英语听力、口译笔记符号

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口译笔记速记符号汇总及简写规则

口译笔记速记符号汇总简写规则目录[1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations[2].关于缩略词[3].关于字母和图像[4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology department UK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budget ind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples: bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples: decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting,initialscan be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <---> resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

口译中笔记法重点符号汇总

口译笔记速记符号归总缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。

缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表acc = account, accountantacdg = accordingacpt = acceptad = advertisementadm = administrationads = addressadv = adviceagr = agricultureagt = agentalt = altitudea.m. = ante meridiem = before noon AMAP = as much as possibleamb = ambassadoramt = amountanal = analysisanc = ancientanon = anonymousans = answerapp = appendixApr = Aprilapt = apartmentarch = architecturearr = arrive; arrivalASAP = as soon as possibleass = assistant; associationat = atmosphere; atomicatt = attorney; attentionAug = Augustaux = auxiliaryav = averageave = avenuea.w.l. = absent with leave (准假)a.w.o.l. = absent without official leave (无故缺席) B.A. = Bachelor of Artsbal = balanceB.C. = before Christbd = boardbdl = bundlebk = bank; bookbkts = basketsB/L = bill of lading (提单)BLDG = buildingbp = birthplacebr = branch; brotherB.S. = Bachelor of Sciencebu = bureauC = capacity; century; chapter; centigrade; cost; city; center cal = calendar; caliber; caloriescap = capital; captaincat = catalogcc = carbon copy (复印件；抄送)CEO = chief executive officercert = certificateCFM = confirmcncl = cancelcp. = comparecit = citizenciv = civil; civilizationclk = clerkcml = commercialco. = companyc/o = care of(转交)col = college; colorcom = commentary; common; communication; community comm = commissioncomp = complete; computer; competition con = conclusion; againstcond = conditioncont. = continent; continuedcorp = corporationcust = customer; custom; customsDec = Decemberdec = deceased; declarationdef = defender; defensedeg = degreedep = depositDEPT = departmentdisc = discountdist = distance; distinguishdiv = divide; divorceddo. = ditto (同上）dorm = dormitorydpt = departuredz = dozene = east; earth; engineeringecon = economics; economyed. = education; editore.g. = exempli gratia = for example encl. = enclosed; enclosureesp. = especiallyetc. = et cetera = and so onex. = example; exception; extraexp. = exportexpln = explainext = extend; extensionFAX = facsimileFeb. = Februaryfem = female; feminineff. = followingfig = figuresfin = finance; financialfl = fluidFLT = flightFOB = free on board (船上交货；离岸价格) for = foreign; forestryfp = freezing pointfr = frequentFri. = Fridayfrt = freight (货物；货运)ft = foot; feet (脚；英寸)fut = futureFYR = for your reference (仅供参考)g = gold; grain; guide; gender; gravity G.A. = General Assembly (联合国大会) gen. = generallygent = gentleman; gentlemengm = gram; general managergov = governmentgs = general secretary (秘书长)h = harbor; hundred; husband; hydrogen hd = head (头部；首脑)hf = halfHon = honorable; honoraryH.Q. = headquartershr = hourht = heighthypoth = hypothesis; hypotheticali.a. = in absence; absentib. = ibidem = in the same placeID = identity; identity cardi.e. = id est = that isimp = import; imperialIMPS = impossibleIMPT = importantin. = inch; inchesind = industrial; independentindiv = individualinfo = informationins = insuranceinst. = instant; instituteint. = interior; interest (兴趣；利息)I/O = instead ofIOU = I owe you (借据)I.Q. = intelligence quotientIVO = in view of (鉴于，考虑到)is. = islandJ = judge; justicejour = journal; journalistjr. = junior (大学三年级学生; 年少的; 初级的)kg = kilogram (千克；公斤)km = kilometer (公里)lat. = latitudelb. = pounds (磅；英镑)L/C = letter of credit (信用证)leg = legallib = library; librarianliq = liquidlit = literaturelong. = longitudeM.A. = Master of Artsmach = machinerymag = magazineman. = manual; manufactureMar = Marchmath = mathematicsMDL = model (型号；模特)Mdm = Madammed. = medicine; medicalmem = member; memoir (回忆录) memo = memorandum (备忘录)mid = middlemin = minute; minimummkt. = marketmod = moderate; modernMon. = Mondaymph = mile per hour (每小时英里数; 车速) Mr. = MisterMrs. = MistressMS = manuscripts (手稿)msg = messageMt = Mount; mountainmus = music; museumn = north; noon; name; normalnat = national; native; naturaln.d. = no date (无日期)NLT = not later than (不迟于)No. = numberNov. = Novembernr = nearobj = object; objectiveobs = obsolete (过时的); observeobt = obtainOct. = Octoberoff. = office; officialop. = opera; operation; oppositeord = ordinaryorg = organizationorig = originaloz. = ounce (盎司)p. = page; power; pressurepara = paragraphpart = particular; partnerpass = passive; passengerPAT = patentpayt = paymentpc = piece; personal computerpd. = paid (钱款)已付perf = perform; performancePh.D. = Doctor of Philosophypk = park; peak (备注：pk这个符号大家可以根据时髦的用语来灵活拓展其含义) pkg = packagePLS = pleasep.m. = post meridiem = [w]afternoon POB = post-office boxpop = popular; populationpr. = pair; preferredprec = precedingprim = primary; primitiveprin. = principlepro = productProf. = professorpub. = public; publishqr. = quarterqt. = quantityqua = qualityr. = radius; railroad; retiredrcd = receivedrcpt = receiptRd = roadre = about (关于)reg = register; regionrep = representativerev = revise; reverse; revenuerm. = roomrpt = report; repeatSat. = Saturdaysch = schoolsci = sciencesec = second; section; sectorsig. = signal; signaturesitn = situationsp. = species (物种); specimen (标本) sq. = squareSTD = standardSun. = Sundaysurg = surgery; surgeontech = technologytel. = telephonetemp = temporary; temperature Thur. = ThursdayTKS = thankstrans = transaction; translationtrf = trafficTu. = TuesdayT.U. = Trade Union (英)工会ult = ultimateUN = United Nationsuniv = universityup = upperusu. = usuallyvil = villageV.P. = Vice Presidentvs. = versusv.v. = vice versa (反之亦然)wel = welcome; welfareXL = extra large (特大号)二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

