Flight Separation
中文 Flight Separation
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 10
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
(1)在同一高度上对 头相遇，应当各 自向右避让，并 保持500米以上 的间隔；
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 11
5 00 m
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
(2)在同一高度上交 叉相遇，飞行员 从座舱左侧看到 另一架航空器时 应当下降高度， 从座舱右侧看到 另一架航空器时 应当上升高度；
6000m
预计相遇点
如果在预计相遇点后10分钟， 可相互穿越或者占用同一高度层；
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 37
3.仪表飞行水平间隔标准
6600m 6300m
10min
10min
6000m
预计相遇点
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 38
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
(3)起飞点与着陆点距 离60米以上，起 飞、着陆航线又不 交叉时，可以同时 起飞、着陆
H
60m
H
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 20
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
目视飞行的航空器使用同一跑道起飞、着陆时，当前 面起飞的航空器已经飞越使用跑道终端或者开始转 弯，或者当前面着陆航空器已经脱离使用跑道，
• 气象条件：
1.航空器与云的水 平距离不得小于 1500米，垂直距 离不得小于300 米
1,500m
300m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 6
2.目视飞行水平间隔标准
• 气象条件：
OPI考试整理
OPI人工面试考试题：1.自我介绍Introduce yourself…2.住在哪里？如何去上班？交通工具？Where do you live? How do you go to work? by what means of transportation?…3.询问是塔台还是进近或者区调管制员Are you a tower controller or an approach controller or an area controller?…4.塔台与进近的区别？各自的职责What is the difference between aerodrome control and approach control, what are there responsibilities?Difference: the classification of controlled airspacetower: ground operation mostlyapproach: radar vector for sequence mostlyDuty: safety, efficiency5.五边是什么？怎么指挥？What is the definition of final control? What do you do as a final controller?1. a control sector provided ATCS which is transition from arrival control sectorto aerodrome control.2.mostly radar vector aircrafts to make ILS approach or visual approach6.五边航道进近的前机重型，后机中型，尾流间隔是多少？What is the separation if a mid-weight aircraft follows a heavy-weight aircraft on final?10km until preceding aircraft have landed or visual separation7.如何做好一名进近管制员How to be an excellent approach controller?1.high sense of responsibility2.good memories and reaction3.outstanding logical thinking and calculating abilities4.abundant experience8.班里面平时怎么培训你们？What kind of training do you have in your department?theoretically training, simulator training, practical control skills training9.你认为做模拟机是否必要？Do you think it is necessary to do the simulator training?1.necessary, it is a convenient to simulate emergency situations that are noteasily met during daily work.2.it can provide simulator trainees chances of making mistakes without takingconsequences.3.it is effective to improve control skills by simulating complicated situations 10.日常工作，你们见习的都干嘛？What do you trainees do daily?1.accept theoretical classes, simulator training,2.do some coordination work11.所在部门分成几个扇区，分别叫什么？How many sectors have your department been divided? What are their names? 3,departure, arrival, final.12.对于工作负荷有什么看法？怎样缓解What is your opinion about workload? How do you reduce your workload?1.appropriate workload can help controllers to keep full attention but highworkload beyond controllers’ limit may remarkably increase the possibility of making mistakes.2.having good rest, doing sports, keep in good mood13.说一些气象条件之类的话题Tell something about meteorological conditions?1.dense fog: low visibility2.thunderstorm: lightening heavy rain icing3.windshear…14.遇到什么特殊情况吗？如何处置？Have you met any abnormal situations？How do you deal with them?…15.如果遇到特殊情况，信息是怎样向外传递的？If a special situation happens, how do the information pass out?pilots’ report, other crews relay, specific signals like SSR code A770016.描述一下区域里的禁区Describe the prohibited area in your sector?square, in the middle of our controlled airspace, based on BJ downtown, surrounded by non-detour section17.飞机上有炸弹怎么办？What if there is a bomb reported on board?1.confirm the type of emergency2.ask crews’ intentions3.report to supervisor4.notify airport emergency assistance department5.instruct other aircraft to avoid the emergency traffic18.飞机上有病人要求优先着陆怎么办？What is your reaction when an aircraft is requiring priority landing because there is a patient on board?1.acknowledge the information and confirm pilots’ intentions2.report to controllers in chief3.instruct other traffic to give space for the emergency traffic and vector thetraffic to land as soon as possible4.notify medical assistance19.航空器低油量一般处置程序Talk about the procedure when an aircraft reporting low on fuel?1.acknowledge the information and ask the aircraft’s endurance2.confirm pilots’ intentions and report the situation to controllers in chief3.instruct other traffic to give space for the emergency traffic and providenecessary information service such as nearest alternate airport4.notify emergency assistance20.飞机终止进近、复飞的原因Talk about reasons that aircrafts abandon approach or overshoot?1.low visibility/windshear on final approach2.type of approach system failure3.aircraft not in appropriate landing attitude21.如果起飞遇到鸟击，怎么处理How do you handle the situation which an aircraft suffers bird strike upon departure?1.ask the damage sustained2.confirm the assistance crews need3.give priorities to the urgency traffic4.notify supervisor and emergency assistance department22.机腹着陆管制员怎么办？What a controller can do if an aircraft is about to make belly landing?1.give priority to the urgency traffic2.foam the runway3.notify fire service and medical assistance23.飞机报告有火情，管制员应做什么？What a controller should do when crews reporting aircraft on fire?1.confirm the type and degree of fire2.provide priority to the emergency traffic and instruct other aircrafts to avoid it3.notify supervisor and emergency assistance department24.你自身能够接受的最小间隔是多少？What is the minimum separation you can accept?6km/300m or visual separation25.怎样定义危险接近How do you definite air-miss?aircrafts in mid-air are in danger of collision, between which the separation including horizontal, vertical, also goes against regulations26.什么原因能够导致航班延误，有没有解决方法What kind of incidents can lead to flight delay? Any solutions?severe weather, rush hours, military movements, aircrafts mechanical problems, human factors…solutions: more airspace, bigger and more advanced airplanes, more professional staff…27.与军航的关系？有军航活动时运行流畅吗？How is the relationship between your department and air force flight control department? Does it operate smoothly when there is military movement?cooperate smooth, have some restrictions but can still ensure smooth operation 28.为什么要更换跑道方向？北京进近区域里谁有权利更换跑道？要通知塔台吗？Why need to change the directions of runway in use? Who has the right to change runway in BJ approach? Is it necessary to notify tower controllers?to ensure aircrafts’ taking-off and landing in upwind.each controller, need to coordinate with other sectors’controller, but not need to notify tower controllers29.流量控制有用吗？什么时候发布？谁来发布？Is it effective to make flow control? When and who do the flow control?very necessary to ensure safety. made by supervisors, before the situation beyond controllers’ limitation30.ROGER和WILCO有什么区别？What is the difference between “ROGER” and “WILCO”?“ROGER”: have acknowledged information and understood it“WILCO”: have received instruction and will comply with it31.哪些情况会导致返航、备降？What kind of situations would cause a flight returning or diverting to alternate airport?bad weather, aircrafts’ mechanical problems, human factors…32.你认为与机组的沟通是否重要？Do you think it is important to keep communications with crews?1.foundation to pass instructions to avoid collisions2.necessary to keep communications to provide information service33.机组要求紧急着陆，管制员应采取什么措施？What matures can controllers take when pilots request emergency landing?1.confirm the emergency situation2.instruct other traffic to give space for the emergency traffic3.vector the emergency traffic to land as soon as possible4.ask if crews need any other additional services34.如果突然雷达失效，应该怎么处置？是否要转入程序管制？If you experience a sudden radar failure, how do you react? Is it necessary to transfer to procedure control?e back up radar and report to supervisorsrm the pilots and other related control sectors of the abnormal situation3.if possible, transfer aircrafts under control to other sector which is in normaloperation4.if back up radar also failed, transfer to non-radar control35.如果某飞机执行VFR规则报告不能保持，应该怎么办？What should you do if pilots report he can’t obey VFR regulations any longer while he was following it before?1.confirm the aircraft and crew are certified to accept IFR control2.if can, identify the aircraft3.if cannot, provide service to return to land or proceed to alternate airport 36.你对目前通航大发展有什么看法和建议？What is your opinion about the gross development of general aviation? What doyou purpose to this situation?1.controllers need regulations to provide ATCS to general aviation aircrafts andsafe separation between general aviation aircrafts and civil aviation aircrafts2.the current situation in general aviation industry is disordered which needs tobe normalized by governorsOPI机试1.遇到劫机应如何处置，怎样确定航空器被劫机等等一系列问题?How do you react if an aircraft is hijacked? How can you confirm an aircraft is hijacked?how to react: hijackers’ intensionsinformation to the controller-in-chiefcalm down, ensure safety of all aircrafts as much as possible confirm squawk or use obscured words to verify the situation2.喜不喜欢管制工作，对这个职业有什么看法，如果出现特情一般处置程序是什么？Do you like being a controller or not? What do you think about being an ATC?What is the general procedure when experiencing emergency situations?. responsibility, reputation, pressure, career prospects1.acknowledge2.separation3.silencermation5.support6.time。
尾流间隔
注 2: 1 海哩（Nautical Mile）= 1.85公里注
3: 飞机最低起飞重量对照超大型飞机：A380最低起飞重量（MTOW）1,300,000 磅
大型飞机：最低起飞重量（MTOW）在225,000磅以上的飞机。例如：B747-400 875,000磅。
飞机的安全飞行分开距离（Safety flight separation distance）在维护飞安方面是非常重要的，大小飞机间的安全距离有否不同？
1.前行飞机：超大型飞机 A380;追随飞机为超大型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 4 海哩;
追随飞机为 大型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 6 海哩;
中型飞机：最低起飞重量（MTOW）在41,000磅到225,000磅之间。例如：B737- 800 174,200磅。
小型飞机：A380最低起飞重量（MTOW）在41,000磅之间。例如：ATR-72 22,500磅。
飞机起飞间隔，为了防止飞机吃前机的尾流，对飞行安全造成威胁。
１、同机型之间后起飞，距前机不少于３分钟。
追随飞机为 中型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 8 海哩;
追随飞机为 小型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 10 海哩.
海哩
追随飞机为中型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 5 海哩
追随飞机为小型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 8 海哩
3.前行飞机：中型飞机（如：B737）追随飞机为小型飞机：最近雷达分隔距离 5 海哩
２、先起飞的飞机高度在１００米（夜间１５０米以下）或者没有开始一转弯，禁止后机起飞。如果前机已经起飞超出对后机尾流的数据，后机就可以向塔台请求上跑道直接起飞，相反就的在跑道上等候
民航英文缩写专业解析
