考研翻译方法二

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北京外国语大学考研—英语翻译硕士MTI翻译技巧介绍(二)

北京外国语大学考研—英语翻译硕士MTI翻译技巧介绍(二)

北京外国语大学考研—英语翻译硕士MTI翻译技巧介绍(二)㈢语序调整:语序调整就是根据两种语言的不同语序特点对句子成份进行调整安排。

两种语言在时间、地点、逻辑等表述顺序上常常存在一些差异。

英译汉时,为了使译文合乎汉语语法和语言习惯,需要改变语序。

英语很多后置的定语、状语和修饰语,在翻译中的位置变化是英汉翻译中最常见也是最基本的现象。

如:1、定语位置的调整:英语定语就其位置来说,可以分为前置定语和后置定语,而汉语定语一般放在名词之前,放在名词之后的极少,因此,英译汉时需要注意定语位置的调整。

如:The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.屋顶坏了的房子现在已经修好了。

定语从句的翻译涉及到限制行定语从句和非限制性定语从句的译法。

⑴限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用,与先行词关系密切,不用逗号隔开,翻译这类句子可以使用前置法或后置法。

①前置法:把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”定语词组,放在被修饰词之前,从而将复合句译成汉语单句。

如:Anyone who has not attended a large college football game has missed one of the most colorful aspects of American college life.任何一个没有参加过学校足球比赛的人,都会错过大学生活中最为精彩的一面。

②后置法:上述译成前置定语大都是用于限制性定语从句,但一般用于译比较简单的英语定语从句。

如果从句结构复杂,译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。

可以分为两种情况。

一是可以重复英语先行词,译成并列分句。

如:They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese has laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。

翻译经验方法:重复法(2)

翻译经验方法:重复法(2)

英语知识重复法是指在译文中适当地重复原文中出现过的词语,以使意思表达得更加清楚;或者进一步加强语气,突出强调某些内容,收到更好的修辞效果。

一般而言,英语往往为了行文简洁而尽量避免重复。

所以,英语经常借助替代、省略或变换等其他表达方法。

相反,重复却是汉语表达的一个显著特点。

在许多场合某些词语不仅需要重复,而且也只有重复这些词语,语义才能明确,表达才能生动。

为了达到汉语译文准确、通顺和完整的翻译标准,在考研英语翻译中,常常需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。

接下来,天译时代北京翻译公司整理了一些重复法的一些例句,希望对学员有所帮助。

二、重复动词(一)英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语,在译文中往往要重复这个动词。

Is he a friend or an enemy? 他是个朋友呢,还是个敌人?You can do that work very well if you care to. 如果你肯做那项工作,你就能做得更很好。

(二)英语句子中动词后有介词时,在第二次或者第三次往往只用介词而省略动词,在汉语译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。

We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other—of everything. 我们谈到自己,谈到前途,谈到旅程,谈到天气,谈到彼此的情况——谈到所有的一切事情。

有时候,在英语中连动词后面的介词也省略了,但译文中仍可以重复动词。

They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American. 他们想要确定,他是否履行了受雇条件,是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。

三、重复代词(一)英语代词的使用非常频繁,汉语中除非必要,一般不宜多用代词。

第二章 翻译技巧:词法翻译法

第二章 翻译技巧:词法翻译法

一、词的选择和意义引申考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略一、理解应以原文,拆分语法结构二、改变原文顺序,组合汉语译文词义选择和词义引申词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。

1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中,school 是“学派”的意思,而不是“学校”的意思;2.在1996年74)题elegant system 中,elegent是“完美,完善”的意思,而不是“优雅”的意思;3.在2001年75)题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中,smart 是“智能化”的意思,而不是“聪明”的意思;4.在2003年75)题like the concept of set in mathematics 中,set 是“集,集合”,而不是“一套,放置”等意思;5.在2004年62)题we are obliged to them 中,obliged是“感谢,感激”,而不是“被迫”的意思。