口译笔记常用符号

口译笔记常用符号4.3.2 口译笔记常用符号在学会了对原语进行逻辑和思维路线再现之后，用适当的符号替换逻辑或者思维再现图中的部分文字，实际上就是口译笔记了，当然在真实的口译实践中，笔记还可以更进一步地简化。

相当多的口译初学者觉得口译员使用的符号很神秘，看起来像天书一样，进而“神话”口译员的工作。

其实口译员使用的符号主要来自于原语、译入语，小部分借用了速记符号。

现在我们看看口译员常用的符号来源：4.3.2.1 汉字、汉字偏旁部首、古汉语、简化汉字、拼音大university, adult, generous, open-minded, large-size…中middle school, medium-sized, intermediate, in the middle of, neutral,…小primary (elementary), kid, children, mea n, petty,…凝聚ningju或者nju饕餮taotie或者ttie“戈”可以用来代替“武器”偏旁部首举例：简化汉字举例：4.3.2.2 英语、英语字母英语单词的缩写规律：保留单词的辅音，去除元音，当然首字母是元音必须保留。

一般保留三至五个辅音就可以帮助回忆整个单词，例如：impoverishment: impvrdebility: dbltrejuvenate: rjvndepartment: dptstandard: stdreference: rfr口译学习者还需要记住常用国际组织、专用名词、国家名及其首都名的缩写，例如：UN, UNESCO, NATO, APEC, OPEC, …Intellectual property protection: IPPNK, SK, CN, US, UK…口译学习者还可以自己开动脑筋，充分发挥自己的创造性和想象力，开发出简介实用的笔记符号，下面以英文大写字母为例，看看如何创造性地在笔记中使用这些大写字母：A: first, top, excellent, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable, unusualE: eyesight, economy, economic, economical, electronic, East F: failure, false, wrong, not true, full, flagG: government, GodH: health, help, support, connect, bridge, cross, HourI: I / we, my (our) party, eyeL: long, lengthen, prolongM: money, mail, mother, mountain, movement, McDonald, man, May, Member (ship), mm…N: nose, nation, name, nothing, no, negation, deny, need, necessary, NorthO: zero, circle, old, orange, our, one, empty, world, all, success, completeP: pm, peace, park, pay, politics, people, perfect, president, prime minister, head, flagshipQ: quality, quantity, quarter, question, cute, balloon, head, suspect, doubt, unknown, difficultyR: respect, representative, request, about, relations, returnS: smile, snake, turns and twists, society, social, silence, curve, slimT: time, tea, cross-disciplinary, compound, T-shirt, T-stage, disagreement, dispute, disapprovalU: you (your party), pitfall, trap, recycle, cycle, return, valley V: victory, triumph, vs, valley, bottom, tipW: west, western, wave, fluctuate, ups and downsX: X-ray, XL, wrong, negation, cross, times, execute, killY: why, year, yes, approve, agree, young, deviate, tree, servant Z: zero, zoo, last, zigzag, turns and twists, dream, sleep (comic strip)从以上例子可以看出，我们可以从拼写、发音以及字母的结构等方面来进行联想，在笔记中创造性地使用这些符号。