民航英文缩写专业解析名词解释ADF:自动信标接收机,指示NDB电台的方位ALT:高度AP:自动驾驶仪ATIS:机场气象广播,包括风,能见度,云,修正海压,使用的跑道等等CHECKLIST:检查单,飞机起飞,爬升,平飞,下降,着陆前所作的的检查COM:甚高频通讯机,118.0-135.95MHZ,用于陆空对话及ATIS接收DME:测距机,用来测量DME台的距离EFIS:特指有阴极射线管的电子仪表系统FLAP:襟翼,机翼后缘可转动部分,通常用于起飞落地GEAR:起落架HDG:HEADING,航向IAS:指示空速ILS:精密仪表进近,俗称盲降,包括航向道和下滑道,引导飞机至60米高度NA V:甚高频导航接收机,108.00-117.95MHZ,用于接收VOR/DME及ILS信号NDB:导航用广播电台,可听见莫尔斯码TRANSPONDER:二次雷达应答机,采用8进制编码,自动报告飞机位置V1:起飞决断速度,高于此速度不可中断起飞,否则将冲出跑道Vr,(Rotate):起飞抬头速度VOR:全向信标机,提供稳定的方位信号AA/B Autobrake 自动刹车ABS Absolute 绝对ABV Above 上方A/C Aircraft；Air Conditioning 飞机；空调AC Alternating Current 交流电ACARS ARINC Communication Addressing and Reporting System 航空无线电通讯地址和报告系统ACC Aft Core Cowl 发动机后核心整流罩ACCEL Acceleration, Accelerate (d), Accelerometers 加速，加速度计ACIA Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter 异步通讯接口转接头ACM Air Cycle Machine 空气循环机ACN Aircraft Classification Number 飞机分类编号ACMP Alternating Current Motor Pump 交流马达泵ACP Audio Control Panel 音响控制面板ACP Automatic Control Panel 自动控制面板ACPC AC Power Center 交流电源中心ACSC Air Conditioning System Controller 空调系统控制器ACSU Adjustable Cam Switch Unit 可调凸轮电门组件ACT Active 工作的,有效的,生效的,正在使用的ACU Air Conditioning Unit 空调组件3D (3-D) Three dimensional 三维的，立体的AD Airworthiness Directive 适航性指令A/D Analog-to-Digital 模拟-数字，模-数ADC Air Data Computer 大气数据计算机ADC Autodeploy Computer 自动放出计算机ADCU Autodeploy Control Unit 自动放出控制组件ADDR Address 地址，广播ADF Automatic Direction Finder 自动定向仪，无线电罗盘ADG Air Driven Generator 空气驱动发电机ADGPC ADG Power Center 空气驱动发电机电源中心ADI Attitude Director Indicator 姿态指引仪ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准组件ADM Air Data Module 大气数据模件ADP Air Driven Pump 空气驱动泵ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADSHC Air Data Sensor Heater Controllers 大气数据传感器加温控制器ADV Advance 提前，预先AECU Audio Electronic Control Unit 音响电子控制组件AEPC APU/External Power Contactor APU/外部电源接头AFCS Automatic Flight Control System 自动飞行控制系统AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System 自动驾驶飞行指引系统AFM Airplane Flight Manual 飞机飞行手册（FAA批准）AFT Afterward 向后AGB Accessory Gearbox 附件齿轮箱AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制A/G Air/Ground 空中/地面，空/地AGL Above Ground Level 高于地面AH Alert Height 警戒高度AHC Attitude and Heading Computer 姿态和航向计算机AHRS Attitude and Heading Reference System 姿态和航向基准系统AHS Attitude Heading System 姿态航向系统AHM Attitude Hold Mode 姿态保持方式A/ICE Anti-Ice 防冰AID Aircraft Interface DiscrepancyAircraft Installation Delay 飞机接口误差（故障）飞机安装延误AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System 飞机综合数据系统AIL Aileron 副翼AILC Anti-Ice and Leak Detection Controller 防冰与渗漏检测控制器AIS Audio Integrating System 音响综合系统ALIGN Aligning, Alignment 校准，对准ALPHA Alpha 字母，迎角ALT Altitude 高度ALT Altitude Hold (PFD/FD) 高度保持（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALT ACQ Altitude Acquire 高度获取ALT CAP Altitude Capture (PFD/FD) 高度截获（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALTM Altimeter 高度表ALTN Alternate 备用ALTS Altitude Select 高度选择AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMA Audio Monitor Adapter 音响监控接头AMB Ambient 外部，外界AME Amplitude Modulation Equivalent 等值调幅AMI Airline Modifiable Information 航线可变更信息AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual 飞机维护手册AMP Amperes 安培AMPL Amplifier 放大（器）AMTOSS Aircraft Maintenance Task Oriented Support System 飞机维护任务保障系统AN/CDU Alternate Navigation on CDU 控制显示组件的备用导航ANN ANNUN Annunciator 告示牌，信号牌（灯）ANP Actual Navigation Performance 实际导航性能ANS Alternate Navigation System 备用导航系统ANT Antenna 天线AOA Angle of Attack 迎角AOC Airline Operational Communication Data Link 航空公司运作通讯数据链AOG Aircraft On Ground 停飞飞机，飞机停飞A/P Autopilot 自动驾驶仪AP Autopilot; Auxiliary Power 自动驾驶仪；辅助电源APC Auxiliary Power Control 辅助电源控制APC/EPC Auxiliary Power Contactor/External Power Contactor 辅助电源接触器/外部电源接触器APD Approach Progress Display 进近进程显示APD/CL Access Panels and Doors/Component Location 盖板和舱门/部件位置APL Airplane 飞机APM Airport Planning Manual 机场计划手册APP Approach 进近APPR Approach 进近APPROX Approximately 大约APR Automatic Power Reserve 自动功率储备APR Automatic Performance Reserve 自动性能储备APU Auxiliary Power Unit 辅助动力装置AR As Required 按需要ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated 航空无线电公司ARM Aircraft Recovery Manual 飞机修复手册ARP Air Data Reference Panel 大气数据基准面板ARPT Airport 机场ARR Arrival 到达，进港A/S Airspeed；Antiskid 空速；防滞ASA Aircraft Separation Assurance 飞机之间间隔的确保（确保飞机之间的间隔）ASA Autoland Status Annunciator 自动着陆状态信号牌ASCA APU Starter-Contactor Assembly APU起动机接触器组件ASCV Anti-Skid Control Valve 防止控制活门ASYM Asymmetrical 不对称的ASCU Antiskid Control Unit 防滞控制组件ASI Airspeed Indicator 空速表A/SKID Anti-Skid 防滞ASP Audio Selector Panel 音响选择板ASR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达ASSY Assembly 组件，组装Asym Asymmetric/Asymmetry 不对称A/T Autothrottle 自动油门ATA Actual Time of Arrival 实际到达时间ATA 100 Air Transport Association of America Specification No.100 美国航空运输协会第100号规范ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 空中交通管制雷达信标系统ATD Advanced Training Device 先进训练设备ATE Auto Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATO Aborted Takeoff 中断（止）起飞ATP Acceptance Test Procedure 验收测试（试飞）程序ATR Automatic Throttle Retarder 自动收油门装置ATS Air Turbine Starter 空气涡轮起动机ATSCV Air Turbine Starter Control Valve 空气涡轮起动机控制活门ATT Attitude；Attendant 姿态ATTD Attitude，姿态；乘务员ATTND Attendant （空中）服务员AUTO Automatic 自动AUTO BAL Automatic Balance 自动平衡AUTOTHROT Autothrottle 自动油门ATTO XFER Automatic Transfer 自动转换AUX Auxiliary 辅助A V Avionics 航空电子设备A V AIL Available 存在，可用，有A VG Average 平均A VM Airborne Vibration Monitor 机载震动监视器AZ Azimuth 方位BB/AIR Bleed Air 引气，放气BAL Balance 平衡BARO Barometric Pressure 气压压力BATT Battery 电瓶BAT Battery 电瓶BB Broad Band 宽带BBL Body Buttock Line 机身纵剖线B/CRS Back Course 背台航道B/C Back Course (Localizer) 背台航道（航道台）BDI Bearing Distance Indicator 方位距离指示器BCD Binary Coded Decimal 二进制-十进制编码BFN Binary Fractional Notation 二进分式计数法BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator 拍频振荡器BIT Built-In Test 自检，自测，内装测试BITE Built-In Test Equipment 自测设备，内装测试设备BK Break 中断，打断BKGRD Background 背景BKR Breaker 断电器BL Buttock Line 纵剖线BLD Bleed 引气，放气B/LEAK Bleed Leak 引气渗漏BLK Black; Block 黑色；块，堵塞，BLW Below 下方BMS Boeing Material Specification 波音材料规格（书）BMV Brake Metering Valve 剎车计量活门Bnr，bnr Burner 燃烧室BPCU Bus Power Control Unit 汇流条电源控制组件BPI Brake Pressure Indicator 剎车压力指示器BPSU Brake and Position Sensor Unit 刹车和位置传感器组件BRG Bearing 方位; 轴承BRK Brake 剎车（装置），制动（装置）BRT Bright; Brightness (stroke intensity control) 亮度（频闪灯亮度控制）BS, B/S Body Station 机身站位BSI Borescope Inspection 孔探仪检查BTB Bus Tie Breaker 汇流条连接接触器(断路器)BTBR Bus Tie Breaker Relay 汇流连接接触器继电器BTL Bottle 氧气瓶，灭火瓶BTMS Brake Temperature Monitoring System 刹车温度监视系统BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit 刹车温度监视组件BTS Bleed Temperature Sensor 引气温度传感器BUTE Bent-up Trailing Edge 上弯后缘BVCU Bleed Valve Control Unit 引气活门控制组件CC Center, Caution, Cable, Captain, Celsius, Cool，Cabin，Cycles 中心，注意，电缆，机长，摄氏，冷却，座舱, 循环CAA Civil Aviation Authority （英国）民航局CAI Cabin Altitude Indicator 客舱高度指示器CAIV Cowl Anti-Ice Valves 整流罩防冰活门CAL Calibrate 校正，校准CANC Cancel 取消，删除CAP Capture 载获CAPT or C Captain 机长CAS Calibrated Airspeed 校准空速CAS Crew Alerting System, Calibrated Airspeed 机组警告系统, 校准空速CAT Category 目录，类CATII Category II 二类飞行标准CB C/B Circuit Breaker 跳开关，电路断路器CBIT Continuous BIT 连续自检CB Circuit Breaker （电路）跳开关CBP Circuit Breaker Panel 跳开关面板CBT Computer Based Training 计算机辅助飞行训练CBV Cross Bleed Valve 交叉引气活门CBW Cross Bleed Wing Valve 交叉引气机翼(防冰)活门CCA Circuit Card Assembly 电路板组件CCDL Cross Channel Data Link 交输通道数据链路CCP Compass Control Panel 罗盘控制面板CCW Counter-clockwise 逆时针反时针CDH Clearance Delivery Head 放飞主任CDI Course Deviation Indicator 偏航指示器CDL Configuration Deviation List 配置缺差清单，缺件清单CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure 压气机出口压力CDTS Compressor Discharge Temperature Sensor 压缩机出口温度传感器CDU Control Display Unit 控制显示组件CES Canadair Equipment Specification 加空设备规格（范）CESM Commercial Engine Service Memorandum 商用发动机服务备忘录CFM Cubic Feet Per Minute 立方英尺/分钟CFMI Joint company GE/SNECMA CFM国际公司（由美国的GE和法国的SNECMA联合的公司）CG Center of Gravity 重心CH Chapter, Channel 章，通道CHAN Channel 通道CHGR Charger 充电器，加注器CHR Chronometer 精密计时器，秒表CIT Compressor Inlet Temperature 压气机进口温度CK Check 检查CKPT Cockpit 驾驶舱CL Close 关闭，闭合C/L Centerline 中心线CLB Climb, Maximum Climb 爬高，爬升；最大爬升CLK Clock 时钟CLR Clear 清除CM Centimeters 厘米CMD Command 指令，命令CMM Component Maintenance Manual 部件维护手册CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互补型金属氧化物半导体CMPS Compass 罗盘CMPTR Computer 计算机CNTRL，Cntrl Control 控制，操纵（机构）CO Carbon Dioxide；Company 二氧化碳；公司COAX Coax Coaxial 同轴（的）Col Column 驾驶杆，栏（目）COM Communication 通讯，连络Comb Combustor；Combination 燃烧室; 结合，组合COMM Communication 通讯，联络COMND Command 指令，指挥COMP Compartment; Comparator 舱; 比较器COMP Compressor；Compensate, Compensator 压气机；补偿补偿器COND Condition，conditioning; Continued 条件，状态；调节；继续CONFIG Configuration 配置，布局，形态CONN Connection 连接，接头CONT Control, Continuous, Contactor, Controller 控制,操纵,连续的,接触器,控制器COOL Cooling 冷却，散热CORR Correction 修正CPAM Cabin Pressure Acquisition Module 座舱压力采集组件CPC Cabin Pressure Controller 座舱压力控制器CPCP Cabin Pressure Control Panel 座舱压力控制面板CPCS Cabin Pressure Control System 座舱压力控制系统CPLT Copilot 副驾驶CPOST Computer Power-On Self-Test 计算机电源接通后自检CPT Cockpit Procedures Trainer 驾驶舱程序训练器cps Cycles per second 循环数/秒CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CRES Corrosion Resistant Steel 防（耐）腐钢CRF Compressor Rear Frame 压气机后框架CRS Course 航道，航线CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSD Constant Speed Drive 恒速传动装置CSDB Collins Serial Data Bus 柯林斯串行数据总线CSEU Control System Electronics Unit 控制（操纵）系通电子组件CSI Cycles Since Installed 安装后（以来）循环数CSM Current Service Messages 当前勤务信息CSN Cycles Since New 总循环数CSU Centralized Strapping Unit, Configuration Strapping Unit 中央搭（连）接组件，配置连接组件CT Control Transformer 控制变压器CT Current Transformer 电流互感器CTA Current Transformer Assembly 电流互感器组件CTD Column Timer Decoder 柱状定时解吗器CTL Control; COMM/NA V Tuning Unit 控制；通讯导航调谐组件CTR; ctr Contour; Center 轮廓；中央，中心CU Copper 铜CU Control Unit 控制组件CVR Cockpit V oice Recorder 驾驶舱话音记录器cw Clockwise 顺时针CW Continuous Wave 连续波CWS Control Wheel Steering 驾驶盘操纵CWS Caution and Warning System 警告和提示系统DDA Drift Angle 偏流角，偏航角DA（H）Decision Altitude（Height）决断高度D/A Digital to Analog 数字-模拟DAC Digital to Analog Converter 数-模转换器DADC Digital Air Data Computer 数字式大气数据计算机DADS Digital Air Data System 数字式大气数据系统DAP Digital Audio Playback 数字式音响播放DB, dB Decibel 分贝DBU Data Base Unit 数据库组件DC Direct Current 直流电D&C Delays & Cancellations (飞行)延误和取消DCP Display Control Panel 显示控制面板DCPC DC Power Center 直流电源中心DCPCS Digital Cabin Pressure Control System 数字式座舱压力调节系统DCTCU Direct Current Tie Control Unit 直流连接条控制组件DCU Data Concentrator Unit 数据集中组件DCV Directional Control Valve 方向控制活门D/D Direct Descent 直接下降DDG Dispatch Deviations Guide 放飞缺件指南DDM Difference in Depth of Modulation 调制深度差DECEL，decel Decelerate 减速Deg Degree 度DEFL Defuel 放油，抽油DEL Delete 删除DEMUX Demultiplexer 信号分离器Den Density 密度DEP Departure 离港，离开DEPR Depressurize 释压, 减压DEPT Departure 离港，离场DES Descent 下降DEST Destination 目的地DET Detector 探测器DEV Deviation 偏离，偏差，缺差DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit 数字式飞行数据采集组件DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder 数字式飞行数据记录器DFIS Designated Flight Instrument System 指定的飞行仪表系统DG Directional Gyro 方位陀螺DGAC Direction Generale I’Aviation Civile （法）民航总局DH Decision Height 决断高度dia Diameter 直径diag Diagonal 对角（线）的diag Diagram 图diam Diameter 直径DIFF，diff Difference, Differential 差，压差，差别的Dig, dig Digital 数字的Dim, dim Dimension 尺寸DIR，dir Direct; Direction 直接，直飞; 方向DISC Disconnect 脱开，断开DISCH Discharge 释放，放电，出口（气）DISEG, diseg Disengage 断开，脱开Disp disp Dispatch 派遣，放飞DIST Distance 距离DISTR, distr Distribution, or Distributor 分配，分配器DITS Digital Information Transfer System 数字信息转换系统Div, div Division 部分，一格，分隔DK Deck 舱DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距机Dmax Maximum Diameter 最大直径Dmin Minimum Diameter 最小直径DN Down 下，向下，放下DNTKFX Down Track Fix 下航道（道）定位点DOT Department of Transport 运输部DP Differential Pressure 压差DPCT Differential Protection Current Transformer 差动保护电流互感器DPDT Double Pole Double Throw 双极双排（电门）DPI Differential Pressure Indicator 压差指示器，压差表DPST Double Pole Single Throw 双极单排（电门）DPL Detailed Parts List 详细零部件清单DPV Directional Pilot Valve 导流活门DR Dead Reckoning 推测领航DSDD Double Sided Double Density 双边双密度DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字式信号处理器DSP Display Select Panel 显示选择面板DSPL Display 显示，显示器DST Desktop Simulation Trainer 台式（计算机）模拟训练器DTG Distance To Go 待飞距离DTY dty Duty 负荷，负载，DU Display Unit 显示组件，显示器EEADI Electronic Attitude Director Indicator 电子姿态指引仪EAROM Electrically Alterable Read-only Memory 电可变只读存储器EAS Equivalent Airspeed 相应空速，等效空速EBS Engine Bleed System 发动机引气系统EBU Engine Build-up 发动机组装ECON，econ Economy 经济ECP EICAS Control Panel EICAS控制面板ECS Environmental Control System 环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control Unit 电子控制组件E/D End of Descent 下降结束，下降终点ED EICAS Display EICAS显示器ED1 EICAS Primary Display EICAS主显示器ED2 EICAS Secondary Display EICAS副显示器EDP Engine Driven Pump 发动机驱动泵EDU Electronic Display Unit 电子显示组件E/E Electrical/Electronic 电气/电子（设备）EEC Electronic Engine Control 电子发动机控制装置EED Engine Exceedance Data 发动机超限数据EFD Electronic Flight Display 电子飞行显示器EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 电气可抹除可编程只读存储器EFH Engine Flight Hours 发动机飞行小时EFI Electronic Flight Instrument 电子飞行仪表EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature 排气温度EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator 电子水平状态指示仪EHSV Electro Hydraulic Servo Valve 电子液压伺服活门EICAS Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System 发动机指示和机组警告系统EIS Entry into Service 投入使用EIU Engine Interface Unit 发动机接口组件EL Elevation 标高ELCU Electrical Load Control Unit 电气负荷控制组件Elec elec Electrical 电电气Elev elev Elevator 升降舵Elex elex Electronics 电子设备ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter 应急定位发射机ELEC Electrical 电气的，电的ELVE Elevator 升降舵EMER, EMG Emergency 应急EMF/emf Electromotive Force 电动势EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMU Engine Maintenance Unit 发动机维护组件Enbl enbl Enable 接通, 导通，使。
