Lecture 5- Effective Load Carrying Capability of a Resource
全球商务复习彭维刚
第一章:Globalizing Business（全球化的商务活动）1.【international business】is defined as(被定义为)：business (firm) that engages（参与）in international (cross-border跨国) economic activities or the action of doing business abroad.翻译：国际商务被定义为：（1）参与国际（跨国）经济活动的企业；（2）到海外从事商务活动的行为。
2.【global business】：business around the globe, including both international (cross-border) activities and domestic（国内的）business activities.翻译：全球商务是指全球范围内的商务活动。
这种商务活动包括：（1）传统国际商务教材中涉及的国际化活动；（2）本土的商务活动。
3.【multinational enterprise (MNE)】：firm that engages in foreign direct investments（直接投资）by directly investing（直接投资）in, controlling and managing value-added activities in other countries.翻译：跨国企业可以被定义为：通过在其他国家的直接投资、控制和管理价值增值活动来参与对外直接投资。
4.【foreign direct investment(FDI)】：investments in, controlling, and managing value-added activities in other countries翻译：对外直接投资：是指在其他国家进行直接投资、控制和管理价值增值活动。
Operations Management lecture 5
Time (wks) 33 28 67 69 43
0
B 9 9 9
S=0
0
9 9
H 59 40 59
59 59
J 63 S=0 63 4
9
E 33
35 24 59
S = 26
69-43
Lecture 5
S=4
B 2 Start A 7 C 4 D 4 E 4 G 5
S=4
F 3 Finish
A-B-D-E-F: 20 A-C-D-E-G: 24 How many slacks are possible for B and F?
Lecture 5
I
A
F
K
Start
C
G
Finish
B
D
H
J
E
Path A-I-K A-F-K A-C-G-J-K B-D-H-J-K B-E-J-K
Time (wks) 33 28 67 69 43
Lecture 5
Earliest start time
0 A 12
12
I
27
15
Earliest finish time
Step 3. Crash activity J by its limit of three weeks because the critical path remains unchanged. The new expected path times are A–C–G–J–K: 64 weeks = (67-3) B–D–H–J–K: 66 weeks = (69-3)
Lecture 5
Activity DIRECT COST AND TIME DATA FOR THE ST. JOHN’S HOSPITAL PROJECT Normal Time Normal Cost Crash Time Crash Cost Maximum Time (NT) (weeks) (NC)($) (CT)(weeks) (CC)($) Reduction (week) 12 9 10 10 24 10 35 40 15 4 6 $12,000 50,000 4,000 16,000 120,000 10,000 500,000 1,200,000 40,000 10,000 30,000 Totals $1,992,000 11 7 5 8 14 6 25 35 10 1 5 $13,000 64,000 7,000 20,000 200,000 16,000 530,000 1,260,000 52,500 13,000 34,000 $2,209,500 1 2 5 2 10 4 10 5 5 3 1 A B C D E F G H I J K Cost of Crashing per Week ($) 1,000 7,000 600 2,000 8,000 1,500 3,000 12,000 2,500 1,000 4,000
APICS资源主计划(英文版)(ppt 47页)
Source: Wallace, Tom F. Sales and Operations Planning, A How-To Guide, T.F. Wallace & Co. 1999.
Master Planning of Resources
Session 5 The Sales and Operations
Planning Process
Master Planning of Resources
Session 1: The Business Planning Process Session 2: Forecasting Demand Session 3: Demand Management and Customer
CAPACITY
RESOURCE PLANNING
M A N A G E M E N T
5-5
Visual
Organizations with Separate Plans
Backlog Plan
Financial Plan
Marketing Plan
Production Plan
Business Plan
Describe the steps in the sales and operations planning process Distinguish between the terms sales and operations planning and
production plan Identify the participants and the decision-makers in the sales and
《新视野英语教程(第三版)》教学资源book4Unit5-Section-A
Are Books an Endangered Species?