口译笔记速记符号归总2

口译笔记速记符号归总2下面举例说明听力笔记的一些技巧：1、不要大量记录文字（汉字、单词）——而要使用符号来表示意思（缩写、图形）Eg：“powerful country”记作“强口”，“我同意”记作“I√ ”；“观点，看法一致”记作“⊙ same”，“economic development”记作“经↑”↑表示“上升、快速上升、快速发展、快速上涨等”↓表示“下降、减少、急剧下降、急速下跌等”；↗表示“缓慢上升，缓慢发展、缓慢上涨等”；←表示“返回，倒退等”;→表示“达到，至，导致，前进等”；+表示“加，增加，此外，另外，又加之”；—表示“减少，减”；＞表示“多于，大于，强于”；＜表示“少于，小于，不如”；∵表示“因为，由于”；∴表示“所以，因此”；=表示“等于，相同，与……相同”。

t表示thousand;m表示million;b表示 billion;1st表示first。

2、不要横着写：——而要竖着写，竖起来记有利于保持活意思意思以及数量等信息之间的逻辑界限。

3、逻辑关系要清楚明了——不要记流水帐。

以上是一些通行的的原则。

通行的原则存在，通行的方式却不存在，这是因为每个人的对记录符号的使用可能是多样的，同一事物不同的人可能会使用不同的符号，同一符号在不同的人意识中肯能代表不同的意思。

口译速记技巧口译考试之所以难，在于其长度和规定的限时。

估计很多参加过第二阶段口译考试的考生都有这样的经历，听的时候大意可以听懂，但是由于听时未作任何速记，关键词汇，逻辑关系在听后无法正确归纳，导致最后只能译出第一句或最后一句，而中间部分则完全忽略或遗忘。

真是如此，你是不可能通过口译考试的。

因此，自己在平日练习时一定要把速记归入计划之内。

总体上来说，速记符号主要有以下几类 :A。

保留大写字母或第一音节经济： E 教育： Edu 文化： C 政治： P 科技： ST 卫生： H旅游： T 环境： En 工业： I 农业： AB．简写缩略AFAC ： as far as … is concerned( 就 …… 而言 )LFT ： look forward to ( 期待 )ASAP ： as soon as possible( 尽快 )C．图象⊕ 高兴，同意，满意等，如： happy ， pleased ， satisfied ， agree…◎ 悲伤，生气，不满，不同意等，如：sad ， angry ， irritated ， unsatisfied ， sorrowful ， discomfort ， disagree… ⊙ 会议，如 conference ， meeting ， seminar ， symposium…□ 国家，地区，如：中国：□ C ，俄国：□ RD．符号﹢高兴，男性，同意，增加等，如happy ， male ， agree ， many ， +2=more ， +3=most ， beneficial ， good ， beautiful ， great ， gorgeous…－悲伤，女性，不同意，减少等，如sad ， female ， disagree ， little ， few ， -2=less ， -3=least ， lack of ，short of…√同意，正确等，如： agree ， correct ， right…×不同意，错误等，如： disagree ， incorrect…↑增长，进步等，如： increase ， soar ， mushroom ， rocket ， make progress… ↓下降，退步，恶化等，如 decrease ， sink ， slide ， subside ， plump ， plunge ，drop ， degrade ，deteriorate…＞多于，超过，比 …… 低一级等，如： more than ， greater than ， begger than ，better than ， superior to ， surpass ， transcend ， overtake…＜少于，比 …… 低级等，如： less than ， lower than ， smaller than ， inferior to…～大约，如： approximately ， about ， around ， some ， nearly ， almost ， similar to…／否定，清除，如： clear ， settle ， solve ， tackle ， conquer ， eliminate ，extinct…≠与 …… 不同，如： differ from ， different from ， distinct ， unique…$ 金钱，利益，如： interest ， benefit ， money ， fund ， capital…E．标点? 问题，麻烦，障碍，如： question ， issue ， difficult ， hardship ， barrier ，obstacle…: 主观想法和说辞，如： think ， consider ， speak ， say ， talk ， mark ， announce ，declare ， hope ，例： repeat 或 reaffirm 可以用 :2 来替代，声明支持可以用 + ：来替代，谴责用 - ：。

