5) The size of the radius of influence h i should be choosen so that4to10nodes are in a supported area.The discretisation of the EFG-Method is similar to thefinite element method by using the shape functions(equation1).Instead of a nodal integration a background integration is used.This results in an increased computing time but is necessary as the combination of a nodal integration and an explicit time integration shows problems with under integration.MLS Interpolation and CracksCracks can be implemented in EFG by cutting off the weight functions(and herewith the shape functions)at the location of the crack(Figure1).The domain of the examined node is divided into two subdomains–subdomain B beyond the crack and subdomain A on the side of the node.In subdomain A the spline function w is the same as before,in subdomain B it is set to w(x)=0for all x∈B.(6)Figure1:Weight function a)without crack b)with crackMaterial ModelTwo general material models for concrete can be distinguished:smeared and discrete crack models.In a smeared crack model the strains resulting from a crack are dispersed over one ormore elements.In contrast to a discrete crack model the location of the crack is not stored.A discrete crack model helps to consider the fragmentation of the concrete for example after high dynamic loading.In the presented work discrete cracks are implemented with EFG.The use of discrete cracks with a fracture process zone makes it possible to use a material model without damage formulation.There are two effects to be considered for the calculation of high dynamic loaded concrete:the building of shock waves and the strain rate effect.Nonlinear stress-strain relationConcrete responds to loading very nonlinear.In this work cohesive cracks are implemented to describe the cracking effects in the micro and meso scale.In a zone –called fracture process zone (FPZ)–the stresses between the crack sides decreases from tensile strength to zero.The length of the FPZ can be calculated with the crack energy.For the distribution of the stresses between the crack sides an exponential,a bilinear or a linear function can be used.The differences in numerical results using the various distributions of the stress are small.A bilinear distribution shows the best representation of the experiments.tFigure 2:Fracture process zoneThe following rules are used for the development of the cracks:•A failure surface should be used for the decision if a crack has to be created or a crack is growing.For a tension failure a St.Venant criterion is applicable,but this failure surface doesn’t show a good correlation by a two or three axial loading.Therefore the failure surface proposed by Hsieh,Ting and Chen [6]is used in this work.•A fixed crack length is used for the development of the cracks.•The direction of the crack growth is orthogonal to the direction of the principle stress.To decide if a crack is developed the stresses at the crack tip are calculated by a MLS Interpo-lation.This is a non-local determination.HugoniotThe nonlinear volumetric stress-strain relation is the cause for the development of shock waves.The first part of the volumetric strain-pressure curve is the elastic part.The gradient in this part is the elastic compression modulus.By increasing volumetric strains the micropores in the concrete are damaged.The gradient of the stress-strain relation becomes smaller than the compression modulus –the waves moves more slowly.After the destruction of the micropores the stiffness of the concrete is getting higher due to the compaction of the material (Hugoniot).The increased stiffness is the reason for the development of the shock waves.In the presented work a Y-function is used to consider the increase of stiffness (figure 3).The bulk modulus K has to be multiplied with this function.The increasing stiffness does not influence the shear modulus.K tot =Y (ǫv )·K(7)The shape of the Y-function is shown by Schmidt-Hurtienne [8]Y = 1−a v · 1−e −|ǫv |−e v,th e v · 1+ |ǫv |−e v,th b v ·e v2 for ǫv <−e v,th 1for ǫv ≥−e v,th (8)The following parameters are used e v,th=0.008(9)e v=0.0223a v=0.7b v =3.5tr (e)Y [-][-]Figure 3:Hugoniot-curve –Y-functionThe Y-function for unloading is set toY unloading=1for max Y loading=1AND min Y loading=1Y unloading,plast for max Y loading=1AND min Y loading<1max Y loading for max Y loading>1(10)The investigation shows that the numerical model represents the material by usingY unloading,plast=1.5.This unloading function is also shown infigure3.The damaging of the concrete under high hydrostatic loads has also to be considered.If the micropores of the concrete are destroyed,the concrete cannot bear to a tension load anymore. Furthermore,the shear modulus is reduced.If these effects are not considered,too less energy is dissipated in the system and the amplitude of the wave does not decrease.The reduced shear modulus is implemented with a damage evolution following the proposal of Ruppert[7]D z= ǫvǫv,max γ(11)with the hydrostatic strainǫv and the hydrostatic strain capacityǫv,max of the concrete.The parameterγdefines the shape of the damage.The investigations show that a ductile shape is suitable to represent the experimental data.After the crushing of the micro pores the concrete cannot sustain a tension load anymore. The concrete reacts like a granular material.Therefore,if crushed concrete is loaded by tension, the integration points and the integration cells are deleted.Strain rate effectThe tensile and the compression strength increase with increasing strain rates.This has been shown in multiple experiments for example by Bischoff[3].If concrete is blasted the strain rate reaches values of106sec−1.It is not possible to get experimental results from concrete strength for strain rates higher than100sec−1.So the strength factor for strain rates beyond this point is hypothetical.In contrary to the CEB Bulletin[4]the strength factor should be limited to the maximal value resulting by the experiments.ResultsShearing of a plate under detonation loadPlates loaded by heavy air blast waves fail in a shear failure instead of a bending failure.Exper-iments conducted by Albritton[1]with reinforced concrete show the crack pattern illustrated infigure4.A specimen(figure4)is loaded by a triangular load-time function with a maximal load of 20MPa and a rising time of0,05msec.A background mesh with a distance between the nodes of10mm is used.The strain rate effect is considered.Figure5shows the numerical crack pattern.The crack runs from the support into the specimen.Additional cracks develop on the right hand side of the support because of the missing reinforcement.prangeFigure4:Experimentalsetupstress horizontal [MPa]Figure5:Crack patternBlasting of concreteA contact detonation loads concrete with shock waves.At the Institute of Reinforced Concrete Structures and Building Materials at the University of Karlsruhe concrete slabs are loaded by an explosive to obtain the material parameters of high dynamic loaded concrete.The blasting results in a crater beneath the explosive.The concrete underneath the crater is highly com-pacted.Below this compacted range the concrete is damaged by cracks(Figure7–left).The aim of this work is to use the shown simulation model for the calculation of this crack pattern.The simulations of the experiments use the following parts of the material constitution:•EFG and discrete,cohesive cracks with an easy contact algorithm•Limitation of the variation of the direction(necessary for EFG)•Limitation of the crack velocity–Experiments from Curbach[5]show a limitation of the crack velocity to a value of500m/sec.Within the calculation the crack velocity is limited to this value.•Y-function with unloading function•Erosion of the integration cells•Strain rate effectThe result shows that the amplitude of the wave decreases very fast.The decreasing of the pressure is shown infigure6for different values for the unloading parameter Y unloading,plast. The experiments are well represented by using Y unloading,plast=1.5.0510********Distance to the loading [cm]P r e s s u r e [M P a ]Figure 6:Development of the pressure by a contact detonationThe comparison of the cracks pattern in the concrete shows a good conformity between the experimental and the numerical results (Figure 7–right).deactivated nodes crater damaged concrete discrete crackFigure 7:Cracks formation due to blast loading of concreteConclusions and OutlookThe element-free Galerkin method offers a possibility to model discrete cracks in concrete.The combination of the discrete cracks and a fracture process zone allows the description of the behaviour of concrete.The results of simulations of blasting show a good correlation with experimental data.References[1]G.E.Albritton and K.M.Cole.Response of deep two-way reinforced and unreinforcedconcrete slabs to static and dynamic loading.Technical Report N-69-2,U.S.Army Engi-neer Waterway Experiment Station,Vicksburg,MS,1969.[2]T.Belytschko,Y.Y.Lu,and L.Gu.Element-free galerkin methods.International Journalfor Numerical Methods in Engineering,37:229–256,1994.[3]P.H.Bischoff and pressive behaviour of concrete at high strain rates.Materials and Structures,24:425–450,1991.[4]CEB.Concrete Structures under Impact and Impulsive Loading-Synthesis Report187.CEB-Bulletins,1988.[5]Manfred Curbach.Festigkeitssteigerung von Beton bei hohen Belastungs-geschwindigkeiten.Schriftenreihe des Instituts f¨u r Massivbau und Baustofftechnologie;Dissertation,Universit¨a t Karlsruhe,1987.[6]S.S.Hsieh,E.C.Ting,and W.F.Chen.A plasticity-fracture model for concrete.Interna-tional Journal of Solids and Structures,18:181–197,1982.[7]Max Ruppert.Zur numerischen Simulation von hochdynamisch beanspruchten Betonstruk-turen.Universit¨a t der Bundeswehr;Dissertation,2000.[8]Bj¨o rn Schmidt-Hurtienne.Ein dreiaxiales Sch¨a digungsmodell f¨u r Beton unter Einschlussdes Dehnrateneffekts bei Hochgeschwindigkeitsbelastung.Schriftenreihe des Instituts f¨u r Massivbau und Baustofftechnologie;Dissertation,Universit¨a t Karlsruhe,2001.。
地球物理专业英语通用单词
Accuracy 准确度AGC: Automatic gain control. 自动增益控制。