词义的选择例1.I’ll see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。

例2. India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。

例3.He’s at home with the classics.他精通古典文学。

例4.New homes are for sale.新房出售。

例5.She’s at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。

例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。

例7.Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。

例8.He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。

考研英语翻译方法大全(二)

考研英语翻译方法大全(二)

词类转换详解在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能用一个萝卜一个坑的方法来逐词对译。

原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类,才能使汉语译文通顺自然。

一、转译成动词1.名词转换成动词Interest in historical methods has arisen,less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselevs.分析:interest在原文中是名词,而在译文中为了符合中文的表达方式,在不改变意思的前提下,将它改成动词。

参考译文:人们之所以关注历史研究的方法,主要是因为史学家们内部分歧过大,其次才是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。

2.形容词转换成动词Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosi on problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively e asy nowadays by modern means of transport.参考译文:由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所造成的种种问题也会增加社会压力。

3.副词转换成动词She opened the window to let fresh air in.参考译文:她把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。

4.介词转换成动词Many laboratories are developing medicines against AIDS.参考译文:许多实验室正在研制治疗艾滋病的药物。

考研英语翻译(第二讲)

考研英语翻译(第二讲)

考研翻译完形高分策略
1.2.1.1动词与宾语被分隔
By contrast, they saw
主语they 和谓语 saw 介词短语作时间状 语
由when引导的定语 从句修饰preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750
in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,
3. 如果是介词短语,又分两种情况。如(brought..to)充当补足语; 另种情况介词和动词不是搭配,此时介词短语充当状语。
考研翻译完形高分策略
1.2.1.1动词与宾语被分隔
8. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
在我们的文化中,人们一般认为男同性恋者都较为女性 化,这一点引起了人们的质疑。
考研翻译完形高分策略
1.2.1.1动词与宾语被分隔
7. Widely adknowledged as a great and improtant playwright, Eugene O’neil brought to the United States stage what was probably its first really serious drama. Widely adknowledged as a great and 分词作状语 improtant playwright, Eugene O’neil brought 谓语brought 后面没有直 接带宾语

考研英语二翻译题技巧

考研英语二翻译题技巧

考研英语二翻译题技巧考研英语二翻译题技巧英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言,语法结构和逻辑思维习惯都不太一样,同学们需要分析句子的语法和逻辑结构。

找到句子主干和修饰语,弄清修饰语与主干是什么修饰关系。

最后,根据单词和逻辑关系,重新组合成汉语译文。

接下来告诉你英语二翻译题技巧。

一.增译法指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。

总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。

二.省译法这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。

增译法的例句反之即可。

三.转换法指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。

具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。

在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。

2023考研英语翻译题做题技巧?

2023考研英语翻译题做题技巧?

2023考研英语翻译题做题技巧?2023考研英语翻译题做题技巧?一、理解英语原文,拆分语法构造由于英语语言具有“形合”的特点,也就是说,英语句子无论多么复杂,都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的“像葡萄藤一样”的构造。

假如搞不清楚句子的语法构造,考生是很难做出正确的翻译的。

因此在翻译句子之前,须先通读全句,一边读一边拆分句子的语法构造,这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。

但是考英语一的同学们要注意,英语一翻译题没有要通读全文,一般只读需要翻译的句子就可以。

那么怎么拆分呢?详细来讲,大家可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进展拆分,进而更加有效地理解英语原文。

1.根本原那么:把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干局部和修饰局部拆分出来。

2.连词:如and,or,but,yet,for等并列连词连接着并列句还有连接状语从句的连接词,如:when,as,since,until,before,after,where,because,since,thought,although,sothat,......等等,它们是考生要寻找的第一大拆分点。

3.关系词:如连接名词性从句的who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever等关系代词和when,where,how,why 等关系副词还有连接定语从句的关系代词,如who,which,that,whom,whose等等,它们是第二大拆分点。