英语听力速记符号

英语听力速记符号一、字母和缩写1. A - 代表“always” 总是2. B - 代表“because” 因为3. C - 代表“can’t” 不能4. D - 代表“don’t” 不要5. E - 代表“everything” 每件事6. F - 代表“friend” 朋友7. G - 代表“goodbye” 再见8. I - 代表“if” 如果9. J - 代表“just” 只是10. K - 代表“known” 知道二、数字和数学符号1. # - 代表“number” 数字2. × - 代表“multiply” 乘法3. / - 代表“divide” 除法4. + - 代表“plus” 加法5. - - 代表“minus” 减法6. < - 代表“less than” 小于7. > - 代表“greater than” 大于8. = - 代表“equals” 等于9. ( - 代表“open parenthesis” 开括号10. ) - 代表“close parenthesis” 闭括号三、标点和符号1. , - 代表“comma” 逗号2. . - 代表“period” 句号3. ? - 代表“question mark” 问号4. ! - 代表“exclamation mark” 感叹号5. ; - 代表“semicolon” 分号6. " - 代表“quotation marks” 双引号或单引号7. ' - 同上，也是引号的意思8. : - 同上，也是引号的意思9. & - 代表“and” 和10. * - 代表“star” 星号或乘号的意思四、图像和图形1. @ - 可以代表“at the” 在某处或某个时间点前2. @@ - 可以代表重复前一个符号或单词3. ~ - 可以代表“wave” 波浪形状，也可以表示声音的延长。

(完整版)口译笔记常用符号

口译笔记法常用符号inquiry, interrogate, ask, mystery,…问题；question, problem, …！危险，警告，当心，值得注意的是；dangerous, warning, alarm, watch out, of course°人，人民，伙伴，朋友；people, partner, …✉信息，消息，情报；information, message, intelligence, …删除，废除，放弃；delete, discard, give up, …ഗ贸易，交换，交流，关于，关联，替代；trade, exchange, communication, relationship__ 这个，强调；emphasize a certain word/ phrase.…继续，持续，不断的，长期的，各种各样的，多的；more, continuous, …=> 加强，推动，促进；enhance, promote, …×#不仅；not only, …& 和，而且；and…＠关于；aboute.g.例如，比如；for example, such as, …（三）图形符号☺高兴，激动；happy, pleased, excited, …☹失望，不满意，生气；unhappy, unsatisfied, angry, …会议，聚会；conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, committee,commission, association, union, senate, parliament, convocation, …学校，大学，教育机构；school, college, educational institution, …医院，医疗机构；hospital, medical institution, …○全部的，整个的，所有的，完整的，彻底的；complete, whole, …目标，目的；aim, objective, target, …ര看到，注意到；see, notice, watch, …ര重视，强调；pay attention to, highlight, …□国家，民族；nation, state, republic, kingdom, federal, union, …国际，世界；international, world, …∧领导，顶点，顶级，最高级（上标）；top, peak, leader, boss, king, governor, mayor,…国家领导人，政府首脑；state leader, …出口；export, …进口；import, …△城市，都市；city, urban, metropolitan, cosmopolitan, …▽农村，乡村；village, rural, country, countryside, farm, suburb, outskirt, …☆重点，重心，重视，重要的，主要的，杰出的；important, significant, remarkable* 特征，特点，代表；feature, characteristic, quality, nature, trademark, on behalf of…♀女性；woman, female, …♂男性；man, male, …V 胜利，凯旋；victory, triumph, …﹩美元，钱；有钱的，富裕的；dollar, money, rich, well-off, …∪协议，决议，合约，条约；agreement, treaty, contract, compact, convention resolution结束，停止，完成，实现；halt, stop, complete, …‖渠道；channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch, duct, …发展；development, advancement, …开放；opening, …∟过去；in the past, long before, past time, …∟将来；in future, in the future, …↓影响，效果，压力，负担；influence, effect, affect, pressure, stress, burden, load,…（四）趋向符号←邀请，需要，访问，来到；be invited, needed, come (here), …→去，到，走；to, go (there)…↑增加，提升，提高，升级，升值；increase, improve, enhance, grow, lift, promote…↓减少，下降，降低，贬值；decline, decrease, reduce, degrade, lower, diminish, …（五）英文字母y 年；year M 月；month改编自吴钟明. 《英语口译笔记法实战指导》.武汉大学出版社。