Airy Hypothesis艾里假说alias:假频amplitude spectrum振幅谱antiroots反山根Bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格改正continuation延拓density密度density contrast密度差depth of compensation补偿深度dot chart布点量板double Bouguer correction双重布格改正downward continuation向下延拓elevation correction高程改正field continuation位场延拓figure of the earth大地水准面free-air anomaly自由空间异常free-air correction自由空间改正free oscillation of the earth:地球自由震荡gal伽geodesy:大地测量学geoid大地水准面gradiomanometer压差密度计：gradiometer梯度仪gravimeter重力仪gravitational constant万有引力常数gravity重力gravity anomaly:重力异常gravity meter比重计：gravity reduction:重力改正gravity survey重力调查gravity unit重力单位Gutenberg discontinuity:古登堡不连续面horizontal cylinder水平圆柱体isostasy:地壳均衡说：isostatic correction:均衡改正：latitude correction:纬度改正local gravity局部重力值normal gravity正常重力：Poisson's equation：泊松方程：Pratt hypothesis:普拉特假说second-derivative map:二次微商图：topographic correction地形改正torsion balance扭秤Worden:沃尔登重力仪aeromagnetic航空磁测Airborne magnetometer:航空磁力仪alternating-field demagnetization:交变场退磁：Curie point:居里点declination:磁偏角diurnal variation:日变ferrimagnetism:亚铁磁性：ferromagnetic:铁磁性的field intensity:场强fluxgate magnetometer:磁通门磁力仪gamma:伽马gauss:高斯：geomagnetic pole:地磁极geomagnetic reversal: 地磁极倒转：geomagnetic-variation method:地磁变化法：geometric sounding:电磁几何测深：inclination:倾角inductivity:感应率：local magnetic anomalies:局部磁异常magnetic basement:磁性基底：magnetic dip:磁倾角magnetic disturbance磁扰magnetic equator:地磁赤道magnetic field磁场magnetic flux:磁通量magnetic intensity:磁场强度：magnetic interpretation methods磁测资料解释法magnetic meridian:地磁子午线：magnetic moment:磁矩：magnetic permeability:磁导率：magnetic polarization:磁极化：Magnetic pole:磁极：magnetic storms:磁暴：magnetization:磁化强度magnetometer:磁力仪：nanotesla:纳特斯拉：normal magnetic field:正常磁场oersted:奥斯特paleomagnetism:古地磁学：paramagnetic: 顺磁性的：permeability:磁导率，渗透率：polarity:极性：polarization:极化度，极化，偏振：reduction to the pole化向地磁极归极法：secular variation:长期变化：tesla:特斯拉weber:韦伯apparent resistivity: 视电阻率：conductivity:电导率：current electrode:供电电极：dielectric constant:介电常数：dielectric polarization:电介质极化：dipole array:偶极排列dipole-dipole array:偶极-偶极排列：electrical profiling:电剖面法：electrical sounding电测深electrical survey电法勘探，电测井electric field:电场electric susceptibility:电极化率：electrochemical SP:电化学自然电位：electrode电极：electrode equilibrium potential:电极平衡电位：electrode polarization:电极极化：electrode potential:电极电位electrode resistance:电极电阻：electrolyte:电解质：electromagnetic method:电磁法：electromagnetic spectrum:电磁波谱：electronic电子的ELF:极低频：EM:电磁的：emu:电磁单位：equipotential-line method:等位线法equipotential surface:等位面：far-field:远场：fixed-source method:定源法：free-space field:自由空间场：galvanometer:电流计heat flow unit:热流单位HFU:热流单位：horizontal-dipole sounding水平偶极测深induced polarization:激发极化：infinite electrode:无穷远电极：NMR核磁共振permittivity:电容率：polarization ellipse:极化椭圆：pole-dipole array:单极-偶极排列：pole-pole array:单极-单极排列：Primary field: 一次场：secondary field:二次场：self-potential:自然电位self-potential method:自然电位法skin depth:趋肤深度skin effect:趋肤效应sky wave:天波：sky-wave interference:天波干扰：SP:自然电位：spontaneous potential:自然电位：transient electromagnetic method:瞬变电磁法：abnormal events:异常同相轴absorption:吸收作用：acoustic声学的，声的acoustic impedance:声阻抗，波阻抗：acoustic wave: 声波，地震波：air gun:空气枪：air wave:空气波：angle of incidence:入射角：apparent velocity:视速度：apparent wavelength:视波长：arrival:波至：arrival time波至时间：attenuation:衰减average velocity:平均速度azimuth:方位角binary gain:二进制增益blind zone: 盲区：body waves:体波：break:波跳：buried focus effect:地下焦点效应：cable:电缆：chirp:线性调频脉冲:coefficient of anisotropy:各向异性系数coherence:相干性coherent:相关的：common-depth-point:共深度点：common-depth-point stack:共深度点叠加：common-offset gather:共偏移距道集：common-offset stack:共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）：common-range gather:共炮检距道集（选排）：Common reflection point: 共反射点：compressional wave:压缩波：configuration:排列形式：converted wave:转换波critical angle:临界角critical reflection:临界反射：curved path:弯曲射线路径deconvolution:反褶积：deep seismic sounding: DSS.深地震测深：diffraction: 绕射：diffraction stack:绕射叠加：dilatational wave:膨胀波dispersion:扩散，频散display:显示：diving waves:弓形射线波：Dix formula:Dix公式DSS:深地震测深：dynamic corrections动校正：earthquake:天然地震：earthquake seismology: 天然地震测震学：elastic:弹性的：elastic constants:弹性常数：elastic impedance:弹性阻抗：elastic wave:弹性波：electrodynamic geophone:电动检波器：epicenter:震中：event:同相轴：expanding spread: 扩展排列：extended spread:纵排列fathometer:水深计：Fermat’s principle:费马原理：first arrival:初至：first break:初至波：floating datum: 浮动基准面flute槽focus:震源fold: 覆盖次数format:数据格式：Gardner method:加德纳法：gather:道集：geophone:地震检波器：geophone interval:检波距：ground roll:地滚波：group interval:组合间距：group velocity:群速度：guided wave:导波：hammer冲击锤：head wave:首波：：hodograph:矢端线：Hooke's law:虎克定律：horizontal stacking:水平叠加：Huygens principle:惠更斯原理：impedance:阻抗incident angle:入射角：interval velocity:层速度：Kirchoff diffraction equation:基尔霍夫绕射方程：law of reflection:反射定律：law of refraction:透射定律：least-time path:最短时程：Lg-wave: Lg-波：longitudinal wave:纵波：long-path multiple:全程多次反射波：long wave长波：love wave:勒夫波low-velocity layer:低速层：marker bed:标准层：migration: 偏移，运移：minimum-phase:最小相位：multiple:多次波：multiple coverage:多次覆盖：multiplex:多路传输，多倍仪multiplexed format:多路编排格式：mute:切除：NMO: Normal moveout.正常时差。
类中梯装置的大功率三维激电法在甘肃花牛山金矿勘查中的应用
第59卷 第4期2023年7月地质与勘探GEOLOGY AND EXPLORATIONVol. 59 No. 4July ，2023类中梯装置的大功率三维激电法在甘肃花牛山金矿勘查中的应用顾观文1，2，王顺吉1，武 晔1，2，许志河1，2（1.防灾科技学院地球科学学院，河北廊坊 065201；2.河北省地震动力学重点实验室，河北廊坊 065201）［摘 要］时间域激发极化法是应用于金矿勘查的一种重要地球物理勘探手段，以往主要采用中梯扫面和激电测深组合的方法获取激电异常。
中梯扫面受限于单一固定供电极距，仅能反映某一深度的激电异常分布；常规对称四极激电测深由于需要对固定测点布设不同极距的供电电极，工作效率较低，并且不适合三维探测。
近些年随着大功率、阵列观测技术发展起来的类中梯激电装置可在观测区布设多组不同极距的供电电极，兼顾了激电测深与激电剖面二者的特点，为常年干旱的戈壁滩地区金属矿深部勘查提供了一种可能的探测手段。
本文基于类中梯装置大功率三维激电测量技术在甘肃花牛山金矿区开展时间域激发极化法实验工作。
实验结果表明：类中梯装置大功率三维激电观测能快捷高效获得研究区不同深度的激电异常；采用与类中梯装置相适应的三维反演方法对激电数据进行三维反演，可获取研究区地下三维精细电性结构；基于矿区的三维电性结构并结合相关地质资料构建的三维地质-地球物理模型，与矿区已知金矿点位置吻合，并发现了三处潜在成矿点。
类中梯装置大功率三维激电测量技术在供电困难的戈壁滩地区金属矿勘查中应用效果明显。
［关键词］三维地质-地球物理模型 类中梯装置 大功率 时间域激发极化法 花牛山金矿 甘肃［中图分类号］P631.3 ［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］0495-5331（2023）04-0872-11Gu Guanwen, Wang Shunji, Wu Ye, Xu Zhihe. Application of the similar central gradient array high-power 3D induced polarization method in the Huaniushan gold exploration of Gansu Province[J]. Geology and Exploration, 2023, 59(4):0872-0882.0 引言时间域激发极化法（Time⁃domain inducedpolarization method ，简称TDIP ）已广泛应用于金属矿和非金属矿勘查、地下水寻找、油气开发、地热和城市地质调查等领域，并取得了明显的应用效果（余官娣，1987；Yatini and Laesanpura ，2013；Yatini et al.，2016；孙仁斌等，2017；孙二峰和郭峰伟，2019；薛胜利和凌丹丹，2019；张刚和吕庆田，2019；戴国水，2020；庞军，2021；张文雨和胡浩，2021；罗敏玄等，2022；张参辉等，2022）。
3DMAX英文
3DMAX英文Edit Named Selections(编辑已命名被选物)Properties(属性)TOOLS(工具菜单) GROUP(分组菜单)Mirror(镜像) Group(分组)Array(阵列) Open(打开)Align(对齐) Close(关闭)Place Highlight(放置高亮区) Ungroup(解除群组)Align Camera(对齐摄像机) Explode(分解)Scaping Tool(间距修改工具) Detach(分离)Transform Type-In(输入变换坐标) Attach(合并)Display Floater(显示浮动物体)Hide(隐藏)Freeze(冻结)Selection Floater(选择浮动物体)Snapshot(快照复制)Normal Align(法向对齐)Material Editor(材质编辑器)Material/Map Browser(材质/贴图浏览器)VIEWS(视图菜单)Undo(撤消)Redo(重复)Save Active View(保存当前激活的视图状态)Restore Active View(还原当前激活的视图状态)Grids(栅格)Show Home Grid显示主栅格)Activate Home Grid(激活主栅格)Activate Grid Object(激活栅格对象)ALign To View(对齐视图).Viewport Background(背景图像).Update Background Transform(更新背景图像).Rest Background Transform(重设背景转换).Show Transform Gizmo(显示转换范围框).Show Ghosting(显示前后帖).Show Key Times(显示轨迹点时间).Shade selected(阴影选择)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.Show Dependencies(显示从属物体)..Instances(相依物体)..Reference(参考物体).Match Camera To View(相机与视图相配).Add Default Lights To Scene(向场景添加缺省灯光).Redraw All Views(重画所有的视图).Deactivate All Maps(休眠所有贴图).Update During Spinner Drag(微调控制项拖动时更新).Expert Mode(专家模式)Object(物体工具栏) Create(创建命令面板)Compounds(复合工具栏) Modify(修改命令面板)Lighes&Cameras(光线和照相机工具栏) Hierarchy(层级命令面板) Particles(粒子系统工具栏) Motion(运动命令面板)Helpers(帮助物体工具栏) Display(显示命令面板)Space Warps(空间扭曲工具栏) Utilities(实用程序)Modifiers(修改工具栏)Rendering(渲染工具栏)Shapes(二维图形工具栏)Modeling(造型修改工具栏)MODIFIER STACK(编辑修改器堆栈) 布尔运算与克隆对象Pin Stack(钉住堆栈状态) Union(并集)Active/Inactive(激活/不激活切换) Subtraction(差集)Show End Result(显示最后结果) Intersection(交集)Make Unipue(使独立) Copy(复制)Remove Modifier(删除编辑修改器) Instance(关联复制)Edit Stack(编辑堆栈对话框) Reference(参考复制)材质编辑器Reglection(反射)Basic Parameters(基本参数) Refraction(折射).Ambient(环境反射) 3D Procedural Maps(三维贴图).Diffuse(漫反射) Face-mapped(面贴图)Specular(镜面反射)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Extended Parameters(扩展参数)Maps(贴图).Bitmap(位图).Checker(棋盘格) 复合材质.Gradient(渐变) Double Sided(双面).Adobe Photoshop Plug-In Filter(PS滤镜)Blend(混合).Adove Premiere Video Filter(PM滤镜) Matte/Shoadow().Cellular(细胞) Multi/Sub-object(多重子物体).Dent(凹痕) Raytrace(光线追踪).Noise(干扰) Top/Bottom(项底).Splat(油彩).Matrble(大理石).Wood(木纹).Water(水) Time Configuration(时间帧速率).Falloff(衰减) Frame Rate(帧速率).Flat Mirror(镜面反射) NTSC(NTSC制式).Mask(罩框) Film(胶片速度).Mix(混合) PAL(PAL制式).Output(输出) Custom(自定义).Planet(行星).Raytrace(光线跟踪).Reglect/Refrace(反射/折射).Smoke(烟雾) Create(创建).Speckle(斑纹) Helpers(帮助物体).Stucco(泥灰) Dummy(虚拟体).Vertex Color(项点颜色) Forward Kinematics(正向运动).Composite(合成贴图) Inverse Kinematics(反向运动).Particle age(粒子寿命).Patticle Mblur(粒子模糊)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------控制器械的种类二维项点Track View(轨迹视图) Smooth(光滑项点)Assign Controller(指定控制器) Corner(边角项点)Replace Controller(替换控制器) Bezier(Bezier项点).Linear Controller(直线控制器) Bezier Corner(Bezier角点).TCB Contriller(TCB控制器)).Contriller(连续).Path Controller(路径控制器).List Controller(列表控制器).Expression Controller(噪声控制器).Look At(看着)三维造型Deformations(变形控制)Box(盒子) Scale(缩放)Cone(圆锥体) Twist(扭曲)Sphere(球体) Teeter(轴向变形)Geosphere(经纬球) Bevel(倒角)Cylinder(柱体) Fit(适配变形)Tube(管子)Torus(圆环)Pyramid(金字塔)Teapot(茶壶)Plane(平面)数区卷展栏Shader Basic Parameters(着色基本参数区).Blinn(宾氏).Anisotropic(各向异性)Metal(金属).Multi-layer(多层式).Phong(方氏).Oren-Nayar-Blinn(表面粗糙的对象).Strauss(具有简单的光影分界线)Wire(线架结构显示模式).2-Sided(双面材质显示).Face Map(将材质赋予对象所有的面).Faceted(将材质以面的形式赋予对象)Blinn Basic Patameters(宾氏基本参数区).Diffuse(固有色).Ambient(阴影色).Specular(高光色).Self-Illumination(自发光).Opacity(不透明度).Specular Highlights(高光曲线区)..Specular Level(高光级别)..Glossiness(光泽度)..Soften(柔和度)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Extended Parameters(扩展参数区).Falloff(衰减).Filer(过滤法).Subtractive(删减法).Additive(递增法).Index of Refraction(折射率).Wire(线架材质).Reflection Dimming(反射暗淡)SuperSampling(超级样本)Maps(贴图区).Ambient Color(阴影色贴图).Diffuse Color(固有色贴图).Specular Color(高光色贴图).Glossiness(光泽度贴图).Self-Illmination(自发光贴图).Opacity(不透明贴图).Filter Color(过滤色贴图).Bump(凹凸贴图).Reflction(反射贴图).Refraction(折射贴图)..Refract Map/Ray Trace IOR(折射贴图/光线跟踪折射率) .Displacement(置换贴图)Dvnamics Properties(动力学属性区)质类型Blend(混合材质).Material#1(材质#1).Material#2(材质#2).Mask(遮罩).Interactive(交互).Mix Amount(混合数值).Mixing Curve(混合曲线).Use Curve(使用曲线).Transition Zone(交换区域)Composite(合成材质).Composite Bisic Parameters(合成材质基础参数区)..Base Material(基本材质)..Mat.1~Mat.9(材质1~材质9)Double Sided(双面材质).Translucency(半透明) 贴图类型.Facing material(表面材质) Bitmap(位图).Back Material (背面材质) Cellular(细胞)Matte/Shadow(投影材质) Checker(棋盘格).Matte(不可见) Composite(合成贴图).Atmosphere(大气) Dent(凹痕贴图)..Apply Atmosphere(加入大气环境) Falloff(衰减)..At Background Depth(在背景深度) Flat Mirror(镜面反射) ..At Object Depth(在物体深度) Gradient(渐变).Shadow(阴影) Marble(大理石)..Receive Shadow(接受阴影) Madk(罩框).Shadow Brightness(阴影的亮度) Mix(混合).Reflection(反射) Noise(干扰)Morpher(形态结构贴图) Output(输出)Muti/Sub-Object(多重子物体材质) Partcle Age(粒子寿命).Set Number(设置数目) Perlin Marble(珍珠岩).Number Of Materials(材质数目) Planet(行星)Raytrace(光线追踪材质) Raytrance(光线跟踪).Shading(明暗) Reflect/Refract(反射/折射).2-Sided(双面) RGB Multiply(RGB倍增).Face Map(面贴图) RGB Tint(RGB染色).Wire(线框) Smoke(烟雾).Super Sample(超级样本) Speckle(斑纹).Ambient(阴影色) Splat(油彩).Diffuse(固有色) Stucco(泥灰).Reflect(反射) Thin Wall Refraction(薄壁折射).Luminosity(发光度) Vertex Color(项点颜色).Transparency(透明) Water(水).Index Of Refr(折射率) Wood(木纹).Specular Highlight(反射高光)..Specular Color(高光反射颜色)..Shininess(反射)..Shiness Strength(反光强度)environment(环境贴图).bump(凹凸贴图)shellac(虫漆材质).base material(基础材质).shellac material(虫漆材质).shellac color blend(虫漆颜色混合)standard(标准材质)top/bottom(项/底材质).top material(项材质).bottom material(底材质).swap(置换).coordinates(坐标轴).blend(融合).possition(状态)灯光类型摄像机类型omni(泛光灯) target(目标).general parameters(普通参数) .lens(镜头尺寸).projector parameters(投射贴图) .fov(视域范围).attenuation parameters(衰减参数) .stock lenses(镜头类型).shadow parameters(阴影参数) .show core(显示视域范围).shadow map params(阴影贴图参数) .show horizor(显示地平线)target spot(目标聚光灯) .near range(最近范围)free spot(自由聚光灯) .far range(最远范围)target direct(目标平行光灯)render scene(渲染).rime output(输出时间)..single(渲染单帖)..range(所有帖).output size(输出尺寸)rendering(渲染)/environment(环境) 粒子系统background(背景) spray(喷射)global lighting(球形照明) snow(雪)atmosphere(大气) blizzard(暴风雪)combustion(燃烧) parray(粒子列阵)volume light(体光) pcloud(粒子云)fog(雾) super spray(超级喷射).standard(标准).layered(分层)volume fog(体雾)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-dimensional (3d) 三维8-bit image 8位图或8比特图注：以每位可代表0或1两个状态的单元来计算，8位图的每个通道可显示2的8次方（等于256）阶级的灰度。