空战术语表
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能引起敌机超越
Snapshot——快速拉进领先追逐，对敌机做一次急射
Snot locker——机首
Spike——雷达接触
Spit out——脱离战斗而不管是否主动，被动还是超越
Square a corner——执行最大G 值的机动，看上去像一个完全直角的转弯
BVR——超视距
Corner velocity——飞机具有最快的转弯速率和最小转弯半径时的速度
Crawl back up in the cockpit——有时， 飞行员会遇到一种称为“任务饱和”的现象，即瞬间发
生了太多的事情，而飞行员的能力无法处理应付如此之多的事情，导致他发生智力上的退化。
Military power——100% 油门，不使用加力
Missile engagement zone——敌机周围你能有效使用导弹的区域
Mud Hen——F-15E
Offensive perch setup——一个BFM 训练计划，在同一高度下，以一方位于另一方的前面开始
One-circle fight——单环战斗
3/9 line——从一侧机翼到另一侧机翼的一根线，飞行员使用它来判断另一架飞机位于他的前方
还是后方。
AB——加力
ACM——空战机动
ACT——空战战术
AI——空中拦截
Angles——用千英尺表示高度的快捷方式，例如，“Angles 20 ”表示高度20,000 英尺。
Angle-off——敌机航向和你的航向之间的角度差，也称为航向交叉角或HCA
Tur——转弯圆环
Jeppesen飞行计划各释义
MEL ITEMCFP--------------------------- MEL ITEM END ---------------------------PLAN 9221 ZYTX TO ZSFZ 738W 30/F IFR 20/01/19NONSTOP COMPUTED 1918Z FOR ETD 2300Z PROGS 2012NWS B-AIRLINES CALLSIGN: 35------------------------------- -----------------------------------POA ZSFZ 008404 03/11 1216 0211Z 074723 066318 019123 042565ALT ZSAM 001691 00/37 0170 0248ZW114 LASAN W13 BEGMO W117 DST B221 LJG..ZSFZ* MOST CRITICAL MSA 07300 FEET AT LJG *WIND M050 MXSH 10/MATNU ROUTE AVG TEMP M47ALT.LEVEL ETE WIND FUEL361 0312 M071 008357321 0308 M055 008398301 0307 M047 008497------------------------------- -----------------------------------REASON FOR DELAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DEPARTURE ATIS:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ATC CLEARANCE:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FLIGHT ROUTE DESCRIPTION: COMPANY ROUTE ZYTXZSFZ-C1ZYTX ELEV 00198FT ATIS:CPT FLT T WIND S TAS GRS MCS DST DSTR ETE ETR FU FR AFR FF/E ANSUK .. .. .... . .. .. 184. 036 1118 ./.. ./.. .. .. . ...... .. .A345 058TOC 341 .. .... . .. .. 184. 012 1082 0/01 2/51 017 0114 ...... .. .A345 058DDG 341 58 29071 03 447 422 216. 030 1070 0/05 2/50 001 0113 (1266)H114 058AKLAT 341 60 28074 02 447 444 193. 068 1040 0/09 2/45 002 0111 (1262)H114 052BIGBU 341 59 28073 03 450 440 192. 039 0972 0/05 2/36 004 0108 (1257)H114 031ESNUN 341 56 27079 06 453 391 228. 037 0933 0/06 2/31 002 0105 (1266)H114 010DONVO 341 55 27087 05 452 438 187. 044 0896 0/06 2/25 002 0103 (1280)A326 010MUDAL 341 54 27097 05 454 430 186. 110 0852 0/15 2/19 003 0100 (1271)A326 010DOPNO 341 53 27118 06 456 431 183. 011 0742 0/02 2/04 007 0094 (1270)A326 010IVPIP 341 51 26128 04 458 426 183. 044 0731 0/06 2/02 001 0093 (1277)A326 010IKADI 341 49 26135 05 464 326 263. 084 0687 0/15 1/56 003 0091 (1281)W113 010AKBEP 341 48 26138 06 464 328 263. 011 0603 0/03 1/41 007 0084 (1312)W113 010SOSMA 341 48 26136 06 455 457 164. 011 0592 0/01 1/38 001 0083 (1308)W108 010RUMIB 331 48 26129 07 458 453 165. 122 0581 0/16 1/37 000 0082 (1001)W108 010MATNU 331 45 26142 10 461 450 164. 019 0459 0/03 1/21 007 0076 (1283)W108 023DUMET 331 42 25147 07 470 330 226. 028 0440 0/05 1/18 001 0074 (1294)W114 020LASAN 341 42 25156 05 468 390 189. 025 0412 0/04 1/13 002 0072 (1419)W13 037PONAB 341 41 25155 05 468 390 189. 020 0387 0/03 1/09 002 0070 (1304)W13 037RULMU 341 41 25154 05 468 392 188. 019 0367 0/03 1/06 001 0069 (1301)W13 0372.3 W13 038TOGUG 341 40 25152 04 472 358 213. 081 0303 0/13 0/57 003 0065 (1287)W13 038BEGMO 341 39 25148 07 473 331 262. 066 0222 0/12 0/44 006 0059 (1311)W117 046DST 341 39 26142 06 471 362 217. 044 0156 0/08 0/32 005 0054 (1315)B221 057RUPOX 341 39 26138 06 471 370 216. 004 0112 0/00 0/24 003 0051 (1297)B221 057TOD 341 39 26130 06 335 311 216. 060 0108 0/12 0/24 000 0050 (1297)B221 073LJG .. .. .... . .. .. 163. 048 0048 ./.. ./.. .. .. . ...... .. ... 073ZSFZ .. .. .... . .. .. 162.8 048 0000 0/24 0/00 003 0047 ...... .. ... 073ELEV 00046FT ATIS:ATA . . . . . . . . . . .FIRS ZSHA/0040DESTINATION ATIS:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESTINATION ALTERNATEDIV RTE - ZSFZ..FQG A470 AMURI..ZSAMCPT LAT LONG MCS DISTFQG 238 0039ENVEN 231 0035ATSAB 232 0022AMURI 230 0034ZSAM 198 0040MSA TTK DIST FL W/C TIME FUEL ALTERNATE - 2 ZSWZ 073 028 186 207 P039 00.36 1622 DIV RTE - ZSFZ..LJG B221 DST..ZSWZCPT LAT LONG MCS DISTLJG 345 0038RUPOX037 0044ZSWZ 056 0040END OF JEPPESEN DATAPLANREQUEST NO. 9221Identifier: ZYTXStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSEOutage Start: 2019-01-21T01:50:30ZOutage End: 2019-01-21T01:58:30ZMinimum Number of Satellites: 7Identifier: ZSFZStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 0RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSENo Outages ReportedIdentifier: ZSAMStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSENo Outages ReportedIdentifier: ZSWZStart: 2019-01-20T22:00:00ZEnd: 2019-01-21T04:11:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5RNP Value: 0.30Baro Aided: FALSENo Outages ReportedRoute Outage Report:Start: 2019-01-21T23:00:00ZAlgorithm: fdeAlmanac Time: 233472Almanac Week: 1013Minimum Duration Outage: 5 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Sample Period: 1 Minute(s) 0 Second(s)Mask Angle: 5Baro Aided: FALSENANU: 2019009NANU: 2019010NANU: 2019011-------------------------------------- CFP END --------------------------------------。
国际机票术语
国际机票术语以第一二行为例：ORIGIN/DES 是始发地FLIGHT是航班CLASS 是舱位等级DATE起飞日期TIME 起飞的时间ARRTIME到达的时间国际机票术语收藏1、航段：一个城市到达另外一个城市的飞行线路（包括经停）Eg: 北京-新加坡视为一个航段；北京-新加坡-曼谷-北京是3 个航段2、航程：是指飞机在起飞后，中途不停、不加油所飞行的距离！其中包括起飞、巡航、降落的距离。
与载油量及载客（货）量有关！航程越大，飞行则越远。
现阶段飞机分为：越太平洋远程飞行、中程飞行和短程飞行三种航程！3、航班：航班是指飞机定期由始发站按规定的航线起飞，经过经停站至终点站或不经经停站而直达终点站的运输飞行，在国际航线上飞行的航班称国际航班，在国内航线上飞行的航班称国内航班。
4、航班号：为了方便运输和用户，每个航班均有编号，这个编号就是航班号。
如：CA101 航班号的含义:我国国内航班号的编排是由航空公司的两字代码加4位数字组成，航空公司代码由民航总局规定公布。
后面四位数字的第一位代表航空公司的基地所在地区，第二位代表航班基地外终点所在地区，其中数字1代表华北、2为西北、3为华南、4为西南、5为华东、6为东北、8为厦门、9为新疆，第三、第四位表示航班的序号，单数表示由基地出发向外飞的航班，双数表示飞回基地的回程航班。
以CA1206为例，CA是中国国际航空公司的代码，第一位数字1表示华北地区，国航的基地在北京；第二位数字2表示西北，西安属西北地区；后两位06为航班序号，末位6是双数，表示该航班为回程航班。
再比如CZ3151，深圳—北京航班，CZ为南方航空公司的代码，第一位数字3表示华南地区，南航的基地在广州；1表示华北，北京属于华北地区；51为航班序号，单数为去程航班。
国际航班号的编排，是由航空公司代码加3位数字组成。
第一位数字表示航空公司，后两位为航班序号，与国内航班号相同的是单数为去程，双数为回程。
例如MU508，由东京飞往北京，是中国东方航空公司承运的回程航班。
8空中交通防撞系统
电子信息工程学院
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TCAS组成
TCAS DIRECTIONAL ANTENNTION
EFIS or TCAS DISPLAY
COORDINATION & INHIBITION
TCAS II UNIT
MODE S XPDR
RADAR ALTIMETER
空中防撞系统 TCAS
中国民航大学 电子信息工程学院
Alert system
空中防撞系统（TCAS）
电子信息工程学院
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TCAS发展
早在50年代航空业界就开始着手研究空中防撞系统，但因技术问题， 应用不普遍。直到80年代，经历多次空难之后，终于进入实用阶段， 研发出第一代空中防撞系统（TCAS I）。 TCAS I能够侦测上下7000至10000呎（1英尺(呎)=12英寸(吋)=30.48 厘米），前后15至40海里，发现有航机接近时，会提前40秒警告飞行 员对方飞机的高度和位置。 第二代空中防撞系统（TCAS II），是目前最被广泛使用的，会用声 音及显示警告飞行员。别架飞机若有装TCAS，也会有相反的警告发出 来。 第三代（第四代）空中防撞系统（TCAS III），除了有上下避撞措施 之外，还增加左右避撞能力。 Honeywell公司是TCAS的主要制造商，超过一半的TCAS产品都是出自 该公司。
空中防撞系统（TCAS）
电子信息工程学院
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乌柏林根空难
失事时间：2002年7月1日 失事地点：德国巴登-符腾堡邦乌伯林根上空 失事机型：图154M与波音757-200SF 死亡人数：71人 航线1：BTC2937 莫斯科 to 巴塞罗那 航线2：DHL611 柏加摩 to 布鲁塞尔 管制中心：瑞士苏黎世的空管公司Skyguide负责 管制员：皮特·尼尔森 问题1：视频中讲述TCAS如何避免两机相撞？ 问题2：TCAS警告信息是什么？ 问题3：DHL不断爬升的目的是什么？ 问题4：谁先发现两机可能碰撞？ 问题5：TCAS要求谁爬升，谁下降？ 问题6：谁听从了管制员，谁听从了TCAS？
Atmosphere航空气象词汇
Atmosphere大气Aerosol气溶胶质粒Ozonosphere臭氧层Greenhouse Gas温室气体Homosphere均质层Heterosphere非均质层Neutrosphere中性层Ionosphere电离层Troposphere对流层Stratosphere平流层Mesosphere中间层Thermosphere热层Exosphere外大气层、外逸层Lapse Rate of Temperature垂直温度递减率Inversion Layer逆温层Frictional Layer摩擦层Planetary Boundary Layer行星边界层Free Atmosphere自由大气Nacreous Cloud珠母云Tropopause对流层顶Stratopause平流层顶Mesopause中间层顶Thermopause热层顶Air Mass气团Air-mass Modification气团变性Arctic Air北极气团Antarctic Air南极气团Continental Air大陆气团Polar极地Tropical热带Marine Air海洋气团Equatorial Air赤道气团Cold Air Mass冷气团Warm Air Mass暖气团Front锋Frontal Zone锋区Frontal Surface锋面Frontal Line锋线Cold Front冷锋Warm Front暖锋Quasi-stationary Front准静止锋Occlusion Front锢囚锋Standard Atmosphere标准大气WMO世界气象组织Geopotential Height位势高度Meteorological Element气象要素Air Temperature气温Celsius’ Thermometric Scale摄氏温标Fahrenheit Thermometric Scale华氏温标Non-adiabatic Change非绝热变化Radiation辐射Conduction传导Convection对流Advection平流turbulence湍流Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate干绝热垂直变温率Altimeter气压高度表Altimeter Setting气压高度表拨定Airspeed Meter空速表Atmospheric Pressure大气压强Station Pressure本站气压Surface Pressure场面气压Sea Level Pressure海平面气压QNH修正海平面气压高度表拨定QNE标准海平面气压高度表拨定Pressure Field气压场Isobaric Chart等压面图Geopotential Meter位势米Trough槽Ridge脊Col鞍？？？Air Humidity空气湿度Mixing Ratio混合比Specific Humidity比湿Saturation V apour Pressure饱和水汽压Dew Point Temperature露点温度Condensation Level凝结高度Wind风Wind Speed风速Wind Direction风向Geostrophic Wind地转风Buys Bullot白贝罗Convergence辐合Divergence辐散Cold Advection冷平流Warm Advection暖平流General Circulation大气环流Northeast Trade东北信风Southeast Trade东南信风Hadley Cell哈得莱环流Ferrel Cell费雷尔环流Monsoon季风Cloud云Atmospheric Stratification Stability大气层结稳定Emagram(Energy-per Unit-mass Diagram)埃玛图，T-lnp ChartStratification Curve层结曲线Hail冰雹Tornado龙卷Cloud Form云状Cloud Amount云量Cloud Height云高Precipitation降水Rain雨Drizzle毛毛雨Snow雪Graupel霰Ice Particle冰粒Ice Pellet冰丸Granular Snow米雪Dew露Frost霜Soft Rime针状雾淞Glaze冻雨Snow Cover on Runway跑道积雪Icing on Runway跑道结冰Fog雾Haze霾Smoke Screen烟幕Sand Storm沙尘暴Blowing Sand扬沙Dust浮尘Blowing Snow吹雪Thunderstorm雷暴Severe Storm强风暴Squall Line飑线Tornado龙卷风Atmospheric Transparency大气透明度Prevailing Visibility有效能见度Minimum V isibility最低能见度Flight Visibility空中能见度Visual Flight目视飞行Instrument Flight仪表飞行Meteorological Condition气象条件Meteorological Minimum最低气象条件Aerodrome Meteorological Minimum机场天气标准Jet/Jet Stream急流Subtropical Westerly Jet副热带西风急流Tropical Easterly Jet热带东风急流Low-level Wind Shear低空风切变V ertical Wind Shear风的垂直切变Horizontal Wind Shear风的水平切变V ertical Air Current Shear垂直气流切变Tail Wind Shear顺风切变Head Wind Shear逆风切变Cross Wind Shear侧风切变Gust Front阵风锋Individual Microburst单个微下击暴流Microburst lines微下击暴流线Wind Profile风廓线Prediction预报Warning警报Clear Air Turbulence晴空湍流Trailing V ortex Wakes尾涡湍流Richardson Number理查逊数Aircraft Icing/Aircraft Ice Accretion飞机积冰Dynamic Heat Effect动力增温效应Clear Ice明冰Rime Ice凇冰Glime毛冰？？？？Typhoon台风Tropical Cyclone热带气旋Mountain山区Plateau高原Surface Map/Surface Weather Chart地面天气图Isobaric Chart高空等压面图Isohypse等高线Isotherm等温线Trough-line槽线Shear-line切变线Auxiliary Weather Chart辅助天气图Cross-section Diagram剖面图Meteorogram气象实况图Hazardous Weather Phenomenon Chart危险天气现象图A viation Weather Forecast航空天气预报Synoptic System天气系统Synoptic Process天气过程Synoptic Situation天气形势Weather Prognostics天气形势预报Meteorological Element Forecast气象要素预报Atmospheric Model大气模式Numerical Model数值模式Synoptic Model天气学模式Statistical Model统计模式NWP/Numerical Weather Prediction数值天气预报Diagnostic Weather Analysis天气诊断分析法Aerodrome Forecast航站（机场）天气预报Air Route Forecast航线（航路）天气预报A viation Area Forecast区域航空天气预报Nowcast临近预报（超短时天气预报）V ery Short-range Forecast短时天气预报Short-range Forecast短期天气预报Landing Forecast着陆预报Take-off Forecast起飞预报Amended Forecast订正预报Flight Weather Forecast Bulletin飞行天气报告表Air Route Forecast Cross-section Diagram航线天气预报剖面图Aerodrome Weather Forecast Bulletin航站天气预报表Area Prognostic Chart区域天气预告图AIG WX/Significant Weather Forecast Chart重要天气预告图Upper Air Wind and Temperature Forecast Chart高空风、温度预告图A viation Meteorological Navigation航空气象导航。
PEPEC 英语考试 900 句翻译版
PEPEC 英语考试 900 句第一章基本通话术语1. Maintaining FL310.保持飞行高度层 310。
