转喻、提喻、换称的区别

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转喻(metonymy)提喻(synecdoche) 换称(antonomasia)这三种修辞手法都属于关系类修辞,他们的共同之处都是用某一事物的名称指代另一事物的名称。目前国内有关英语修辞的教科书中就常将这三种修辞手法混为一谈,使老师和学生对此模糊不清。其实,如果将这三种修辞手法的定义和用法弄清,就不难区分了。下面就这三种修辞手法的定义、用法以及它们之间的异同做些比较。

1.转喻的定义与用法

用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。

这两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。转喻通常用下列几种方式指代。

(1)根据人名或商品品牌名:

Uncle Sam(山姆大叔)——Americans or the American government(美国人/美国政府)

John Bull(约翰牛)——the English nation or a typical Englishman(英国/地道英国人)

He is reading Shakespeare. 他在读莎士比亚作品

(Shakespeare’s works 用作者指代作品)

He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses.他为了玉邻里攀比而负债。

(Joneses :neighbors 用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”)

We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。

(Ford :a car whose make is Ford 用品牌名指代实物)

(2)根据实物名称

Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人。

(a rich man用“钱”指代“有钱人”)

I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.我住在飞机场附近,日夜可听到过往的飞机声。(the noise made by passing planes用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音”)

(3)根据动植物名称

The big apple(大苹果)——New York city(纽约市)

Russian bear(俄国熊)——Russians or the Russian government(俄国/俄国政府)

British lion(英国狮)——England or the English government(英国/英国政府)

The flower of the nation was sent off to war.该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。

The strong young men

The flower 通常用来指代“精英”“精华”等。在句中,它被用来指代“壮小伙子”。

(4)根据工具名

When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.

Arms writing

战争结束后,他放下武器,从事写作。

The pen is mightier than the sword. 文章胜武力。

Books and writing armed force

(用“笔”指代“文章”,用“剑”指代“武力”)

Only the knife can save him.只有手术能够挽救他。

Operation 用手术刀指代手术

(5)根据职业名

I could not hear the actors. 我听不见演员的台词。

The words of the actors 用演员指代台词

Some students were talking loudly in class that I could not hear the teacher clearly.一些学生在课上大声说话我听不清老师讲课。

用老师指代老师的课

(6)根据装东西的容器或容器里所装的东西

He is too fond of the bottle. 他太喜欢喝酒了。

Wine 用容器“瓶”指代内含物质“酒”

The kettle is boiling水开了

The water in the kettle

用容器“壶”指代内含物质“水”

His purse would not allow him that luxury.他钱包里的钱不允许他那么奢侈。The money in his purse

用钱包指代它里面所装的“钱”

Two beers, please.请来两杯啤酒。

Two glasses of beer. 用内含的物质“啤酒”指代容器“杯”。

(7)根据身体的部位

Brain drain. 人才流失

Talent 用大脑指代人才

But I was not one to let my heart rule my head.我可不是那让感情驾驭理智的人。

Feeling or emotions reason or good sense

用“心”指代“感情”用“头”指代“理智”。

Grey hairs should be respected.老年人应该受到尊敬。

Old people

头发是人体的一部分,七千家乐形容词“灰白的”之后,具有一种象征意义,常用来指代“老年人”。

(8)根据典型实物借代职业

He decided to enter the bar after college.他决定大学毕业后当律师。

The legal profession

The bar 园艺师法庭围栏,现在常用来指代律师职业。

Members of the press weren’t allowed into the combat zone.新闻记者不准进入战斗区域。

Newspaper reporters

The press 愿意是印刷机,现常用来指带新闻记者。

He has been appointed to the bench. 他被委任为法官。

The bench 愿意是法官的席位,现常用来指代法官。

(9)根据制作某东西的材料

He had only a few coppers in his pocket.他口袋里只有几个铜币。

Coins (copper是制作coin的材料)

She was dressed in silks.她身穿丝绸衣服。

Silk 是制作clothes的材料

(10)根据政府、工商企业的所在地以及事物活动的场所

The white house(白宫)——the U.S. government (美国政府)

Wall Street(华尔街——U.S. financial circles (美国金融界)

Capital Hill(国会山)——the U.S. Congress(美国国会)

Hollywood(好莱坞)——American film-making industry (美国电影业) Madison Avenue(麦迪逊大街)——American advertising industry (美国广告业)

Downing Street(唐宁街)——the British government (英国政府)

Fleet Street(舰队街)——the British Press(英国新闻界)

The field was won after two hours of bloody fighting.

The battle 经过两个小时的浴血奋战,战斗取得了胜利。

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