地球物理专业英语常用单词
地球物理专业英语常用单词raypath:射线路径ray tracing:射线追踪real time:实时record section记录剖面reflection coefficient:反射系数reflection survey:反射法勘探refraction:折射refraction survey:折射法勘探refraction wave:折射波：residual normal moveout:剩余正常时差reverberation:交混回响reverse migration:逆偏移Ricker wavelet:雷克子波rms velocity均方根速度R-wave:瑞雷波。
scattering:散射secondary wave次波SEG A, SEG B, or SEG C标准磁带格式seismic:地震的seismic discontinuity:地震不连续面seismic-electric effect:震电效应seismic survey:地震勘探seismogram:震相图seismograph: 地震仪，地震检波器seismologist:地震学家，地震工作者seismology地震学shear modulus:剪切模量shear wave:剪切波shotpoint:炮点shotpoint gap:炮点间隙S/N:信噪比。
Snell's law: 斯奈尔定律sparker: 电火花震源spherical divergence球面扩散stack叠加Ground mixing地面混波Instrument mixing仪器混波Vertical stacking垂直叠加Uphole stacking井口时间叠加Common-depth-point (CDP) stacking共深度点叠加Common-offset stacking同炮检距叠加Velocity filtering 速度滤波Coherency filtering / Auto-picking 相干滤波/自动拾取Diversity stacking相异叠加Automigrating自动偏移stacking velocity:叠加速度Stoneley wave:斯通利波streamer:海上拖缆S-wave:S-波synthetic seismogram:合成地震记录tangential wave:切向波trace equalization:道均衡trace gather:道选排，道集trace integration:道积分，道综合transformed wave:变换波trough:波谷velocity analysis:速度分析velocity filter:速度滤波velocity inversion: 速度反转velocity spectrum:速度谱velocity survey速度测量wave equation:波动方程wave form:波形wavefront:波阵面wave impedance:波阻抗wide-angle reflection:广角反射Young's modulus:杨氏模量zero-phase:零相位Zoeppritz's equations:佐普里兹方程acoustic log声波测井amplitude log:声幅测井borehole gravimeter:井下重力仪borehole log测井曲线calibrate校正densilog密度测井density log:密度测井dip log地层倾角测井dipmeter地层倾角测井electrical log:电测井gamma-gamma log:伽马-伽马测井gamma-ray log:γ射线测井induction log:感应测井microlog微电阻率测井neutron log: 中子测井radioactivity log:放射性测井sonic log:声波测井spectral log能谱测井velocity log:声速测井well log:钻井记录，测井Ampere’s law:安培定律angular frequency:角频率Anomaly: 异常anticline:背斜array:排列autocorrelation:自相关background:背景值band-limited function:频截函数band-pass:带通band-reject filter:带阻滤波器bandwidth:带宽base of weathering:低速带底面boundary condition:边界条件boundary-value problem:边值问题byte:字节characteristic value:Eigenvalue特性值/特征值Complex number复数contour:等值线contour interval:等值线间隔convolution:褶积crust:地壳curl:旋度db:Decibel.分贝。
电气英语证书考试(PEC)-电力系统常用英语词汇
电气英语证书考试（PEC)-电力系统常用英语词汇(coaxial）cable （同轴)电缆ac motor 交流环电动机AC transmission system 交流输电系统active filter 有源滤波器Active power 有功功率aging 老化air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线alloy 合金alternating current 交流电ammeter 电流表amplidyne 微场扩流发电机amplitude modulation (AM）调幅Amplitude Modulation（AM 调幅analytical 解析的anode (cathode）阳极(阴极)arc discharge 电弧放电Arc reignition 电弧重燃Arc suppression coil 消弧线圈arc-extinguishing chamber 灭弧室armature circuit 电枢电路Armature 电枢Armature 电枢asynchronous machine 异步电机attachment coefficient 附着系数attenuate 衰减attenuation factor 衰减系数Automatic control 自动控制Automatic meter reading 自动抄表Automatic oscillograph 自动录波仪automatic Voltage regulator（A VR）自动电压调整器Autotransformer 自耦变压器Autotransformer 自藕变压器baghouse 集尘室bandwidth 带宽Bare conductor 裸导线binary 二进制Blackout 断电、停电block diagram 方框图Boiler 锅炉boost 增压boost—buck 升压去磁breakaway force 起步阻力breakdown （电）击穿breakdown torque 极限转矩bronze 青铜Brush 电刷bubble breakdown 气泡击穿buck 补偿bus bar 母线Bus tie breaker 母联断路器bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线bushing 套管Bushing 套管Line trap 线路限波器calibrate 校准Capacitor bank 电容器组Carbon brush 炭刷carrier 载波cascade transformer 串级变压器cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器cavity 空穴，腔charging(damping) resistor 充电（阻尼)电阻chopper circuit 斩波电路circuit breaker CB 断路器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数coaxial 共轴的，同轴的coil winding 线圈绕组Combustion turbine 燃气轮机Commutator 换向器complex impedance 复数阻抗composite insulation 组合绝缘Composite insulator 合成绝缘子compounded 复励conductor 导体conductor 导线Converter （inverter）换流器（逆变器) Copper loss 铜损corona 电晕Counter emf 反电势coupling capacitor 结合电容coupling capacitor 耦合电容Creep distance 爬电距离critical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压crusher 碎煤机current transformer CT 电流互感器dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器decimal 十进制Deenergize 断电Demagnetization 退磁,去磁demodulator 解调器detection impedance 检测阻抗dielectric constant 介质常数dielectric loss 介质损耗Dielectric 电介质，绝缘体Digital signal processing 数字信号处理direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct current 直流电direct—current 直流Discharge 放电disconnector 隔离开关Dispatcher 调度员Distribution automation system 配电网自动化系统Distribution dispatch center 配电调度中心Distribution system 配电系统divider ratio 分压器分压比Domestic load 民用电Drum 汽包，炉筒dynamic response 动态响应dynamo 直流发电机e。
关于CCD参数dynamic range的详细介绍
dynamic - dynamic range1 dynamic range of a CCD image sensorThe dynamic range (dyn CCD ) is defined as the ratio of the maximum possible signal (full well capacity), ver-sus the total noise signal (in the dark). The data is ex-pressed in decibels [dB] or is dimensionless:dyn readout noise e fullwell capacity e CCD =--66@@dyn 20log readout noise e fullwell capacity e dB CCD =$--c m 666@@@The dynamic or dynamic range of a CCD-camera system is a widely used term to characterize the ability of a camera system to measure or image light/dark differences. In the field of photography, the dynamic range is analogous to the contrast range. However, each manufacturer defines dynamic range differently. A distinction must be made, between the “dynamic range of a CCD image sensor”, “dynamic range of an analog-to-digital-conversion” and “usable dynamic range”.an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. Therefore, the light signals (photons) are converted into digital values. The analog-to-digital converters have a given resolution or dynamic range, that in most cases is given as a power of base 2, (2x). This means that an 8 bit resolution corresponds to 256 steps, which can be used to subdivide or convert the full scale voltage signal. CCD camera manufacturers usually optimize a combination of the dynamic range of the CCD image sensor, gain and conversion factor (defined as average conversion ratio that takes x electrons to generate one count in the image) to optimize the dynamic range of the CCD image sensor by the analog-to-digital converter.The dynamic range of the digitization is not identicalto the usable dynamic range.parameterSony ICX285AL Kodak KAI-1020Kodak KAI-11000fullwell capacity [e -]18 00040 00060 000readout noise [e -]5911dynamic range 3 600 : 1 4 444 : 1 5 454 : 1dynamic range [dB]71.172.974.7table 1: common CCD image sensor specificationsUpon examination of these specifications, the ICX285 could be digitized using 4096 steps (corresponds to {212} 12 bit resolution), while the KAI-11000 should be digitized using 8192 steps (corresponds to 13 bit resolution). This references to maximum values which are explained in detail in the usable dynamic range section.Furthermore, additional gain makes sense only if the dynamic range of the A/D-converter is smaller than the dynamic range of the CCD image sensor. For example, if the dynamic range of the CCD is 70 dB, and the dynamic range of the A/D-converter is 48 dB, a useful gain or amplification would be 22 dB. Alternatively, a programmable gain would increase the performance of such a system.The resolutions above directly correspond to thetheoretical maximum limit of the converter devices. Analog-to-digital converters have an average con-version uncertainty of 0.4 - 0.7 bit, which reduces the resolution for practical applications by 1 bit. If the camera system is not limited in its dynamic range by A/D converter discrepancies, it is useful to inflate the A/D converter resolution by 1 or 2 bits. This is achieved by electronically adding a minor amount to the signal a so-called offset signal, so that the lower limit is solely provided via the image sensor and read out amplifier noise, with some resolution sacrifices from the converter.resolution [bit]x => 2x dynamic range A/D conversion [digitizing steps]dynamic range A/D conversion [dB]825648.210 1 02460.212 4 09672.31416 38484.31665 53696.3table 2: dynamic range of binary resolution2 digitization or A/D conversion dynamic rangeGenerated charge carriers are usually converted into voltage signals through an optimized read out circuit. These signals are amplified and finally digitized bydynamic - dynamic range4 comparing 12 bit and 8 bit dynamic rangeThis low light application example was recorded using a 12 bit cooled CCD camera system. The full scale, 12 bit image is completely dark. However, when the image is scaled to the 54-76 counts range, the image becomes visible. Although noise can be seen due to a weak light signal, the image can be clearly seen. Under similar conditions, but recorded with an 8 bit system3 usable dynamic rangeThe actual usable dynamic range of a camera system is determined by the general settings or adjustments of the system (e.g., the quality of the dynamic range of the CCD sensor, and the compatibility between the read out circuit’s dynamic range or digitization). For example, if a full well capacity of 18 000 electrons with a CCD image sensor dynamic range ratio of 4500:1 is given, getting optimal range with a 12 bit A/D converter (4096 gray levels) is possible with a conversion factor of 4.4 electrons per step (count ). For very low noise cameras, it is sometimes advantageous to shift the signal resolution towards the lower noise limit and ignore the total dynamic range of the CCD image sensor, particularly if it is of minor interest in the speci-fic application.A particular application can also influence the usable dynamic range. Although some manufacturers attempt to define their dynamic ranges as being independent of application, these applications have a direct effect on the limits of the dynamic range. For example, in medium to high light level applications, which are photon noise limited, the intrascene dynamics may besmaller than the system’s dynamic range.Figure 1Weakly illuminated image with 12bit total dynamic displayed with255 gray levels. scaled: 0-4095 -> 0-255 graph shows readout lineFigure 2Same image as above with 12bit total dynamic displayed with 255gray levels. scaled: 53-70 -> 0-255 graph shows readout lineFigure 3Same image as above but with 8bit total dynamic displayed with 255 gray levels. scaled: 7-9 -> 0-255 graph shows readout lineeuropePCO AGDonaupark 1193309 Kelheim, Germany fon +49 (0)9441 2005 50fax +49 (0)9441 2005 20info@pco.de www.pco.deamericaThe Cooke Corporation 6930 Metroplex DriveRomulus, Michigan 48174, USA tel (248) 276 8820fax (248) 276 8825info@ and scaling, the image can only be processed by the human eye, using the unique capabilities of the human brain, and could not be image processed in a computer.。
HDR介绍
Encoding/decoding should be done using partial-precision instructions
纹理格式固有的舍入误差更大 Rounding errors inherent in the texture format are much bigger
5, What does HDR require?