4.标点符号:标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰局部,也是一个明显的拆分点。

5.除此之外,介词on,in,with,at,of,to等引导的介词短语,不定式符号to,分词构造也可以作为拆分点。

二、运用翻译策略,组合汉语译文正确理解原文后,接下来就是翻译。

翻译时,关键是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意忠实地表达出来。

主要有如下翻译技巧。

1.词汇的增减转由于英汉两种语言的差异,在英文看上去比拟正常的句子,译成汉语时,假如不或增或减一些词可能无法把英文的原意表达出来,这样就需要适当地运用添减词法。

考研英语-翻译方法

考研英语-翻译方法

考研英语翻译LECTURE 2翻译方法课堂练习Exercise 1From early in her studies of parent-child interaction, Haight observed that many parents play an intentional role in encouraging their kids to pretend, and obviously see that role as important.(1)“I was struck by the extent to which caregivers were pretending with their very young children, even before the children were displaying independent pretend play,” she said.In one study with a group of middle-class, white Americans, “the very consistent finding was that parents viewed pretending as important to their children's development, viewed it as an enjoyable activity, and thought that their role was significant in helping their children learn how to pretend.”Through subsequent research, Haight concluded that these parents might be on to something.(2)“We’ve found that, in fact, when children pretended with their caregivers, it was more complex, more elaborated, and also more extended than when they pretended by themselves,” she said. “And they used the ideas that the parents initiated in their subsequent pretending.”A child playing by himself, for instance, might sit behind a toy steering wheel and simply turn the wheel and make engine noises. A parent joining in can take the child on a pretend trip, teaching along the way.(3)Among the things that parents begin to communicate very early through pretending, whether consciously or unconsciously, is their culture, Haight noted — her observations based on a study involving both Chinese (in Taiwan) and white, middle-class Americans. For the Americans, she found, pretend play was often child-centered and revolved around a toy or object. The Chinese parents more often than not initiated the play and used it to teach social customs or routines, like how to greet a guest or teacher.(4)“It’s fascinating to see how deeply ingrained cultural beliefs get incorporated into pretend play —it’s one of many everyday practices through which children get socialized into their culture,” Haight said. (5)The long-dominant thinking, that most pretending starts with the child, would predict that pretend play would look pretty much the same wherever, regardless of the context —but we’re saying that doesn’t appear to be the case.How individual parents pretend with their kids also depends a lot on how they see their parental role, Haight said. For most fathers, their participation in pretend play seems “very related to how much they enjoy it,” she said. For most mothers, it seems related to “how important they feel it is to children’s development.”Exercise 2So far we know most of the matter in the Universe is in the form of stars. (1)The majority of stars, including our Sun, are clouds of gas which are maintained at a high temperature by the energy liberated by thermonuclear reactions in their centres. Most of our knowledge of stars and how they evolve comes from the study of the visible light they emit. (2)The birth of stars, however, cannot be followed by an optical telescope, since it takes place in regions of space from which light cannot escape. To study this process, therefore, astronomers have to make use of telescopesoperating at other wavelengths. The recent technical developments in radio, millimeter-wave and infrared astronomy have turned the study of star-formation into of the most exciting areas of astronomy.The birth of a star is a rare, slow event, all but a very few of the stars visible to the naked eye have existed longer than mankind. We must therefore first consider the evidence that new stars are now being formed at all.The energy which a normal, so-called main-sequence star radiates into space is generated by the conversion of hydrogen to helium. If we compare the mass of hydrogen “fuel”in a main-sequence star with the rate at which energy is being emitted we can estimate its potential lifetime. (3)It is found that the main sequence lifetime of a star depends strongly on its mass, low mass stars are small, cool and long-lived, while high mass stars are large, hot and short-lived. Our sun is now half-way through its total main sequence lifetime of 1010 years, but a star with a mass thirty times greater than the Sun would live for only a few million years. (4)The fact that such bright stars are seen to exist now implies that star formation must have taken place over the past few million years; since our Galaxy is some ten thousand million years old it is therefore reasonable to assume that somewhere in the galaxy the same process is taking place even now. Moreover, the fact that these hot bright stars are almost always found in the vicinity of interstellar gas clouds leads us to conclude that it is out of such clouds that new stars condense.The evolution of a cloud of interstellar gas depends on a balance between internal gravitational forces tending to make it contract, and thermal pressure tending to make it expand, James Jeans, in 1926, first showed that a cloud of a given temperature and density can collapse only if its mass is greater than a certain minimum value. However, later theoretical work showed that once the collapse process has started and the density has risen significantly, fragmentation into progressively smaller cloudlets (protostars) is possible. These cloudlets eventually collapse to form individual stars. (5)The theory of gravitational condensation therefore predicts, in agreement with observation, that new stars form in clusters containing hundreds of thousands of stars rather than as isolated entitles.课堂讲评Exercise 1【语篇分析】本文是一篇信息传播型文章,介绍了海特对家长参与孩子过家家所进行的相关研究及发现。