2. Descending to FL290.下降到飞行高度层 290。
3. Reaching FL190.到达高度层 190。
4. Maintaining FL90 over WXJ.过 WXJ 时保持高度层 90。
5. Continue descent to 3000 feet， QNH 1012.继续下降到 3000 英尺，修正海压 1012。
6. Passing FL180 for FL310.通过高度层 180，继续上升到高度层 310。
7. Cleared to enter controlled airspace not above FL100.可以进入管制空域，不高于高度层 100。
8. Request further climb.请示进一步爬升。
9. Fly direct to SHA, not below FL180.直飞 SHA，高度不低于高度层 180。
10. After passing CGO descend to FL80.过 CGO 后，下降到高度层 80。
11. Stop descent at FL210.到高度层 210 时停止下降。
12. Descending to reach FL150 by WXI.到 WXI 前下降到高度层 150。
13. Unable to reach FL150 by ZHO due performance.性能原因到 ZHO 之前不能到达高度层 150。
14. Climbing to FL290, to be level by 55.爬升到高度层 290，55 分前改平。
15. Descend at 2000 feet per minute.以 2000 英尺每分下降率下降。
16. Climbing at 1000 feet per minute or greater.以每分 1000 英尺或更大的爬升率上升。
introductiontoflight1
10
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4.Sir George Cayley (1799) ●First pioneered the concept for the modern airplane configuration in 1799 - Fixed wings, tail, fuselage - Separate mechanism for propulsion “separation of lift and propulsion” ● Recognized that the function of thrust was to overcome aerodynamic drag ●Drew the first lift-drag vector diagram in the history
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• The control feature of Wright flyer is one of the basic reasons for its success • Flyer I had a wing span of 12 m , flew a distance of 256 m, and lasting 59 sec
AY： Before this time flapping wings were supposed to provide both lift and propulsion
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Lift
Resultant Aerodynamic Force
Thrust
Drag
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5.Heavier-than-Air Unpowered Gliders (Sailplanes) • Gliders first designed and flew by Otto Lilienthal, a German mechanical engineer, in 1891 • Lilienthal is known as the glider’s man • Gliders characterized by un-sustained flight
第五章间隔分析
中国民航大学空管学院航行系
间隔标准的确立
管制规则与程序
两种提供间隔的方式：
时间间隔（程序）
距离间隔（雷达）
两者均要求获取高质量的信息 Both require quality of the information来自中国民航大学空管学院航行系
影响时间间隔的因素
管制规则与程序
longitudinal “time” separation minima - decision time 决策时间 - co-ordination time 协调时间 - transmission time 通话时间 - lead time 提前量 - accuracy of position determination 定位的精确度 - frequency of reporting 位置报的频率 - clock inaccuracies 时钟误差 - buffer 缓冲量
中国民航大学空管学院航行系
间隔 (Separation)
间 隔
垂直间隔 水平间隔
管制规则与程序
纵向间隔
横向间隔
中国民航大学空管学院航行系
管制规则与程序
垂直间隔
在我国航路、航线上飞行的航空器之间的垂直间隔，按飞行高度层
配备。经过多次高度层改革，从2007年11月22日零时起全国飞行高 度层按照以下标准划分：
300 m minimum
中国民航大学空管学院航行系
垂直间隔 Vertical separation
管制规则与程序
300m minimum
中国民航大学空管学院航行系
水平间隔
管制规则与程序
水平间隔包括横向间隔和纵向间隔： 横向间隔-是指航空器侧方的最低间隔距离，使航空器保持在不同的航路上或 在不同地理区域内飞行，其大小与航空器定位所用的导航系统的精度有关。 纵向间隔-是指前后航空器之间的最低间隔距离，使在同一航迹、交叉航迹或 逆向航迹上飞行的航空器之间保持一个间隔。纵向间隔与飞机速度以及飞机 定位时间相关，是最为丰富的一种间隔标准也是管制员使用最多的一种间隔 标准。它可以用时间为单位，也可以用距离为单位。 时间间隔-用时间间隔来保持航空器之间具备足够距离，多用于程序管制。这 种间隔涉及到航空器过报告点位置的准确性、报告点位置的次数和间隔、时 钟的准确性等。 距离间隔-用距离间隔来保持航空器之间具备足够距离，多用于雷达管制。这 种间隔涉及航空器测距手段，有DME测距定位，也有雷达测距定位。
中国民航管制员ICAO英语考试OPI完整版16套
中国民航管制员ICAO英语考试OPI完整版16套OPI 11. How long have you been working as an air traffic controller?你作为一名管制员工作多长时间了？I have working as an air traffic controller about fourteen years,I am a Tower controller with this unit.2. Are you proud of yourself as a controller? Why?你作为一名管制员感到自豪吗？为什么？Yes, I am proud. Because I think our work is an honorable work, we make sure the safety of the people`s life and the property.3.Could you give a general introduction of the area/or airspace under your control?你能对你指挥下的区域或空间做一个简单的介绍吗？I`m a tower controller, in my control area,there are three corridors, one is from BeiJing, two is from ShangHai, three is from Haerbin.Let’s talk about missed approach4. Have you ever controlled a flight which made a missed approach?你曾经指挥过做复飞的飞机吗？Yes,I have controlled，a flight not land on the runway andmade a missed approach due the runway occupied by unknown vehicle.5. What reasons do you think may cause a missed approach? 你认为什么原因能导致一起复飞？For example:poor visibility,too close to preceding aircraft,strong cross wind,runway occupied by unknown vehicle or aircraft,landing gear problem.6. What help do you think the pilots may need when executing missed approach?当执行复飞时，你觉得飞行员都需要什么帮助？Control the aircraft climb to the safety altitude and the other aircraft on the runway not departure,control the aircraft again approach or other situation according to pilot decision.7. Do you think the standard procedures for missed approach can provide convenience both for the pilots and controllers?你觉得标准的复飞程序能提供给飞行员和管制员什么便利？Yes,the standard procedures for missed approach can make the pilots and controllers know what situation should missed approach and convenience controllers and pilots operation. 8. How could a missed approach influence ATC work?复飞如何影响空管工作？Missed aproach can make the ATC work more business than normal situation and influence other aircraft landing and departure.9.Do you think it is necessary to make a missed approach forflight safety under certain situations?你认为在某个已确定位置复飞对飞行安全是必要的吗？Yes,I think it is necessary.Because if low the certain situation make a missed approach may cause this aircraft dangerous.The following questions are about airmiss10. Have you ever experienced airmiss in your work? If yes, please share the story with me; if no, have you heard any of that?你曾经在你工作中见过空中危险接近吗？如果见过，请和我分享这个故事，如果没有，说一说你所听到的？No.I am not experience,but I have heared.The air force aircraft near the same altitude passenger aircraft low the minimum safey separation and cause the passenger aircraft change level and heading to avoid.11. What reasons may cause an airmiss?什么原因导致空中危险接近？Controller instruction mistake,pilot operation mistake,unknown traffic approach the aircraft,instrument problem cause emergency descend and other reasons.12. What are some of the separation limits in your control unit?在你的管制单位里，间隔限制都有什么？Radar control : the same level 40 kilometers ,same direction cross 15 kilometers,opposite direction cross 40 kilometres. Procedure control is 10 minutes.13. If the separation limits between two aircraft is going to be exceeded, what will you do?如果两架飞机小于间隔，你将怎么做？I should change heading, change altitude, make orbit or other method to again established the minimum safe separation.14. What do you think are some of the consequences of an airmiss?你认为危险接近的后果有哪些？An airmiss may cause this two aircrafts separation low the minimum safety separation and cause aircraft TCAS alert or collision with other aircraft on air and it may increase controllers working pressure.15. Can you suggest some good ways to avoid or prevent airmiss effectively?你能建议一些好办法去避免或阻止危险接近的发生吗？Controllers instruction must be carefully,correct and observe other flights and unknown traffic fly direction by radar. Pilot should repeat and operation correct.OPI 21. Which ATC unit do you work in? 你在那个空管部门工作？I am a Tower controller, I`m work at ShenYang Tower.2. What’ your position now and what’s the main responsibility of your position?现在你在什么岗位？你的岗位最重要的职责是什么？I am a instructor and I help the new controller progress.3.Have you ever received some training related to air traffic control recently? Could you say something about that?最近你们经常受到和空管有关系的一些培训是什么？你能谈谈吗？Yes, I have. I have received the radar simulation training. Let’s talk about abnormal situations4. What kind of abnormal situations have you ever experienced in the past?过去，什么类型的不正常情况是你经历过的？Radar failure,communication failure,TCAS and instrument failure,engine failure,bird strike cause windshield problem,pressurization failure and decompression.5. According to your understanding, what are the main principles when dealing with abnormal situations?就你的理解，当不正常情况发生时，什么是最主要的准则？I think we must keep calm when talk with pilot through the transmitter,make sure unstand the nature of emergency andpilot intention,maintain safety separation,give pilot sufficient time and maximunm support to work on their problem.6. What personality should an air traffic controller have when dealing with abnormal or emergency situations?当不正常情况或紧急情况发生时，作为一名空管员应具备什么样的品质？An air traffic controller should talk with pilot keep calm,support message and information to pilot and have a cool head when dealing with emergency situation.7. Do you have standard procedures for abnormal or emergency situations in your control unit? Could you please give an example? 在你的管制部门，有标准程序应对不正常或紧急事件吗？你能给举个例子吗？Yes,we have.When radar failure we should advise aircraft radar failure and resume procedure control,establish procedure separation;report to radar maintance man and leader;advise other control units radar failure and make the aircraft wait in their area according to radar failure procedure.8.Have you ever had trouble in communicating with foreign pilots when dealing with abnormal situations? If yes, how did you overcome the trouble to ensure flight safety?当不正常情况发生时，你感觉和国外机组通话有难度吗？如果是，你怎样战胜困难来确保飞行安全？Yes,I think have , we do not fully understand foreign pilots means when they encounter emergency situation because they speak so fast and not use standard communication sometimes.We should use standard communication and frequently study English,listening foreign radio and watching foreign film improve my English ability.9.Assume the flight crew report that one passenger onboard had a heart attack, how do you handle the situation when you are on duty?当你值班的时候，机组报告一位乘客的心脏病发作了，你应该如何处理？I should according to pilot intention control this flight priority landing or alternative to the nearest airport ,coordinate airforce make this flight direct to landing airport to save time,control other flight avoid and call ambulance wait at landing airport.Now, let’s change to the topic related to flow control10. What reasons may cause flow control?什么原因能导致流控？Bad weather for landing airport,airforce traffic,expect somany flights into the area in the future time.11. Do you think it is necessary to impose flow control?你认为利用流控的原因是什么？Yes,I think it is necessary.The flow control can reduce the controllers pressure,reduce the route congestion and more safety than no flow control.12. What consequences does flow control bring to controllers, airline companies, pilots and passengers respectively?流控给空管，航空公司，机组和旅客带来的后果分别是什么？Flow control can reduce the controllers pressure;increase airline companies cost when waiting for long time at the airport;increase pilots fly time even over the company rule time;increase passengers waiting time even not catch up with the next flight.13. Who is responsible for making a decision to control traffic flow?谁负责做出一个决定来控制交通流量?The control unit director responsible for decision to control traffic floe according to the traffic flow expecting system and report leader whether approved issue the control traffic flow.14. What factors should be taken into consideration when making a decision to control traffic flow?当做了一个管制流控决定时，什么因素将被考虑？The control traffic flow time not so long and the distance not so large otherwise cause many flights delay much time;the important flights are not restriction.15. After a long delay on the ground because of flow control, pilots are likely to be anxious, how do you deal with their complaints and quarrels on your frequency?由于流控在地面被延误很长时间后，机长很焦急，你如何在你的波道里化解他们的抱怨和争吵？I should keep my head and not quarrel with pilots on my frequency, I should tell pilots the flow control reason,flow control information , waiting sequence and estimated departure time.OPI 31. Do you often communicate with foreign pilots in English? If yes, do you have any problems in radiotelephony communication?你经常与外国飞行员用英语通讯吗？如果是的，你在用无线电通讯中有什么问题吗？Yes, I often use English in my work. If they speak so fast and I am not full understand what they say.2. Do you think it is necessary to speak English in radiotelephony communication with Chinese pilots? Why?你认为与中国飞行员在无线电通讯中讲英语是必须的吗？为什么？