英语听力速记符号

英语听力速记符号第一篇：英语听力速记符号新东方张腾老师对托福雅思听力中的做笔记的速记符号的分享1．表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.2．表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.3．表示屈服：submit to1．表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.2．表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate1．表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.2．表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.3．表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc 表示“波折”：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.常用速记数学符号汇编+表示“多”: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.++(+2)+3 －表示“多”的比较级：more 表示“多”的最高级：most表示“少”: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.>1．表示“多于”概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.2．表示“高” 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.<1．表示“少于”概念：less/smaller，etc.2．表示“低”概念：inferior to，etc.=1．表示“同等”概念：means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.2．表示“对手”概念：a match, rival, comp etitor, counterpart, etc.()≠表示“在......之间”：among, within, etc.1．表示“不同”概念：be different from, etc.新东方张腾老师对托福雅思听力中的做笔记的速记符号的分享2．表示“无敌”概念：matchless, peerless, etc.～表示“大约”概念：about/around，or so，approximately, etc./APT apartment ACC accountant 表示“否定”，“消除”等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.ACDG ACPT ADADS ADV AMAP AMT APV ASAP BALBLDG CERT CFM CNCL CNF CMICMPL CMPE CMU CONC COND CO.DEPT DISC according advertisement address advise as much as possible amount approvesoon as possible balance building conform cancel conference concern company department discountacceptascertificatecommissioncompletecompetecommunicationcondition新东方张腾老师对托福雅思听力中的做笔记的速记符号的分享DRTdeparture EXCHexchange EXPLN explain EXTextent一、缩略词（缩略词的写法一般为四种方式）拿掉所有元音MKT market MGR manager MSG message STD standard RCV receive 保留前几个字母 INFO information INSinsurance EXCH exchange IOU I owe you I/OIn stead of 保留开头和结尾个发音字母 WKweek RM room PLpeople根据发音 Rare THO though THRU through 新东方张腾老师对托福雅思听力中的做笔记的速记符号的分享高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APTApartment ACCAccountant ACDGAccording ACPTAccept ADADSADVAMAPAMTAPVASAPBALBLDGCERTCFMCNCLCNFCMICMPCMPECMUCONDCO.DEPTDISCDPTEXCHAdvertisementAddress Advice As much/many as possible Amount Approve As soon as possible Balance Building Certificate Conform Conference Commission Complete Compete/competitive Communication Concern/concerning/concerned Condition Company Department Discount DepartureCancelExchange 新东方张腾老师对托福雅思听力中的做笔记的速记符号的分享EXPLNExplain EXTExtent FLTFlight FNTFinal FRTFreight FYRFor your reference GDGUAR IMPSIMP（T）INCDINDIV INSINTST I/OIOU IVOMANUF MDLMEMO MGRMKTMSGNCRY NLTOBSOBTGood Guarantee Home office Information Impossible Important Include Individual Insurance Interested In stead of I owe you In view ofManufacture Model Manger Minimum Market Message Necessary No later than Observe ObtainMemorandum新东方张腾老师对托福雅思听力中的做笔记的速记符号的分享ORDOrdinary PATPatent PCPiece PKGPacking PLPeople PLS Please POSN Position POSS（BL）Possible PROD Product QLTY QualityⅠ箭头→ export to, send to ,cause(导致)，arrive in/at Eg.: 我今天下午到达北京I → BJ at 6:00 pm d.← import, receive(from),come back(from)↑ increase, rise develop, promote, grow, expand Eg.: this company keep expanding(↑)↓decrease, decline, bomb(爆炸)，dropⅡ数学用符号＋ plus, and, in addition to ,further more(而且，此外，更近一步说)Eg.: there are five students plus ten teachers attending(旁听)5stus＋10tea －minus, lack × wrong, incorrect, bad ＞ more than, greater, more and more, superior to ＜ less than, smaller, fewer, inferior to ≥ more than or equal to ≤ less than or equal to ≠ be not match for…Eg.: jack ≠ Brandy jack 不是 Brandy 的对手≈around, almostEg.: 这辆自行车大约要花500美元才能买下自行车≈＄500 ∵ because of, owing to ,due to , thanks to ∴ so, therefore Ⅲ 其它新东方张腾老师对托福雅思听力中的做笔记的速记符号的分享。