考研英语翻译2

考研英语翻译2

2.主观臆断 2.主观臆断
字迹难以recognize NO.1 字迹难以recognize 句子通顺度, NO.2 句子通顺度,读起来像不像人话
特点介绍 a.主观性试题 b.长难句 c.关于时间 d.考频统计
• 2002~2011年知识点考察频率总结 年知识点考察频率总结: 年知识点考察频率总结 • 复合句 92% ;简单句 8%; • 从句:形容词性从句 48.21% ; 状语从句 21.43% 宾语从句 16.07% ; 同位语从句 7.14%; 主语从句 3.57%; 表语从句 3.57%;
• e. 文章来源
2011
2010
2009
解题思路
• 看全文 看全文v.s.不看全文 不看全文 • 句 -词 -句

英文): 句(英文 : 英文 基本句子结构 第一类:简单句--主+谓+(宾) 第二类:并列句--简单句+并列连词+简单 句
• 表同等关系: (A and B) • 表转折关系: (A but/yet/while/however B) • 表因果关系: (A so B, B for A) • 选择或条件: (A or B) • 其他形式的常见并列句 Not only A, but also B.
具体结构:
(06-1-P11)I shall define him <as an individual // (who has elected <as his primary duty and pleasure in life> //the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉 底) way about moral problems)>. 注:elect A as B elect as B A

考研英语翻译核心技巧

考研英语翻译核心技巧
在和一些科学家,特别是年轻的 科学家交谈时,你或许会得出这 样的印象:他们认为“科学的方 法”可以取代想象思维。
第一节 词类活译法
二、动词转译成名词
这些词需要转译成名词
characterize symbolize serve design
They signed an agreement that served to warm up their relations.
译文:截止到战争结束,这个组 织拯救了大约1000名儿童。
二、保留被动形式
(一):可译为“被”“给”
Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, everyone respects him.
译文:虽然哈姆雷特被剥夺了王 位,但是大家照样尊敬他。
英语翻译方法汇总
第一节 词类活译法 第二节 代词归位法 第三节 重心转移法 第四节 长句的译法 第五节 语态转换法 第六节 状语从句的译法 第七节 定语从句的译法 第八节 名词性从句的译法
第一节 词类活译法
一、名词转译成动词
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression (that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought).
Economically speaking, it promotes transnational investment and international trade, thereby integrating all countries into a single giant world market.

名师指导:2021年考研英语翻译技巧汇总

名师指导:2021年考研英语翻译技巧汇总

名师指导:2021年考研英语翻译技巧汇总名师指导:考研英语翻译技巧之词性转换一、转译成动词例如:I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.译文:你决定战胜复习考试中的困难,这一点我很羡慕。

(一)名词转译成动词1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词。

Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.在中国,人们非常注重讲礼貌。

2.含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。

A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.仔细研究原文,你会翻译得更好。

The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。

3.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词, He is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。

Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.那些小工厂还在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。