No, I don`t think it is necessary. Because it may cause misunderstand.3.Do you think speaking English may cause more communication misunderstanding? Why?你认为讲英语可能引起更多的通讯误会吗？Yes, I think so. Because English is not our mother tongue.Now, let’s talk something about runway incursions.4. The runway is a critical area for flight safety; do you know anything about runway incursions?对于飞行安全，跑道是一个关键区域，你知道任何关于跑道入侵的事情吗？The aircraft and vehicle enter the runway are not clearance by controllers;the aircraft or vehicle cross the wait position of runway;the aircraft or vehicle cross yhe landing or departure aircraft.5. What could cause a runway incursion? 什么能够引起跑道入侵？The pilot and driver are not listen the controllers instruction;radio communication;forget the aircraft,vehicle or person on the runway;working condition.6. What consequences may a runway incursion bring? 跑道入侵可能带来什么样的后果？Runway incursion may cause the aircraft collision with other departure or landing aircraft and vehicle on the runway;may cause the runway confusion and increase the controller working and pressure.7. When the runway is unlawfully occupied, what should a tower controller do?当跑道被非法占用的时候，作为一名塔台管制员应该做些什么？The tower controller should order the unlaw aircraft or vehicle immediately vacate the runway and control the landing aircraft wait until the runway is normal.8. In order to prevent a runway incursion from happening, what special rules or regulations should you follow?为了防止跑道入侵的发生，你必须遵循什么特殊的规则和管理？I should watching the aircraft or vehicle moving situation on runway all time;I should use the standard taxi way to avoid pilot or driver bring confusion;I should use the standard radio communication.9.Have you ever heard of or encountered a runway incursion? Please tell the story. And what did you learn from theincident?你曾经听过或遇到过跑道入侵吗？请告诉我这个故事，从这次事故中你能学到什么？Yes,I have heared.An aircraft enter the runway not follow the controllers instruction and cause the departure aircraft immediately emergency brake and turn avoid this aircraft.From this incident I learn that I should watching the aircraft or vehicle moving situation on runway all time.The following questions are about fuel dumping10. Have you ever controlled an aircraft dumping fuel?你曾经指挥过飞机放油吗？Yes,I have.An aircraft fly into my area report the NO2 engine failure and request return to Beijing airport but first must dumping the redundant fuel due to landing weight.11. Under what conditions does an aircraft need to dump fuel?在什么条件下，飞机需要放油？The aircraft departure a short of time and the pilot decdide to return to land due to abnormal situation.But the aircraft need dumping redundant fuel due to landinig weight.12. Could you please describe the fuel dumping procedures in your airspace?请你描述在你的空域中飞机放油的过程？In my airspace we should control the aircraft dumping fuel in the fuel dumping area,advise pilot route,alitiude and weatherinformation about the fuel dumping area and control other aircraft avoid this aircraft.13. What information should an air traffic controller relay to other aircraft flight crews before fuel dumping begins?在放油开始之前，一名管制员应该提供什么信息给其他的飞行机组？Before fuel dumping begings we should advise other aircraft the fuel duming aircraft ＇s altitude ,fuel dumping area and estimate dumping fuel begin and over time.14. How would fuel dumping affect other aircraft near the fuel dumping area?飞机放油是怎么样影响放油区的其他飞行器的？The fuel dumping would affect other pilots sight and influence flight safe and other aircraft near the fuel dumping area should change heading and altitude to avoid this aircraft.15. What help can controllers provide to a flight crew when they need to dump fuel?管制员能提供给机组什么帮助，当他们需要放油的时候？The controllers should provide to the pilot fly heading to the fuel dumping area ,altitude and weather information about the fuel dumping area .OPI 41. How long have you been working as an air trafficcontroller?作为一名空中交通管制员，你已经工作多久了？I have working as an air traffic controller about fourteen years,I am a Tower controller with this unit.2. What is your working position? 你的工作岗位是什么？I am a instructor and I help the new controller progress.3.Do you enjoy your job at present? Why?目前你喜欢你的工作吗？为什么？Yes, I enjoy my job, Because I like aircraft from my childhood. Now, let’s talk something about bomb threats.4. Have you ever controlled an aircraft experiencing a bomb threat? If not, do you know a story about this?你曾经指挥过一架飞机经历炸弹威胁吗？如果没有，你知道关于这方面的故事？No, I have not controlled. But I heared the bomb threat say they have received an anonymous call saying there is a bomb on board and requiring your aircraft to procedure to HongKong airport.5. Have you ever received any bomb threat training in a simulator?你在模拟机上曾经接受过一些关于炸弹威胁的训练吗？Yes,I have received the bomb threat training in a simulator.6. In your opinion, what are some important pieces of information you should gather when a bomb threat occurs?在你的意识里，当炸弹威胁发生时，你最应该收集的重要信息是什么？I should know how many people on board,explosion information, pilot＇s intention and control other aircraft avoid,provide the nearest airport information to the pilot.7. If you receive an anonymous call saying there is a hand bomb on board, what procedures should you follow to handle the situation?如果你收到一个匿名电话说，有炸弹在飞机上，你应该用什么程序来掌控这一事件？I should according to the bomb threat procedure deal with this situation .I should advise the pilot bomb on board,know the pilot intention,control other aircraft avoid , adivse police,ambulance and fire engine.8. If the flight with the bomb threat is going to divert to your airport, how would you handle it?如果有炸弹威胁的飞机将要备降到你的机场，你应怎么样应对？I should control other flights aovid this aircraft and advise the police, ambulance, fire engine and control this flight stay farfrom other aircraft after landing.9.When bomb threat occurs, what help can you give the flight crew to assist them through the emergency?当炸弹威胁发生时，有哪些帮助是你能给机组提供的，协助他们渡过危险？I should satisfy the flight crew＇s request do my best and according to the pilot intention avoid other aircraft avoid and priovde the nearest airport to the pilot.The following questions are about fire on board.10. Which one do you think is more dangerous, a bomb threat or a fire on board? Why?你认为炸弹威胁和机身起火那个更危险？为什么？I think fire on board is dangerous. Because if the fire not under control,it may cause passengers are burned or suffocate due to dense smoke spread all over the cabin even cause aircraft explode on air.11. What may cause a fire on board? 能导致机身起火的原因都有什么？I think passenger smoke in the toilet,the electrical wire fire and engine fire may cause a fire on board.12. If a pilot reports passengers were injured, how would itaffect your control operation?如果飞行员报告乘客受伤了，它能影响到你的管制指挥吗？Yes,it affect my control operation.I should control this flight priority landing and call ambulance,I should control other flight give way to this flight.13. Are there any standard procedures for controllers to follow for fire on board? If yes, please explain.管制员对于机身起火有什么标准程序吗？如果有，请解释。
航行阶段的工作程序描述1
航行阶段的工作程序描述Q1: How many feet do you think is good for aircraft cruise?I think the altitude is different in every-times flight plan. The pilot should follow the flight data to choice the best altitude to fly. If we fly in this altitude we can save fuel and reduce the flight costs.Q2: What will you do during cruise?During cruise, I’ll do the cruise checklist, contact with ATC to give them a position report. Otherwise, I need to keep monitoring varies flight data and engine data. (Engage the auto-pilot, check the systems)Q3:What do you think is the most important part during cruise?I think, the most important part is that we keep monitoring instrument, flight data and weather radar. Of course, keep contacting with ATC make the position report is necessary. ( Weather and traffic, position report.)Q4:What will you do during a cruise turbulence?If we encounter the turbulence during cruise, firstly I’ll turn on the passenger signal light and adjust the speed to the turbulence speed. Secondly communicate with ATC request level change. If necessary I’ll make captain speaking. (Offset the course to avoid the turbulence)Q5:How do you spend your time during cruise?During cruise, usually I spend my time on monitoring the ATC and flight data. We discuss about flight skills, the weather on route and situation of destination or diverting airport. Sometimes, we also tell some jokes or our family to have an relax.Q6:Do you smoke during cruise?No I don’t smoke, I think smoking is unhealthy. According to our flight operation manual, smoking in the cockpit is forbidden.Q7:Do you make a captain broadcast during cruise?Yes I do. Since this year, our company issued the regulation that captain have to make captain welcome broadcast. For example, Ladies andgentleman, this is captain speaking. we have flight from BJ to GZ, flight level is 7000 feet, out temperature is minors 42. Estimate destination 3PM, have a good trip.Q8: Someone said cruise is boring , is that correct?I don’t think so. We have many things need to do. For example, contact the ATC, report the resent position, keep monitoring flight data, weather radar. On the contrary, I feel busy during whole flight.Q9: Do you change altitude during cruise? Why?We change level sometimes because ATC has to adjust the separation. Usually we need to change flight level also for avoiding turbulence and weather. (Weather, TCAS warning, other traffic, ATC instructions)Q10:How do you correct your flight path during cruise?During flight, the flight path will be corrected by the computer, what I need to do is monitoring the position error don’t extend/beyond the limitation.(Change heading or altitude, Direct to next waypoint)Q11:Do you think the RVSM policy is better for flight safety?No, I think is worse for flight safety. RVSM means reduce vertical separation minimum it contains more flight in the RVSM area. Than, the safety redundancy/margin is reduced. It’s easy to cause air collision or air-missing.Q12: Could you please describe the RVSM policy?It means the vertical separation reduced and flight levels increased within designated area. Exactly, From FL290 to FL410, where the vertical separation height decreased from 2000 feet to 1000.Q13:How could you notice the other aircraft during cruise?During cruise, I notice the other aircrafts by TACAS system and ATC mention. And observe the position light.Q14: Did you come cross some kind of emergency during cruise?No I didn’t. Because the aircraft I fly is very new. I’m the first officer andonly have 500 flight hours.Q15:How do you choose your cruise speed?Usually, we choose economic speed from FMC. Sometimes we follow ATC’s instruction.Q17:Do you think high speed cruise is better? why ?The more economic, the betterQ18:Do you have some suggestion for cruise?Q19:What is the most important during cruise emergency?Keep calm, identify the problem, follow the procedures, CRMQ20:What will you do during cabin depressurization?put on oxygen mask, descend, make a Mayday call。
5.Rules of Air
4800m
4200m
300m 300m
1200m
900m 600m
180°~359°
0°~179°
12500m
Flight levels between 8900 m and 12500 m
– Nothing shall be dropped or sprayed from an aircraft in flight except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.
a) the formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting; b) separation between aircraft in the flight shall be the responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots-in-command of the other aircraft in the flight and shall include periods of transition when aircraft are maneuvering to attain their own separation within the formation and during join-up and break-away; and c) a distance not exceeding 1 km (0.5 NM) laterally and longitudinally and 30 m (100 ft) vertically from the flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft.