口译笔记常用符号总结

记笔记：常用符号和缩略语(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations)1．常用笔记符号：符号信息意义箭头符号↑上升；提高；增强；上涨；增长；扩大；起飞；升空；提拔；晋升（grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation涨价,promote, upwards）↓ 下降；下沉；降低；滑坡；轰炸；减少；恶化；降职；削减/裁减（drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend, decrease, deteriorate腐烂变坏, depreciation小看轻视贬值减价reduce, downwards）↗上扬；渐渐好转（become better and better）↘下挫；不断亏损（become worse and worse）→出口；去；向前；出国；前往；运往；导致；发展成为…（export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause）←回顾；从前；进口；倒退；来自；源于（come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from）例如：café← French意为: café源自于法语数学符号+ 增加；补充；除此之外另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc) —减少；删除；缺乏（minus, lack）×表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”（incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious）> 超过，大于，胜过，优于（more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to）< 小于，不足，次于，逊色（fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to）= 等于符号（equal) 在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”（equal to, the same as)，另外可以表示“是…的对手“（a ri-val, a competitor)等意思。

口译笔记常用符号及示范

口译笔记常用符号及示范一、口译笔记符号的应用为什么需要笔记？口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。

记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。

笔记是正式口译的关键。

使用笔记是为了补充大脑短期记忆和耐久力的不足，以保证译文的精确度，并保证其不受讲话人持续时间长短的影响。

需要用什么笔记？口译的笔记是每个译员根据一组普遍原则自己发展起来的，是专用于口译的自我速记体系。

口译笔记必须让译员能够眼看笔记即可口出译文。

所以，第一不能是大片文字。

第二，必须是经过译员消化过的内容，是一种半成品。

如何记笔记？需要强调的是每个人的记忆、思维和反应都有各自的特点。

最好用的笔记方式是你自己发展出来的、适合自己使用的系统。

比如，笔记越简单，记录就越迅速。

但笔记简单了，对短期记忆的要求就相对提高了。

所以，笔记多少为最佳，因人而异，需要摸索出适合于自己的平衡点。

笔记所用的语言和符号也必须在参考别人的基础上，由自己确定。

主要有九大要点，基本涵盖了如何做笔记的精髓。

笔记的九大要点1．少写多划。

2．少字多意。

3．形式固定。

4．少横多竖。

5．快速书写。

6．明确结束。

7．口译笔记应记要点，切忌追求记“全”。

8．口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草。

9．口译笔记可以使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可双语兼用。

二、常用口译笔记介绍1. 口译笔记应记要点，切忌追求记“全”2. 口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系3. 口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草4. 口译笔记可以使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用5. 译员应该随身携带一本开本稍窄、可上下翻动的记事本//箭头的使用→表示: 出口, 输出、打入、出国、到达、前往、派遣、交给、运往、导致（export to, enter, arrive in, lead to, present to, give to, submit to, result in, send to, cause）例如：1.在大连生产，然后出口给日本（大→ J ）2.我们每年向欧洲输出劳务。

口译笔记速记符号汇总及简写规则(免费)

口译笔记速记符号汇总及简写规则目录[1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations[2].关于缩略词[3].关于字母和图像[4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. Y ou may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

口译笔记符号大全

口译笔记符号大全口译笔记符号是口译员在工作中常用的重要工具，它能帮助口译员快速准确地记录和理解演讲内容，提高口译效率。

本文将详细介绍口译笔记符号的使用方法和应用技巧，帮助口译员更好地掌握口译笔记符号，提高口译水平。

一、口译笔记符号的概念口译笔记符号是口译员在口译过程中使用的一套特殊的标记符号，它可以帮助口译员快速准确地记录演讲内容，包括演讲者的语速、语调、重点内容等，从而提高口译的准确性和流畅度。