4.有些短语中作为中心主体词的名词往往可转译成动词,如To have a rest 和To have a good look at 里的rest 和look.You must be tired. Why don’t you take a rest?你一定很累了,为什么不休息一会呢?The car braked sharply, coming to rest on the edge of the cliff.汽车猛的刹住,停在悬崖边上。

考研英语翻译答题技巧

考研英语翻译答题技巧

考研英语翻译答题技巧1. 重译法(Repetition)在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。

重译法有如下三大作用:一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。

We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nationsof Asia and Africa.译文:我们倡导和平共处的原则,这项原则在广大亚非国家越来越受欢迎。

英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语时可以保持同样的词的重复。

Work while you work, play while you play.译文:该工作时就工作,该玩时就玩。

Blood must atone for blood.译文:血债要用血来还。

Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycle.译文:一年又一年,一个世纪又一个世纪,月亮盈亏变化,周而复始。

此外,英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复,译成汉语时对仗句可以保持同样的重复。

Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.以眼还眼,以牙还牙。

Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见,心不烦。

英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语时有时可以用同义词重复之。

No pains, no gains.译文:不劳无获。

2. 增译法(Amplification)为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语。

A new kind aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless -is attracting increasing attention.译文:一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积不大,价钱便宜,无人驾驶。

考研英语翻译技巧讲解

考研英语翻译技巧讲解
郁郁葱葱、树种繁多的原始森林是一座从缅因一直 2、插入语 3、状语 4、并列句 5、关系词(状语从句) 6、其他
后置定语
可以充当后置定语的结构有: (1)形容词短语 A book useful for the future 对将来有用的书 (2)现在分词短语 A leaf floating in the wind 飘在风中的一片叶子 (3)过去分词短语 The meeting held last month 上个月举办的会议 (4)动词不定式短语 A way to solve the problem 解决问题的一个方式 (5)介词短语 An apple on the table 桌子上的一个苹果
美国是两股主要力量的产物——一是具有不同思想、 风俗和民族特点的欧洲各民族的迁入,二是一个新 国家因改变了这些特性而产生的影响。
并列句的省略
1、省略了连词 2、由于会造成重复,省略了并列的句子中的某些
成分
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.
插入语
Tourism, frankly, may promote the mutual understanding among nations.
坦率地说,旅游可以促进国家间的相互了解。
Environment, what is important, has a far-reaching influence on one’s personality.
据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大是不可避 免的,在加利福尼亚是可以选择的。
完整的句子——It is said that in England death is pressing; in Canada death is inevitable; in California death is optional.

2023考研英语:长句被动语态的翻译方法 (2)

2023考研英语:长句被动语态的翻译方法 (2)

2023考研英语:长句被动语态的翻译方法1500字被动语态在英语中是十分常见的一种句子结构。

在2023考研英语中,长句被动语态的翻译方法是考生需要掌握的重要技巧之一。

本文将介绍长句被动语态的翻译方法,并提供一些实用的技巧和例句供考生参考。

一、长句被动语态的翻译方法长句的被动语态翻译方法可以概括为以下几点:1. 理解动词的被动意义:被动语态中,动作的承受者成为句子的主语,而动作的执行者则成为句子的宾语。

因此,在翻译过程中,需要明确理解动词的被动意义,将动作的承受者作为主语进行翻译。

2. 确定被动结构:被动语态的主要特征是助动词“be”加上动词的过去分词形式。

因此,翻译中需要确定被动结构,并将助动词“be”翻译为相应的形式(如am,is,are,was,were等)。

3. 倒装结构的正确运用:当被动句的主语是长句且含有多个成分时,为了保持句子的平衡和流畅性,常常需要使用倒装结构。

在翻译过程中,需要注意倒装结构的正确运用,保持句子的语序一致。

4. 知识点的灵活运用:在翻译过程中,灵活运用各种语法、词汇和语义知识是非常重要的。

考生可以运用动词的时态、人称和语态等知识点,以及词汇的同义替换和语义的转换等方法,使译文更加准确、流畅。

二、实用技巧和例句下面将介绍一些实用的技巧和例句,帮助考生更好地掌握长句被动语态的翻译方法。

1. 知识点的灵活运用:例如,原句为:“The bridge was built last year.”(这座桥是去年修建的。

)翻译时可以运用词汇的同义替换,将“built”替换为“constructed”,并利用时态的变化,将“was”翻译为“被”,得到译文:“The bridge was constructed last year.”(这座桥是去年修建的。