航空专业基础词汇
航空专业基础词汇aerobatic英音：[,ɛərə'bætik]美音：[,ɛrə'bætɪk]形容词a. 特技飞行的aerobatics英音：[ɛərəu'bætiks]美音：[eərə'bætɪks]名词n. 特技飞行;特技飞行表演;特技飞行术aerodynamics英音：['ɛərəudai'næmiks]美音：[,ɛrodaɪ'næmɪks]名词n. 气动力学;航空动力学aeronautical(=aeronautic)英音：[,ɛərə'nɔ:tikəl]美音[,ɛrə'nɔtɪk!]形容词a. 航空学的;飞行术的aircraft英音：['ɛəkrɑ:ft]美音：['ɛr,kræft]名词n.航空器airfoil名词n. 【空】机翼,螺旋桨airframe英音：['ɛə,freim]美音：['ɛr,frem]名词n.【空】机身airline英音：['ɛəlain]美音：['ɛr,laɪn]名词n. (飞机的)航线,.航空公司airport英音：['ɛəpɔ:t]美音：['ɛr,port]名词n. 机场;航空站airspace英音：['ɛəspeis]美音：['ɛr,spes]名词n. 上空;空间;领空airspeed名词n.空速air traffic control （ATC）空中交通管制air traffic controller固定词组ph. 空中交通管制员;空中交通指挥员airways英音：['ɛəweiz]美音：['ɛr,wez]名词n.航空公司altimeter英音：[æl'timi:tə]美音：[æl'tɪmətɚ]名词n. 测高仪,高度计[C] altitude英音：['ælti,tju:d]美音：['æltə,tjud]名词n. 高,高度;海拔anti-icing名词n.防冰approach英音：[ə'prəutʃ]美音：[ə'protʃ]名词n.进场，近场(飞行器向目的地机场开始下降的阶段)attitude英音：['ætitju:d]美音：['ætətjud]名词n.飞行姿态（高度）autopilot缩写词abbr.（= automatic pilot）自动驾驶仪,自动操舵装置aviator英音：['eivi,eitə]美音：['evɪ,etɚ]名词n. 飞行员,飞机驾驶员avionics英音：[,eivi'ɔniks]美音：[,evɪ'ɑnɪks]名词n. 1.航空电子学;航空电子技术2.航空电子设备bank名词n.倾斜business aircraft 公务机，商务机business jet公务机；公务喷气式客机captain英音：['kæptin]美音：['kæptɪn]名词n. [C] (飞机的)机长ceiling【空】绝对升限；【气】云幂高度checklist名词n.检查单，检查清单，清单clearance英音：['kliərəns]美音：['klɪrəns]名词n.出入港许可证certificate英音：[sə'tifikit]美音：[sɚ'tɪfəkɪt]证明书;执照certification英音：[,sə:tifi'keiʃən]美音：[,sɝtɪfə'keʃən]名词n. 证明;检定;保证cockpit英音：['kɔkpit]美音：['kɑk,pɪt]名词n. [C](飞机,小艇,赛车等的)驾驶员座舱CVR=cockpit voice recorder 座舱通话机器collision英音：[kə'liʒən]美音：[kə'lɪʒən]名词n. [U][C]碰撞;相撞collision avoidance system固定词组ph.防撞系统compass名词n. 罗盘,指南针control surface 操纵面control tower固定词组ph. (机场)控制塔,塔台copilot英音：['kəu,pailət]美音：['ko,paɪlət]名词n.【空】副驾驶员corporate aircraft 1.公务（飞）机corporate aviation公务航空，商业航空cowling英音：['kauliŋ]美音：['kaulɪŋ]名词n. (飞机引擎上的)整流罩crosswind英音：['krɔswind]美音：['krɔs,wɪnd]名词n. 【气】侧风cruising speed巡航速度deicer英音：[di:'aisə]美音：[di'aɪsɚ]名词n. 防冰器delta wing三角形机翼downwind英音：[,daun'wind]美音：[,daun'wɪnd]形容词a. 顺风的；副词ad. 顺风地;在下风drag阻力;摩擦力;elevator电梯;升降机；【空】升降舵empennage英音：['empinidʒ]美音：['ɛmpɪnɪdʒ]词n. 1.【法】【空】机尾;尾翼面;尾翼empty weight无载重量enroute n.航路FAA=Federal Aviation Administration美国联邦航空管理局(隶属交通部(Department of Transportation), 负责民航的飞行、航空管制和安全管理等) (FAA)FBO=Fixed-base operator 固定基地运营商flap英音：[flæp]美音：[flæp]名词n.【空】(飞机的)襟翼, 阻力板flight attendant 空中服务人员、空乘人员flight data recorder飞行数据记录器fuselage英音：['fju:zilidʒ]美音：['fjuz!ɪdʒ]名词n. 1.【空】机身general['dʒenərəl]形容词adj.一般的,普遍的;通用的general aviation 通用航空General Aviation Manufacturer Association (GAMA) (美国)通用航空厂商协会glide英音：[glaid]美音：[glaɪd]滑动,滑行;滑翔;乘滑翔机飞行glide slope 下滑道gross weight 毛重，总重量hangar英音：['hæŋə]美音：['hæŋɚ]名词n.1.飞机库;飞机棚heading【航】航向headwind英音：['hed,wind]美音：['hɛd,wɪnd]名词n. 顶头风,逆风helicopter英音：['helikɔptə]美音：['hɛlɪkɑptɚ]名词n. 直升飞机helipad英音：['helipæd]美音：['hɛlɪ,pæd] 名词n.直升机停机坪. helicopter pad=helipad名词n.直升机停机坪.holding pattern 等待模式instrument landing system（ILS）仪表着陆系统instrument panel固定词组ph. 1.仪表板jet英音：[dʒet]美音：[dʒɛt]名词n.喷射，喷射式, 喷气式飞机knot英音：[nɔt]美音：[nɑt]名词n. [C]【海】节;海里(相当于每小时1.151英里) landing gear固定词组ph. 1.起落架;起落装置lift [lift] 名词n.升力logbook英音：['lɔgbuk]美音：['lɔg,buk]航空日志maintenance维修,保养nacelle英音：[nə'sel]美音：[nə'sɛl]名词n. 1.(飞机、飞船)的引擎舱;吊舱;气球吊篮nautical mile固定词组ph. 海里;里(合1.852公里)navaid助航，助航系统nose 名词n. 机头oxygen mask固定词组ph. 1.氧气面罩payload英音：['peiləud]美音：['pelod]名词n.收费载重量;商务载重量pilot (飞机等的)驾驶员,飞行员pilot in command机长power plant固定词组ph. 1.动力工场;发电厂2.电动装置;发电机preflight英音：['pri:flait]美音：['pri,flaɪt]形容词a. 1.飞行前的propeller名词n. 1.螺旋桨;推进器[C]pressurization名词n. 1.压力输送;挤压;加压;气密radar名词n. 1.雷达[C]ramp英音：[ræmp]美音：[ræmp]名词n.1.斜面;斜坡;坡道2.(上下飞机用的)活动舷梯range英音：[reindʒ]美音：[rendʒ]名词n.航程rivet英音：['rivit]美音：['rɪvɪt]名词n. 1.铆钉rotorcraft英音：['rəutəkrɑ:ft]美音：['rotɚ,kræft]名词n. 1.旋翼飞机rudder名词n. [C] (飞机的)方向舵run-up英音：['rʌn,ʌp]美音：['rʌn,ʌp]名词n. (为预热或检测)发动机高速运转runway英音：['rʌnwei]美音：['rʌn,we]名词n. [C]1.(机场的)跑道scheduler(或dispatcher)英音：[di'spætʃə]美音：[dɪ'spætʃɚ]名词n. 调度员simulator英音：['simjuleitə]美音：['sɪmjə,letɚ]名词n. 1.模拟训练装置，飞行模拟器skin 名词n.（飞机）蒙皮spin名词n.螺旋旋转，螺旋stabilizer名词n.安定装置;安定翼stall失速stick英音：[stik]美音：[stɪk] 横舵柄;飞机操纵杆tail尾部;尾状物tailwind英音：['teil,wind]美音：['tel,wɪnd]名词n.1.顺风takeoff英音：['teikɔ:f]美音：['tek,ɔf]名词n.起飞taxi英音：['tæksi]美音：['tæksɪ]滑行taxiway英音：['tæksi,wei]美音：['tæksɪ,we]名词n. .飞机滑行道throttle英音：['θrɔtl]美音：['θrɑt!]名词n. [C]1.;油门;风门thrust英音：[θrʌst]美音：[θrʌst]【物】推力,驱动力touchdown【空】着陆;降落transponder英音：[træn'spɔndə]美音：[træn'spɑndɚ]名词n. 1.发射机应答器;询问机trim(船,飞机等)获得平衡；(帆)修正方向turbulence英音：['tə:bjuləns]美音：['tɝbjələns]名词n.湍流；紊流upwind英音：['ʌp'wind]美音：['ʌp'wɪnd]逆风，迎风vector英音：['vektə]美音：['vɛktɚ] n.用无线电引导;为...导航visibility英音：[,vizi'biliti]美音：[,vɪzə'bɪlətɪ]名词n.能见度；可见度，视见度VFR=Visual Flight Rules目视飞行规则waypoint航路点weight and balance 载重平衡wing机翼yoke横舵柄;飞机操纵杆。
飞行学员培训课程
《飞行学员培训课程》希望对还是学员们的飞飞们有所帮助~飞行的培训一共分为三个大的阶段：私照（PPL）、仪表等级（IR）、多发商照（MECPL）。
其中每个阶段都是 40 课。
每个阶段一般都分为不同的小的阶段分别对学习的内容进行考核，每小个阶段的考核基本都分为两部分——口试部分和飞行部分。
口试部分先进行，如果口试部分不通过，则不进行飞行部分的考试。
如果考核不通过则重新和教员进行复习飞行，直到考核通过则进行下一个阶段的学习。
【私照（PPL）】 3 个阶段第一阶段（第 19 课）口试的内容包含：Takeoff and landing Data / Weight and Balance / Weather（起飞着陆的数据的计算/装载和配平的计算/基本的天气信息的获得和分析）FAR Part 61 and 91（联邦航空飞行条例 61 部和 91 部相关内容）Airspace pertaining to the local airports and practice areas （与飞行训练区和训练机场有关的空域分析）Performance and Limitations of the PA 、 28- 181（训练用飞机 PA28-181 的基本性能参数和限制）飞行的学习和考核的内容包含：Normal Crosswind Takeoffs（正常和侧风起飞）Traffic Pattern Operations（起落航线的操作）Normal and Crosswind Landings（正常和侧风情况下的降落）Steep Turn（大坡度转弯）Slow Flight（慢速飞行）Stalls（失速：带动力和不带动力失速）Emergency Landings（紧急着陆）ATC Communications（陆空通话）Rejected Landing（中断着陆、复飞）第一阶段的考核通过了就开始了你学习飞行中一个一个重要的经历——单飞（solo）。
航行通告英译汉
43001 由民航总局国际航行通告室发布的A系列98年第478号新航行通告：上海虹桥机场，自98年5月27日9时3分起至永久，上海虹桥机场自动终端情报服务系统频率改为132.250兆赫。
(A0478/98 NOTAMNQ)ZSHA/QSACF/IV/BO/A/000/999/3112N12120E005A)ZSSS B)9805270903 C) PERME) SHANGHAI / HONGQIAO ATIS FREQ CHANGED TO 132.250MHZ.)43002 由民航总局国际航行通告室发往厦门高崎机场航行情报室的A系列98年第 1075号新航行通告：三亚机场，自 98 年 11 月 10 日5 时37分起至永久，识别标志为“AL”的NDB导航台频率由原346千赫，改为205千赫。
GG ZSAMOIXX031413 ZBBBYNYX(A1075/98 NOTAMNQ) ZGZU/QNBCF/IV/BO/AE/000/999/1818N10925E005A) ZGSY B)9811100537 C)PERME) NDB 'AL' OPERATING FREQ 346KHZ CHANGED TO 205KHZ.)43003 由民航总局国际航行通告室发往天津滨海机场航行情报室的A系列98年第1191号新航行通告：济南机场，自98年12月2日8时15分起至永久，参见中国航行资料汇编航路图 2 ( 1998 年 12 月 1 日第25 版 )，原识别标志为“TNA”, 坐标为“N3649.9E11712.9”的济南VOR/DME台，将识别标志改为“YQG”，坐标改为“N3649.9E11713.0”。
GG ZBTJOIXX011245 ZBBBYNYX(A1191/98 NOTAMNQ)ZSHA/QNMCI/IV/BO/AE/000/999/3652N11713E025A)ZSJN B)9812020815 C)PERME)REF ERC2(25TH EDITION--1 DEC 1998) AIP CHIHA ,AMEND JINAN VOR/DME'TNA',N3649.9E11712.9 TO 'YQG',N3649.8E11713.0.)43004 由民航总局国际航行通告室发往北京首都机场航行情报室的A系列98 年第 1260号航行通告取代98年第966号航行通告：济南遥墙机场，自98年12月15日1时36分至99年5月1日16时，机场紧急着陆带关闭。
国际机票GDS运价常用指令和术语
国际机票GDS运价常用指令和术语一、常用指令：1）指令XS FSD CITYPAIR/DATE/CZ/X查询运价。
例如，要查询4月21日始发CTU-CAN-CDG-NCE往返运价，在系统中2）翻页请用 XS FSPN；在XSFSD指令之后，查行程可以用指令XS FSL+序号；查限制条件可用指令 XS FSN+序号3）根据客人时间及行程要求，直接在系统中订座，然后QTE:/CZ。
然后可以用指令XS FSQ+序号，查运价的适用二、术语（条款）00、TITLE/APPLICATION运价适用 01、ELIGIBILITY乘机者/购买者03、SEASONALITY季节 04、FLIGHT APPLICATION航班适用条件06、MINIMUM STAY最短停留时间 07、MAXIMUM STAY最长停留时间09、TRANSFERS转机 10、PERMITTED COMBINATIONS运价组合12、SURCHARGES 附加费用 13、ACCOMPANIED TRAVEL陪同旅行15、SALES RESTRICTIONS销售限制 16、PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCEL变更和退票费用18、TICKET ENDORSEMENT客票的签注 19、CHILDREN/INFANT DISCOUNTS儿童/婴儿折扣21、AGENT DISCOUNTS代理人折扣 22、OTHER DISCOUNTS其它折扣26、GROUPS团队27、TOURS旅游代码29、DEPOSITS保证金31、VOLUNTARY CHANGES自愿变更00、TITLE/APPLICATION运价适用例如，03 QAPSA /ADVP 3D/ 2210/Q/ 2D. 1M/ /SE02R00.TITLE/APPLICATIONFARE CLS EXPLANATION BOOK CODES-------- ---------------------- ----------QAPSA REGULAR APEX FARES QFOR ROUND TRIP FARES常规往返程预购价格FARE TYPE CODE XAPNO BOOKING CODE EXCEPTIONS FOR CARRIER - USE PRIMERULE - 008/SE02SPECIAL ECONOMY FAREAPPLICATIONAREATHESE FARES APPLYBETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 3.三区之间旅行价格CLASS OF SERVICETHESE FARES APPLY FOR ECONOMY CLASS SERVICE.TYPES OF TRANSPORTATIONFARES GOVERNED BY THIS RULE CAN BE USED TO CREATEONE-WAY/ROUND-TRIP/OPEN-JAW JOURNEYS.例如，01 ALXHKAC / 5500/A/ . 3M/14APR 06JUL/7500R00.TITLE/APPLICATIONFARE CLS EXPLANATION BOOK CODES-------- ---------------------- ----------ALXHKAC BASIC SEASON MIDWEEK ROUND TRIP INSTANT APURCHASE FARES淡季周中即购票往返价格BETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 1 FOR ROUND TRIP FARESFARE TYPE CODE XPXNO BOOKING CODE EXCEPTIONS FOR CARRIER - USE PRIMERULE - 003/7500AC SPECIAL FARES BETWEEN AREA 1 AND AREA 3 // POS NON CAAPPLICATIONAREATHESE FARES APPLYBETWEEN CANADA AND AREA 3. 加拿大与三区之间价格CLASS OF SERVICETHESE FARES APPLY FOR ECONOMY CLASS SERVICE.TYPES OF TRANSPORTATIONTHIS RULE GOVERNS ROUND-TRIP FARES.FARES GOVERNED BY THIS RULE CAN BE USED TO CREATEROUND-TRIP/CIRCLE-TRIP/SINGLE OPEN-JAW JOURNEYS.THESE FARES MAY BE USED FOR INDIVIDUAL AND GROUPINCLUSIVE TOURS.CAPACITY LIMITATIONSTHE CARRIER SHALL LIMIT THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS CARRIEDON ANY ONE FLIGHT AT FARES GOVERNED BY THIS RULE AND SUCHFARES WILL NOT NECESSARILY BE AVAILABLE ON ALL FLIGHTS.THE NUMBER OF SEATS WHICH THE CARRIER SHALL MAKEAVAILABLE ON A GIVEN FLIGHT WILL BE DETERMINED BY THECARRIERS BEST JUDGMENT01、ELIGIBILITY乘机者/购买者例如，01 VLHKST / 5050= 10100/V/ . /11FEB 04JUN/6650R01.ELIGIBILITYVALID FOR STUDENT.学生价格例如，05 NKXVFRCN / 5980/N/ 1M. 6M/02MAY 21JUN/602501.ELIGIBILITYVALID FOR ADULT RESIDENT OF CHINA.中国公民价格NOTE -THESE FARES APPLY TO MAINLAND CHINA RESIDENTSTRAVELING TO THE UNITED STATES TO VISIT FRIENDSAND RELATIVES.中国公民访友价格----BUSINESS TRAVEL IS NOT PERMITTED.商务旅游不适用----CORPORATE VOLUME DISCOUNT IS NOT APPLICABLE.例如，13 BKOXMY / 1220 /B/ .12M/03APR 18SEP/M165R01.ELIGIBILITYNOTE -INFANT NOT APPLY.婴儿不适用02、DAY/TIME 日期/时间例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R02.DAY/TIMEPERMITTED MON THROUGH THU ON EACH TRANSPACIFIC SECTOR.每个跨洋段适用于周一至周四03、SEASONALITY季节例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R03.SEASONALITYPERMITTED 15JAN THROUGH 22JAN OR 01FEB THROUGH 11JUN OR08SEP THROUGH 13DEC OR 24DEC THROUGH 30DEC ON THE OUTBOUNDTRANSPACIFIC SECTOR. 去程跨洋段适用于15-22JAN，01FEB-11JUN，08SEP-13DEC，24-30DEC出发04、FLIGHT APPLICATION航班适用条件例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R04.FLIGHT APPLICATIONTHE FARE COMPONENT MUST INCLUDE TRAVEL VIA TRANSPACIFICSECTORS ONONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWINGUA FLIGHTS 0001 THROUGH 1699.跨洋段航班适用于UA0001-1699ANDIF THE FARE COMPONENT INCLUDES TRAVEL WITHIN THE UNITEDSTATES美国境内航班适用于UA0001-1699，UA2830-3899，UA4900-4999，UA5200-8099THEN THAT TRAVEL MUST BE ONONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWINGUA FLIGHTS 0001 THROUGH 1699UA FLIGHTS 2830 THROUGH 3899UA FLIGHTS 4900 THROUGH 4999UA FLIGHTS 5200 THROUGH 8099.05、ADVANCE RES/TICKETING订座/出票例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R05.ADVANCE RES/TICKETINGRESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.全程必须预订好位子WAITLIST AND STANDBY NOT PERMITTED. 不可候补状态WHEN RESERVATIONS ARE MADE AT LEAST 22 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 14 DAYS AFTERRESERVATIONS ARE MADE.航班起飞前22天预订位子，须在预订好位子后14天内出票OR - RESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.WHEN RESERVATIONS ARE MADE AT LEAST 14 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 7 DAYSAFTER RESERVATIONS ARE MADE.航班起飞前14天预订位子，须在预订好位子后7天内出票 OR - RESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.WHEN RESERVATIONS ARE MADE AT LEAST 4 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 3 DAYSAFTER RESERVATIONS ARE MADE.