换称、转喻、提喻三种修辞手法的定义、用法以及它们之间的异同比较
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换称、转喻、提喻三种修辞手法的对比换称(antonomasia)、转喻(Metonymy)、提喻(synecdoche)这三种修辞手法都属于关系类修辞,它们的共同之处都是用某一事物的名称指代另一事物的名称,故而常常容易使人混淆。目前国内有关英语修辞的教科书中就常将这三种修辞手法混为一谈,使得老师和学生对此模糊不清。其实,如果将这三种修辞手法的定义和用法弄清,就不难区分它们。下面就这三种修辞手法的定义、用法以及它们之间的异同等作些比较:
一:换称(Antonomasia)的定义与用法:定义:用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓或用专有名词代替普通名词的修辞手法叫做换称。(An antonomasia is a figure of speech that involves the use of an epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun.)
用法:①用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓:
His Majesty(陛下)→a king or the name of the king(国王或国王的姓名)
His Honor(阁下)→a judge or the name of the judge(法官或法官的姓名)
Iron Chancellor(铁血宰相)→Bismarck (俾斯麦)
②用专有名词代替普通名词:
a.源于宗教或神话:
Solomon(所罗门)→a wise man(聪明人)
Judas(犹大)→a traitor(叛徒)
Helen(海伦)→a beautiful woman(美女)
b.源于历史:
Hitler(希特勒)→a tyrant(暴君)
He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿。
9 a great scientist
Milton(弥尔顿)→a poet(诗人)
c.源于文学作品:
二、转喻(Metonymy)的定义与用法:定义:用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。这两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.)
用法:转喻通常用下列几种方式指代:
①根据人名或商品品牌名:
Uncle Sam(山姆大叔)→Americans or the American government(美国人/美国政府)
John Bull(约翰牛)→the English nation or a typical Englishman(英国/地道英国人)
He is reading Shakespeare. 他在读莎士比亚作品。
9 Shakespeare's works (用作者指代作品)
He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses. 他为了与邻里攀比而负债。
9 neighbours
(用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”)
We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。
9 a car whose make is Ford(用品牌名指代实物)
②根据实物名称:
Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人。
9 a rich man (用“钱”指代“有钱人”。)
I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飞机场附近,日夜可以听到过往的飞机声。9 the noise made by passing planes
(用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音”。)
③根据动植物名称:
the big apple(大苹果)→New York city (纽约市)
Russian bear(俄国熊)→Russians or the Russian government(俄国人/俄国政府)
British lion(英国狮)→England or the English government(英国/英国政府)
The flower of the nation was sent off to war. 该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。
9 the strong young men
(the flower通常用来指代“精英”、“精华”等。在句中,它被用来指代“壮小伙子”。)
④根据工具名:
When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.
9 arms 9 writing
战争结束后,他放下武器,从事写作。
The pen is mightier than the sword. 文章
胜武力。
9 books and writing 9 armed force
(用“笔”指代“文章”,用“剑”指代“武力”。)
Only the knife can save him. 只有手术刀能够挽救他。
9 operation(用“手术刀”指代“手术”。)
⑤根据职业名:
I could not hear the actors. 我听不见演员的台词。
9 the words of the actors(用“演员”指代“台词”。)
Some students were talking loudly in class that I could not hear the teacher clearly.
一些学生在课堂上大声说话,我听不清老师的课。the teacher's lecture8
(用“老师”指代“老师的课”。)