)2. 倒装结构的运用:例如,原句为:“The results of the experiment have been summarized in the following table.”(实验结果已总结于下表中。

考研英语翻译方法讲义

考研英语翻译方法讲义

第一次课·定语从句翻译1、限制性定语从句强调的是从句,在翻译时可译为“········的”,而非限定性定语从句强调的是主句,因此按主句翻译,插入语可以先忽略。

2、划分意群:即把句子划分成几个板块,分别翻译再进行整合。

划分主句,找出主句的主语谓语宾语根据关系词划分相关从句:which/that/who/where/when/why/whose根据作为修饰语成分的各种插入语划分句子:状语从句(with、on、in、at、of、to)根据作为修饰语成分的分词划分句子:过去分词、现在分词根据连词划分句子:and、but、or、yet、for、when、as、since、until、before、after、where、because、though、although、so that根据标点符号划分句子:分号、冒号、逗号3、汉英不同原则英语定语多在后,汉语定语多在前英语多代词,汉语多名词,翻译时把代词还原成名词英语多被动,汉语多主动,翻译时把英语中的被动转化成汉语中主动的口吻英语状语多在后,汉语状语多在前英语复数名词译成汉语后要加上量词4、代词的处理方式代词可省去不译、直接翻译代词、重复代词所指的对象,明确译出代词所指的名词5、前置法:译为“········的”,放在被修饰的名词的前面,适用于限定性定语从句。

6、拆句法:当定语从句太长,可将定语从句单独翻译,按顺序翻译,适用于非限定性定语从句。

注意:可以省略先行词也可以重复先行词,尤其在先行词复杂的情况下用代词指代先行词。

第二次课·其他句型一、倒装句可以先还原成正常的语序再进行翻译二、宾语从句1、以that、what、how、when、which、why、whether和if 为引导词的宾语从句按照顺序直接翻译。

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二、被动语态译法英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,尤其是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态,因此,掌握被动语态的翻译方法,对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的,因为在硕士研究生入学考试中,英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。

在汉语中,也有被动语态,通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来,但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围,因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。

对于英语原文的被动结构,我们一般采取下列的方法:1.翻译成汉语的主动句。

英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。

(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。

在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。

例如:例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它问题将简单地加以讨论。

例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。

例3. Nuclear power\'s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词- 辐射来概括。

(2)将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。

例如:例1. It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人会指出,无线电广播同样也能做到这一点,但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。

例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)人们常说,电视使人了解时事,熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化,并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。

例3. It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人们普遍认为,孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。

另外,下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is asserted that …有人主张……It is believed that …有人认为……It is generally considered that …大家(一般人)认为It is well known that …大家知道(众所周知)……It will be said …有人会说……It was told that …有人曾经说……(3)将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语,在此情况下,英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。

例如:例1. A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。

例2. By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200Belgian and French lives.大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

例3. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题)许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。

(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。

例如:例1. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.应该尽最大努力告? nbsp|年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。

(82年考题)例2. By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。

例4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。

例5. New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….必须找到新的能源,这需要时间……(91年考题)另外,下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is hoped that …希望……It is reported that …据报道……It is said that …据说……It is supposed that …据推测……It may be said without fear of exaggeration that …可以毫不夸张地说……It must be admitted that …必须承认……It must be pointed out that …必须指出……It will be seen from this that …由此可见……(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。

例如:例1. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。

例2. On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (92年考题)总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。

)2.译成汉语的被动语态。

英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。

常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。

例如:例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。

例2. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。

例3. Natural light or “white”light is actually made up of many colours.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。

例4. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。

例5. They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。

它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。

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