航班起飞前4天预订位子，须在预订好位子后3天内出票 OR - RESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 24 HOURS AFTERRESERVATIONS ARE MADE. 航班起飞前3天内预订位子，须在预订好位子后24小时内出票 NOTE -OPEN SEGMENTS NOT PERMITTED. 不可出OPEN票TICKETS MUST ONLY BE ISSUED ON UA 016 TICKET STOCKTHESE FARES APPLY ONLY WHEN PURCHASED PRIOR TOCOMMENCEMENT OF TRAVEL.NOTIFICATION OF THE TICKET NUMBER MUST BE VIA ATKNA OR TKNM.例如，01 VABSA /ADVP 5D/ 1800/V/ 3D.15D/ /SE03R05.ADVANCE RES/TICKETINGRESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.全程必须预订好位子TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED AT LEAST 5 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE.至少离航班起飞前5天出票06、MINIMUM STAY最短停留时间例如，01 VABSA /ADVP 5D/ 1800/V/ 3D.15D/ /SE03R06.MINIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST INTERNATIONAL STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NOEARLIER THAN 3 DAYS AFTER DEPARTURE OF THE FIRSTINTERNATIONAL SECTOR. 回程出发地需至少停留3天例如，03 VNCBB / 6240/V/....12M/ /ECN606.MINIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NO EARLIER THAN 6DAYS AFTER DEPARTURE FROM FARE ORIGINOR - TRAVEL FROM LAST STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NO EARLIERTHAN 1201AM ON THE FIRST SUN AFTER DEPARTURE FROMFARE ORIGIN. 回程出发地需至少停留6天或过第一个周日凌晨0：0007、MAXIMUM STAY最长停留时间例如，01 VABSA /ADVP 5D/ 1800/V/ 3D.15D/ /SE03R07.MAXIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST INTERNATIONAL STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NOLATER THAN 15 DAYS AFTER DEPARTURE OF THE FIRSTINTERNATIONAL SECTOR. 回程出发地最长停留15天例如，03 VNCBB / 6240/V/....12M/ /ECN607.MAXIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST INTERNATIONAL STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NOLATER THAN 12 MONTHS AFTER DEPARTURE FROM FARE ORIGIN.回程出发地最长停留12个月 NOTE -THE NUMBER OF MONTHS COUNTING FROM THE DAY OFDEPARTURE /I.E. INCLUDING DATE OF DEPARTURE/.---------------------------------------------IF DESIRED RETURN FLIGHT CANNOT BE BOOKED AS DATEIS OUTSIDE SYSTEM BOOKING RANGE OF 360 DAYSIN ADVANCE AN ALTERNATIVE FLIGHT MUST BE BOOKEDFOR TICKET ISSUANCE.ANY LATER REBOOKING TO DESIREDDATE -WITHIN MAXIMUM VALIDITY- IS ONLY POSSIBLE IFPERMITTED BY FARE NOTE AND REQUIRES REBOOKING FEEIF APPLICABLE.08、STOPOVERS中途分程例如，01 QLSXHK / 4050/Q/ SU.12M/11JAN 24JUN/5227R08.STOPOVERSNO STOPOVERS PERMITTED.不允许中途分程例如，10 TLSXHK / 8460/T/ 3D.12M/11JAN 24JUN/5221R08.STOPOVERS1 FREE STOPOVER PERMITTED.允许一次中途分程例如，08.STOPOVERS<< UNLIMITED STOPOVERS PERMITTED. 允许无限制中途分程09、TRANSFERS转机例如，09.TRANSFERSUNLIMITED TRANSFERS PERMITTED AT NO CHARGE允许转机，无需收费FARE BREAK AND EMBEDDED SURFACE SECTORS PERMITTED ONTHE FARE COMPONENT 允许缺口10、PERMITTED COMBINATIONS运价组合例如，10.PERMITTED COMBINATIONS 允许运价组合FARES MAY BE COMBINED ON A HALF ROUND TRIP BASIS WITHANY FARE FOR ANY CARRIER IN ANY RULE AND TARIFF TO FORMROUND TRIPS/CIRCLE TRIPS.使用1/2RT相加组合ADD-ONS PERMITTED.END-ON-ENDEND-ON-END COMBINATIONS PERMITTED. VALIDATE ALL FARECOMPONENTS.NOTE -SIDE TRIP COMBINATIONS PERMITTED.OPEN JAWS 缺口FARES MAY BE COMBINED ON A HALF ROUND TRIP BASIS-TO FORM SINGLE OR DOUBLE OPEN JAWS THAT CONSIST OF NOMORE THAN 2 INTERNATIONAL FARE COMPONENTS. ORIGIN OPENSEGMENT MUST BE WITHIN ONE COUNTRY.A MAXIMUM OF 2 INTERNATIONAL FARE COMPONENTS PERMITTEDPROVIDED -WHEN THE OPEN JAW OCCURS AS FOLLOWS -THE OPEN SEGMENT MUST BE-BETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 2/BETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 1 ORWITHIN AREA 3-COMBINATIONS ARE WITH ANY FARE FOR ANY CARRIER IN ANYRULE IN ANY TARIFF.11、BLACKOUT DATES除外日期例如，01 VAB3MCN /ADVP 45D/ 5200/V/ . 3M/ /1310R11.BLACKOUT DATESOUTBOUND -去程跨洋段不适用于01-31JAN09，20JUN-03OCT09TRAVEL IS NOT PERMITTED 01JAN 09 THROUGH 31JAN 09 FORDEPARTURE OF OUTBOUND TRANSPACIFIC SECTOROR - TRAVEL IS NOT PERMITTED 20JUN 09 THROUGH 03OCT 09.12、SURCHARGES 附加费用例如，12.SURCHARGESNO SURCHARGE REQUIREMENTS.无附加费用13、ACCOMPANIED TRAVEL陪同旅行例如，13.ACCOMPANIED TRAVELACCOMPANIED TRAVEL NOT REQUIRED. 无需陪同旅行14、TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS旅行限制例如，14.TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS**VALID FOR TRAVEL COMMENCING ON/AFTER 01APR2009.在2009年4月1日或之后出发有效15、SALES RESTRICTIONS销售限制例如，01 NLRCEA1 / 4180/N* 3D.60D/11JAN 24JUN/339715.SALES RESTRICTIONSTICKETS MAY NOT BE ISSUED BY PTA. EXTENSION OF TICKETVALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED.客票不可延期TICKETS MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN HONG KONG SAR/PHILIPPINES/INDONESIA/MACAU SAR/TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF/CHINA.限在香港/菲律宾/印尼/澳门/台湾销售 NOTE -TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON THE STOCK OF QF/BA.例如，01 QLRCUK9 / 125.00/Q* SU.12M/22APR 21JUN/236615.SALES RESTRICTIONS** TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON/BEFORE 31MAY 09.客票必须在09年5月31日或之前出票有效 EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED.例如，01 TAPR1M / 550.00/T/ . 1M/ -5011R15.SALES RESTRICTIONSTICKETS MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES.只限在美国销售例如，15.SALES RESTRICTIONS**TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON/BEFORE 31DEC 09.客票必须在09年12月31日或之前出票有效NOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYTICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON EITHER THE PLATE OR STOCK OF MHAND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN CHINA/HONG KONG SAR 限在中国大陆或香港销售TICKETS MAY BE ISSUED BY PTA.FARES MAY ONLY BE SOLD BY TRAVEL AGENTS.只限旅行社销售OR - FARES MAY ONLY BE SOLD BY MH.TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON EITHER THE PLATE OR STOCKOF MH AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3.SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTS. 指定代理销售NOTE -PTA - PREPAID TICKET ADVICE预付款通知书IF TICKET ISSUED AGAINST PTA CMA AN ADMINISTRATIVEFEE OF CNY 110 APPLIES PER PNRNOTE - PTA SURCHARGE IS A NON REFUNDABLEADMINISTRATIVE FEE WHICH APPLIES WHEN TICKET ISISSUED AGAINST PTA.CHILD/INFANT DISCOUNT DOES NOT APPLY.OR - SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTS.例如，15.SALES RESTRICTIONS<< NOTE -<< ADVERTISING AND SALES - NO RESTRICTIONS. 无销售限制<< SALES -<< SHALL INCLUDE THE ISSUANCE OF TICKETS AND<< MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES ORDERS -MCO- 旅费证/<< MULTIPLE PURPOSE DOCUMENTS -MPDS- AND<< PREPAID TICKET ADVICES -PTAS-.预付款通知书<< ADVERTISING -<< ANY LIMITATIONS ON ADVERTISING SHALL NOT<< PRECLUDE THE QUOTING OF SUCH FARES IN COMPANY<< TARIFFS AND SYSTEM TIMETABLES AND AIR GUIDES.<< EXTENSION OF VALIDITY -<< A CARRIER MAY WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF<< FARE EXTEND THE VALIDITY OF THE TICKET OF A<< PASSENGER WHO IS PREVENTED FROM TRAVELLING<< WITHIN THE PERIOD OF VALIDITY OF HIS TICKET.16、PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCEL变更和退票费用例如，01 SLLFHK / 1900/S/ .14D/13APR 16JUL/HK11R16.PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCELNOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYNOTE -FLIGHT CHANGE BEFORE/AFTER DEPARTURE - HKD 300 PERPAX PER EACH CHANGE OF FLIGHT RSERVATION. 出发前或出发后，每人每次改期收费HKD300REFUND ADMIN FEE - NON REFUNDABLE不可退票NO SHOW FEE -HKD 500 误机费HKD500LOST TICKET FEE - HKD 300例如，03 VL3MRTPX / 6000/V/ . 3M/16FEB 28SEP/CN40R16.PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCELCANCELLATIONSBEFORE DEPARTURE出发前CHARGE CNY 500.0 FOR REFUND. 退票收CNY500NOTE -REFUND CHARGE --CNY 500 PER FULLY UNUSED TICKET 整张机票没使用过退票费CNY500--------------------------------------------------NON-REFUNDABLE FOR REISSUE FEE换开票收费不可退--------------------------------------------------NO DISCOUNT APPLICABLE TO REFUND CHARGE--------------------------------------------------ALL REFUND MUST APPLIED WITHIN ONE YEAR FROM THEDATE OF TICKET ISSUANCE.从出票日开始算1年内办理退票--------------------------------------------------AFTER DEPARTURE 出发后TICKET IS NON-REFUNDABLE. 不可退票NOTE -NO REFUND FOR PARTIALLY USED TICKETS.不可部分退票CHANGES 改期CHANGES PERMITTED FOR REISSUE/REVALIDATION.NOTE -DATE CHANGE IS ALLOWED WITHIN SAME BOOKING CLASSAND WITHIN TICKET VALIDITY机票有效期内同等舱位允许改期--------------------------------------------------CHARGE CNY500 -- PER E-TICKET REISSUED TO PAPERTICKET. REISSUED MUST BE MADE BY CX OR KA OFFICE.--------------------------------------------------ADMINSTRATION FEE CNY500 SHOULD BE ADDED ON TOPOF FARE DIFFERENCE FOR VALIDITY EXTENSION.REISSUED MUST BE MADE BY CX OR KA OFFICE ONLY.在CX或KA办事处换开客票收取行政费CNY500 --------------------------------------------------REBOOKING--CHANGES TO HIGH SEASONCHARGE APPLICABLE FARE DIFFERENCE PLUS REBOOKINGFEE CNY500淡季改为旺季，除了收季节差额外，还要收CNY500手续费CHANGES TO LOW SEASONNO REFUND 旺季改为淡季，不退差额ALL CHANGES MUST BE MADE PRIOR TO THE DEPARTUREDATE OF TICKETED FLIGHT.所有更改必须在机票原航班日前之前办理--------------------------------------------------REROUTING IS NOT PERMITTED.不可改行程17、HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONS较高点检查例如，17.HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONSHIGHER INTERMEDIATE RULE APPLIES.需较高点检查IF A DOMESTIC RULE THIS CATEGORY HAS NO APPLICATION.例如，01 SLLFHK / 1900/S/ .14D/13APR 16JUL/HK11R17.HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONSNOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYTHE HIGHER INTERMEDIATE POINT RULE DOES NOT APPLY FORSTOPOVERS.无需较高点检查18、TICKET ENDORSEMENT客票的签注例如，01 SLLFHK / 1900/S/ .14D/13APR 16JUL/HK11R18.TICKET ENDORSEMENTNOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYTHE ORIGINAL AND THE REISSUED TICKET MUST BE ANNOTATED -MH OP FLT ONLY NON-REFUND - AND - SUBJ TO NO SHOW/CHNGFEE- IN THE ENDORSEMENT BOX. 出票时签转栏注明“MH OP FLT ONLY NON-REFUND”和NO SHOW、CHANGE的费19、CHILDREN/INFANT DISCOUNTS儿童/婴儿折扣例如，19.CHILDREN/INFANT DISCOUNTSORIGINATING CHINA, EXCLUDING HONG KONG SAR AND MACAO SAR -AN ACCOMPANIED CHILD 2-11 YEARS OF AGE - CHARGE 75PERCENT OF THE FARE.2-11岁有成人陪伴的儿童价格为成人价格75%TICKET DESIGNATOR- CH AND PERCENT OF DISCOUNTMUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS BY ADULT 12 OROLDER.OR - AN UNACCOMPANIED CHILD 2-11 YEARS OF AGE - CHARGE100 PERCENT OF THE FARE.2-11岁无成人陪伴的儿童价格为成人价格OR - AN INFANT UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE AND NOT OCCUPYING ASEAT - CHARGE 10 PERCENT OF THE FARE. 未满2岁婴儿不占座位，价格为成人10%TICKET DESIGNATOR- IN AND PERCENT OF DISCOUNTMUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS BY ADULT 12 OROLDER.OR - AN INFANT UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE AND OCCUPYING A SEAT- CHARGE 75 PERCENT OF THE FARE.未满2岁婴儿占座位，价格为成人75%TICKET DESIGNATOR- IN AND PERCENT OF DISCOUNTMUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS BY ADULT 12 OROLDER.OR -NOTE -UNACCOMPANIED INFANT UNDER 2 YEARS -TRAVEL NOT PERMITTED AT THIS FARE.无成人陪伴的婴儿不适用20、TOUR CONDUCTOR DISCOUNTS领队折扣例如，20.TOUR CONDUCTOR DISCOUNTS<< NOTE -<< PERMITTED.21、AGENT DISCOUNTS代理人折扣例如，21.AGENT DISCOUNTS<< NOTE -<< PERMITTED.22、OTHER DISCOUNTS其它折扣例如，22.OTHER DISCOUNTSNO OTHER DISCOUNTS PERMITTED.23、MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 其他条款例如，01 LLAPHK / 4800/L/ SU.21D/11JAN 24JUN/5226R23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS<< NOTE -<< THE FARE THAT APPLIES ON THE DATE OF PURCHASE<< IS ONLY VALID FOR THE ENTIRE ITINERARY AND THE<< SPECIFIC TRAVEL DATES MENTIONED ON THE TICKET.<< ANY MODIFICATION MAY REQUIRE THE PAYMENT OF AN<< ADDITIONAL AMOUNT.