Dazzling Light （耀眼的光源）
Dazzling Reflection （耀眼的反射）
HDR Fresnel
在低反射率材质上 的明亮反射（Bright
reflection off low-reflectance surfaces）
Exposure Control（曝光控制）
具有真实感的景深效果（HDR Depth-of-Field）
2, What can be done with HDR?
Dazzling light（耀眼的光源） Dazzling reflection（耀眼的反射） Fresnel reflection（菲涅耳反射）
bright reflection in the normal direction
Exposure control effects(曝光控制) Realistic depth-of-field effects Realistic motion blur
RGB到E8R8G8B8格式转化 （E8R8G8B8 Encoding (HLSL) ）
// a^n = b #define LOG(a, b) ( log((b)) / log((a)) ) #define EXP_BASE (1.06) #define EXP_OFFSET (128.0) // Pixel Shader (6 instruction slots) // rgb already exposure-scaled float4 EncodeHDR_RGB_RGBE8(in float3 rgb) { // Compute a common exponent float fLen = dot(rgb.rgb, 1.0) ; float fExp = LOG(EXP_BASE, fLen) ; float4 ret ; ret.a = (fExp + EXP_OFFSET) / 256 ; ret.rgb = rgb / fLen ; return ret ; } // More accurate encoding #define EXP_BASE (1.04) #define EXP_OFFSET (64.0) // Pixel Shader (13 instruction slots) float4 EncodeHDR_RGB_RGBE8(in float3 rgb) { float4 ret ; // Compute a common exponent // based on the brightest color channel float fLen = max(rgb.r, rgb.g) ; fLen = max(fLen, rgb.b) ; float fExp = floor( LOG(EXP_BASE, fLen) ) ; float4 ret ; ret.a = clamp( (fExp + EXP_OFFSET) / 256, 0.0, 1.0 ) ; ret.rgb = rgb / pow(EXP_BASE, ret.a * 256 - EXP_OFFSET) ; return ret ; }
Exposure Fusion
Exposure FusionTom Mertens1Jan Kautz2Frank Van Reeth11Hasselt University—EDM transationale Universiteit LimburgBelgium 2University College LondonUKAbstractWe propose a technique for fusing a bracketed exposure sequence into a high quality image,without converting to HDRfirst.Skipping the physically-based HDR assembly step simplifies the acquisition pipeline.This avoids camera response curve calibration and is computationally efficient. It also allows for includingflash images in the sequence. Our technique blends multiple exposures,guided by simple quality measures like saturation and contrast.This is done in a multiresolution fashion to account for the brightness variation in the sequence.The resulting image quality is comparable to existing tone mapping operators.1.IntroductionDigital cameras have a limited dynamic range,which is lower than one encounters in the real world.In high dy-namic range scenes,a picture will often turn out to be under-or overexposed.A bracketed exposure sequence[5,17,26] allows for acquiring the full dynamic range,and can be turned into a single high dynamic range image.Upon dis-play,the intensities need to be remapped to match the typ-ically low dynamic range of the display device,through a process called tone mapping[26].In this paper,we propose to skip the step of computing a high dynamic range image,and immediately fuse the multi-ple exposures into a high-quality,low dynamic range image, ready for display(like a tone-mapped picture).We call this process exposure fusion;see Fig.1.The idea behind our ap-proach is that we compute a perceptual quality measure for each pixel in the multi-exposure sequence,which encodes desirable qualities,like saturation and contrast.Guided by our quality measures,we select the“good”pixels from the sequence and combine them into thefinal result.Exposure fusion is similar to other image fusion tech-niques for depth-of-field extension[19]and photomon-tage[1].Burt et al.[4]have proposed the idea of fusinga(a)Exposure bracketedsequence(b)Fused resultFigure1.Demonstration of exposure fusion.Amulti-exposure sequence is assembled di-rectly into a high quality image,without con-verting to HDRfirst.No camera-specificknowledge,such as the response curve,hadto be accounted for.Total processing timewas only3.3seconds(1megapixel).Imagecourtesy of Jacques Joffre.multi-exposure sequence,but in the context of general im-age fusion.We introduce a method that can more easily incorporate desired image qualities,in particular those that are relevant for combining different exposures.Exposure fusion has several advantages.First of all, the acquisition pipeline is simplified,no in-between HDR image needs to be computed.Since our technique is not(a)Input images with corresponding weightmaps(b)Fused resultFigure2.Exposure fusion is guided by weight maps for each input image.A high weight means that a pixel should appear in thefinal image.These weights reflect desired image qualities,such as high contrast and saturation.Image courtesy of Jacques Joffre.physically-based,we do not need to worry about calibra-tion of the camera response curve,and keeping track of each photograph’s exposure time.We can even add aflash image to the sequence to enrich the result with additional detail.Our approach merely relies on simple quality mea-sures,like saturation and contrast,which prove to be very effective.Also,results can be computed at near-interactive rates,as our technique mostly relies a pyramidal image de-composition.On the downside,we cannot extend the dy-namic range of the original pictures,but instead we directly produce a well-exposed image for display purposes.2.Related WorkHigh dynamic range(HDR)imaging assembles a high dynamic range image from a set of low dynamic range im-ages that were acquired with a normal camera[5,17].The camera-specific response curve should be recovered in or-der to linearize the intensities.This calibration step can be computed from the input sequence and their exposure set-tings.Most display devices have a limited dynamic range and cannot directly display HDR images.To this end,tone mapping compresses the dynamic range tofit the dynamic range of the display device[26].Many different tone map-ping operators have been suggested with different advan-tages and disadvantages.Global operators apply a spa-tially uniform remapping of intensity to compress the dy-namic range[7,14,24].Their main advantage is speed, but sometimes fail to reproduce a pleasing image.Local tone mapping operators apply a spatially varying remap-ping[6,8,10,15,25,29],i.e.,the mapping changes for dif-ferent regions in the image.This often yields more pleasing images,even though the result may look unnatural some-times.The operators employ very different techniques to compress the dynamic range:from bilateralfiltering[8], which decomposes the image into edge-aware low and high frequency components,to compression in the gradient do-main[10].The following two local operators are related to our method.Reinhard et al.[25]compute a multi-scale measure that is related to contrast and rescales the HDR pixel values accordingly.This is in a way similar to our measures.However,our measures are solely defined per pixel.The method by Li et al.[15]uses a pyramidal im-age decomposition,and attenuate the coefficients at each level to compress the dynamic range.Our method is also pyramid-based,but it works on the coefficients of the dif-ferent exposures instead of those of an in-between HDR image.Other tone mappers try to mimic the human visual system,e.g.,to simulate temporal adaptation[20].Instead, we aim at creating pleasing images and try to reproduce as much detail and color as possible.Image fusion techniques have been used for many years. For example,for depth-of-field enhancement[19,13],mul-timodal imaging[4],and video enhancement[23].We will use image fusion for creating a high quality image from bracketed exposures.In the early90’s,Burt et al.[4] have already proposed to use image fusion in this context. However,our method is moreflexible by incorporating ad-justable image measures,such as contrast and saturation. Goshtasby[11]also proposed a method to blend multiple exposures,but it cannot deal well with object boundaries.A more thorough discussion of these techniques is presented in Sec.3.3.Grundland et al.[12]cross-dissolve between two images using a pyramid decomposition[3].We use a similar blend-ing strategy,but employ different quality measures.We demonstrate that our technique can be used as a sim-ple way to fuseflash/no-flash images.Previous techniques for this are much more elaborate[9,2]and are specifi-cally designed for this case,whereas our method isflexibleenough to handle that case as well.3.Exposure FusionExposure fusion computes the desired image by keepingonly the“best”parts in the multi-exposure image sequence.This process is guided by a set of quality measures,whichwe consolidate into a scalar-valued weight map(see Fig.2).It is useful to think of the input sequence as a stack of im-ages.Thefinal image is then obtained by collapsing thestack using weighted blending.As with previous HDR acquisition approaches[17,5],we assume that the images are perfectly aligned,possiblyusing a registration algorithm[30].3.1.Quality MeasuresMany images in the stack containflat,colorless regionsdue to under-and overexposure.Such regions should re-ceive less weight,while interesting areas containing brightcolors and details should be preserved.We will use the fol-lowing measures to achieve this:•Contrast:we apply a Laplacianfilter to the grayscale version of each image,and take the absolute value ofthefilter response[16].This yields a simple indicatorC for contrast.It tends to assign a high weight to im-portant elements such as edges and texture.A similarmeasure was used for multi-focus fusion for extendeddepth-of-field[19].•Saturation:As a photograph undergoes a longer ex-posure,the resulting colors become desaturated andeventually clipped.Saturated colors are desirable andmake the image look vivid.We include a saturationmeasure S,which is computed as the standard devia-tion within the R,G and B channel,at each pixel.•Well-exposedness:Looking at just the raw intensities within a channel,reveals how well a pixel is exposed.We want to keep intensities that are not near zero(un-derexposed)or one(overexposed).We weight each in-tensity i based on how close it is to0.5using a Gauss curve:exp −(i−0.5)22σ2 ,whereσequals0.2in our im-plementation.To account for multiple color channels,we apply the Gauss curve to each channel separately,and multiply the results,yielding the measure E.For each pixel,we combine the information from the dif-ferent measures into a scalar weight map using multiplica-tion.We opted for a product over a linear combination,aswe want to enforce all qualities defined by the measures atonce(i.e.like an“AND”selection,as opposed to an“OR”selection,resp.).Similar to weighted terms of a linear com-bination,we can control the influence of each measure using a power function:W ij,k=(C ij,k)ωC×(S ij,k)ωS×(E ij,k)ωE with C,S and E,being contrast,saturation,and well-exposedness,resp.,and corresponding“weighting”expo-nentsωC,ωs,andωE.The subscript ij,k refers to pixel (i,j)in the k-th image.If an exponentωequals0,the corre-sponding measure is not taken into account.Thefinal pixel weight W ij,k will be used to guide the fusion process,dis-cussed in the next section.See Fig.2for an example of weight maps.3.2.FusionWe will compute a weighted average along each pixel to fuse the N images,using weights computed from our qual-ity measures.To obtain a consistent result,we normalize the values of the N weight maps such that they sum to one at each pixel(i,j):ˆWij,k= N k′=1W ij,k′ −1W ij,kThe resulting image R can then be obtained by a weighted blending of the input images:R ij=Nk=1ˆWij,kI ij,k(1)with I k the k-th input image in the sequence.Unfortu-nately,just applying Eq.1produces an unsatisfactory re-sult.Wherever weights vary quickly,disturbing seams will appear(Fig.4b).This happens because the images we are combining,contain different absolute intensities due to their different exposure times.We could avoid sharp weight map transitions by smoothing the weight map with a Gaussian filter,but this results in undesirable halos around edges,and spills information across object