CONTENTS
Preparation Reading Through Exercises
Merry Learning
Preparation
elementary
mere
chancellor
presence
plentiful
participant
marketplace
outlet
slide
reverence
fiction
inspection
instance
primitive
>>>more
Phrases and Expressions come of age hand down close by carry around so far sit through time and again on the go
>>Key
Getting the Message
1. There were hundreds of books in that room. 2. The book is a symbol of the permanence of thought and the handing
down from one generation to the next. 3. Of those same college freshman, many had ranked in the top half of
their high school classes. 4. Commercial book sales are sliding quickly. 5. Because a cultural consumer prefers those passive activities－listening
战略管理(英文版)
名词解释：1、Strategy: An integrated and coordinated set of commitments & actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage.2、Strategic Management: Strategic Management is the process through which organizations analyze and learn from their internal and external environments, establish strategic direction, create strategies that are intended to help achieve established goals, and execute those strategies, all in an effort to satisfy key organizational stakeholders.3、Strategic Management consists of the analysis, decisions and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages.4、The strategic management process includes the activities of internal and external analysis, establishment of strategic direction, development of strategies for the corporate and business levels of the organization, development and execution of an implementation plan, and the establishment of strategic controls.5、Vertical integration: The term is used to describe the extent to which a firm is involved in several stages of the industry supply chain.6、Horizontal integration: The process of acquiring or merging with industry competitors to achieve the competitive advantages that arise from a large size and scope of operations.7、Diversification strategy describes the scope of the firm in terms of the industries and markets in which it competes.8、Related diversification implies organizational involvement in activities that are somehow related to the dominant or “core” business of the organization, often through common markets or similar technologies.9、Unrelated diversification does not depend on any pattern of relatedness. Unrelated diversification has lower profitability and higher risks than those pursuing other corporate-level strategies such as concentration or related diversification.10、Organizational fit: When two organizations or business units are merged or acquisition happened, and the organizational management processes, cultures, system, and structures are matching(similar), this is organizational fit.11、Marketing strategy: Marketing strategy is the plan for investing marketing efforts and resources (advertising, branding, distribution, etc.)to achieve business goals.To support growth strategiesTo support a stability or retrenchment strategy12、Economies of scale: Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. "Economies of scale" is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase.（1）Economies of scale. Unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output •Larger production runs•Larger facilities•Allocating fixed costs（2）Diseconomies of scale. Unit cost increases associated with a large scale of output•Increased bureaucracy associated with large-scale enterprises•Resulting managerial inefficiencies13、True economies of scale are cost advantages associated with large-sized facilities rather than with increased volume through an existing facility.14、Life cycle of an industry: Refers to the stages of Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline, portrays how salesvolume for a product or an entire industry changes over its lifetime and helps to understand the dynamic nature of strategy.15、So-called product life cycle: Refers to the product from entering the market ,the market cycle, until final out of the market experience.简答论述：一、潜在竞争者出现面临的障碍都有哪些障碍并举例(Potential competitors∕Entry Barriers P31)Potential competitors∕Entry Barriers: Forces that keep new entrants out, providing a level of protection for existing competitors, are called entry barriers.Examples of entry barriers commonly found in many industries include the following:1、Economies of scale, which occur when it is more efficient to produce a product in a large facility at higher volume.2、Large capital requirements,also known as start-up costs ,can prevent a small competitor from entering an industry.3、High levels of products differentiation ,which means that some firms enjoy a loyal customer base, making it harder for a new firm to draw away customers.4、High switching costs ,applying not only to suppliers, can be used to preserve established firms in an industry.5、Limited access to distribution channels,which may prevent new companies from getting their products to market.6、Government policies and regulations that limit entry into industry,effectively preventing new competition.7、Existing firm procession of resources that are difficult to duplicate in the short term. Such as patents, favorable locations, proprietary product technology, government subsidies, or access to scarce raw materials.(Cost disadvantages independent of scale)8、A past history of aggressive retaliation by industry competitors toward new entrants.（Threat of new entries）二、什么样资源、能力能使企业形成持续核心竞争力？（Sustainable competitive advantage P46 ）Internal resources and capabilities fall into five: human, physical, financial, knowledge, and organizational.In general, capabilities and resource become strengths with the potential to create a competitive advantage if two conditions are met.1.The resource or capabilities are value.2.The resource or capabilities are unique.In addition, a unique and valuable resources or capability actually becomes a competitive advantage if the following additional conditions are met:1.The organization is suited to exploitation of the resourceor capability.2.T he firm’s managers are aware of the potential of theresource or capability to lead to a competitive advantageand have taken steps to realize the advantage.Finally, a resource or capability can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage if two additional conditions are met:1.The resource or capabilities are difficult or expensive to imitate.2.No readily available substitutes exist.三、企业的社会责任感的概念以及包含哪些重点内容？