罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第7章 18世纪(1688～1798)【圣才出品】

第7章18世纪(1688～1798)

7.1 复习笔记

Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）

With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life，some special features are worthy of our notice:

随着市民阶层文化生活的提升，以下几点值得我们的注意：

(1) Political writings（政治写作）

The rise of the political parties and their rivalry called forth writers，literary men willing to work for either party in order to help either of them win more votes.

政党的崛起，他们的竞争对手召集作家进行创作，而作家们一般都愿意帮助其中任何一派来替他们拉选票。

(2) Newspapers and journals（报纸和期刊）

With the coming of the 18th century a new mass media came into being. Both parties printed newspapers as a means to express their views. Besides, the rise of the middle class also helped the growth of the newspapers.

随着18世纪的到来，一种新的媒介开始形成。双方政党都印刷报纸作为宣传他们主张的媒介。此外，正在上升的中产阶级也推动了报业的发展。

(3) Coffeehouses（咖啡屋）

In the latter half of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the coffeehouses in London served as informal meeting houses for men of all classes,

where they could exchange their opinions and do business.

17世纪后半叶和整个18世纪，伦敦的咖啡屋都被当成是各个阶级的非正式会议室，他们可以在那儿交流意见、业务往来。

(4) The new morality（新道德）

The balance of power, in spite of the fact that the Whigs held sway for forty years, was so even that it was an age of moderation, tolerance, and common sense. This was to a great extent due to the development of science and philosophy of the time.

权力制衡，尽管辉格党的政权40年来飘摇不定，但这仍旧是一个温和的，宽容的、合情合理的社会。这归功于当时科学和哲学的发展。

(5) Science and technology（科学技术）

In order to understand why reason came to be predominant in the 18th century, it is important to know something about Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke.

为什么18世纪是理性主宰的世纪？我们有必要知道一些牛顿的科学发现和约翰·洛克的哲学。

(6) The French influence（法国的影响）

Classicism as a trend first originated in France when France was the leading power of the western world. They propounded that dramatists should follow the rules set down by Roman writers. They believed that those Roman writers had established the perfect art and rules of art for future generations to follow. Those rules could best be learned from close study of their works and by careful imitation

of them.

古典主义潮流始于法国（路易十四统治时期），当时法国是西方世界的主导力量。他们提出剧作家应该遵循古罗马作家的写作规则。他们认为古罗马作家已经建立起了完美的艺术和艺术规则，并且为后世的创作提供了标准。最好要通过细致地研究他们的作品和仔细地模仿学习来学习这些规则。

Ⅱ. The Characteristics of Neo-classicism（新古典主义的特点）

(1) emphasis on reason rather than emotion

重视理性而非主观情感

(2) didactic and satirical

说教和讽刺意味

(3) closed couplet the only possible verse form

联句是唯一可能的形式

(4) catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities

迎合大城市“社交界”的兴趣

(5) totally different from romanticism

与浪漫主义截然不同

Ⅲ. Main Writers（主要作家）

(1) Daniel Defoe (1661～1731)（丹尼尔·笛福）

①His Life（生平简介）

Daniel Defoe was born in a lower middle class family. His father was a butcher