口译笔记符号通常由一些简单的线条、点、圈和箭头组成，每个符号都对应着一种含义或操作。

二、口译笔记符号的分类口译笔记符号可以根据其功能和用途进行分类，主要包括主题标记、人名标记、时间标记、数字标记、动作标记等几类。

1.主题标记：用于标记演讲内容的主题关键词，通常采用圆圈、方框、下划线等符号来表示，以便口译员在整理笔记时更容易找到主题要点。

2.人名标记：用于标记演讲中涉及到的人名、组织机构、地名等信息，通常采用特定的符号或缩写来表示，以节省时间和空间。

3.时间标记：用于标记演讲中涉及到的时间线、顺序、时态等信息，通常采用箭头、数字、横线等符号来表示，以便口译员更好地掌握演讲内容的时间逻辑。

4.数字标记：用于标记演讲中的重要数字、百分比、数量等信息，通常采用特定的符号或格式来表示，以便口译员更直观地理解和记录。

5.动作标记：用于标记演讲中的动作、态度、情绪等信息，通常采用特定的符号或图形来表示，以便口译员更生动地准确记录演讲者的表达方式。

三、口译笔记符号的使用技巧1.简洁明了：口译笔记符号要求简洁明了，尽量用简单的线条和图形来表示复杂的信息，避免出现混乱和繁杂的标记。

2.标准规范：口译笔记符号需要根据一定的规范和约定来使用，以确保口译员之间的交流和理解。

口译员可以根据自己的习惯和风格进行适当的调整和创新，但不要偏离主流的标记符号。

3.灵活运用：口译笔记符号需要根据不同的演讲内容和语境进行灵活运用，口译员可以根据自己的理解和判断来选择合适的符号和标记方式，以便更好地消化和记录演讲信息。

口译常用的笔记符号汇总

口译常用的笔记符号汇总一、前言口译笔记是一种有效的辅助工具，能够帮助译员记录关键信息，提高翻译的准确性和效率。

正确的笔记可以帮助译员在紧张的口译环境中保持清晰思维，避免因遗忘或疏忽而造成的错误。

本篇文档旨在汇总口译过程中常用的笔记符号，以便译员在实践中参考和使用。

二、笔记符号说明1.缩写词：用字母、数字等简洁形式记录单词或短语，如“u”代表“under”，“m”代表“meeting”。

2.符号：用各种符号记录概念、观点、人名等，如“△”代表“注意”，“☆”代表“重要”。

3.符号组合：将多个符号组合使用，表达更复杂的含义，如“⊙”+“b”+“√”代表“乙方已确认”。

4.线条：用线条记录时间和空间信息，如“↑”代表时间推进，“●”代表地点。

5.特殊符号：用特殊符号记录特殊概念或情况，如“*”代表突发情况，“#”代表需要特别关注的人或事。

6.标注：在单词、短语或句子旁边添加注释，如“注意语法”、“需要核实信息”。

三、笔记符号分类1.词汇类：包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等基本词汇的记录，如“公司”、“讨论”、“热情”、“快速”。

2.句式类：包括常用句型、表达方式、习惯用语的记录，如“如果…就…”，“预期效果是…”。

3.人名地名类：包括人名、地名等专有名词的记录，如“张三”、“北京”、“上海”。

4.特殊符号类：包括数字、货币、度量衡等特殊概念的记录，如“100元”，“50公斤”。

5.时间空间类：包括时间、日期、星期、月份、季节、天气等空间信息的记录，如“今天星期四”，“会议在会议室进行”。

四、常见笔记符号示例1.缩写词示例：“d=day，n=night，e=email”2.符号示例：“▲=减慢速度，●=暂停”，“※=重要信息”，“＄=货币符号”，“※＋手＋√=手记确认”3.符号组合示例：“※＋笔＋√=需要记录的信息”，“●＋椅子＋√=休息地点”4.标注示例：“√=已同意”，“?=需要进一步确认”，“↑=增加音量”，“↓=降低音量”5.时间空间示例：“↑9:00”，“↓会议室”，“＃主席台”五、总结口译过程中，正确的笔记可以帮助译员快速记录关键信息，提高翻译效率。

(完整版)英语速记符号汇总

一、缩略词（缩略词的写法一般为四种方式）拿掉所有元音MKT marketMGR managerMSG messageSTD standardRCV receive保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeIOU I owe youI/O In stead of保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possible AMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP（T）ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF ManufactureMDL ModelMEMO MemorandumMGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessageNCRY NecessaryNLT No later thanOBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN PositionPOSS（BL）PossiblePROD ProductQLTY QualityQUTY QuantityRCV ReceiveREF ReferenceREGL RegularREP RepresentativeRESN ReservationRPT RepeatRESPON ResponsibleSEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTEMP TemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

纯干货—英语口译笔记符号！

纯干货—英语口译笔记符号！整理/涟漪花了几天整理的英语口译笔记符号，在简书编辑的时候，发现我在Word里面画的图形都不能复制过来，那可以是我花了大量时间做好的，就只能留着自己用啦，哈哈哈......以下为非图形部分，希望对想学英语口译的朋友们有所帮助。