boundaries(Fig.4c).An edge-aware smoothing operation using the cross-bilateral filter seems like a better alternative[22,9].However,it is unclear how to define the control image,which would tell us where the smoothing should be ing the orig-inal grayscale image as control image does not work well, as demonstrated in Fig.4d.Also,it is hard tofind good pa-rameters for the cross-bilateralfilter(i.e.,for controlling the spatial and intensity influence).To address the seam problem,we use a technique in-spired by Burt and Adelson[3].Their original technique seamlessly blends two images,guided by an alpha mask, and works at multiple resolutions using a pyramidal image decomposition.First,the input images are decomposed into*Image - Laplacian Pyramid Weight Map - Gaussian Pyramid*Final ImageInput Images Figure 3.We fuse differently exposed images using a Laplacian decomposition of the images and a Gaussian pyramid of the weight maps,which represent measures such as contrast and saturation.Image courtesy of Jacques Joffre.a Laplacian pyramid,which basically contains band-pass filtered versions at different scales [3].Blending is then car-ried out for each level separately.We adapt the technique to our case,where we have N images and N normalized weight maps that act as alpha masks.Let the l -th level in a Laplacian pyramid decomposition of an image A be defined as L {A }l ,and G {B }l for a Gaussian pyramid of image B .Then,we blend the coefficients (pixel intensities in the dif-ferent pyramid levels)in a similar fashion to Eq.1:L {R }l ij=N k =1G {ˆW }l ij,k L {I }l ij,kI.e.,each level l of the resulting Laplacian pyramid is com-puted as a weighted average of the original Laplacian de-compositions for level l ,with the l -th level of Gaussianpyramid of the weight map serving as the weights.Finally,the pyramid L {R }l is collapsed to obtain R .An overview of our technique is given in Figure 3.Multiresolution blending is quite effective at avoiding seams (Fig.4),because it blends image features instead of intensities.Since the blending equation (1)is computed at each scale separately,sharp transitions in the weight map can only affect sharp transitions appear in the original im-ages (e.g.edges).Conversely,flat regions in the original images will always have negligible coefficient magnitude,and are thus not affected by possibly sharp variations in the weight function,even though the absolute intensities among the inputs could be different there.For dealing with color images,we have found that carry-ing out the blending each color channel separately produces good results.3.3.DiscussionSeamless blending is an often-encountered problem inimage processing and graphics.We use a multiresolution technique based on image pyramids [3],but other methodsare available as well.In particular,gradient-based blend-ing [21]has shown to be effective,and it has been applied to image fusion as well [1,23].Gradient methods convert images to gradient fields first,apply the blending operation,and reconstruct the final image from the resulting gradients.However,reconstruction requires solving a partial differen-tial equation,which can be costly for high resolution im-ages.In addition,gradient-based fusion incurs a scale and shift ambiguity,and is prone to color shifting [23].Tone mapping operators may also cause color shifts like oversaturation [15],and possibly reduce contrast (see Fig.7).Our blending is robust against changes in appear-ance,as it can be seen as a selection process.Even though we select based on contrast and saturation,we do not di-rectly change pixels to meet these constraints.Our work bears similarity to early work on image fusion,where the Laplacian (or another)pyramid decomposition is used as well [19,28,4].These methods work directly on the coefficients by retaining only those pyramid coefficient that are most salient.For instance,the coefficients with the largest magnitude are kept [19]:L {R }l ij =argmax L {I }l ij,k|L {I }lij,k |Burt and Kolczynski’s exposure fusion technique [4]is based on the same principle.These approaches com-pound all details present in the sequence,but they do not necessarily produce an appealing result;see Fig.5.In-stead,we blend the pyramid coefficients based on a scalar weight map,but do not directly process individual coeffi-cients at different levels.Measures like saturation and well-exposedness are hard to evaluate directly from pyramid co-efficients.Our technique basically decouples the weighting from the actual pyramid contents,which enables us to more easily define quality measures.In fact,any measure that can be computed per-pixel,or perhaps in a very small neighbor-hood,is applicable.Goshtasby’s technique [11]selects the optimal exposure(a)inputsequence(b)Naive(c)Blurred(d)Cross-Bilateral(e)MultiresolutionFigure4.Weighted blending.The input se-quence is shown in(a).Naive per-pixelblending(b)yields obvious seams due tosharp variations in the weight map.Blur-ring the weight map using a Gaussian kernel(c)removes the seams,but introduces halosaround edges.Cross-bilateralfiltering(d)isable to avoid some of the halos,but not all.Multiresolution blending(e)creates the de-sired result.on a per-block basis,and smoothly blends between blocks.Since blocks may span across different objects,spill infor-mation across object boundaries,similar to the artifacts re-lated to Gaussian blurring of the weight map(Fig.4c).4.ResultsAll of our examples were constructed from JPG-encodedphotographs,with unknown gamma correction and cameraresponse curve.We used equally weighted quality measures(ωC=ωS=ωE=1)in most examples,except wherementioned otherwise.4.1.QualityFig.1and2show a typical bracketed exposure shot:underexposed,normally exposed and overexposed.Everyexposure contains relevant information that is notpresent(a)Inputsequence(b)Ogden et al.[19](c)Burt et al.[4](d)Our techniqueFigure parison with other pyramid-based fusion techniques[19,4].These meth-ods select the most salient Laplacian pyra-mid coefficients in the input sequence(a),whereas our technique does blending.Theresults(b,c)are too dark,and exhibit colorshifts.Our technique(e)produces a morefaithful result compared to the input se-quence(a).Image courtesy of Jesse Levin-son.in the other exposures.Our technique is able to preservefinescale details of the buildings,and the warm appearanceof the sky.In Fig.7and9,we compare our result to tone map-ping.A rigorous comparison is hard,due to the operators’implementation-specific differences and parameter settings.We therefore limit ourselves to an informal comparison witha few popular tone pared to Durand et al.[8]and Reinhard et al.[25],our method offers better contrast.Li et al.’s approach[15]produces quite similar results toours in terms of contrast,but it also exhibits slight oversat-uration.We had to tweak the saturation parameter in theirimplementation to correct the colors.The multiresolution blending technique discussed inSec.3.2is not without its problems.In Fig.6,our resultcontains a spurious low frequency brightness change,whichis not present in the original image set.It is caused by ahighly varying change in brightness among the different ex-posures.Intuitively speaking,this artifact can be consideredas a very blurred version of the seam problem,illustratedin Fig.4b.Constructing a higher Laplacian pyramid par-tially solves this problem.However,the pyramid height isalso limited by the size of the downsampling/upsamplingfilter[3].w×h×N init.(s)update(s)total(s) 864×576×3.75.82 1.6 1227×818×3 1.5 1.6 3.2 1728×1152×3 3.0 3.2 6.2864×576×7 1.5 1.5 3.0 1227×818×7 3.0 3.1 6.1 1728×1152×7 6.0 6.012.0 Table putation times for our tech-nique.We computed results for12,1and2megapixel images.N is the number of im-ages in the stack.The initialization buildsthe Laplacian pyramids for each input image.The update step computes the weight maps,the corresponding Gaussian pyramids,andthe blending.For small image sizes(half toone megapixel),the user gets interactive in-teractive feedback(about one second).4.2.PerformanceOur unoptimized software implementation performs ex-posure fusion in a matter of seconds;see table1.After building the Laplacian pyramids,our technique can provide near-interactive feedback(see timings of update step).This enables a user gain more control over the fusion process, as he or she can adjust the weighting of quality measures. Additional controls on the input images,such as linear and non-linear intensity remappings are also possible(like brightness adjustment or gamma curves).This can be used to give certain exposures more influence.Motivated by the work of Strengert et al.[27],we expect that our algorithm could eventually run in real-time on graphics hardware. 4.3.Including Flash-ExposuresAflash exposure canfill in a lot of detail,but tends to produce unappealing images,and it may include spurious highlights and reflections.Recent work onflash photogra-phy has introduced techniques for combiningflash/no-flash image pairs[9,22,2].Our techniquecan be used hereaswell,as our quality measures are also relevant in this case. Fig.8shows how our technique has successfully removed a highlight andfilled in details,similar to Agrawal et al.[2]. However,it cannot removeflash shadows[9]or unwanted reflections[2].parison of Quality MeasuresFig.10shows a comparison of our quality measures. Exposure fusion is performed with either contrast,satura-tion or well-exposedness.The desk scene in thefirst row(a)Fused(b)Single exposureFigure6.A spurious low-frequency changein brightness might occur due to the differ-ence in exposure among the input images.The result(a)appears too bright toward thebottom,which seems unnatural compared tothe input images.One of the input images isshown in(b)for reference.comes out better with saturation turned on.Contrast makes the background a bit dark,and well-exposedness darkens the center of the monitor,making the result look unnatural. For the house scene on the next row,saturation and well-exposedness produce vivid colors,which is less so for con-trast.Finally,the last row shows how contrast retains de-tails,which are not present in the saturation image(e.g.in the water,and the buildings’windows).Well-exposedness yields an interesting image,but it looks less natural than the other two.In general,we found that well-exposedness by itself pro-duces fairly good images.However,in some cases it tends to create an unnatural appearance,because it always favors intensities around0.5.Saturation and contrast does not have this problem.But then again,the results from those mea-sures are not always as interesting as those produced by well-exposedness.5.ConclusionWe proposed a technique for fusing a bracketed exposure sequence into a high quality image,without converting to HDRfirst.Skipping the physically-based HDR assembly step simplifies the acquisition pipeline.It avoids camera response curve calibration,it is computationally efficient, and allows for includingflash images in the sequence.(a)Durand et al.[8](b)Reinhard et al.[25](c)Li et al.[15](d)Our techniqueparison with several popular tone mapping techniques.Our algorithm yields image quality that is competitive with the other results.See Fig.9for a more detailed inspection.Our technique blends images in a multi-exposure se-quence,guided by simple quality measures like saturationand contrast.This is done in a multiresolution fashion toaccount for the brightness variation in the sequence.Qual-ity is comparable to existing tone mapping operators.Ourapproach is controlled by only a few intuitive parameters,which can be updated at near-interactive rates in our unop-timized implementation.We would like to investigate different pyramidal imagedecompositions,such as wavelets and steerable pyramids.Also,we would like to include more measures,in particu-lar one that would detect camera noise.An optimized GPUimplementation would enable the user to interactively con-trol the fusion process,but could also be used to display amulti-exposure video stream[18]in real-time.Finally,wewould like to look into the applicability of our techniqueto other image fusion tasks,such as depth-of-field exten-sion[19]and multimodal imaging[4].AcknowledgementsThanks to Jacques Joffre,Jesse Levinson,Min H.Kimand Agrawal et al.