<< FULL AND SEQUENTIAL USE OF FLIGHT COUPONS- 客票必须按顺序使用<< THE TICKET/ OR ELECTRONIC TICKET / IS NOT VALID<< IF THE FIRST COUPON HAS NOT BEEN USED AND WILL NOT<< BE HONORED IF ALL THE COUPONS ARE NOT USED IN<< THE SEQUENCE PROVIDED IN THE TICKET / OR ELECTRONIC TICKET / . 例如，01 ALXHKAC / 5500/A/ . 3M/14APR 06JUL/7500R23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS<< NOTE -<< THE CHARGE FOR LOST TICKETS IS AS FOLLOWS--<< USD 75.00<< CAD 100.00<< EUR 100.00例如，02 MOX / 122.00= 244.00/M/ . 2M/ /DM33R23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSNOTE -A. FARE SHOWN AT THE FARES PAGES INCLUDES5 PERCENT AT ALL POINT OF SALES.代理费5%B. NO SALES COMMISSION FOR TICKET SOLD /ISSUEDAT GA OFFICE. 在GA办事处出票无代理费例如，01 TAPSALE /ADVP 7D/ 1000/T* 2D. 8D/01APR 14DEC/RP3D23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSNOTE -NO MILEAGE ACCRUAL不可累积里程例如，23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSNO MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.26、GROUPS团队例如，03 Y / 110.00= 220.00/Y/ . / /DM32R 26.GROUPSNOTE -NO RESTRICTION.例如，26.GROUPSNO GROUP PROVISIONS.27、TOURS旅游代码例如，01 NLEE1M / 261.00/N/ . 1M/01APR 14JUN/ID05R 27.TOURSNOTE -FOR TRAVEL BETWEN 01 APRIL 2009-31 MARCH 2010 -TOUR CODE - RZP1002909 出票时，TC项打“RZP1002909”例如，27.TOURSNO TOUR PROVISIONS. 无TC项例如，03 VL3MRTPX / 6000/V/ . 3M/16FEB 28SEP/CN40R 27.TOURSNOTE -XYZ6100FF530 出票时，TC项打“ XYZ6100FF530”28、VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY适用其他国家例如，03 Y / 110.00= 220.00/Y/ . / /DM32R 28.VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRYNO VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY PROVISIONS APPLY.29、DEPOSITS保证金例如，01 Y / 4460/Y/ . / /KA01 29.DEPOSITSNOTE -APPLICABLE- APPLY TO AIRLINE FOR DETAIL.例如，03 Y / 110.00= 220.00/Y/ . / /DM32R 29.DEPOSITSNOTE -NO RESTRICTION.例如，29.DEPOSITSNO DEPOSIT REQUIREMENTS.31、VOLUNTARY CHANGES自愿变更例如，01 ALXHKAC / 5500/A/ . 3M/14APR 06JUL/7500R31.VOLUNTARY CHANGESIN THE EVENT OF CHANGES TO TICKETED FLIGHTSBEFORE DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCERTAIN DOMESTIC REISSUE PROVISIONS MAY BE OVERRIDDEN BYTHOSE OF ANY CARRIERS INTERNATIONAL FARESCHARGE CAD 50.00 OR HIGHEST FEE OF ANY CHANGED FARE机票有效期内航班起飞前改期收费CAD50（必须 COMPONENT WITHIN JOURNEY ANDREPRICE USING CURRENTLY TKTD FAREPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. NO CHANGE TO STOPOVERS AND CONNECTIONS/1ST FLIGHTCOUPON/FARE BREAKS2. AC FARES ARE USED3. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED4. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET5. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN6. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTOR -REPRICE USING FARES IN EFFECT WHEN TKT WAS ISSUEDPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. NO CHANGE TO 1ST FLIGHT COUPON2. AC FARES ARE USED3. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED4. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET5. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN6. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTOR -REPRICE USING FARES IN EFFECT TODAYPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. AC FARES ARE USED2. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED3. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN4. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM REISSUE DATE TO DEPARTUREOF FARE COMPONENTWHEN CHANGE RESULTS IN LOWER FARE IGNORE RESIDUAL THENADD-COLLECTENDORSEMENT BOX- HIGHER NON-REF AMOUNT.OR -BEFORE DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCHANGES NOT PERMITTED/REFUND TKT-ANY REMAINING AMT WILLAPPLY TO NEW TKTPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. CHANGE IS AFTER ORIGINAL SCHEDULED FLIGHT.OR -BEFORE DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCHANGES NOT PERMITTED/REFUND TKT-ANY REMAINING AMT WILLAPPLY TO NEW TKT.IN THE EVENT OF CHANGES TO TICKETED FLIGHTSAFTER DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCERTAIN DOMESTIC REISSUE PROVISIONS MAY BE OVERRIDDEN BYTHOSE OF AC INTERNATIONAL FARESCHARGE CAD 50.00 OR HIGHEST FEE OF ANY CHANGED FARE机票有效期内航班起飞后改期收费CAD50（必须 COMPONENT WITHIN JOURNEY - CATEGORY 19 DISCOUNT APPLIESANDREPRICE USING CURRENTLY TKTD FAREPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. NO CHANGE TO STOPOVERS AND CONNECTIONS/1ST FLIGHTCOUPON/FARE BREAKS2. FULLY FLOWN FARE NOT REPRICED TO FURTHER POINT3. AC FARES ARE USED4. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED5. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET6. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN7. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTOR -REPRICE USING FARES IN EFFECT WHEN TKT WAS ISSUEDPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. FULLY FLOWN FARE NOT REPRICED TO FURTHER POINT2. AC FARES ARE USED3. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED4. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET5. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN6. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTWHEN CHANGE RESULTS IN LOWER FARE IGNORE RESIDUAL THENADD-COLLECTENDORSEMENT BOX- HIGHER NON-REF AMOUNT.35、NEGOTIATED FARES协议价例如，01 LRCN7 / 2300/L/ SU. 1M/03OCT 31MAY/4100R35.NEGOTIATED FARESSALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTS 指定代理销售例如，03 VL3MRTPX / 6000/V/ . 3M/16FEB 28SEP/CN40R35.NEGOTIATED FARESIF ADULT. THIS FARE IS VALID FOR A SPECIFIED ACCOUNT CODE.CONTACT CARRIER FOR DETAILS. 须与航空公司确认SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTSIF YOUTH CONFIRMED. THIS FARE IS VALID FOR A SPECIFIEDACCOUNT CODE. CONTACT CARRIER FOR DETAILS.SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTSCE往返运价，在系统中输入：XS FSD CTUNCE/21APR/CZ/X可用指令 XS FSN+序号//I或XS FSN+序号//条款号；查订座舱位及适用航班号限制条件请用XS FXS序号/航线和承运+序号，查运价的适用条件；如出现“*ATTN VERIFY BOOKING CLASS SEE FSS”或“NO FARES/RBD/CARRIER”这句话02、DAY/TIME 日期/时间05、ADVANCE RES/TICKETING订座/出票08、STOPOVERS中途分程11、BLACKOUT DATES除外日期14、TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS旅行限制17、HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONS较高点检查20、TOUR CONDUCTOR DISCOUNTS领队折扣23、MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS其他条款28、VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY适用其他国家35、NEGOTIATED FARES协议价周四30DEC出发内出票内出票内出票销售效效期收费HKD300收取行政费CNY500和NO SHOW、CHANGE的费用改期收费CAD50（必须满足以下条件）改期收费CAD50（必须满足以下条件）用XS FXS序号/航线和承运人，如：XS FXS18/WUH#CCZCAN #CCZLAX#CDLATLFARES/RBD/CARRIER”这句话，说明所使用的运价需要根据提示修改定座舱位，这时可以用XS FSS+序号查订座舱位及FSS+序号查订座舱位及适用航班号限制条件；用XS FSG+序号查条款。
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Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 10
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(1) When two aircraft are approaching head-on at the same level, each shall alter its heading to the right and keep a distance of 500 meters or more from each other in the meantime;
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 19
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(3) Simultaneous takeoff and landing may be permitted provided that there is a distance of 60 meters or more between the takeoff point and the landing point, and that their departure route and landing route do not cross.
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 14
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(4) (b) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft with no power plant;
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 15
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 3
180°~359°
8400m
0°~179 °
8100m 7500m
7800m
Flight levels at and below 9000 meters
7200m 6900m 6600m 6300m 6000m 5700m 5400m 4800m 4200m 3900m 3600m 3300m 3000m 2700m 2400m 2100m 1800m 1500m 1200m
500m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 13
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(4) (a) A single aircraft shall give way to aircraft in formation or aircraft towing other aircraft or objects;
10800m
N
55 °
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 5
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
• Meteorological conditions: 1. the horizontal distance and vertical distance between aircraft and clouds shall not be less than 1,500 meters and 300 meters respectively
1. Vertical Separation
Vertical separation for the cruising phase of flights is achieved by flight level allocation; While climbing or descending, an aircraft may be instructed to temporarily maintain any flight level regardless of their flight directions
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 2
180°~359°
0°~179°
15000m
14400m
Flight levels above 9000 meters
13800m 13200m 12600m1Leabharlann 000m600m 600m
10800m
11400m
10200m 9600m 9000m 8400m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 11
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(2) When two aircraft are converging at the same level, the pilot who sees the other from the left of his cockpit shall descend while the pilot who sees the other from the right of his cockpit shall ascend;
Vis: 8km
3,000m Vis: 5km
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 7
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
The minimum longitudinal separation between aircraft in visual flight on the same track and at the same level shall be: 5 kilometers for aircraft at an indicated airspeed of 250 kilometers per hour or faster
Flight Separation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vertical Separation VFR Horizontal Separation IFR Horizontal Separation Radar Separation Wake Turbulence Separation
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 1
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 18
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(2) An arriving helicopter shall not enter the takeoff/landing area for a landing until the previous departing or landing helicopter has left the takeoff/landing area
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
may (1) a departing aircraft be permitted to start takeoff;
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 22
IAS250 km/hr
2km
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 9
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
• Aircraft making visual flights shall give way to one another in accordance with the following regulations:
300m 300m
5100m 4500m
900m
600m
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 4
Flight levels should be calculated on the basis of the presumed sea level under standard atmospheric pressure conditions. True track angles shall be measured from the starting or turning point of the air route.
H
60m
H
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 20
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
If more than one aircraft in visual flight are using the same runway for takeoffs and landings, only when the previous departing aircraft has crossed the end of the runway or has started a turn; or the previous arriving aircraft has vacated the runway in use, Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 21
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 17
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(1) A departing helicopter shall not start takeoff until the previous departing or landing helicopter has left the takeoff/landing area;
2. VFR Horizontal Separation
(4) (c) fighters shall give way to transports
Flight Separation Regulations OHT. 16
2. VFR Horizontal Separation