(Social responsibility P15上课补充的)Social responsibility:the expectation that businesses or individuals will strive to improve the overall welfare of society.1、Economic responsibility. Such as the obligation to beproductive and profitable and meet the consumer needs of society.2、Legal responsibility.To achieve economic goals withinthe confines of established laws.3、Moral obligations. To abide by unwritten codes, norms,and values implicitly derived from society.4、Discretionary responsibility. Volitional or philanthropicin nature.四、怎么实现低成本战略?How to Realize the Low-costStrategy （Cost leadership P95）Low-cost leadership allows a firm to compete by lowering prices when needed without becoming unprofitable.Firms pursuing a low-cost strategy will typically employ one or more of the following factors to create their low-cost position:1.High capacity utilization.When customer demand is highand the firm’s capacity is full utilized, fixed costs are spread over more units, lowering unit cost.2.Economic of scale. True economies of scale are costadvantages associated with large-sized facilities rather than with increased volume through an existing facility.3.Technological panies making investments incost-saving technologies are often trading an increase in fixed costs for a reduction in variable costs.4.Learning/experience effects.The learning curve effect saysthat the time required to complete a task will decrease as a predictable function of the number of times the task is repeated.Experience effects are the same thing as learning effects but relate to indirect labor as well as direct production labor.五、功能性（职能）战略的概念，发展比较好应具备什么特点？(Functional strategies P137)Functional strategies: Functional strategies are the plans for matching those skills, resources, and capabilities to the business and corporate strategies of the organization.The well-developed Functional strategies should have the following Characters:1.Decisions made within each function will be consistent with each other.2.Decisions made within one function will be consistent with those in other functions.3.Decisions made within functions will be consistent with the strategies of the business.六、改善组织学习质量、提高组织学习数量，控制系统应该具备什么特征?（To enhance the quality of organizational learning ,these control systems should have the following characters ）a) Information generated by the control system should be an important and recurring item to be addressed by the highest levels of management.b) The control process should also be given frequent and regular attention from operating managers at all levels of the organization.c) Data from the system should be interpreted and discussed inface-to-face meeting among superiors and subordinates.d) The success of the control process relies on the continual challenge and debate of underlying data, assumptions, and strategies.小论文：多元化战略，结合实际认识，优缺点，对企业发展的影响。
学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit-1
Genetic engineering
– If the topic is too general, how do you narrow it down to a more manageable topic?
Universe
– Can you suggest some
appropriate topics of each
In which aspect do the two essays share the same idea? Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.
9
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
In which aspect do the two essays differ?
U.S. Dollars. 16 __e_x_p_lo_i_t ___ (开拓) a new market in the city 17 be absorbed in the social _n_e_t_w_o_r_k_in_g_ (社交网络) 18 __i_n_v_o_lv_e___ (涉及) unnecessary extra charges 19 only one __in_s_t_a_n_ce___ (实例) out of many 20 get to know more about the _s_p_e_c_ifi_c_a_ti_o_n (具体的细节) of
Lecture 1 Questions Lecture 2 Questions Lecture 3 Questions
4
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
学术英语课后答案 unit1
学术英语理工教师手册Unit 1 Choosing a TopicI Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit , you will learn how to:1.choose a particular topic for your research2.formulate a research question3.write a working title for your research essay4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1.Deciding on a topicTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay.2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer.3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like:Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men?A New Way to Find Breast TumorsSome Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily LifeBreast Cancer and Its Direct Biological ImpactBreast Cancer—the Symptoms & DiagnosisBreastfeeding and Breast CancerTask 31 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face.2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.3 Text 1 analyzes the ways of computer hackers, while Text 2 describes security problems of a computer.4 Text 1: The way hackers “get inside” a computerText 2: Electronic threats a computer facesYes, I think they are interesting, important, manageable and adequate.Task 41Lecture1:Ten Commandments of Computer EthicsLecture 2:How to Deal with Computer HackersLecture 3:How I Begin to Develop Computer Applications2Answersmay vary.Task 5Answers may vary.2 Formulating a research questionTask 1Text 3Research question 1: How many types of cloud services are there and what are they? Research question 2: What is green computing?Research question 3: What are advantages of the cloud computing?Text 4Research question 1: What is the Web 3.0?Research question 2: What are advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing? Research question 3: What security benefits can the cloud computing provide?Task 22 Topic2: Threats of Artificial IntelligenceResearch questions:1) What are the threats of artificial intelligence?2) How can human beings control those threats?3) What are the difficulties to control those threats?3 Topic3: The Potentials of NanotechnologyResearch questions:1) What are its potentials in medicine?2) What are its potentials in space exploration?3) What are its potentials in communications?4 Topic4: Global Warming and Its EffectsResearch questions:1) How does it affect the pattern of climates?2) How does it affect economic activities?3) How does it affect human behavior?Task 3Answers may vary.3 Writing a working titleTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 Lecture 4 is about the security problems of cloud computing, while Lecture 5 is about the definition and nature of cloud computing, hence it is more elementary than Lecture 4.2 The four all focus on cloud computing. Although Lecture 4 and Text 4 address the same topic, the former is less optimistic while the latter has more confidence in the security of cloud computing. Text3 illustrates the various advantages of cloud computing.3 Lecture 4: Cloud Computing SecurityLecture 5: What Is Cloud Computing?Task 3Answers may vary.4 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
学术英语理工类课后题答案
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。