[2]for sharing their photographs.Part of the research at Expertise Centre for Digital Media(EDM)is funded by the European Regional DevelopmentFund.References[1] A.Agarwala,M.Dontcheva,M.Agrawala,S.M.Drucker,A.Colburn,B.Curless, D.Salesin,and M.F.Cohen.Interactive digital photomontage.ACM Trans.Graph,23(3):294–302,2004.(a)Ambient(b)Flash(c)Fusedbining aflash/no-flash image pair using our technique.Notice how the highlight is removed,while detail and contrast has been transferred to the face.Images taken from Agrawal et al.[2].(a)Durand&al.(b)Reinhard&al.(c)Li&al.(d)Oursparison with several tone map-ping techniques:closeups from Fig.7.Theresults produced by our algorithm exhibithigh contrast and good color reproduction.[2] A.Agrawal,R.Raskar,S.K.Nayar,and Y.Li.Removingphotography artifacts using gradient projection andflash-exposure sampling.ACM Trans.Graph.,24(3):828–835,2005.[3]P.Burt and T.Adelson.The Laplacian Pyramid as a Com-pact Image Code.IEEE Transactions on Communication,COM-31:532–540,1983.[4]P.J.Burt,K.Hanna,and R.J.Kolczynski.Enhanced imagecapture through fusion.In Proceedings of the Workshop onAugmented Visual Display Research,pages207–224.NASA–Ames Research Center.,Dec.1993.[5]P.E.Debevec and J.Malik.Recovering high dynamic rangeradiance maps from photographs.In SIGGRAPH’97:Pro-ceedings of the24th annual conference on Computer graph-ics and interactive techniques,pages369–378,New York,NY,USA,1997.ACM Press/Addison-Wesley PublishingCo.[6]J.DiCarlo and B.Wandell.Rendering high dynamic rangeimages,.In Proceedings of SPIE,volume3965,Jan.2000.[7] F.Drago,K.Myszkowski,T.Annen,and N.Chiba.Adaptive logarithmic mapping for displaying high contrastputer Graphics Forum,22:419–426,2003.[8] F.Durand and J.Dorsey.Fast bilateralfiltering for the dis-play of high-dynamic-range images.ACM Trans.Graph,21(3):257–266,2002.[9] E.Eisemann and F.Durand.Flash photography en-hancement via intrinsic relighting.In ACM Transactionson Graphics(Proceedings of Siggraph Conference),vol-ume23.ACM Press,2004.[10]R.Fattal,D.Lischinski,and M.Werman.Gradient domainhigh dynamic range compression.ACM Transactions onGraphics,21(3):249–256,July2002.[11] A.Goshtasby.Fusion of multi-exposure images.Image andVision Computing,23:611–618,2005.[12]M.Grundland,R.V ohra,G.P.Williams,and N.A.Dodg-son.Cross dissolve without cross fade:Preserving contrast,color and salience in image puter Graph-ics Forum,25(3):577–586,Sept.2006.[13]P.Haeberli.A multifocus method for controlling depthoffield.http://www.grafi/depth/index.html,1994.[14]rson,H.E.Rushmeier,and C.D.Piatko.A visi-bility matching tone reproduction operator for high dynamicrange scenes.IEEE put.Graph,3(4):291–306,1997.[15]Y.Li,L.Sharan,and pressing and com-panding high dynamic range images with subband architec-tures.ACM Transactions on Graphics,24(3):836–844,Aug.2005.[16]J.Malik and P.Perona.Preattentive texture discriminationwith early vision mechanism.Journal of the Optical Societyof America,7(5):923–932,May1990.[17]S.Mann and R.Picard.Being’undigital’with digital cam-eras:Extending dynamic range by combining differently ex-posed pictures.In Proceedings of IS&T46th annual confer-ence.,pages422–428,May1995.[18]M.McGuire,W.Matusik,B.Chen,J.F.Hughes,H.Pfis-ter,and S.Nayar.Optical splitting trees for high-precision(a)Contrast(b)Saturation(c)Well-exposednessparison of our quality measures.Exposure fusion is performed with each measure turned on separately.See Sec.4.4for a discussion.Bottom images courtesy of Jacques Joffre.monocular puter Graphics and Applications,March2007.[19]J.M.Ogden,E.H.Adelson,J.R.Bergen,and P.J.Burt.Pyramid-based computer graphics.RCA 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物探专业词汇(石油勘探)
物探专业词汇石油物探——石油物探——R.E.Sheriff A bnormal events异常波abnormally high pressure异常高压abort中止absorption吸收absorption coefficient吸收系数，衰减系数acceleration factor加速度系数acceleration of gravity重力加速度acceptor受体accumulate error累积误差accuracy精确度acoustic basement地震基底acoustic impedance声阻抗acoustic log声测井acoustic wave声波activation logging活化测井active有源的，活动的activity活性adaptive deconvolution自适应反褶积adaptive processing自适应处理additive可加性校正adjacent-bed effect围岩影响adjoint伴随adjugate伴随矩阵admittance电导率aeolotropy各向异性aerated layer风化层AGC(automatic gain control)自动增益控制aggradation加积作用，填积作用air gun空气枪algorithm算法alias假频ambient环境，背景，周围的amplitude振幅amplitude log声波振幅测井amplitude spectrum振幅谱angular frequency角频率anisotropy各向异性anisotropy paradox似各向异性anomaly异常antialias filter去假频滤波器antiparallel逆向平行antisymmetric反对称antithetic fault次级反向断层，旋转断层aperture孔径aperture time时窗时间API美国石油协会aplanatic surface等射程面apparent表现值apparent anisotropy视各向异性apparent dip视倾角，视倾向apparent resistivity视电阻率apparent velocity视速度arc shooting弧形爆炸areal closure面积闭合度argument幅角array排列arrival波至asthenosphere软流圈asynchronous异步atomic capture cross-section原子俘获截面attenuation衰减attenuation factor衰减系数attitude层态attribute属性，品质autocorrelation自相关average velocity平均速度axial surface轴面azimuth方位角B alanced section平衡剖面band limited function限带函数band-pass通频带band-pass filter带通滤波器bandwidth带宽barrel桶baselap底超base line基线basement基底base station基点beamwidth波束角，波束宽度，射线宽度beat拍，差拍bias偏差，偏磁，偏压，偏流bin面积元binate重取样blind zone盲区，盲层，盲带block数据块body waves体波borehole effect井孔效应boundary condition边界条件boundary wave边界波bound water束缚水bow tie回转波BP以前brachistochrone最小时程branches分支branch point分支点break波至breakpoint中断点bright spot亮点broadside侧向，非纵，旁线bubble气泡bubble effect气泡效应buffer缓冲器bulk modulus体积模量burst out猝发burst rate猝发速度C able break电缆波cake泥饼calibration标定，校准calibration tails校验记录caliper log井径测井calculus of variations变分计算capture cross-section俘获截面carry进位casing套管cavitation空穴cementation factor胶结系数cement-bond log水泥胶结测井cepstrum对数逆谱channel道channel wave槽波characteristic root特征根characteristic value特征值check校验check shots校验地震测井chromatograph色谱chronographic chart年代地层图circulation循环circumferential wave表面波closure闭合，闭合差clutter杂乱回波，相干干扰coagulation聚集，凝聚coefficient of variation偏差系数coherence相干性coherent相干colored有色谱common-depth-point(CDP)共深度点common-geophone gather共检波点道集common midpoint(CMP)共中心点common-mode rejection共模抑制common-offset gather共偏移距道集common reflection共反射点compaction correction压实校正compensated log补偿测井complex frequency复频率complex spectrum复谱composite混波，复合conductance电导conductivity log感应测井conformable整合conic圆锥曲线conjugate共轭connate water原生水constructive interference相长干涉continuation延拓continuity连续性continuous profiling连续剖面法contour等值线contour interval等值线间隔convergence收敛converted wave转换波convolution褶积core岩心，地核，磁心coregraph岩心图correction校正correlation对比，相关，匹配correlation coefficient相关系数cosmetics修饰cospectrum互谱实分量coupled wave(C-wave)耦合波couplet偶极子coupling耦合covariance协方差crest脊critical angle临界角critical dip转折角，临界倾角cross十字crosscorrelation互相关cross-energy spectrum互能谱cross-equalization道间均衡crossfeed(crosstalk)互馈，串音crossplot交会图crosspower spectrum互功率谱cross product向量积cross-section剖面，截面cross-spectrum互谱cross-spread交叉排列crust地壳curl旋，度curvature曲率curve fitting曲线拟合cut稀释cutoff截频cycle周，周期，周率，波长D amping阻尼datum基准面datum elevation基准高程datuming拉平datum plane基准面decay constant衰减常数decay curve衰减曲线decimate重取样decollement滑脱面decomposition分解deconvolution反褶积degeneracy简并性degree阶delay time延迟时间demodulation解调density密度density log密度测井density profile密度剖面departure curve离差曲线depositional sequence沉积层序depth map深度图depth migration深度偏移depth of investigation勘探深度depth probe测深depth section深度剖面deringing去鸣振derivative map导数图destructive interference相消干涉detail survey详查determinant行列式deterministic确定性的deviation偏差diapir底辟构造differential差异，差分differentiation微分(法)，分异作用diffracted reflection绕射反射波diffraction绕射diffuse layer扩散层dike岩脉dimensionless units无量纲单位dim spot暗点dip倾角dip moveout倾角时差dip shooting倾角测深direct detection直接检测directional charge定向药包directional survey方向测量direct problem正问题direct wave直达波dispersion波散(频散)，离差dispersion curve频散曲线displacement偏离，断距，位移distortion畸变，失真distributed processing分布式处理divergence发散，散度divergence theorem散度定理diversity stack差异迭加diving waves潜水波domain域dome丘，穹隆dominant frequency主频率dominant wavelength主波长dot product点乘doublet双极子downdip下降，下倾，沿下倾方向downhole method井下方法downlap底部不整合，下超downward continuation向下延拓drape披盖drift漂移，漂砾，偏移，偏离dual induction log双感应测井duplex双工dynamic corrections动校正dynamic correlation动态相关dynamic range动态范围E chelon雁行排列effective anisotropy有效各向异性effective aperture有效孔径effective bandwidth有效带宽eigenfrequency本征频率eigenvalue本征值eigenvector本征向量elastic弹性的elastic constants弹性常数elastic deformation弹性形变elastic impedance弹性阻抗elastic moduli弹性模量ellipsoid椭球ellipticity椭圆率emulate仿真enhancement增强envelope包络equalization均衡equalizing均衡，补偿equivalence等效性error误差error checking误差校验even function偶函数event同相轴excess time剩余时间expectation期望exponentiate指数化exponential decay指数衰减F acies相fade削减fairing整形光滑，减阻物fatigue疲劳fault断层fault-plane solutions断层面解feathering羽状漂移feather edge(of pinchout)羽状薄边，尖灭feedback反馈fence diagram栅状图fiducials基准点，时间标记fiducials time基准时间field场，野外field timing野外记时信号filter滤波器filtering滤波finite-difference method有限差分法finite-element method有限元法firing引爆first arrival(first break)初至fix定位fixed data固定数据flat spot平点flattened section已拉平的剖面flattening扁率flat-topping削平flexural wave弯曲波floating datum浮动基准面flutter颤动flux通量focus中心fold次fold-back折叠排列folding褶积，褶迭，褶皱folding frequency褶迭频率formation地层formation evaluation地层评价forward solution正演解foundation coefficient基础系数Fourier integral傅立叶积分Fourier series傅立叶级数Fourier synthesis傅立叶合成Fourier transform傅立叶变换frequency domain频率域frequency effect频率效应frequency modulation频率调制frequency panel频率切片frequency response频率响应Fresnel zone菲涅尔带front end前端front-loaded最小相位子波，前缘加载G ain增益gain trace增益道gap间隔gapped deconvolution谐振腔反褶积gas exploder气爆震源gas gun气枪gather道集Gaussian distribution高斯分布generalized reciprocal method广义互易法geometric factor几何因子geometric spreading几何扩散geophone检波器geophone array检波器组合geophysicist地球物理学家geophysics地球物理geosyncline地槽ghost伴随波，虚反射graben地堑gradient梯度grading分级grain照准，粒graticule量板，网格gravity重力grid effect网格效应group组group interval组距group velocity群速度H alo effect环晕效应hammer重锤harmonic谐波harmonic function调和函数header记录头head wave首波heterogeneity非均匀heuristic试探法hiatus间断，缺失high-pass filter高通滤波器hole空穴homogeneous均匀homomorphic deconvolution同态反褶积homomorphism同态horizon层位，水平面horizontal profiling水平剖面horizontal stacking水平叠加horst地垒hue色调，色度hyperbolic search双曲线追踪hysteresis滞后I deal body理想体iff当且仅当image虚震源imaging成像imaginary虚数imbedded wavelet等效子波impedance阻抗impulse脉冲incident angle入射角inclination倾角independent独立的index指标(如下标)index factor埋深指数index of refraction折射率inhomogeneity不均匀性in-line沿测线inner product内积in-phase同相in situ原地的in-situ modeling现场模拟instantaneous phase瞬时相位intensity强度intercept distortion截断失真intercept time截距时间interference干涉，干扰interrupt中断interstitial water孔隙水interval time层时差interval velocity层速度intrinsic dispersion固有波散inverse filter反滤波inverse matrix逆矩阵inverse modeling反演模拟，反演解inverse problem反演问题inversion反演，逆iso-等(相等)isopach等厚线isotime等时线isotropic各向同性的isovelocity surface等速度面iterative迭代J oint inversion联合反演K ill归零K-index K指数L ag滞后，延迟Laplace’s equation拉普拉斯方程latent root本征根layer层layout chart观测系统图lead超前leaking mode波能漏失least-squares fit最小二乘(平方)拟合least-time path最短时程leg function分段函数line测线，记录道linear线性的，直线的，一次的linearly independent线性无关linear sweep线性扫描line source线源lineup对直，排直，相位对正lithologic log岩性记录lobes波瓣，瓣lock on锁相locus轨迹，(空间)位置logarithmic decrement对数减缩logging测井longitudinal wave纵波long-path multiple全程多次波low-pass filter低通滤波器low-velocity layer(LVL)低速层M acroscopic anisotropy宏观各向异性main beam(main lobe)主瓣mantle地幔marker bed标准层，标志层marker velocity标准层速度，标志层速度master