提喻和换喻

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. synecdoche

SYLLABICATION: syn·ec·do·che

NOUN: A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).

ETYMOLOGY: Middle English synodoches, from Medieval Latin synodoche, alteration of Latin synecdoch, from Greek sunekdokh, from sunekdekhesthai, to take on a share of : sun-, syn- + ekdekhesthai, to understand ( ek-, out of; see eghs in Appendix I + dekhesthai, to take; see dek- in Appendix I).

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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. metonymy

SYLLABICATION: me·ton·y·my

PRONUNCIATION: m-tn-m

NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. me·ton·y·mies

A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.

ETYMOLOGY: Late Latin metnymia, from Greek metnumi : meta-, meta- + onuma, name; see n-men- in Appendix I.

OTHER FORMS: meto·nymic (mt-nmk) , meto·nymi·cal —ADJECTIVE meto·nymi·cal·ly —ADVERB

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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. metaphor

SYLLABICATION: met·a·phor

PRONUNCIATION: mt-fôr, -fr

NOUN: 1. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in “a sea of troubles” or “All the world's a stage” (Shakespeare). 2. One thing conceived as representing another; a symbol: “Hollywood has always been an irresistible, prefabricated metaphor for the crass, the materialistic,

the shallow, and the craven” (Neal Gabler, New York Times Book Review November 23, 1986). ETYMOLOGY: Middle English methaphor, from Old French metaphore, from Latin metaphora, from Greek, transference, metaphor, from metapherein, to transfer : meta-, meta- + pherein, to carry; see bher-1 in Appendix I.

OTHER FORMS: meta·phoric (-fôrk, -fr-) , meta·phori·cal —ADJECTIVE meta·phori·cal·ly —ADVERB

Synecdoche应该译作提喻或举隅

Metonymy译做转喻换喻

Metaphor译做暗喻隐喻

汉语的借代包含英语的提喻和换喻。

提喻是用事物的一部分代替整体。

换喻是用与某事物有关的另一种事物代替这个事物。

汉语修辞对这两者不加区分，统称为借代。

换喻（metonymy）

换喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系，换喻与比喻（明喻或暗喻）不同，不需要两个事物对比，而是借用伴随或附属与某一事物的另一事物的名称来代替某事物的名称。所谓换喻，说的是一个事物，不过是换一种说法来表现而已。英语词义的扩大除通过暗喻外，还通过换喻的方式实现，如board不只是桌子，后来也指坐在会议桌边的人。

换喻可以使表达多样化、简洁、动人。英诗中常用换喻来避免一般化，使形象具体生动，如用grave表达“死亡”。新闻文字，报刊大标题中也常出现换喻，如用Pentagon（五角大楼）代替美国国防部。

英语中常见的换喻有以下几种：

1. 用一个事物来象征人或另一事物：

From the cradle to grave（从生到死）

2. 用工具或器官来代替本体：

The pen has more influence than the sword.

He has an eye for beauty.

3. 用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西：

They serve Chinese dishes. （中餐）

The whole village came out to welcome the singers. （全村的人）

4. 用制造者的名字代表制成品：

I have never read homer

5. 用地方代替事物：

White House （美国总统）

Kremlin （苏联政府）

汉语中通常把这一修辞格称作旁借，也就是借事物本身所呈现的某一现象（特征或标志等）