我也是才开始学习，能分享的不多，大家加油。

（一）、数学符号∵：because, due to, thanks to…∴：so, therefore, consequently…＝：the same as, equal to, agree…≠：difference, disparity, dispute, disagreement, divergence…≈：about, almost, nearly, similar…＞：surpass, exceed, more than, superior to…＜：less than, inferior to…＋：plus, moreover, b esides, add, more…－：minus, deduct, except…：action, act, implement, carry out, conduct, execute, finish,complete, fulfill…[ ]：among, within…∈：belong to…×：① mistake, wrong, bad, notorious ② no, refuse, decline, rebuff…√：① correct, affirmative, precise,accurate, right ② done…（二）、常用符号：：think, hear, look, say, see, express…：problem, question, problem, issue, ask, puzzle, query, confused, mystery, bewildered…!：watch out, dangerous, warning, heed, alarming, alert, hazardous, perilous, jeopardy...：mess age, information, intelligence…~：trade, exchange, communication, relationship…_：underline, emphasize, highlight, pay attention to…e.g.：for example, such as, for instance…)(：confrontation, conflict, faced with…＄：dollar, currency, cash, coin, income, salary, wage, money, rich,well-off, expensive, cost…￥：value, benefit, worthy…4：accident, event,incident…#：only, just...×#：not only...→：go, come, arrive…（三）、偏旁或部首文：①school, college, university ②culture, civilization…：study, learn...。

重要口译笔记符号

1.缩略(Abbreviations)AMAP——尽可能多（as much as possible）APEC——亚太经合组织ASAP——尽快（as soon as possible）ASEAN——东盟B.A.——文学士B.C.——公元前B.S.——理学士CPC——中国共产党DEPT——系；部门e.g.——例如esp.——尤其是FIE——外资企业H.Q.——总部ID——身份；身份证IOU——欠条org——组织Ph.D.——博士EU——欧盟UN——联合国V.P.——副主席2.数学符号（Mathematical Symbols）+ 可以表示“增加”，“另外”，“除此以外”，还可表示“正确”或“好”。

－可以表示“减去”，“少”，或者“差”等。

×可以表示“错误”，“坏的”，“不好”，“不对”。

＞可以表示“大于”，“超过”，“比……好”。

＜可以表示“小于”，“不如”，“比……差”。

＝可以表示“等于”，“相当于”，“意味着”。

≠可以表示“不等于”，“不是这个意思”，“不是……的对手”。

∵可以表示“因为”，“由于”。

∴可以表示“所以”，“因而”，“因此”。

3.箭头符号（Arrow Symbols）↑可以表示“上升”，“发展”，“加强”，“改善”，“发射”，“提拔”，“晋升”。

↓可以表示“下降”，“衰退”，“下跌”，“恶化”。

←可以表示“来自”，“来源”，“进口”，“回归”。

→可以表示“到达”，“出口”，“前往”，“派遣”，“发送”，“导致某个结果”。

4.标点符号（Punctuation Marks）：可以表示“说”，“认为”，“宣称”，“声明”，“抗议”。

？可以表示“问题”，“疑问”，“问”。

. 可以表示“观点”，“论点”，“难点”。

用在表示时间的词前后，表示“之前”或“之后”，例如：y.表示明年，下个月记为m.，而..d表示前天。

! 可以表示“惊讶”，“非常”，“关键”。

“”一般在记录引语时使用（）可以表示“包括”，“在……之中”，“封闭”，“闭关自守”。

笔记符号和缩写汇总

英语专八听力与口译笔记符号Symbols1. 字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

例如：日本人：J Z.C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government. governmental official 可以表示为C ZP 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political.那么politician 就可以表示为P Z∑ 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, etc. ∑ 数学符号表示总值。

G 表示效率：efficient, effective. G为效率符号。

Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。

A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。

B 表示商业：business.C×表示冲突，矛盾：conflict，confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对，字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和confrontation.W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。

它是work的第一个字母。

所以W Z就可以用来表示worker, 而W（Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee）。

i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。

口译听力笔记符号

一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。

缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possibleAMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP(T) ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF ManufactureMDL ModelMEMO MemorandumMGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessageNCRY NecessaryNLT No later thanOBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN PositionPOSS(BL) PossiblePROD ProductQLTY QualityQUTY QuantityRCV ReceiveREF ReferenceREGL RegularREP RepresentativeRESN ReservationRPT RepeatRESPON ResponsibleSEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTEMP TemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large二、二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

英语速记符号完整版(用于听力和笔记)

之阿布丰王创作1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequency Leave out periods in standardabbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = examplede pt = department Use only the first syllable of aword.pol = politicsdem = democracylib= liberalcap = capitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2ndsyllable.pres = presentationsubj = subject ind = individualcons = conservative Eli minate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizableabbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biolo gyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimu mrep = repetition Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = gov ernment Use an apostrophe in place ofletters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov 't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by addings.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductions Use g to represent ingendings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingd ecrg = decreasingexptg = experimenting Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. Use symbols forcommonly recurring connective or transitionalwords.& = andw/ = withw/o = withou tvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equal Use technical symbols whereapplicable.zb = German, forexampleibid = Latin, the sameworko = degreesH2O = waterMorereference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retainingonly enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as=following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/关于缩略词一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。