curve理论曲线，标准曲线matrix矩阵maximum极大值maximum convexity最大凸率maximum-delay最大延迟maximum-phase最大相位mean平均mean deviation平均偏差median中值，中位数microscopic anisotropy微观各向异性microspread小排列migration偏移，归位，minimum极小值，最小值minimum-delay最小延迟minimum phase最小相位minimum-time path最短时程mirror反射体，反射界面misclosure闭合差mixed-phase混合相位mixing混波mode conversion波型转换modulation调制modulus模modulus of rigidity刚性模量，刚性系数moment矩，动量monochromatic单斜moveout时差multichannel processing多道处理multidimensional convolution多维褶积multiple多次波multiple branches多值，多分支multiple coverage多次覆盖multiple geophones检波器组合multiple regression多重回归multiplicity叠加次数，重复次数，多重性mute切除，消减，减弱mutual inversion联合反演N ear field近场，近源场near surface近地表nest(检波器)组合neutral surface中性面node节，波节，结，结点nonnormal非正态，不正交normal正交，正态normal distribution正态分布normal fault正断层normal incidence法线入射normal标准化，归一化，规格化normal moveout正常时差normal-moveout correction动校正normal strains主应变，法应变normal problem正问题null零，零位numerical modeling数值模拟，数值模型nutation章动O blique configuration倾斜结构octave倍频(程)带offlap退复off-line非纵测线offset偏移距，炮检距onlap上超on-line沿测线onset起跳optimum最佳(的)order级，阶，次order of magnitude数量级order of a matrix矩阵的阶orogenic造山的orthogonal正交的，垂直的outer product(cross product)向量积out-of-phase异相overburden盖层，上覆剖面overdetermined超定的overlapping重叠overlay覆盖overload point过载点P aleosection古断面，古剖面paradox of anisotropy似各向异性parallax视差passband带通，通频带passive无源的，被动的pattern组合形式，模式pattern recognition模式识别peel-off time静校正时间，切除时间peg-leg multiple微屈多次波penetration穿透，穿透深度period周期phase相位phase angle相角，相位角phase coherence相位相干性phase inversion倒相phase-lock锁相phase reversal相位翻转phase shift相移phase splitting相位分裂phase velocity相速度phasor diagram相矢量图phone检波器pick拾取pinch out尖灭pitch倾角，倾斜pixel像素plane wave平面波plant埋置，埋置方式，埋置条件plasticity塑性plate tectonics板块构造playback回放，回放记录plot作图，图表，趋向plot point记录点，绘标点plunge调准，倾入，倾状point source点源polarity极性polarization极化polarized极化的，偏振的pole极，极点population总体，总数，群porosity孔隙度positive正(的)，高(的)positive area正相区，相对抬升区positive polarity正极性potential位，势potential field位场，势场power spectrum功率谱precision精确读predictive deconvolution预测反褶积preliminary waves初至波prewhitening预白噪化primary field初始场，原始场primary porosity原生孔隙度primary reflection一次反射波primary wave纵波principal diagonal主对角线principle of reciprocity互换原理principle of superposition叠加原理probabilistic随机的，概率的probable error可能误差，概差probing探测，测深processing处理，加工profile剖面profiling剖面观测，剖面法propagation constant传播常数propagation error传播误差proper crossover正向相交prospect勘探工区prospecting勘探prospecting seismology勘探地震学pseudoanisotropy假各向异性pseudogeometric factor视几何因子poll-apart zone断裂带pull-up上拉现象pulse脉冲pulse shaping脉冲整形pulse stretching脉冲展宽push-down拖陷，下推Q uadratic spline二次样条quadrature90°相移，90°相位差，异相分量quadrature filtering90°相位滤波quasi-polynomials拟多项式quasi-section似剖面，视剖面，拟剖面quasi-static准静态R adial processing放射状处理radial refraction径向折射radial survey径向观测radix基数range范围，距离，区域ranging测距rank列rarefaction膨胀，稀疏raster扫描场，点阵raypath射线路径raypath curvature射线曲率receiver检波器reciprocal time互换时间reconnaissance普查reconstitute重采取record section记录剖面recover恢复，还原rectilinear直线的recursive filter反馈滤波reduced traveltime截距时间，折合旅行时reduction换算reduction to the pole归极法，化极reference plane参考面，基准面reflectance反射率，反射系数reflected refraction反射折射波reflection发射，反射波reflection coefficient反射系数reflectivity反射率，反射系数reflectivity section反射系数剖面reflector反射面，反射界面refraction折射，折射波refraction wave折射波refractive index折射系数，折射率refractor折射层，折射界面regional区域的，区域性的regression analysis回归分析relative permeability相对渗透率relative thickness相对厚度relaxation time驰豫时间replacement velocity置换速度resample重采样resolution分辨率resolution limit可分辨极限resolve分解，分辨resonance共振，谐振resonant frequency共振频率，谐振频率retarded potential延迟位retarded time延迟时间retrocorrelation(antoconolution)自相关retrograde逆行的，反向的reverberation鸣震，混响reversal反向，倒转reverse branch回转波，倒转支reversed polarity反转极性，反极性reverse fault逆断层reverse migration反向偏移reverse symmetric反对称rift断裂，长峡谷，断陷谷rigidity modulus刚性模量ringing鸣震rms(root-mean-square)均方根rms velocity均方根速度roll off上限频率，衰减roll over反向root山根，根rotational wave切变波，横波round-off error舍入误差row matrix行矩阵row vector行向量run time运行时间running window滑动时窗S alinity矿化度salt lead盐丘超前时间sample interval采样间隔sample rate采样率sampling theorem采样定理saturation饱和，饱和度scalar标量scale modeling比例模型scaler比例系数scaling定标，定比例尺scan扫描scatter diagram散点图scattering散射seamount海山，海峰second arrival伴随波，二次波secondary lobe旁瓣secondary porosity次生孔隙度secondary reflection二次反射波second critical angle第二临界角second-derivative map二次导数图second-order correction二次校正section剖面，截面，分区seis检波器seismic地震(的)seismic discontinuity地震界面seismic event地震同相轴seismic exploration地震勘探seismic facies地震相seismic profile地震剖面seismic record地震记录seismic section地震剖面seismic sequence analysis地震层序分析seismic stratigraphy地震地层学seismic wave地震波seismologist地震学家seismology地震学semblance相似度，相似性sensitivity灵敏度separation分离，分开，幅度差，视位移shadow zone盲区，屏蔽区shadiness泥质含量shallow-water survey浅水勘探shape anisotropy形状各向异性shaping deconvolution整形反褶积shear modulus切变模量shear wave切变波，横波shingling脱相shoot on paper勘探设计short-path multiples短程多次波short-trace section近道剖面shot爆炸，放炮，激发，震源side lobe旁瓣signal compression信号压缩signal correction信号校正signal enhancement信号增强signal/noise ratio(S/N)信噪比signature特征波形，特征signature deconvolution特征反褶积significance有效位singing鸣震single-ended spread单边放炮排列singularity奇点，奇异点sixfold六次覆盖skip跳跃，空白区slant stack倾斜叠加slew rate转换速度slowness慢度smear混波smoothing平滑sonic声波的，声速的，声音的source源，震源source pattern震源组合space-frequency domain空间-频率域spatial aliasing空间假频spatial sampling空间采样spectral density频谱密度spectrum谱，频谱spherical coordinates球面坐标系spherical divergence球面发散spherical wave球面波spheroid旋转椭球体，扁球体spiking deconvolution脉冲反褶积S-P interval纵横波波至时差spline样条split spread中间放炮排列spread排列spreading发散，扩散square wave方波，矩形波stability(of a filter)(滤波器的)稳定性stack叠加standard curve标准曲线，理论曲线standing wave(stationary wave)驻波standout突出度state variable状态变量static correction静校正stationary平稳的，固定的，稳态的step function阶跃函数stepout倾角时差stick瞬时幅度straddle spread中间放炮排列strain应变，形变strain energy应变能strength强度stress应力stretch子波拉伸stretch modulus拉伸模量，杨氏模量stratal surface(地)层面strike-alip fault平移断层string检波器串，小线structure构造，结构subduction zone俯冲带subshot分炮suppression压制surface-consistent model地表一致性模型surface wave面波survey勘探swarm群震，岩脉群sweep扫描synthetic seismogram合成地震记录systematic error系统误差T ail end尾端taphrogenic断裂的tare(tear)突变，跳变target目标tectonic map大地构造图tectonic types构造类型tectonosphere构造图tensor张量threshold门限，临界值，阈throw断距，落差thrust逆断层tie连接，联系tie-line联络测线tie-time互换时间time branch时间分叉time break爆炸信号time-depth chart垂直时距曲线图time-distance curve时距曲线time domain时间域time invariant时不变time lag时间滞后time lead时间超前time sag时间下陷time sharing分时系统time-slice map等时切片time tie闭合时间，时间互换time-to-depth conversion时深转换time variable时变的time variant时变toplap顶超total reflection全反射trace道，迹trace equalization道间均衡trace gather道集track追踪，跟踪transform变换transmission coefficient透射系数transpose转置transversely isotropic横向各向同性trap圈闭traveltime旅行时traveltime curve时距曲线trend趋势，趋向trend analysis趋势分析true真的，准确的，正确的true dip真倾角truncation error截断误差two-dimensional二维的two-dimensional filtering二维滤波two-sided双边的type curve理论曲线，量板U ncertainty不确定度，不可靠性unconformity不整合unit impulse单位脉冲unit step单位阶跃函数unwrapping无间断的，无裂隙的updip上倾放炮uphole stack垂直叠加upward continuation向上延拓utility routine实用程序V ariable amplitude recording变振幅记录variable-area(VA)变面积variable-density(VD)变密度variance方差vector矢量，向量velocity速度velocity contrast速度变化，速度差velocity correction速度校正velocity curves速度曲线velocity discontinuity速度不连续性velocity focusing速度聚焦velocity gradient速度梯度velocity inversion速度倒转velocity spectrum速度谱velocity sweeping速度扫描velocity angle对顶角，垂直角vertical profile垂直剖面法vertical section垂直剖面vertical stack垂直叠加viscoelastic粘弹性的viscosity粘度，粘滞性W ave attenuation波的衰减wave equation波动方程waveform波形wavefront波前waveguide波导wave impedance波阻抗wavelength波长wavelet子波wavelet equalization子波均衡wavelet extraction子波提取wavelet processing子波处理wavenumber波数wavenumber-time domain波数-时间域wave surface波阵面wave velocity波速weathered layer(weathering)风化层，低速带weighted array加权组合weighted average加权平均well tie连井white白噪声whiten白噪化white noise白噪声wide-angle reflection广角放射波wiggle trace波形曲线window carpentry镶边窗wipe-out zone无反射带，白区Z ero-lag correlation零延迟相关zero-phase零相位。
地震勘探专业英语词汇
英文汉译Unconformity不整合2D-seismic二维地震3D-seismic三维地震4D-seismic四维地震Abnormal events异常波Absolute permeability绝对渗透率Absorption吸收Absorption coefficient吸收系数Acceleration of gravity重力加速度Accumulate error累计误差Acoustic impedance波阻抗Acoustic logging声波测井Acoustic impedance声阻抗Acoustic impedance section波阻抗剖面Acoustic impedance section声阻抗剖面Acoustic log声波测井Acoustic variable density logging声波变密度测井Acoustic velocity log声速测井Acoustic wave声波Adachi formulas阿达奇公式Adaptive Deconvolution自适应反褶积Adjacent-bed effect围岩影响Adjugate伴随矩阵Aeolotropy各向异性Aerated layer风化层AGC(automatic gain control)自动增益控制Aggradation加积作用Algorithm算法Alias假频Amplitude振幅Amplitude anomaly振幅异常Amplitude distortion振幅失真Amplitude equalization振幅平衡Amplitude log声波幅度测井Amplitude modulation振幅调制Amplitude of the envelope振幅包络Amplitude recovery真振幅恢复AMT（audiomagnetotelluric method）音频大地电磁法Analog模拟Angle of incidence入射角Angular frequency 角频率Anisotropy各向异性Anticipation function 期望函数anticline背斜构造Aperture time时窗时间API unitＡＰＩ单位Apparent表观值Apparent density视密度Apparent dip视倾角Apparent polarity视极性Apparent resistivity视电阻率Apparent velocity视速度Apparent wavelength视波长Apparent wavenumber视波数Applied geophysics应用地球物理学Archie’s formulas阿尔奇经验公式Areal heterogeneity平面非均质Array排列，组合Arrival波至Asynchronous异步的Attenuation衰减Attribute属性，品质Autoconvolution自褶积Autocorrelation自相关Autocovariancet自协方差Auxiliary key horizon辅助标准层Average平均Average velocity平均速度Average velocity平均速度AVO technique AVO技术Axis轴Azimuth方位角，方位Background背景Balanced section平衡剖面Balancing a survey平差Band频带Band-pass通频带Bandwidth带宽Barrier layer隔层Base lap底超Base line基线Base map草图，底图Base station基点Base-line shift基线偏移Basin盆地bedding层理Bias偏差；偏流；偏压；偏磁Bimodal双峰的Bin面元Binary二进制Binate重采样bipole双极bland zone盲区block数据块borehole televiewer井下电视bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格校正boundary conditionBright spot亮点Bulk porosity总孔隙度caprock盖层Chemical sedimentary rock化学沉积岩Clastic sedimentary rock碎屑沉积岩Clay mineral粘土矿物Clean sandstone model纯砂岩模型CMS（chemical remanent magnetization）化学剩磁Compensate neutron log补偿中子测井Complex cycle复合旋回Comprehensive log interpretation测井资料综合解释Concentric folding同心褶皱Connectivity砂体连通性continuation延拓contour等值线convergence收敛Converted wave转换波convolution褶积Core岩芯corer取芯器，取样器correction校正correlation对比；相关；匹配Correlation coefficient相关系数Correlation filter相关滤波COS （common offset stack）共炮检距叠加Cosine law余弦定理coupling耦合Covariance协方差creep蠕变Critical angle临界角Critical damping临界阻尼Crooked line弯曲线测量Cross十字Cross bedding交错层理Crosscorrelation filter互相关滤波crossplot交会图Cross-section剖面；截面Curie point居里点curl旋度Curvature曲率Curve fitting曲线拟合Cycle skip周波跳跃Cylindrical divergence圆柱状发散datum基准面Decay constant衰减常数Decay curve衰减曲线decimate重采样Decimate重采样Declination磁偏角Decollement滑脱面Decomposition分辨Deconvolution反褶积Delay time延迟时间Demodulation解调Density logging密度测井Density contrast密度差Depositional remanent magnetism沉积剩余磁性Depositional sequence沉积层序Depth map深度图Depth migration深度偏移Depth of investigation勘探深度Development seismic开发地震Development well logging开发测井Diaper底避构造Dielectric log介电常数测井Dielectric consist介电常数Differential差异；差分Differential compaction差异压实作用Diffraction绕射Diffraction stack绕射叠加Digital数字Dim spot暗点Dip倾角Dip angle地层倾角Dip direction地层倾向Dip line倾斜测线Dip moveout倾角时差Dipole偶极Direct detection直接检测Direct problem正问题Direct wave直达波Dirichlet condition狄利赫来条件Discrete fourier transform离散傅里叶变换Disharmonic folding不谐和褶皱Dispersion curve频散曲线Displacement偏离Displacement current位移电流Dissertation Abstracts International国际学位论文文摘Distortion畸变Distributed分布Divergence发散；散度Domain域Dome丘，穹隆Dominant frequency主频Doppler effect多普勒效应Downdip下降，下倾，Downlap下超Drape披盖Drift漂移Drill钻机Dual water model双水模型Dynamic correction动校正Dynamic memory动态存储器Dynamic range动态范围Dynamite烈性硝甘炸药Effective permeability有效渗透率Effective porosity有效孔隙度Eigenvalue特征值Eigenvector特征向量Elastic弹性的Elastic constants弹性常数Elastic deformation弹性常数Elastic impedance波阻抗Elastic limit弹性限度Elastic moduli弹性模量Elastic wave弹性波Electromagnetic propagation log电磁波传播测井Elevation correction高程校正emulate仿真End-on端点放炮Engineering geophysics工程地球物理enthalpy焓entropy熵envelope包络equalization均衡Equipotential surface等位面Event同相轴Expectation期望Exponential decay指数衰减Factor analysis因子分析Fade切除Fan-filter扇形滤波Fast fourier transform快速傅里叶变换fault断层Fault断层Fault bench断阶构造Fault drop落差Fault line断层线Fault surface断层面Fault throw断距feedback反馈Fence diagram栅状图Fence effect栅栏效应Fermat’s principle费马原理Filter滤波器Finite-difference method有限差分法Finite-element method有限元法Firing引爆First break初至Flat spot平点Flattened section已拉平的剖面Flexural-slip folding挠曲滑动褶皱Floating datum浮动基准面Flow chart流程图Flushed zone冲洗带flute切除flux通量Flyer检波器串fold地层褶曲folding褶皱format格式formation地层Formation occurrence地层产状Formation sensitivity储层敏感性Formation strike地层走向Formation evaluation地层评价Formation resistivity factor地层电阻率因子Formation-density log地层密度测井Forward solution正演解four-property relationship四性关系fracture裂缝Fresnel diffraction菲涅尔衍射Gas hydrate天然气水合物geochronology地质年代学geodesy大地测量学Geodetic latitude大地纬度Geodetic reference system大地参考系统Geodynamics project地球动力学研究计划Geographic latitude大地纬度geoid大地水准面Geomagnetic pole地磁极Geomagnetic reversal地磁反转Geometric factor几何因子Geometric spreading几何扩散Geophone检波器Geophone检波器组合Geophone array检波器组合Geophone interval检波距Geophone pattern检波器组合geophysicist地球物理学家Geophysics survey地球物理测量geosyncline地槽Geothermal gradient地热梯度ghost虚反射graben地堑graben地堑gradient梯度gravimeter重力仪Gravitational folding重力褶皱Gravitational potential重力位gravity重力Gravity anomaly 重力异常Gravity reduction重力改正Gravity survey重力测量Grid网格Ground roll地滚波Group interval组距Group velocity群速度Guided wave导波hammer重锤Handshake信息交换harmonic谐波Harmonic function调和函数Head wave首波Heat conductivity热导率high-resolution seismic高分辨率地震Horizontal bedding水平层理Horizontal slice水平切片Horizontal spot平点horst地垒horst地垒Igneous rock火成岩Index bed标准层Induced polarization激发极化Inductance电感induction感应Induction electrical survey感应电测井Induction logging感应测井inductivity磁导率Information extracted信息提取Innerbeded heterogeneity层内非均质Instantaneous frequency瞬时频率Instantaneous phase瞬时相位instruction指令insulator绝缘体Integrated circuit集成电路Integrated geophysics综合地球物理Integration混波Intelligent terminal智能终端intensity强度Intensity of magnetization磁化强度Interactive人机联作Interbed夹层Interbed multiple层间多次波Interbeded heterogeneity层间非均质Intercept distortion截断失真Interpretation解释Invaded zone冲洗带Inverse cycle反旋回Inverse draw逆牵引Inversion problem反问题Key bed标志层Laterolog侧向测井Layer velocity section层速度剖面Layer velocity层速度Level calibration层位标定litho-density log岩性密度测井Log interpretation model测井解释模型Log response equation测井响应方程Logging tool standardization测井仪器标准化logging-constrained reversion测井约束地震反演Logs测井曲线Material balance equation物质平衡方程Metamorphic rock变质岩Microelectrode log微电极测井microfacies沉积微相migrated-stacked section偏移叠加剖面Model of bulk-volume rock岩石体积模型Monoclinal strata单斜层mute切除Natural gamma-ray logging自然伽马测井Natural gamma ray spectral log自然伽马能谱测井normal正断层Normal cycle正旋回Normal draw正牵引Normal fault正断层Normal-moveout corrections正常时差校正Nosing structure鼻状构造Oil layer group油层组Oil sandbody油砂体one-step 3D-migration一步三维偏移Parameter参数permeability渗透率Permeability max-mean ratio渗透率突进系数permeability max-min ratio渗透率级差permeability variation coefficient渗透率变异系数Petrophysical property油层物性phase spectrum相位谱Pinch out地层尖灭Polarity reversal极性反转Pore throat孔隙喉道potential势能Primary pore原生孔隙prospect勘探工区，勘探远景区Prospecting seismology勘探地震学Random随机的Ray tracing射线追踪Reciprocity principle互换定理Reconnaissance踏勘，Recover恢复，还原Recovery收获率Recursive filter递归滤波Reef礁Reflecting point反射点Reflection反射Reflection factor反射系数Reflection character analysis反射波特征分析Reflection coefficient反射系数Reflection polarity反射波极性Reflection strength反射波强度Reflection survey反射波勘探Reflector反射界面Refraction折射Refraction wave折射波Refractive index折射系数，折射率Refractor折射界面，折射层Regression海退Regression analysis回归分析Relative permeability相对渗透率Relaxation time驰豫时间Reserving space储集空间reservoir储集层Reservoir fundamental parameter储集层基本参数Resistivity logging电阻率测井Resistivity index电阻率指数resolution分辨率Resolution分辨率Resonance共振Reverberation鸣震reverse逆断层Reverse fault逆断层RMS(root-mean-square)均方根Rock stratum岩层Rock structure岩石构造Rock texture岩石结构Rotational旋转断层Sample ratio取样间隔Sampling theorem采样定理Sand砂岩Sands group砂层组saturation饱和度scattering散射Seal rock封堵层Secondary pore次生孔隙Secondary field二次场Secondary porosity次生孔隙度Sedimentary cycle沉积旋回Sedimentary facies沉积相Sedimentary rhythm沉积韵律Sedimentary rock沉积岩Seis检波器, 地震检波器seiscrop等时切片图Seislog地震测井seisloop三维测量排列Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic inversion地震反演Seismic normalization地震正演Seismic wavelet地震子波Seismic datum地震基准面Seismic discontinuity地震不连续面Seismic event地震同相轴Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic log地震测井Seismic map地震构造图Seismic profile地震剖面Seismic pulse地震脉冲Seismic record地震记录Seismic refraction method地震折射波法Seismic section地震剖面Seismic sequence analysis地震层序分析Seismic stratigraphy地震地层学Seismic survey地震勘探Seismic tomography地震层析seismic-geologic section地震地质剖面seismic-sequent stratigraphy地震层序地层学Seismogram地震记录Seismograph地震仪Seismologist地震学家Seismology地震学sensitivity灵敏度Series of development strata开发层系Shale泥岩Shaly sandstone model泥质砂岩模型Shear wave横波Shielding屏蔽，屏蔽层Shoot爆炸，放炮，激发Signal to noise ratio信噪比Significance level显著性水平Similar folding相似褶皱simulated annealing模拟退火Single layer小层Singularity奇点，奇异点，奇异性Skin depth趋肤深度Smoothing平滑SP(spontaneous potential or self potential )自然电位Spacing电极距，源距Spatial aliasing空间假频Spectrum谱，频谱Spherical球面的Spill point溢出点Spontaneous potential log自然电位测井Spread排列，布置Spreading发散，扩散Stacked section水平叠加剖面stacked-migrated section叠偏剖面Stacking velocity叠加速度Standard标准的Static correction静校正Statistical统计的Storage存储器Storm扰动Strain应变，形变，胁变Strata overlap地层超覆Stratigraphic interpretation地层学解释Stratum loss地层缺失Streamer拖缆Strike slip走向滑动断层Stringer高速薄层Structural geology构造地质Structure构造Superposition叠加定理Supervisor野外监督Suppression压制Surface wave面波Survey测量，勘测，勘探Susceptibility磁化率Synchronous同步的syncline向斜构造Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Systematic error系统误差TAR（ture-amplitude recovery ）真振幅恢复Tectonic map大地构造图Telluric current大地电流Tensor张量Terrain correction地形校正Thermal conductivity热导率Three instantaneous parameter section三瞬剖面throat eveness coefficient喉道均质系数throat mean喉道平均值throat mid-value喉道中值Thrust fault冲断层Thrust fault逆掩断层Tie-line联接测线Time-distance curve时距曲线Time-slice map等时切片Time-variant时变的Tomography层析成像技术Toplap顶超Topographic correction地形校正Total reflection全反射Trace analysis道分析Trace equalization道均衡Trace gather道集Trace integration道积分Trace inversion道反演Trace sequential道序编排transform转换断层Transform fault转换断层Transformed wave转换波Transgression海侵Transient electromagnetic method瞬变电磁法Transistor晶体管Transmission coefficient透射系数Transverse wave横波Transversely isotropic横向各向同性Trap圈闭Travel path传播路径Tree-dimensional survey三维勘探Trough波谷Truncation error截断误差Tumescence火山隆起two-step 3D-migration二步三维偏移Uncertainty不定性，不确定性，不可靠性Updip上倾放炮Uphole geophone井口检波器Upward continuation向上延拓Valley波谷Variable area变面积Variable density变密度Variance方差Vector矢量Velocity analysis速度分析Velocity inversion速度倒转Velocity layering速度分层Velocity spectrum速度谱Velocity sweeping速度扫描Vibration survey振动测量Vibrator振动器Video display视频显示Virtual memory虚拟存储器Viscoelastic粘弹性的Viscosity粘度，粘滞性Water saturation含水饱和度Wave group波组wave equation波动方程Wave equation migration波动方程偏移Wave impedance波阻抗Wave velocity波速Waveform波形Wavefront波前Wavelet地震子波Wavelet equalization子波均衡Wavelet extraction子波提取Wavelet processing子波处理Wavenumber波数Wavy bedding波状层理Weathering 风化层Weathering风化层，低速带Weathering correction低速带校正Weathering layer风化层，低速带Weathering shot低速带测定Weighted array加权平均加权组合Weighted average加权平均Well logging测井Well logging series测井系列White白噪声White noise level白噪水平Young’s modulus杨氏模量Zero-phase零相位Zoeppritz’s equation佐普里茨方程。
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Thursday, June 14, 2007
3
Dynamic Range of Light
dim interior daylit interior, x1500 outdoor shade, x16
outdoor sunlit, x4
the Sun x80,000
1 : 7,500,000,000
Gradient Domain High Dynamic Range Compression
Raanan Fattal Dani Lischinski Michael Werman
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem School of Computer Science & Engineering
Thursday, June 14, 2007
7
Where do they come from?
• Physically-based illumination simulations. • Digital photography: • Camera RAW images (12 bits per pixel). • HDR digital cameras. • Combining several differently exposed LDR •
20
Thursday, June 14, 2007
The Method The Method in 1D in 1D
log derivative
2500:1
attenuate
7.5:1
exp
integrate
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21
The Method in 2D
• Given: a log-luminance image H (x, y) • Compute an attenuation map Φ( ∇H ) • Compute an attenuated gradient field G:
15
Previous Solutions
• Spatially invariant tone mapping operators • Image-independent curves: • Linear scaling, Gamma correction, •
logarithmic mappings… Image-dependent curves: • Histogram equalization • Visibility matching tone reproduction (Ward et al. 97)
gradient of a scalar potential:
v = ∇φ
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Solution
• Look for image I with gradient closest to G in
the least squares sense.
• Two possible, but equivalent, formulations: • Continuous formulation via the Euler Lagrange equation
The Poisson equation:
Thursday, June 14, 2007
∇ I = div G
27
2
Discrete Formulation
• Look for an image I* whose gradient (at each
pixel) is the closest to G in the least squares sense: J (I ) = ∑ ∇I (x, y) − G(x, y) 2
G(x, y) = ∇H (x, y) · Φ( ∇H )
• Problem: G
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is not integrable!
22
Aside: Conservative Fields
• In vector calculus an irrotational or
• Discrete formulation
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24
Continuous Formulation
• Look for a 2D function I whose gradient is the
closest to G in the least squares sense.
6
High Dynamic Range Images
high
low
Thursday, June 14, 2007
6
High Dynamic Range Images
high
low
Thursday, June 14, 2007
6
High Dynamic Range Images
high
low
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11
Linear Scaling
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12
Gamma Correction
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13
Exposure + Gamma
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14
Histogram Equalization
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rendering HDR images on LDR devices.
• Desirable features: • Avoid large over/under exposed regions. • Preserve visibility of fine details (local
contrasts).
images into a single HDR image (Debevec & Malik 1997). HDR panoramic video mosaics (Schechner & Nayar 2001).
8
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Our Goal
• Compression of dynamic range to enable
Thursday, June 14, 2007 17
Example: multi-scale operator
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18
Local Adaptation
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19
Our Approach – Overview
• Observations: • High dynamic range results from strong •
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High Dynamic Range Scenes
1/1000 1/500
1/250
1/60
1/30
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1/15
1/8
1/4
5
High Dynamic Range Images
high
low
Thursday, June 14, 2007
+
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=
10
Previous Solutions
• Spatially invariant tone mapping operators • Image-independent curves: • Linear scaling, Gamma correction,
26
Euler - Lagrange Equation
• I must satisfy: ∂ F d ∂F d ∂F − − =0 ∂I dx ∂ Ix dy ∂ Iy
∂ 2 I ∂ Gx 2 − 2 ∂x ∂x ∂ 2 I ∂ Gy +2 − 2 ∂y ∂y =0
∂ 2I ∂ 2I ∂ Gx ∂ Gy + 2= + 2 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
• Image I minimizes the integral:
F(∇I , G) dx dy
• where:
F(∇I , G) = ∇I − G
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2
=
∂I − Gx ∂x
2
∂I − Gy + ∂y
2
25
Euler - Lagrange Equation
logarithmic mappings…
• Image-dependent curves: • Histogram equalization • Visibility matching tone reproduction
(Ward et al. 97)
Thursday, June 14, 2007
I = arg min J (I )
I
x,y ∗
• Use finite differences for approximating the
luminance changes Absolute change magnitude is not important
• Method: • Examine gradients to identify luminance • •
changes Attenuate high luminance gradients Reconstruct a low-dynamic range image